Part I

Root / lemma: deph-

Meaning: to stamp, push

German meaning: `stampfen, stoßen, kreten'

Material: Arm. top`el (-em, -eci) `hit'; gr. δέφω `knead, drum; tumble ', argiv. δεφιδασταί `fuller', with s-extension δέψω (Aor. participle δεψήσας) `knead; tan, convert hide into leather' (out of it lat. depsō `to knead'), δέψα `tanned skin'; διφθέρα `leather' (*διψτέρα); serb. dȅpîm, dȅpiti `bump, poke, hit', poln. deptać `tread'.

maybe alb. dëboj `drive away'

Note:

It seems that Root / lemma: deph- : `to stamp, push' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless'

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 351.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: derbh-

Meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub

German meaning: `winden, zusammendrehen'

Material: Old Indian dr̥bháti `joined, patched together, winded ', participle sándr̥bdha- `group of shrubs planted together', dr̥bdhí- f. ` convolution, concatenation, daisy chain ', av. dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles) ', Old Indian darbhá- m. ` hassock, clump of grass, grass', darbhaṇa- n. `netting';

Maybe truncated alb. dredha `convolution', dredh `curl' : Old Indian dr̥bdhí- f. `convolution', av. dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles ' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)'.

    arm. toṙn `σχοινίον, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*dorbh-n-);

    gr. δάρπη `basket' is contaminated from *δάρφη and τάρπη ds. (Güntert IF. 45, 347);

    ags. tearflian (*tarbalōn) ` roll oneself ', ahd. zerben, preterit zarpta refl. ` turn, turn round '; e-grade mhd. zirben schw. V. ` turn in circles, whirl', nhd. mdartl. schweiz. zirbeln ds., nhd. Zirbeldrüse, Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel ` pineal ', see under deru-); zero grade ags. torfian `throw, lapidate' (compare drehen : engl. throw), as anord. tyrfa `cover with turf', anord. torf n. `turf', torfa f. ` peat clod ', ags. turf f. `turf, lawn', ahd. zurba, zurf f. `lawn' (nhd. Torf from Ndd.); ags. ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict';

maybe alb. diminutive (*turfel) turfulloj `snort, blow' : ags. ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict'.

    wruss. dórob `basket, carton, box ', russ. old u-dorobь f. `pot, pan', dial. ú-doroba `low pot, pan'(`*wickerwork pot coated with loam '), wruss. dorób'ić `crook, bend'; zero grade *dьrba in russ. derbá `Rodeland, Neubruch', derbovátь ` clean from the moss, from the lawn; uproot the growing', derbítь `pluck, tear, rend', serb. drbácati `scrape, scratch', čech. drbám and drbu, drbati `scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade russ. derébitь `pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a bh-extension from der- `flay', slav. derǫ dьrati eingemischt). S. Berneker 211, 254 with Lit.

References: WP. I 808.

Page(s): 211-212

Root / lemma: der(ep)-

Meaning: to see, *mirror

German meaning: `sehen'?

Material: Old Indian dárpana- m. `mirror'; gr. δρωπάζειν, δρώπτειν `see' (with lengthened grade 2. syllable??).

Note:

The Root / lemma: der(ep)- : `to see, *mirror' could have derived from Root / lemma: derbh- : `to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub, polish'

References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f.

See also: compare also δράω `sehe' and derk̂-`see'.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: derǝ-, drā-

Meaning: to work

German meaning: `arbeiten'

Material: Gr. δράω (*δρᾱιω) `make, do', Konj. δρῶ, äol. 3. Pl. δρᾱίσι, Aor. att. ἔδρᾱσα, hom. δρηστήρ `worker, servant', δρᾶμα `action', δράνος ἔργον, πρᾶξις . . . δύναμις Hes., ἀδρανής `inactive, ineffective, weak';

Maybe alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) `hang loose';

hom. ὀλιγοδρᾰνέων `make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and ion. (see Bechtel Lexil. 104) δραίνω `do';

    lit. dar(i)aũ, darýti, lett. darît `do, make'; in spite of Mühlenbach-Endzelin s. v. darît not to lit. derė́ti ` be usable', lett. derêt ` arrange, employ, engage' etc, because the meaning deviates too strongly.

References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 675⁷, 694.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: dergh-

Meaning: to grasp

German meaning: `fassen'

Material: Arm. trc̣ak ` brushwood bundle ' (probably from *turc̣-ak, *turc̣- from *dorgh-so-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265);

    gr. δράσσομαι, att. δράττομαι ` grasp ', δράγδην ` griping ', δράγμα ` handful, fascicle, sheaf ', δραγμεύω ` bind sheaves ', δραχμή, ark. el. δραχμά, gortyn. δαρκνά̄ (i.e. δαρχvά̄; s. also Boisacq 109) ` drachma ' (`*handful of metal sticks, ὀβολοί'), δράξ, -κός f. `hand', Pl. δάρκες δέσμαι Hes.;

    mir. dremm, nir. dream `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' (*dr̥gh-smo-), bret. dramm `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ' (false back-formation to Pl. dremmen);

    ahd. zarga `side edging a room, edge', anord. targa f. `shield', ags. targe f. (nord. Lw.) `small shield' (actually ` shield brim '), elsäss. (see Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (käs-)zorg m. `vessel, paten on three low feet ' (= gr. δραχ-);

References: WP. I 807 f.

Page(s): 212-213

Root / lemma: derk̂-

Meaning: to look

German meaning: `blicken'

Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indian and intrinsic in Ir. linked suppletively with a cursive present other root

Root / lemma: derk̂- : to look derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-3 und ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē- : to shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye

Material: Old Indian [present is páśyati] Perf. dadárśa `have seen', Aor. adarśat, adrākṣīt (ádrāk), participle dr̥ṣṭá-, kaus. darśáyati `make see'; av. darǝs- ` behold ', Perf. dādarǝsa, participle dǝrǝšta-; Old Indian dṛ́ś- f. `sight', ahardŕ̥ś- ` looking day ', upa-dŕ̥ś- f. `sight', dŕ̥ṣṭi- f. `sight', av. aibīdǝrǝšti- ds. (Gen. Sg. darštōiš), Old Indian darśatá- `visible, respectable ', av. darǝsa- m. `sight, gaze, look';

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

    gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision' (with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indian dr̥šṭi-), δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indian darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below' (*-δρακ = Old Indian dr̥c̨-, or from *-δρακ-τ), δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα;

    alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);

Note:

According to alb. phonetic laws alb. dritë `light' derived from (dr̥ik-a) not (*dr̥k-tā) because of the common alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations, -ttë common alb. suffix;

maybe alb. (*darc̨ata-), darkë `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech-), drekë `dinner meal, midday': air. an-dracht ` loathsome, dark'.

    after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here umbr. terkantur ` seen, discerned, perceived ' (d. h. ` shall be seen, discerned, perceived ');

    air. [present ad-cīu] ad-con-darc `have seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.; present adrodarcar `can be seen'), derc `eye', air-dirc `illustrious', bret. derc'h `sight', abret. erderc `evidentis', zero grade ir. drech f. (*dr̥k̂ā) `face', cymr. drych m. (*dr̥ksos) `sight, mirror', cymr. drem, trem, bret. dremm `face' (*dr̥k̂-smā), air. an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (an- neg. + *drecht = alb. dritë);

    got. ga-tarhjan ` make distinct ' (= Old Indian darśayati); germ. *torʒa- `sight' (== Old Indian dr̥ś-) in norw. PN Torget, Torghatten etc, idg. to- suffix in germ. *turhta- : ags. torht, as. toroht, ahd. zoraht, newer zorft `bright, distinct'.

References: WP. I 806 f.

See also: Perhaps with der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.

Page(s): 213

Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr-

Meaning: hand span, *hands

German meaning: `Spanne der Hand'

Material: Gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), ὀρθόδωρον ` the distance from the wrist to the fingertip ', hom. ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος `16 spans long ', zero grade ark. Akk. δά̄ριν σπιθαμήν Hes. (lak. δάρειρ Hes. is false spelling for δάρις, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 506);

    alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' from *dōrom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Phonetic mutations: alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' : gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' : lett. (*du̯or-)dùre, dûris `fist'; proto illyr. alb. du̯o- > do- , gr. du̯o- > do-, lett. du̯o- > dù-.

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span' derived through Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 : `hand, arm' through illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift kh > t, ĝh > d is a unique alb. phonetic mutation. Hence alb. dorë `hand' derived from truncated ĝhesor. The source of Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span' is of Illyrian origin and then it spread to other languages.

That means Homeric Iliad is a translation of Illyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many illyr. cognates of the Illyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that gr. δῶρον `hand span' is a suffixed illyr. dora `hand' consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages by Illyrians.

    aisl. tarra ` outspread ', terra ds.

   Only under a beginning du̯er- : dur- or du̯ōr-: du̯ǝr : dur- to justify major key-phonetical comparison with kelt. dur-no- in air. dorn `fist, hand', cymr. dwrn `hand', dyrnod (mcymr. dyrnawt) `slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid (mcymr. dyrneit) ` handful ', bret. dorn `hand', dournek ` who has big hands '; however, these words also stand off in the coloring of meaning `pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that they do not demand an association with them.

    On the other hand for kelt. *durno- one considers relationship with lett. dùre, dûris `fist'; this is to lett. duŕu, dũru, dur̃t `prick, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus : pungo); if so also kelt. dur-no-? compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see under der-4.

Note:

From alb. geg. (*du̯ōr), dorë hand, (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' it seems that the oldest root was alb. Pl. (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]. Hence the original of proto illyr. - gr. idea was Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning two hands. That means both Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d<sub>e</sub>r-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span, hands' and Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two, *two hands' derived from older Anatolian languages Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand' because of the common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 794 f.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: (der-2), redupl. der-der-, dr̥d_or-, broken redupl. dor-d-, dr̥-d-

Meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)

German meaning: `murren, brummen, plaudern'; Schallwort

Material: Old Indian dardurá-ḥ `frog, flute'; air. deirdrethar `raged', PN Deirdriu f. (*der-der-i̯ō); bulg. dъrdóŕъ `babble; grumble', serb. drdljati `chatter', sloven. drdráti `clatter, burr ';

Maybe alb. dërdëllit `chatter, prattle', derdh `pour out (*talk a lot)'

Also Dardanoi (*dardant) illyr. TN : gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes : lit. dardė́ti, lett. dardêt, dārdêt `creak' probably `talk indistinctly '; common illyr. alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation.

    with fractured reduplication: gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes., ir. dord ` bass ', fo-dord ` growl, bass ', an-dord `clear voice' (`not-bass '), cymr. dwrdd `din, fuss, noise' (cymr. twrdd `din, fuss, noise' t- has taken over from twrf ds.), air. dordaid `bellow, roar' (from deer); lit. dardė́ti, lett. dardêt, dārdêt `creak'; toch. A tsārt- `wail, weep, cry' (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization śert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145).

References: WP. I 795, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

See also: The kelt., tochar. and baltoslav. words could also belong to dher-3.

Page(s): 203-204

Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-

Meaning: to run

German meaning: `laufen, treten, trippeln'

Material: drā-:

    Old Indian drā́ti ` runs, hurries ', Intens. dáridrāti ` wanders around, is poor ', dári-dra- ` wandering, beggarly ';

    gr. ἀπο-διδρά̄σκω ` run away ', Fut. δρά̄σομαι, Aor. ἔδρᾱν; δρᾱσμός, ion. δρησμός `escape', ἄδρᾱστος `striving not to escape', δρᾱπέτης ` fugitive ', δρᾱπετεύω ` run away, splits, separates from' (compare to -π- Old Indian Kaus. drāpayati ` brings to run ', Aor. adidrapat [uncovered] `runs');

    ahd. zittarōm (*di-drā-mi) `tremble (*ready to flee)', aisl. titra `tremble, wink' (originally perhaps ` walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly ');

    perhaps here slav. *dropy ` bustard ' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. čech. drop, older drop(i)a etc, out of it mhd. trap(pe), trapgans.

    dreb-:

    Lit. drebù, -ė́ti `tremble, quiver';

    poln. (etc) drabina `ladder';

    ags. treppan (*trapjan) `tread', mnd. ndl. trappen `stomp', ndd. trippen, nhd. (nd.)trappeln, trippeln, mhd. (nd.) treppe, trappe f., nhd. Treppe, ags. træppe f. `trap', nhd.Trappel, ostfries. trappe, trap `trap, splint, staircase, stairs ';

    through emphatic nasalization, as in nhd. patschen - pantschen, ficken - fiencken (see W. Wissmannn Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:

    got. ana-trimpan `approach, beset', mnd. trampen `stomp', mhd. (ndd.) trampeln `appear crude', engl. tramp, trample `tread', mhd. trumpfen `run, toddle'.

    drem-:

    Old Indian drámati ` running ', Intens. dandramyatē ` runs to and fro ';

    gr. Aor. ἔδραμον, Perf. δέδρομα `run', δρόμος `run';

    ags. trem, trym ` Fußtapfe ', an. tramr `fiend, demon' (see above), mhd. tremen `waver', dän. trimle `roll, fall, tumble', schwed. mdartl. trumla ds., mhd. trame ` rung of a leader, stairs';

    here probably nhd. FlN Dramme (Göttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), from *Dromi̯ā and *Dromisā (probably nordillyr.), in addition poln. (illyr.) Drama (Silesia), bulg. Dramatica (thrak.); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, 127;

Maybe alb. dromcë `piece, chip (of a blow)'

    insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dȑmati `shake', dȑmnuti `upset, allow to shake ', sloven. dŕmati `shake, jiggle', drámiti ` jiggle from the sleep ', drâmpati ` ungentle jiggle ';

maybe alb. dremit `sleep', dërrmonj `exhaust, tire, destroy'

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin' derived Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- : `to run'.

čech. drmlati ` flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking', drmoliti ` take short steps ' (these in the good suitable meaning; `shake' from ` stumble with the foot '?), drmotiti `chat, prate' (probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).

Maybe alb. onomatopoeic (*der-der-) dër dër `stupid talk';

    dreu- (partly with ū as zero grade, probably because of *dreu̯ā^x-), FlN (participle) dr(o)u(u̯)entī/i̯ā:

    Old Indian drávati ` runs, also melts ', FlN Dravantī, drutá- `hurrying', av. drāvaya- `run' (being from daēvischen), draoman- n. `attack, onrush', aēšmō-drūt(a)- ` calling from Aēsma, sends to attack ' (very doubtful Old Indian dráviṇa-m, dráviṇas- n. `blessing, fortune', av. draonah- n. ` bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermögensanteil ' perhaps as `traveling fortune'?);

    illyr.-pannon. FlN Dravos (*drou̯o-s), out of it serbokr. Dráva, compare apoln. Drawa (illyr. Lw.); idg. *drou̯ent- `hurrying' > illyr. *drau̯ent- (: above Old Indian Dravanti), out of it dial. *trau̯ent- in FlN Τράεντ- (Bruttium) > ital. Trionto; idg. *druu̯ent-, illyr. *druent- in poln. FlN Drwęca, nhd. Drewenz; ital. *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum);

maybe alb. (*druent-) Drinos river name `hurrying water?' common alb. nt > n phonetic mutation.

    gall. FlN (from dem Nordillyr.?) Druentia (frz. la Drance, Drouance, Durance, schweiz.la Dranse); *Drutos, frz. le Drot; Drutā, frz. la Droude;

    lit. sea name *Drùv-intas (wruss. Drywiaty); apreuß. stream, brook Drawe.

    Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) got. trudan `tread', anord. troða, trað ds.; ags. tredan, ahd. tretan `tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of ablaut neologism), ahd. trata `tread, spoor, way, alley, drift, trailing', as. trada `tread, spoor', ags. trod n., trodu f. `spoor, way, alley' (engl. trade `trade' is nord. Lw.), ahd. trota, mhd. trotte f. ` wine-press ', Intens. ahd. trottōn `tread'; nhd. dial. trotteln ` go slowly '.

    Here also germ. root *tru-s- in ostfries. trüseln `lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or staggering ', trüsel ` dizziness, giddiness ', ndl. treuzelen ` to be slow, dawdle, loiter', westfäl. trūseln, truǝseln ` roll slowly ', mhd. trollen (*truzlōn) `move in short steps constantly', nhd. trollen, schwed. mdartl. trösale `fairy demon, ghost', norw. mdartl. trusal `idiot, fool', trusk ` despondent and stupid person';

Maybe through metathesis alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis `make the head dizzy', tru `brain'

as well as (as *truzlá-) anord. troll n. `fiend, demon', mhd. trol, trolle m. `fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the Wandals called the Goths Τρούλους, Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way besides germ. tre-m- (see under) anord. tramr `fiend, demon'.

    In Germ. furthermore with i-vocalism mnd. trīseln, westfäl. triǝseln `roll, lurch', holl.trillen `tremble' (from which ital. trillare `quiver, trill hit') etc against association of Old Indian drávati with av. dvaraiti `goes' see under *dheu-, *dheu̯er- `flee'.

References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.

Page(s): 204-206

Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū-

Meaning: tree

German meaning: `Baum', probably originally and actually `Eiche'

Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition words for various wood tools as well as for `good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht (KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dṓru `das Harte', from which previously `tree' and `oak': dṓru n., Gen. dreu-s, dru-nó-s

Material: Old Indian dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ, Instr. drúṇā, Lok. dā́ruṇi; dravya- `from tree'), drú- n. m. `wood, wood tool ', m. `tree, bough', av. dāuru `tree truck, bit of wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. draoš), Old Indian dāruṇá- `hard, rough, stern' (actually `hard as wood, lumpy '), dru- in compounds as dru-pāda- ` klotzfüßig ', dru-ghnī ` wood ax ' (-wooden rod), su-drú-ḥ `good wood'; dhruvá- `tight, firm, remaining ' (dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- `hold, stop, prop, sustain' = av. dr(u)vō, Old pers. duruva `fit, healthy, intact ', compare Old Church Slavic sъ-dravъ); av. drvaēna- ` wooden ', Old Indian druváya-ḥ ` wooden vessel, box made of wood, the drum', drū̆ṇa-m `bow, sword' (uncovered; with ū npers. durūna, balučī drīn ` rainbow '), druṇī ` bucket; pail ', dróṇa-m `wooden trough, tub'; drumá-ḥ `tree' (compare under δρυμός);

    Old Indian dárvi-ḥ, darvī́ `(wooden) spoon';

    arm. tram `tight, firm' (*drū̆rāmo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidén Arm. stem 66) targal `spoon' from *dr̥u̯- or *deru̯-.

    Gr. δόρυ `tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. hom. δουρός, trag. δορός from *δορFός, δούρατος, att. δόρατος from *δορFn̥τος, whose n̥ is comparable with Old Indian drúṇaḥ);

    kret. δορά (*δορFά) `balk, beam' (= lit. lett. darva);

    sizil. ἀσχέδωρος `boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *ἀν-σχε-δορFος or -δωρFος ` standing firm to the spear '), ark. dor. Δωρι-κλῆς, dor. böot. Δωρί-μαχος under likewise, Δωριεύς ` Dorian ' (of Δωρίς ` timberland ');

Note:

Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.

δρῦς, δρυός `oak, tree' (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druu̯ós become after other tree name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), ἀκρό-δρυα ` fruit tree ', δρυ-τόμος ` woodchopper ', δρύινος ` from the oak, from oak tree ', Δρυάς ` dryad, tree nymph ', γεράνδρυον `old tree truck', ἄδρυα πλοῖα μονόξυλα. Κύπριοι Hes. (*sm̥-, Lit. by Boisacq s. v.), ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου Hes.

    Hom. δρῠμά n. Pl. `wood, forest', nachhom. δρῡμός ds. (the latter with previous changed length after δρῦς); δένδρεον `tree' (Hom.; out of it att. δένδρον), from redupl. *δeν(= δερ)-δρεFον, Demin. δενδρύφιον; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583;

    δροF- in arg. δροόν ἰσχυρόν. ᾽Αργεῖοι Hes., ἔνδροια καρδία δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον Hes., Δροῦθος (*ΔροF-υθος), δροίτη ` wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *δροFίτᾱ, compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); δοῖτρον πύελον σκάφην Hes. (diss. from *δροFιτρον), next to which *dr̥u̯io- in δραιόν μάκτραν. πύελον Hes.

    PN Δρύτων: lit. Drūktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa 16, 1633);

    in vocalism still not explained certainly δρίος `shrubbery, bush, thicket '; maked. δάρυλλος f. `oak' Hes. (*d_eru-, compare air. daur); but δρίς δύναμις Hes., lies δFίς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 495⁵);

    alb. dru f. `wood, tree, shaft, pole' (*druu̯ā, compare Old Church Slavic drъva n. pl. `wood'); drush-k (es-stem) `oak'; ablaut. *drū- in dri-zë `tree', drüni ` wood bar ';

Note:

Alb. definite form Nom. dru-ni = alb. Gen. dru-ni `of wood': Old Indian dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ `of wood'; but a pure Slavic loanword is alb. druvar ` woodcutter, woodchopper '

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

    thrak. καλαμίν-δαρ `sycamore', PN Δάρανδος, Τάραντος (*dar-ant-) ` Eichstätt a district in Bavaria ', Ζίνδρουμα, Δινδρύμη ` Zeus's grove ', VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι, Δρόσοι, Dru-geri (dru- `wood, forest');

Maybe VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι : Etruria (Italy)

    from Lat. perhaps dūrus ` hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes, rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things, hard, awkward, difficult, adverse ' (but about dūrāre ` to make hard or hardy, to inure; intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain, continue ' see under S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as `strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree ' dissimilated from *drū-ro-s (*dreu-ro-s?);

Maybe alb. duroj `endure, last', durim `patience' .

    but lat. larix `larch tree', Lw. is from an idg. Alpine language, idg. *d_erik-s, is conceivable because of heavy l;

Note:

Common lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation hence lat. larix (*d_erik-s) `larch tree'.

Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa)

    air. derucc (gg), Gen. dercon `glans', cymr. derwen `oak' (Pl. derw), bret. deruenn ds., gall. place name Dervus (`oak forest'), abrit. Derventiō, place name, VN Dervāci under likewise; air. dērb `safe '; reduced grade air. daur, Gen. daro `oak' (d<sub>e</sub>ru-), also dair, Gen. darach ds. (*d<sub>e</sub>ri-), air. daurde and dairde `oaken '; derived gall. *d(a)rullia `oak' (Wartburg III 50); maked. δάρυλλος f. `oak'; zero grade *dru- in intensification particle (? different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: `oak-': dru- in galat. δρυ-ναίμετον ` holy oak grove '), e.g. gall. Dru-talos (`*with big forehead'), Druides, Druidae Pl., air. drūi `Druid' (`the high; noble ', *dru-u̯id-), air. dron `tight, firm' (*drunos, compare Old Indian dru-ṇa-m, dāru-ṇá-, dró-ṇa-m), with guttural extension (compare under nhd. Trog) mir. drochta `(* wooden) barrel, vat, cask<sub>;</sub> barrel, tub', drochat `bridge'; here also gallorom. drūtos `strong, exuberant (: lit. drūtas)', gr. PN Δρύτων, air. drūth `foolish, loony' (: aisl. trūðr `juggler, buffoon'?), cymr. drud `foolish, loony, valiant' (cymr. u derives from roman. equivalent);

    deru̯- in germ. Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervīs, anord. tjara (*deru̯ōn-), finn. Lw. terva, ags. teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. `tar, resin' (*deru̯i̯o-), mnd. tere `tar' (nhd. Teer); anord. tyrvi, tyri `pinewood', tyrr `pine' (doubtful mhd. zirwe, zirbel ` pine cone ', there perhaps rather to mhd. zirbel `whirl', because of the round spigot);

    dreu̯- in got. triu n. `wood, tree', anord. trē, ags. trēow (engl. tree), as. trio `tree, balk, beam'; in übtr. meaning `tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr. ἰσχῡρός `tight, firm': ἰσχυρίζομαι ` show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in '), got. triggws (*treu̯u̯az) `loyal, faithful', ahd. gi-triuwi `loyal, faithful', an: tryggr `loyal, faithful, reliable, unworried ', got. triggwa ` alliance, covenant ', ags. trēow `faith, belief, loyalty, verity', ahd. triuwa, nhd. Treue, compare with ders. meaning, but other ablaut anord. trū f. `religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge', ags. trŭwa m., mnd. trūwe f. ds., ahd. trūwa, aisl. trū f., besides trūr `loyal, faithful'; derived anord. trūa `trust, hold for true' = got. trauan, and ags. trŭwian, as. trūōn, ahd. trū(w)ēn `trust' (compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly anord. traustr `strong, tight, firm', traust n. `confidence, reliance, what one can count on', ahd. trōst `reliance, consolation' (*droust-), got. trausti `pact, covenant', changing through ablaut engl. trust `reliance' (mengl. trūst), mlat. trustis `loyalty' in afränk. `law', mhd. getrüste `troop, multitude, crowd';

maybe alb. trüs, trys `press, crowd'

(st- formation is old because of npers. durušt `hard, strong', durust `fit, healthy, whole'; norw. trysja `clean the ground', ags. trūs `deadwood', engl. trouse, aisl. tros `dross', got. ufar-trusnjan `disperse, scatter'.

    *drou- in ags. trīg, engl. tray `flat trough, platter', aschwed. trö `a certain measure vessel' (*trauja-, compare above δροίτη), anord. treyju-sǫðull (also trȳju-sǫðoll) `a kind of trough shaped saddle';

    *drū- in aisl. trūðr `jester', ags. trūð `merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom. *drūto-s, etc)?

    *dru- in ags. trum `tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension, respectively forms -ko- (compare above mir. drochta, drochat), ahd. nhd. trog, ags. trog, troh (m.), anord. trog (n.) `trough' and ahd. truha ` footlocker ', norw. mdartl. trygje n. `a kind of pack saddle or packsaddle', trygja `a kind of creel', ahd. trucka `hutch', nd. trügge `trough' and with the original meaning `tree, wood' ahd. hart-trugil `dogwood';

maybe nasalized alb. trung (*trügge) `wood, tree'

    bsl. *deru̯a- n. `tree' in Old Church Slavic drěvo (Gen. drěva, also drěvese), skr. dial. drêvo (drȉjevo), sloven. drẹvộ, ačech. dřěvo, russ. dérevo, klr. dérevo `tree'; in addition as originally collective lit. dervà, (Akk. der̃vą) f. ` chip of pinewood; tar, resinous wood'; ablaut, lett. dar̃va `tar', Old Prussian in PN Derwayn; lengthened grade *dōru̯-i̯ā- in lett. dùore f. ` wood vessel, beehive in tree';*su-doru̯a- `fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic sъdravъ, čech. zdráv (zdravý), russ. zdoróv (f. zdoróva) `fit, healthy', compare av. dr(u)vō, Old pers. duruva ds.

    balt. *dreu̯i̯ā- f. ` wood beehive ', substantiv. adj. (Old Indian dravya- ` belonging to the tree ') : lit. drẽvė and drevė̃ `cavity in tree', lett. dreve ds.: in ablaut lit. dravìs f., lett. drava f. ` wood beehive ', in addition Old Prussian drawine f. `prey, bee's load ' and lit. dravė̃ `hole in tree'; furthermore in ablaut ostlit. drėvė̃ and drovė̃ f. ds., lett. drava `cavity in beehive';

    proto slav.. *druu̯a- Nom. Pl. `wood' in Old Church Slavic drъva, russ. drová, poln. drwa (Gen. drew); *druu̯ina- n. `wood' in klr. drovno, slovz. drẽvnø;

    slav. *drъmъ in russ. drom ` virgin forest, thicket ', etc (= Old Indian drumá-ḥ, gr. δρυμός, adjekt. ags. trum);

    lit. su-drus `abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indian su-drú-ḥ `good wood');

    balt. drūta- `strong' (== gallorom. *drūto-s, gr. PN Δρύτων) in lit. drū́tas, driū́tas `strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwis m. `faith, belief', druwi f., druwīt `believe' (*druwēti: ahd. trūen), na-po-druwīsnan `reliance, hope'. Beside lit. drū́tas also drū́ktas; see under dher-2.

    In ablaut here Old Church Slavic drevlje ` fore, former, of place or time; higher in importance, at first or for the first time ', ačech. dřéve, russ. drévle `ages before'; adverb of comparative or affirmative.

    hitt. ta-ru `tree, wood', Dat. ta-ru-ú-i;

    here also probably toch. AB or `wood' (false abstraction from *tod dor, K. Schneider IF. 57, 203).

Note:

The shift d- > zero is a balt.-illyr. phonetic mutation inherited by toch.

References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139.

Page(s): 214-217

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-

Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)

German meaning: `schinden, die Haut abziehen, abspalten, spalten'

Note:

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū- : `tree'

Material: Old Indian dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar, dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Kaus. dā̆rayati, Intens. dardirat, dárdarti (compare av. darǝdar- `split'; čech. drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. δορός `hose', lett. nuõdaras `dross of bast', Church Slavic razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, got. gataúrÞs, russ. dertь), darmán- m. ` smasher ' (: gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman- `destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρις), dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping, splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. 1 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; npers. Inf. dirīδan, darīδan, jüd.-pers. darīn-išn;

Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'.

Dardani illyr. TN

Note:

The name Dardani illyr. TN and [Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει̃ς, att. -ιη̃ς derive from the same root.

Dardanus

by Micha F. Lindemans 

The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).

Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.

DARA

DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE

DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX

DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]

DARADUS

DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin. v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]

DARAE

DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

DARANTASIA

DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA

DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

DARDANI

DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]

  av. darǝdar- (see above) `split', Inf. dǝrǝnąm (: Old Indian dr̥ṇā́ti), Iter. dāraya-, participle dǝrǝtō (= Old Indian dr̥tá-);

    arm. teṙem ` skin, flay, make callous' (because of ṙ probably for root form *der-s-, Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful arm. tar `foreign land', tara- `besides, without, afar', taray Aor. `take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);

    gr. δέρω `skin, flay', i̯o-present δείρω ds. (as lit. derù besides diriù), Aor. Pass. ἐδάρην, participle δρατός, δαρτός (= Old Indian dr̥tá-); δορός `hose' (= Old Indian dara-, lett. nuõ-daras); δάρσις `the skinning' (= Old Indian dŕ̥ti-), next to which with (has changed) lengthened grade att. δέρρις, -εως `skin, leathery dress, cover'; *δέρτρον, diss. δέτρον ` the membrane which contains the bowels '; δέρας, -ατος n. `skin, fur' (heavy basis?), δέρος n., δέρμα n., δορά `fell, fur'; lengthened grade δῆρις, -ιος (poet.) `fight, struggle'(= Old Indian -dāri-); here probably also δαρ-δαίνω ` bedraggle ' instead of *δαρ-δαίρω (: Old Indian dár-dar-ti)?

    cymr. corn. bret. darn `piece, part' (= Old Indian dīrṇá-);

    got. dis-taíran (= gr. δέρω) `break, pull apart', ga-taíran `tear, destroy', ags. teran `tear', ahd. zeran, fir-zeran `tear, destroy'; mhd. (ver)zern, nhd. (ver)zehren `consume', mengl., mnd. terren `quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, tarren `stir, tease, irritate, banter', ahd. zerren `pull'; got. intrans. dis-, ga-taúrnan `tear' (: Old Indian dr̥ṇā́ti), holl. tornen ` unstitch, unpick, take apart ', compare nominal ags. as. torn, ahd. zorn `anger, fight, violent displeasure ' and in original meaning holl. torn ` cleavage, separation' (= Old Indian dīrṇá-, cymr. darn; also Old Indian dīrṇá- is named besides `split' also ` confused, put in desperation '); next to which zero grade anord. tjǫrn f. (*dernā), tjarn n. (*dernom) `small sea', originally probably ` water hole ' (compare Old Indian dara-, darī `hole in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-taúrnan (iterative) gatarnjan `mug, rob' (but ahd. uozurnen ` despise ' Denom. of *uo-zorn); got. gataúra m. `crack', gataúrÞs f. `destruction' (= Old Indian dr̥ti-, gr. δάρσις); anord. torð- in compounds, ags. tord n. `ordure' (*dr̥-tóm ` separation ', compare lett. dìrstu, dìrst ` defecate ', dir̃sa ` buttocks ', Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension mhd. zurch, zürch m. ` animal excrements ');

Maybe truncated alb. dhjes ` defecate ': lett. dìrstu, dìrst ` defecate '.

    besides of the heavy basis anord. trōð n. `batten, lath, support from poles' (*drō-to-m), mhd. truoder f. ` slat, pole, from it manufactured rack '; ahd. trā̆da `fringe' (nhd. Troddel), mhd. trōdel (for *trādel) ` tassel, wood fiber ';

    actually to der-(e)u- (see under) with nasal infix belong *dr̥-nu̯-ō in mhd. trünne f. ` running shoal, migration, swarm; surge ', ahd. abe-trunnig, ab-trunne ` apostate ', ant-trunno ` fugitive ', and *dren-u̯ō in trinnan ` seclude oneself ', mhd. trinnen, trann ` be separated from, depart from, run away ', nhd. entrinnen (*ent-trinnen), Kaus. germ. *tranni̯an in mhd. trennen `cut, clip', nhd. trennen, holl. (with transposition) tarnen, tornen `separate' (the latter, in any case, more directly to derive from *der- `split'; nn of germ. *trennan from -nu̯-); certainly here schwed. mdartl. trinna, trenta ` split fence rack ', further with the meaning ` split trunk piece as a disc, wheel ' ahd. trennila `ball', trennilōn `roll', mnd. trint, trent ` circular ', trent m. ` curvature, roundness, circular line ', ags. trinde f. (or trinda m.) `round clump', mhd. trindel, trendel ` ball, circle, wheel ' under likewise

    With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare gr. δαρδαίνω and čech. drdati) and from `tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here germ. *trat-, *trut- in ags. teart ` stern, sharp, bitter ', mndl. torten, holl. tarten `stir, tease, irritate, challenge, defy ', mnd. trot ` contrariness ', mhd. traz, truz, -tzes ` obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness ', nhd. Trotz, Trutz, trotzen, bair. tratzen `banter'; with the meaning-development ` fray ' - `thin, fine, tender' perhaps (?)mnd. tertel, tertlīk `fine, dainty, mollycoddled ', dän. tærtet ` squeamish ' (perhaps also norw. mdartl. tert, tart `small salmon', terta ` small play ball '); ahd. nhd. zart (the last from *dor-tō-, compare mpers. dart ` afflicted ', npers. derd `pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);

    lit. diriù (: δείρω), žem. derù (: δέρω), dìrti `flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy basis compared with Old Indian dŕ̥ti-, gr. δάρσις, got. gataúrÞs), nudìrtas ` flayed ', lett. nuõdara ` pole with cut branches, bread slice ', Pl. -as ` dross, esp. of bast' (: Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indian dara-, gr. δορός), lit. dernà `board, plank, balk'; with u-colored zero grade lit. duriù, dùrti `prick' (preterit dū́riau) = serb. ù-drim (ù-driti) `hit' (russ. u-dyrítъ `hit' with iterative grade to *dъr-, compare lit. dū́riau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are lit. dur̃nas ` frenzied, stupid', lett. dur̃ns borrowed from Slav.; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 519.

    Slav. *derō and *diriō in Old Church Slavic derǫ, dьrati `rend, flay' and *dьrǫ (serb. zȁdrēm, čech. dru); u-darjǫ, u-dariti `hit' (*dōr-, compare *dēr- in gr. δῆρις), with iterative grade raz-dirati `tear', serb. ìz-dirati ` exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass away, disappear ' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira `crack'; s. Berneker 201, whereas also about the meaning-development of probably related family serb. díra ` hole, crack ', bulg. dír'a ` track of a person or animal, or from wheels ', dír'ъ `search, seek, feel, pursue'); about *dъr- in serb. ù-drim see above;

    nouns: with ē-grade sloven. u-dę̂r `blow, knock', with ŏ-grade Old Church Slavic razdorъ `crack, cleavage ' (= Old Indian dara-, gr. δορός, lett. nuõ-daras), serb. ù-dorac `attack, with zero grade (idg. *dr̥to-): serb Church Slavic raz-drьtь ` lacerate ', klr. dértyj ` torn, flayed ' (= Old Indian dr̥ta-); idg. *dr̥ti- : russ. dertь ` residue of crushed grain, bran; cleared land ' (= Old Indian dŕ̥ti- etc); russ. (etc) dërnъ `lawn, meadow' (: Old Indian dīrná- etc, meaning as in lit. dir̃ti `cut the lawn grass');

Maybe alb. (*dermó) dërrmoj `exhaust'.

russ. dermó ` rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt ' (*dross by splitting, peeling), dërkij `rash, hasty, fast ', dranь f. ` shingle, lath', drjanь = `dermó', dráka ` brawl ', drač `nail puller, tool used to remove nails', o-dríny Pl. `chaff' etc.

    With l- extended lit. nu-dìrlioti `peel the skin', serb. dr̂ljām, dŕljati `harrow', dr̂ljīm, dŕljiti `divest' (Berneker 255);

    toch. AB tsär- `separate, split', tsrorye `cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 19).

    d(e)rī- (: *derēi-?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):

    Gr. δρῑ-μύς `(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after ὀξύς reshaped from *δρῑ-μός or -σμός), lett. drīsme `crack, scratch ', perhaps (if not derailment of ablaut to lit. dreskiù because of whose zero grade drisk-) from lett. drìksna (*drīskna) ` scratch ', draĩska ` tearer ', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 488 f., 500;

   remains far off δρῖλος ` bloodsucker, leech, penis', eigentl. ` the swollen ', to δριάουσαν θάλλουσανHes. (M. Scheller briefl.).

    With u- forms of the light (der-eu-) and heavy basis (derǝ-u-, dr̥̄-u-) ` tear, (the land) break, burst, erupt ': dorǝ-u̯ā: dr̥̄-u̯ā `species of grain', deru-, de-dru- etc `lacerate skin'.

    Mpers. drūn, drūdan `reap';

    about germ. forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;

    here anord. trjōna f. (*dreu-n-ōn-) ` proboscis of the pig' (`bursting, burrowing '), trȳni n. ds., mhd. triel (*dreu-lo-) m. `snout, muzzle, mouth, lip',

maybe alb. geg. (*trȳni) turini, tosk. turiri `mouth of animals, snout'

norw. mdartl. mūle-trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko-) `hoorse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trøg and trygle of anord. trauða ` lack, come short ', trauðla Adv. `barely', trauðr ` querulous ' and - with g-extension - ags. trū̆cian ` be absent, lack, come short ' (nengl. dial. to truck `to fail', mnd. trüggelen `beg, cheat, deceive');

    lett. drugt ` diminish, collapse ' (ir. droch, cymr. drwg ` penurious, evil, bad' from k-extension?, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 505).

    Old Indian dū́rvā ` millet grass ' (dr̥̄-u̯ā);

    compare gr. delph. δαράτα f., thess. δάρατος m. `bread' (*dr̥ǝ-), maked. δράμις ds.;

    gall. (lat.) dravoca ` ryegrass ' (*drǝ-u̯-); bret. draok, dreok, cymr. drewg ds. are borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);

    mndl. tanve, terwe, holl. tarwe `wheat', engl. tare `weed, ryegrass, vetch' (germ. *tar-u̯ō, idg. *dorǝu̯ā);

    lit. dìrva `farmland' (*dr̥̄-u̯ā, with intonation change the ā-stem), eigentl. ` freed, cleared ', dirvónas ` virgin soil, land ' (compare to meaning russ. mdartl. dor ` new tillage, cultivated land ', rózdertь ` land made arable '), lett. druva `the tilled farmland, sown field ' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), russ. (see Berneker 186) derévnja ` village (without church); land property ', mdartl. `piece of field', pášet derévnju `tills the field';

    with the meaning ` skin rash ' (`splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'):

    Old Indian dar-dru- m. `kind of skin rash ', dar-dū́- m. (uncovered), da-drú- m., da-dru-ka- m. ` leprosy ';

    lat. derbita f. `lichen' is Lw. from gall. *dervēta (compare also mir. deir, air. *der from *derā `lichen'), to cymr. tarwyden, tarwden (Pl. tarwed) (besides darwyden through influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), mbret. dervoeden, nbret. deroueden `sick of lichen '(*deru̯-eit-);

    germ. *te-tru- in ags. teter `skin rash', ahd. zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-s = Old Indian dadruka-), nhd. Zitterich `skin rash';

    lit. dedervinė̃ ` rash resembling lichen ' (Trautmann 47, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- čech. o-dra, Pl. o-dry ` prickly heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. o-dra ` measles ', of the g-extension bulg. drъ́gnъ-se ` rub myself, itch myself, become scabby ');

    dereg- :

    Mndl. treken st. V. `pull, tear' and `shudder', ahd. trehhan ` push, poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping ', *trakjan in mnd. trecken `pull, tear (tr. intr.)', ags. træglian `to pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be connected to lett. dragât `pull, rend, upset, shake', draguls ` shivering fit ', drāga `a strong angry person, renders and demands a lot '; lett. drigelts, drigants, lit. drigãntas `stallion' are Lw. from poln. drygant; compare Būga Kalba ir s. 128, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 498.