Part I

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's "Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch", scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.

Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-)

English meaning: strong, mighty

German meaning: `stark, heftig'

Note:

The Root / lemma: apelo- : `strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-): `strong, mighty' [the shift l > r].

Material: to Mir. Prefix abor-, cymr. afr- ` very much '; got. abrs ` get strong, violent ', adv. abraba ` very much ', bi-abrjan ` before were astonished beside oneself ', aisl. Prefix afar- ` very much '; ill. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο-.

Maybe illyr. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο- : alb. (*Α῎βροι) afronj `bring close, squeeze', afër `near' similar to formations of lett. blaîzît `squeeze, clash, hit' : Old Church Slavic blizь, blizъ Adv. ` nigh, near ' (eigentl. ` adjacent ').

       Here maybe got. aba (n- stem) ` husband'.

Note:

The root abhro- : 'strong, mighty' is related to the cult of fertility hence the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture 'Αφροδίτη Aphrodite'. The name of Aphrodite derived from Gr. ἀφρός `sea foam' + Τῑτα̃νες `titaness'. The name of Aphrodite is also related to Root / lemma: abō(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) and to Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) [see below]. 

In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture. According to Hesiod, she was born when Uranus (the father of the gods) was castrated by his son Cronus. Cronus threw the severed genitals into the ocean which began to churn and foam about them. From the ἀφρός `aphros ("sea foam")' arose Aphrodite, and the sea carried her to either Cyprus or Cythera. Hence she is often referred to as Kypris and Cytherea.

The name of Aphrodite is related to PIE Root / lemma: (enebh-2): nebh-, embh-, m̥bh- : (wet, damp; water; clouds) Old Indian abhrá- m. (*m̥bhros), av. awra- n.

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: abh-

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Root / lemma: abh- (*hebh-)

English meaning: quick, abrupt

German meaning: `rasch, heftig'

Note: alter r/n- stem

Material: Gr. ἄφαρ ` straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently ' (old abstract noun `quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first ἄφνω, ἄφνως `suddenly'.

   Here at most Old Church Slavic abьje ` straight away, directly ', but uncertainly Old Indian  ahnāya ` directly, straight away, instantly, speedily ' (rather to áhar, áhan- `day ' p. 7).

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: abhro-

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Root / lemma: abō(n) (*hebō-)

English meaning: ape, *water demon

German meaning: `Affe'

Note: (kelt. neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).

Material: Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (Akk. Pl.) to read and still before the consonatic mutation in Germ. stubby; hence, in. api m. ` Monkey, gate ', as. apo, ahd. affo m., affa, affin f., ags. apa m. 'Monkey', ačech. opice comes aruss. opica from the Germ.

References: WP. I 51 f.

See also: compare ab-`water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.

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Root / lemma: ab-

English meaning: water, river

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Note:

From Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : `water, river' [through the shift -gʷ- > -b-, -kʷ- > -p- attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) and Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : `water, river'.

Material: Lat. amnis f., late m. c (*abnis); air. ab (*aba) Gen. abae `river', besides abann, cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona, derived cymr. afanc ` beaver, water demon, dwarf ', to mir. abac (*abankos) ` beaver, dwarf ', schweiz.-frz. avañ  `pasture' (*abanko-); lett. FlN Abava.

      The West German FlN in -apa, nhd.-affa, probably go back partly to usually lost westgerm. *ap-(idg. *ab-), partly in ven.-ill. ap-  (idg. *ap-).

rum. apă `water'

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.

See also: compare also āp-2 `water, river' and abō(n) `ape'.

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Root / lemma: ades-, ados- (*heĝh-)

English meaning: sort of cereal

German meaning: `Getreideart, Spelt'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Lat. ador, -ō̆ris n. ` a kind of grain, spelt ', maybe in got. atisk (*ades-ko-) `sowing field', probably m. as ahd. ezzisca Pl. `sowing', mhd. dial. Esch, schweiz. dial. Aesch, ` field entrance of a village '; toch. AB āti ` grass ' [B atiyo (f.pl.) `grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Toch. 641). about gr. ἀθήρ ` an ear of corn ' see under andh-.

Perhaps Armenian: hat `grain', Hittite: hattar n. 'cereal'

Note:

It seems Root / lemma: ades-, ados- : `sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *heĝh- ` a kind of grain '. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in germ. branch Germanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar formant. The old laryngeal (centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ) was lost except in hitt. and arm. Clearly germ. tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced lat. (*hattar-) adŏris > Germanic: *at-isk-a-.

Finally zero grade in alb. (*adō̆ris) *dris, drizë `thorny plant', (*dris) drithë 'grain' where the lat. -is ending has been solidified.

The surprise is the phonetic mutation -ĝh- > -d- found only in av. - illyr.- balt. languages.

References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.

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Root / lemma: ad-1 (*hed-)

English meaning: to, by, at

German meaning: `zu, bei, an'

Material: Phryg. αδ-δακετ ` he does '; maked. ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); lat. ad ` to, with, in ', preverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac ` and in addition, and also, and ' (*ad-que; not at + que; also umbr. ap ` in which place, in what place, where, when, after, since, although ' chronologically, with extended - ī in ape), umbr. ař- preverb, -ař ̌ postposition m. Akk., osk. adpúd ` as far as ', otherwise with s- extension osk. az ` to, toward ' preposition m. Akk .; air. ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glādur  `call upon, appeal to '), cymr. add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: cymr. addiant `longing', Admārus: air. már  `large '); cymr. â, with vowel ag `with' (ad + ĝhe, Old Indian ha, not = lat. atque 'and, as well as, together with'); germ. *at preverb and preposition mostly with `dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (got. westgerm. from the time, ags. also from the place), aisl. also with Gen.: got. at ` to, by ', aisl. at ` to, by, against, after ', ags. æt, as. at, ahd. az ` to, by, in '. 

    zero grade: ved. t-sárati ` creeps, creeps up ', ahd. zagēn (: got. *-agan `fear'), ahd. z-ougen, mhd. zōugen, as. t-ōgian compared with got. at-augjan ` with raised up eyes, point, show '.

References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.

See also: Perhaps to ad-2.

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Root / lemma: ad-2

English meaning: to establish, put in order

German meaning: `festsetzen, ordnen'

Material: Umbr. arsie (*adio-) ` venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one ', arsmor (*admon) ` a form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite ', arsmatiam (*admatio-) ` relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual ', armamu ` you shall be ordered, set in order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated ', Ařmune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- ` settle, order '; air. ad n. `law', Pl. ada ` ceremonious customs ', from it Adj. `lawful', adas `proper', cymr. addas `suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) ` duty, purpose '; probably also germ. *tila- ` suitable opportunity ' in got. til n., ga-tils ` suitably ', ags. til ` suitable, useful ' as n. ` goodness, suitability ' = ahd. zil ` purpose ', preposition ags. aisl. til ` to, for '.

References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.

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Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- (*heĝhero)

English meaning: water current

German meaning: `Wasserlauf'

Note:

From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

: `water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : `water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].

From Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'

Material: Avest. aδu ` water run, brook, canal ', ven.-ill. FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po), *Aduli̯a> Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula ` St. Gotthard ' (probably named after the rivers streaming there), oberösterr. FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder (Hessen), maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN Α᾽δρανός and ven.-ill. name of Oder Οὐι-αδούας; further lett. FlN Adula.

Note:

The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites. Atlas `*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there ': Α῎τλας, -αντος m. `Atlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky; originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in general and especially (by Ionic seafarers?) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world axis Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber ádrār ` mountain '.

Derivatives: Of it 'Ατλαντίς f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further 'Ατλαντικός (E., Pl., Arist. etc.) and 'Ατλάντειος (Kritias).

References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.

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Root / lemma: agh-(lo-)

English meaning: disgusting

German meaning: `widerwärtig'

Note:

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-) : `disgusting' derived from an extended Root / lemma: agos- : ` fault, sin' produced.

Material: Got. agls `opprobrious, ignominious', agliÞa, aglō ` hardship ', us-agljan ` press ', ags. eg(e)le ` offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate ', eglan add ` pain ' (engl. ail ` hurt; indisposed his '), eglian ` to be felt painfully ', mnd. egelen ` cause grief ', got. aglus Adv. agluba ` δύσκολος, difficult '; also (with puzzling suffix) got. aglaitei f. -i n. ` licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense ', ahd. agaleizi f.,-i n. ` discomfort; zeal ', agaleizo, as. aglēto, agalēto Adv. ` sedulous, keen '.

    Possibly here ow. aghá- (=av. aɣō-) `nasty', n. ` horrible, damage ', aghalá- ` bad '.

    Here maybe to mir. ālad n. `wound' (*agloton), mcymr. aele(u) `painful', aeleu m. `pain' (*aglou̯-).

References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.

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Root / lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-)

English meaning: rainy weather

German meaning: etwa `dunkle Wolke, regnerisches Wetter'

Material: Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς ` fog, darkness '

Maybe alb. agull `bad vision'

Old Prussian aglo n. `rain' (u- stem), arm. *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh `darkness' (Meillet MSL. 10, 279).

References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Ar. and Arm. Stud. 126.

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Root / lemma: agh- (*hegh-)

English meaning: to fear

German meaning: `seelisch bedrückt sein, sich fürchten'

Material: Gr. ἄχος n. ` fear, pain, grief ', ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαι ` grieving, sorrowing, mourning ' (Aor. ἥκαχε, ἠκαχόμην, Perf. ἀκάχημαι), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων ` mourning, groaning ', ἀκαχίζω `sadden'; here probably ἄχθος ` load, grief ' (* ἀχτος), thereof ἀχθεσθαι ` to be loaded, be depressed '.

Maybe nasalized alb. (*aghos) ankth `fear' [common alb. -s  > -th phonetic mutation].

    Ags. ege m. `fear', egisi-grima gl. ` ghost, spectre, evil spirit ', n. es- stem *agiz = gr. ἄχος `get a fright';

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > -χ- phonetic mutation

compare ahd. egis-līh ' dreadful ', egisōn ` get a fright ' and to o- and en stems extended got. agis n. ` fear, anxiety, fright ', ahd. agiso, egiso m., egisa f. ` fear, fright figure ', ags. egesa m. ` fear '; anord. agi m. (-en- stem) 'Fear', ahd. egī; mhd. ege f. ` fear, fright, punishment '; got. -agan in un-agands ` are not afraid ', af-agjan ` frighten', us-agjan ` frighten somebody ', ` in-agjan ` snub somebody '; preterit present got. ōg (ōgum) ` fears me ', ni ōgs ` fear nothing ' (old short vocal subjunctive *ōgiz), anord. ōa-sk ` be afraid '; got. ōgjan ` snub somebody ' = anord. ægja `get a fright'; anord. ōgn f. ` fright ', ōtti m. ` fear ', ags. ōga f. ` fright '.

   Air. ad-agor,-agur ` fear ' (because of the ablaut equality with got. ōg supposes Brugmann Grdr. II² 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun āigthiunder

References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)

Page(s): 7-8

Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-)

English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt

German meaning: `Fehl, Schuld, Sünde'

Material: Old Indian ā́gas- n. `offence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. ἄγος ` heavy guilt, blood guilt '; Old Indian ánāgas-, gr. ἀναγής ` innocent, guiltless ' ; ἀγής, ἐναγής ` curses ', ἄγιος μιαρός.

   ags. acan, ōc `hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. äken ` hurt, fester, dent, blow ', mndl. akel `grief, wrong, pity', nfries. akelig, aeklig ` wretched, vehement '.

Maybe nasalized alb. (*ángas) nëkónj, geg. angój `groan, sigh, complain of pain, evil' (*enq-); prove the link between Root / lemma: agos- : [fault, guilt, blame, sin (damage, injury, sacrilege, evil)] and Root / lemma: enq-, onq- : (to sigh, groan) [see below]

Note:

It is possible Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-): `fault, sin, *blood guilt' is a zero grade of lat. sangue `blood', alb. gjak `blood' see Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo-s : `sap, pitch, *blood'.

References: WP. I 38.

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Root / lemma: agro- (egro-?) (*hekuro-)

English meaning: top, first, beginning

German meaning: `Spitze, oberstes, erstes, Anfang'

Material: Old Indian ágra- n. `point', agrē (Lok.) `at the top', also timewise `in the beginning, first', agrimá- `first', av. aɣra- `first, uppermost after time space etc.', n. `beginning; the uppermost, point'; lett. agrs (Adj.) `early', agri Adv. `early, early on', agrums `the early morning'.

maybe alb. agu `dawn, morning, beginning of the day'.

   Whether here lat. MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- ` breech birth (one who causes great pain at his birth ', W. Schulze KZ. 32, 172¹, in 1721, doubting Lat. Eig. 230⁵?

   If Old Indian ágra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur  'cliff summit, rock, crag '.

Maybe Agrianes Illyr. TN, Agron `Illyrian king'.

References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hitt. 183.

Page(s): 8-9

Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī, aksī

English meaning: axe

German meaning: `Axt'

Material: Got. aqizi, anord. øx, ags. acus, æx, as. acus, accus, ahd. achhus, accus, aches, nhd. Axt (germ. forms *aqwizi and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *agu̯ésī : *agusi̯ā́s), gr. ἰξός ` ax, hatchet '

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

lat. ascia ` ax of the carpenters ' (from *acsiā like viscus: ἰξός, vespa from *vepsā).

maybe alb. (*asca) ashka `shavings, wood splinter', (*viscus) vishk, fishk `make thin, wither'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 465⁴.

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Root / lemma: aĝh-

English meaning: plough animal

German meaning: `trächtiges Tier'

Material: Old Indian ahī `cow', av. azī f. Adj. `pregnant' (from cows and mares), mir. ag (s- stem) m., f. ` bovine animal, cow ', ag allaid 'deer' (actually, ` wild ox '), ál ` brood, throw ' (*aglo-), cymr. ael ds., mcymr. aelaw ` abundance, fertility ', eilion (*agliones) ` fallow deer, horses '; here with e- vocalism arm. ezn `bovine animal'?

References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.

Page(s): 7

Root / lemma: aĝro-s

See also: s. aĝ-

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: aĝ- (*heĝ-)

English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle

German meaning: `treiben' (actually probably `mit geschwungenen Armen treiben'), `schwingen', in Bewegung setzen, führen'

Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.

Note:

old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;

Material: aĝō: Old Indian ájati `drive', ajá- m. `a drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. `running match, combat', av. azaiti ` drive, lead away ', arm. acem ` lead, bring ';

maybe alb. geg. (*ἄγω), ago `leader, chief'; ag- `dawn, beginning of the day', agon `to dawn, start the day' : lat. ago agere egi actum `to set in motion, drive; of animals, to drive or hunt', agon -onis m. `a contest in the public games', agonalia -ium and -orum n. `a festival of Janus'.

gr. ἄγω 'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), lat. agō ` to set in motion, drive, lead, negotiate ' (Pf. ēg ī with ablaut innovation), osk. Imper. actud = umbr. aitu ` agito ', osk. acum ` agere ', air. ad-aig (*aget) ` adigit ', acymr. agit, hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret.  a (*aget) `goes'; t- Preterit air. ro-da-acht ` driven away ', cymr. aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion' etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following, air. āin ` activity, play ' (from *agnis), gallo-rom. *and-agnis  ` big step ', frz. andain ` swath, scythe slash ', afrz. `wide step', anord. aka `driving' (Preterit ōk like Old Indian Gram. āja); ags. ac `however, but, yet' (wörtl. `go!' like lat. age); toch. B ak-, AB āk- `travel, lead';

Maybe alb. ec- `walk, travel on foot', vocative hec, eja `come!'.

   to- participle: ἀκτός, lat. āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb (i)-aktos, actually, ` sent around (: air. imm-aig) messenger, servant ' in gall. (-lat.) ambactus ` vassal, slave ', cymr. amaeth ` servus arans ' (from Kelt. derives got. andbahts, ahd. ambaht ` servant ', from which the kinship with nhd. Amt).

    As idg. Instrumental noun in-trā here Old Indian aṣ̌ṭrā `goad to drive the livestock ', av. aštrā ` whip, scourge '.

Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- `lead, guide, drive' (36).

    lengthened grade formations: Old Indian ājí-ḥ m. f. `race, fight ', mir. āg (Gen. āga, u- stem) `fight', āga, āige `leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-mārus = air. ágmar `warlike'; Com-āgius), lat. only in compounds: ambāgēs, around ` a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity ' (conservative stem like Old Indian áj-ē 'to lead' = lat. agī Inf. Pass., and like Old Indian aj- in pr̥tanā́j-  ` in the fight pulling ', however, with stretch in the composition), indāgēs and indāgo,-inis ` surrounding and driving of game ', co-āgulum ` a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie ', Old Indian samāja-ḥ `meeting, society', gr. ἀγωγός `leading, leadingly ', ἀγωγή `guidance, management, freight', Hes. ὤγανα `spokes', στρατ-ηγός (see under). about dor. ἆγον (Old Indian ājam) `I lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.

    o- stem: ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ ` activity, train; driver ', gr. ἀγός ` leader, military leader ', στρατ-ᾱγός, att. ion. στρατ-ηγός 'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) ` leader ', lat. prōdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus `profuse, extravagant; rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige ' (from prōd-igere), abiga ` plant which has the power of producing abortion; ground-pine ' (` close to miscarriage ' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old Indian apa-ájati ` to drive away, drive off ').

    i̯o- stem:  ir. aige `race', Old Indian in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.

    aĝmn̥, aĝmos: Old Indian ájman- n. ` road, train ', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, about jman, pari-jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- ` earth '): lat. agmen ` a driving movement or a mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march ' (to neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen ` a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a balance; testing, consideration '; then ` to check, to weigh; to consider ' (from *agsmen), ammentum (*agmen-to-m) ` in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with throw straps '; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 492¹⁰) with o- graduation gr. ὄγμος ` field furrow, road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing '.

   lo- stem: Old Indian ajirá-  ` quick, nimble ' (however, lat. agilis ` flexible, nimble ' is a neologism); gr. ἀγέλη ` herd, crowd ', lat. agolum ` shepherd's stick '.

     Gr. ἀγών ` race, competition '; ἄγυια 'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια lat. agēa ' a gangway in a ship'; lak. kret. ätol. ἀγνέω ` leads, brings ', ep. ion. ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds. (:ἀγνέω and ἄγω, like ὀρῑ-νω towards ὄρ-νυ-μι and ὠρ-όμην, also from an ī̆ ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about  ἡγεμών see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 522⁷ and under sāg-.

    Lat. rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre ` a rower, oarsman ' and other verbs in -(i)gāre. - Presumably lat. indigitēs ` the local divinities and heroes ' (indigitāre ` a divinity call ', indigitāmenta 'invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native '.

   formation development to 'to weigh' (from ` bring in oscillation ') in lat. exagium ` a weighing, weight; a balance ', exigere [ex + ago] 'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among other things ` weigh, measure ', exāctus ` precise, accurate, exact ', exiguus ` strict, exact, scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry ', exīlis (*ex-ag-slis) ` strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor ', exāmen (see above), agīna ` the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves ' (formation as for example coquīna), gr. ἄγειν also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος `weighing as much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight', actually:) ` from suitable weight ', hence, ` worth, solemnly ', ἀντάξιος 'worth just as much as, equally'.

    still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, āctus quadrātus ` a field measure of 120 feet in the square ', and actūtum 'straight away, immediately, forthwith ', agāsō `footman, driver, hostler ', agō, -ōnis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning ` sacrifice'), agōnium ` a victim, beast for sacrifice ' below likewise

   Here maybe gall. exacum ` the herb centaury ' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-` pure-craving '). But better to *ak̂- ` sharp ', see there.

      Further belong here:

    aĝes-, ak̂s . . . ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ':

     Old Indian ákṣ̌a-ḥ ` axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα `carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217 f.);

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

lat. axis 'axis' = lit. ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .; ahd. ahsa, nhd. Achse, ags. eax ds .; in. ǫxull (from urg. *ahsulaz) 'axis'; mir. ais 'axis' (*aksi-lā in cymr. echel f. 'axis', bret. ahel).

    Lat. āla `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agslā (cf Demin. axilla `armpit') = in. ǫxl, ags. eaxl, ahd. ahsala, nhd. Achsel, where near lengthened grade ndl. oksel ds., and without l- formant: ahd. uochisa, mhd. uohse, üehse and ahd. uochsana, ags. ōxn `armpit', in. ōst f., ōstr m. `Cervical pit', ags. ōcusta, ōxta m., engl. oxter `armpit'; av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. ` of both shoulders ', arm. anut ` shoulder pit ' (at first from *asnut `).

maybe zero grade in alb. geg. (*aksla-të) sqetla `armpit'.

     aĝ-rā ` rush, hunt ', aĝ-ro-s ` driving, rushing ':

    Old Indian in ghasē-ajra- ` to drive consuming, exciting appetite ', av. (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm ` doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) '; gr. ἄγρᾱ, ion. ἄγρη ` hunt, catch ', πάναγρος ` catching everything, catching ', κρεάγρα ` meat tongs ', πυράγρα ` tongs ', ποδάγρα ` prostration, enuflection ', Μελέαγρος originally name of a ` demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs ' (?), ἀγρεύς ` hunter ', ἀγρεύω ` catch '; but ἀγρέω ` take ' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 727<sup>1</sup>  from *ἁ-γρο-; ir. ār n. ` defeat ' (*agron) ` battle, fight ' (*agrā), actually, ` rush ', acorn. hair ` destruction, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity ', abret. airou PI. ` an overthrow, destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage ', gall. VN Veragri ` the immense combatants '.

maybe alb. Agron `appellation of an Illyrian king'.

     aĝ-ro-s ` field, camp ' (to *agō as herd to drive wie, also originally ` place where the cattle is being driven, pasture ').

    Old Indian ájra-ḥ `surface, camp, fields ' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός ` field, land ' (in contrast to town), lat. umbr. ager `field', got. (etc.) akrs, ahd. ackar, ahhar, nhd. Acker (Acker and ags. æcer also a certain land measure, ` so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day '), arm. art 'field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak's ` out ', prefix arta-` from').

    Old Indian ajríya- ` located in the plain ' = gr. ἄγριος ` on the field, outside growing or living, wildly '; ἀγρότερος ` wildly living ', lat. agrestis ` a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude '. (about got. akran, dt. Eckern, however, see under *ōg- `grow'.)

maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', ager `donkey (pulling a wagon)', illyr. TN Agrianes.

References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.

Page(s): 4-6

Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s (*hegʷh-no-s )

Meaning: `lamb'

German meaning: `Lamm'

Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos?)

It seems that from Root / lemma: aĝ- : `to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s : `lamb'.

Material:

Note:

The old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- in PIE; only alb. and umbr. and Slavic preserved the old laryngeal through alb. ḫ- > k- phonetic mutation.

alb. geg. kinxh, tosk (*ḫegh-) qengj `lamb' : umbr. habina(f) ` of a lamb ' : lat. haedīnus `of a kid' : Old Church Slavic: (j)agnę `lamb' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

Gr. (*agʷnos, abnos) ἀμνός  derived from an earlier *abnos `lamb' [common gr. kʷ > p,  gʷ > b phonetic mutation, later b > mb > m common illyr.-gr. phonetic mutation]

gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';

lat. agnus, - ī, fem.-a `lamb' (agnīle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church Slavic jagnilo ` place where the sheep lamb ', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb'); air. ūan cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan `lamb' (urk. *ognos with -gn- would have derived from *-gʷhn-, not-*gʷn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;

o-  probably influence from *ou̯is `sheep'); ags. ēanian, engl. to yean `to lamb', ndl. oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = idg. *agʷhno-); Old Church Slavic (j)agne ̨ `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnьcь `lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed idg. *ōgʷ(h)no- : to *ǝgʷ(h)no-?

   Through the Germ. and Kelt. presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the basis of lat. and slav. forms, so that gr. ἀμνός (at first from *ἀβνός) remains the only dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated gʷ. If umbr. habina(f) ` of a lamb ' could be explained from intersection from *hēdīno- = lat. haedīnus `of a kid' and *abnīno- = lat. agninus `of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, would point umbr. b to voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become gʷh in Osk.-Umbr. to b.

Note:

Celtic Illyrian concordances: common illyr. -gʷ- > -b-, -d- : alb. -gʷ- > -d- phonetic mutation.

    Lat. avillus `lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *agʷhnelos.

Note:

[common lat. - Italic gw- > v- phonetic mutation] Lat. avillus (*abillus) `lambkin' : rum. (*agʷenus) ageamiu `lamb'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nas. i-n-dh- (*heu̯i-ĝh-)

English meaning: to burn

Note:

Common illyr. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation

German meaning: `brennen, leuchten'

Material: Old Indian inddhḗ ` inflamed, is aroused ' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf. Pass iddhá-ḥ),  indhana-m ` lighting '.

   Gr. αἴθω ` lights, burns ' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ ` igneously, sparkling ', ἰθαίνεσθαι θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα 'loggia'; changing by ablaut κακ-ιθής Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

   o-St.:gr. αἶθος m. `fire' (αἰθός `burntly') = Old Indian ēdha-ḥ ̣m. `Firewood' = ags. ād, ahd. mhd. eit m. ` Glow, pyre ': zero grade probably norw. schwed. id ` leuciscus idus' (a bright carp kind), cf nhd. dial. aitel ` leuciscus cephalus' as the ` shining '; besides u- stem *aidhu- in gall. VN Aedui, air. áed `fire', also as MN; lat. aedēs ` a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple ', ursprüngl. ` the domestic stove ', also aedis = maked. ἄδις ἐσχάρα Hes.

    From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably lat. aestās, - ātis `warm season, summer ' (from *aisto-tāt-, idg. *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) `heat, glow, surf', aestuāre ` cook, surge, roar ';

Maybe alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn, harvest time (long summer)': Go. asans `harvest time, summer' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta `goddess of hearth and its sacred fire' was an Illyrian goddess, also alb. vatra (*vas-tra) `hearth' with -tre suffix.

agerm. MN Aistomōdius (` with quick-tempered courage '), ags. āst f. `dried stove', engl. oast `drying room, drying loft'.

    r- formants: gr. αἰθήρ `the upper air' (maked. ἀδῆ), αἴθρα `the cheerful sky' (maked. ἀδραιά), αἴθριος `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut ἰθαρός 'cheerfully', Old Indian vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds. 

    l- formants: gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', maked. ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a development from `shining, appearing' ` too apparently ' one puts a little bit constrainedly here ags. īdel `vain, pointless, trifling', ahd. ītal, nhd. eitel.

    In idg. *aidh-lo-  is based germ. ail- in ags. ǣlan 'burn' to āl n. 'Flame', and in ags. ǣled m., aisl. eldr (Gen. elds) ` fire, flame '. From different development-grading ags. ǣled are borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled ` from fire, stove ' (M. Förster Themse 487²). Mir. āel 'lime' could have originated from *aidh-lo-. However, could germ. and kelt. words be formed also directly by the root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.

    s-formants: es-St. gr. αἴθος n. `Glow, fire' = Old Indian ḗdhas- n.  `Firewood'.

    Continuing formation: aisl eisa f. (*aidh-s-ōn)  `fire', norw. `Hearth', mnd. ēse f. `chimney, fire stove ' (however, ahd. essa ' chimney, hearth ' see under ā̆s- ` burn '); av. aēsma m. `Firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, cf without s Old Indian idhmá-ḥ m. ds.); in addition balt. *aismiā in lit. íesmė `firewood'; lit. aistrà f. ` passion '; ačech. niestějě (fem. Pl.) ` stove ', later nístěj (with n- suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vъn-ěstěję, vъn-ěstějachъ, Berneker 275) from *aidh-s-to; in addition zro grades *idh-s-to- in slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. ` stove hole '; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indian iṣ̌ṭakā ` of burnt bricks ', av. ištya- n. ` brick, (backed brick) '.

  In *indh-  goes back: alb. geg. idhunɛ, tosk. idhëtë  `bitter', tosk. idhɛrím `bitterness, anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29).

Note:

Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- in : alb. geg. hidhun `bitter', hithra `nettle';

References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.

        Probably to ā̆i-4. 

    Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .

Page(s): 11-12

Root / lemma: aid-

English Meaning: ` swell '

German meaning: `schwellen'

See also: s. oid-.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: aig-1, nas. ing-

English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill

German meaning: `verstimmt, unwirsch, krank'

Material: Alb. kë-ék `nasty, bad, evil' (from kë + *aigi̯o-);

Note:

Alb. solidified the old laryngeal ḫ- > k- (*ḫeigi̯o-) kë-ék, keq `nasty, bad, evil' similar to abbreviated alb. (*ḫabeō) kam `hold, possess, have', common alb. ḫ- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutations found in corn. caf(f)os, cafes, mbret. caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have'; also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata `I held, possessed, had', see Root / lemma: ghabh- : to grab, take

lat. aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus ` unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble '; anord. eikenn dismays ` wild, furious ', ags. ācol ` excited, dismayed ', nnorw. eikja, eikla ` continually with attacks, contradictions, assertions torment ', eikjen 'argumentative'; toch. В aik(a)re (= lat. *aegro-), A ekro 'ill';

    nasalized: *ing-: lit. ìngis `lounger, idler ', ìngas and angùs ` idle, sluggish ';

lett. îgstu, îgt ` have internal pain, be sullen, morose ', îgnêt ` have disgust ', îgnis ` sullen person ' (lit. éngti ` choke, torment ' probably stays away); Old Church Slavic jędza 'illness', nslov. jeza 'rage', poln. jędza ` fury, witch ' ('gruff, sullen'), čech. jezinka 'forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *jęga, not *aigā, is consequently to be led back also:) russ. bába jagá  'witch' (s. Brückner KZ. 45, 318);

    aisl. ekki  `pain, grief ' = ags. inca ` pain, suspicion, quarrel ', afries. inc (d. i. jinc) 'angry', also nengl. inkle 'anticipate, foresee ', inkling ` whispering, notion, indication, sign '.

References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-2

English meaning: oak

German meaning: `Eiche'

Material: Gr. αἰγίλωψ ` an oaken kind ' (see under), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-αιγών ` an uncertain type of tree ' (possibly `hard oak').

    The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., cf . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός ` bowl, bark ' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335. 

    Anord. eik (conservative stem) f. `oak', as. ēk, ags. āc (engl. oak), ahd. eih, mhd. eich, eiche, nhd. Eiche; 

    All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30, 273) possibly 'aspen' could be created as ' tree trembler, (*oak shaker) ' also derivative like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω ` swing, tremble ' (: *aig- ` move violently ');

    lat. aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak ' (*aig-sklos?) is still unclear after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.

Maybe alb. geg. (*asi) ahi `*oak, beech' [the common alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- Meaning: `mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s > h in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr ` father-in-law ').

Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k- : `ash tree (alb. ahi `beech')' must have derived from Root / lemma: aig-2 : `oak (alb. ahu `oak')'.

References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-3

English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate

German meaning: `(sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren'

Material: Old Indian ējati ` stirs, moves, trembles ', ējathu-ḥ ̣ ` the quake of the earth ', vic̨vamējaya- ` making everything shake ', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate ` stirs, moves ', Kaus. iŋgáyati ` sets in motion, touches, shakes ', udiŋgayati ` swings ', samiŋgayati ` sets in shaking movement ' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indian indhate);

from Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός 'strands' (probably from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs ` in the surf of the sea '; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς ` gale, storm cloud;

the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus, 'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς ` gust of wind moving down suddenly ' from καταιγίζειν ` storm, attack down, drive off ' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν ` attack near, thrust near '; probably also αἰγανέη 'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον ` the catapults ' or 'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη 'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.

Hence Root / lemma: aiĝ- : (goat) is identical with Root / lemma: aig-3 : (to move swiftly, move violently, swing, vibrate).

in addition germ. name of the squirrel: ahd. eihhurno, eihhorn, mhd. eichorn (nhd. Eichhorn with support of Eiche `oak' and Horn `horn', ags. ācweorna,-wern, mnd. ēkeren, ēkhorn, anord. īkorne (īk old ablaut or impairment from aik-  in addition?), neunorw. also eikorne, aschwed. ēkorne (was based on the concept ` flexible, swinging itself from branch to branch '; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- ` squirrel, weasel ' the belonging second limb: *aik-werna); aksl Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra ` play ', igrati, perfective vъzigrati ` σκιρτα̃ν, hop, jump, dance ' (from *ьgrа; lit. with Berneker 422).

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

Page(s): 13-14

Root / lemma: aiĝ-

English meaning: goat

Note:

Root / lemma: digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ- : `goat' and  Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' [common balt. - illyr. - alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the gr. cognate derived from proto illyr.

German meaning: `Ziege'

Material: Gr. αἴξ, - γός 'nanny goat', arm. aic 'nanny goat'; zero grade av. izaēna- ` from leather ' (actually, ` from goatskin ' as gr. αἴγειος, cf the same importance relations with *aĝo- ` goat ').

References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aigʷh-

English meaning: to be ashamed

German meaning: `sich schämen'

Material: Directly from the root word: ags. ǣwan 'despise', 'be disgusted' also mnd.eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn) (from it borrows mhd. ekeln 'be disgusted').

    Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s-St. *aigʷhes-, as:) got. aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment '; cf further αἰσχύνη `shame, sense of honor, disgrace', αἰσχύνω `dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. `avoids me, is ashamed of me', αἰσχρός `ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; got. unaiwisks `unharmed', aiwiskōn act `shameful', ags. ǣwisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless', mnd. eisch `nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'.

References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.

Page(s): 14

Root / lemma: aik-

English meaning: to call (?)

German meaning: `anrufen' (?)

Material: Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes., lett. aîcinât  ` load, shout '.

    But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει `flatters', and aîcinât a derivative from aĩ  `hears!' explain (cf vaicāt `ask' to vai).

References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

Page(s): 15

Root / lemma: ai-2

English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm

German meaning: `worauf eindringen, treiben, überwältigen, kränken'

Material: present *(a)i-neu-mi : Old Indian inóti, ínvati, Imper. inuhí, participle -inita- (úpenita- ` pushed, cut into '), ` penetrate into something, master ', av. inaoiti, Inf. aēnaŋhe ` violate, hurt ', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) ` not violated, not painedly ' (from ai énas- n. ` Crime, sin, misfortune ' = av. aēnah- ` act of violence, crime ', in addition m. ' evildoer'?), av. intay-` rape, injury; torture ', Old Indian iná- `strong; m. master ', maybe also īti-ḥ f. `plague, need'; gr. αἰνός `tremendous';

maybe alb. inati `anger;  ire;  rage;  dander;  dudgeon;  rampage;  down;  disappointment;  malice;  blood;  rancour;  rancor;  pique;  spunk;  miff;  temper;  must'.

   maybe here-in- in got. faír-ina `guilt, reproach', ahd. firinōn `sin', aisl. firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning (as in the Heliand) ` act of violence '.

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

Page(s): 10

Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-, heiu̯ā)

English meaning: to give

German meaning: `geben, zuteilen', about mediales `sich geben lassen' dann also `nehmen'

Note:

From the reduced Root / lemma: ghabh- : `to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : `comrade' >  Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'.

Maybe alb. tosk. (*ḫe-ip-mi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na `us' + ep `give') `give us (*take)' : hitt. e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω ` give a hand.