Part III

Root / lemma: gō̆u-, gou̯ǝ-, gū-

Meaning: to call, cry

German meaning: `rufen, schreien'

Comments: (onomatopoeic)

Material: Old Indian gavatē (only Dhatup.) ` sounds', Intens. jṓguvē `lasse loud ertönen, spreche loud from', jṓgū- (Gen. Pl. jṓguvām) `loud singend', gaŋ-gū-yáti `stößt Freudenschreie from';

gr. γό[F]ος `Klage', γοάω `wehklage', γόης, -ητος `Zauberer (incantator)';

perhaps here lat. gāvia f. `Möwe' (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.).

ahd. gikewen `name, heißen', ags. cīegan `rufen' (*kaujan); ahd. kūma f. ` lamentation ', kūmo `with toil', nhd. `kaum', in addition mhd. kūme `(*kläglich, klagend) weak, gebrechlich', ahd. kūmīg `weak, krank', mnd. kǖme `faint, languid', ags. cȳme `fine, beautiful', schwed. (gotl.) kaum n. `Jammer'; norw. dial. kauka `das Vieh with Rufen locken'; as base from Tiernamen in mndl. cauwe `jackdaw', ahd. kaha, kā `cornix', dän. kaa `jackdaw' (*kavā) and in ags. cȳta m. `Rohrdommel', mhd. kūze, nhd. Kauz `Eule', compare with gleichem forms isl. kýta `quarrel, squabble', mnd. kūten (out of it mhd.kūten, kiuten) `schwatzen'; ndd. köter from urgerm. *kautāri, or as `Bauernhund' to ndd. kot `cottage' (above gēu- S. 394);

lit. gaujà `Rudel from Hunden, Wölfen', gaudžiù, gaũsti `dull sound, clink' (*goudi̯eti), ablaut. gúodžiu, gúosti `trösten', reflex. `sich beklagen' (*gōudi̯eti); gaudùs `wehmütig', lett. gauda `Klage', gàust `jammern', gavilêt `jauchzen' (die balt. words könnten also to *ĝhau- `rufen' belong, as also e.g. anord. gauð `Bellen');

slav. *gǫdǫ, *gǫsti (shaped as *grędǫ and lat. jungō) in russ.-ksl. gudu, gusti, κιθαρίζειν', klr. hudú, hustý `play', skr. old gúdêm, gústi `play; dull sound', poln. old gędę, gąść `geigen, musizieren';

aksl. govorъ m. `din, fuss, noise', govoriti `rant, roister' (russ. etc also esp. `speak'), wherefore ablaut. russ.-ksl. gvorъ (*gъvorъ) m. `vesicle, blister', poln. gwar (*gъv-arъ) m. `din, fuss, noise, noise', lengthened grade čech. havořiti `talk, chat, prate', klr. hava `crow' (compare above germ. *kău̯ā), sloven. gâvǝc `Kiebitz', and due to eines *gou-tā ` discourse ' with the same forms as govorъ also russ. gútor `conversation, entertainment, Scherzrede'.

References: WP. I 634 f., WH. I 584 f., Trautmann 80 f.

Page(s): 403

Root / lemma: gras- : grō̆s-

Meaning: to gnaw, to devour

German meaning: `fressen, knabbern'

Material: Old Indian grásatē `frißt (esp. from animals), verschlingt' (*grasō), grāsa-ḥ `Mundvoll, morsel, mouthful Futter';

gr. γράω `nage, fresse' (= Old Indian grásati) γράστις `Grünfutter' (att. κράστις through Angleichung an die toneless Binnenkonsonanz), γάστρις `Schlemmer', γράσος m. `Bocksgeruch' from *γράσ-σος (originally he-goat; billy goat as Nager, as τράγος : τρώγω, τραγεῖν), γαστήρ f. `belly' (*γρασ-τήρ `Fresser', compare κραστήριον `Pferdekrippe', assimil. from γραστ-; γάστρα `Bauch eines Gefäßes'); redupl. due to eines *γαγ-γράειν `fressen': γάγγραινα `fressendes ulcer'; γρῶνος `ausgefressen, ausgehöhlt' (*grō̆s-no-s), γρώνη `cavity, kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ' (compare τρώγλη `cave': τρώγω);

lat. grāmen (*grasmen) n. `grass' (esp. as Futterkraut); about germ. gras compare under ghrē-.

References: WP. I 657 f., WH. I 616 f.

Page(s): 404

Root / lemma: gred- : grod-

Meaning: to scratch

German meaning: `kratzen'?

Comments: Only alb. and germ.

Material: Alb. gërrusë, gërresë, krūs(ë) `Schabeisen' (from dessen Vorstufe derives lat. grosa ds.), to lengthened grade present gërruanj, kruanj, kruj, also gërruëj, gërüj `scratch, schabe' (from *grōd-, idg. grēd-);

anord. krota (*gr̥d-) `eingravieren', ablaut. (with Intensivgemination) aschwed. kratta `(zer)scratch, scrape', ahd. krazzōn, mhd. nhd. kratzen ds. (germ. *krattōn), besides den j-Verben mnl.cretten (and cretsen), mhd. kretzen ds., kretze `Krätze';

here with expressive vocalism ahd. krizzōn, mhd. kritzen `einritzen, kritzeln', also mhd. krīzen `eine Kreislinie ziehen', with secondary ablaut ahd. mhd. kreiz (*kraita-) `Kreis' (`*eingeritzter Zauberkreis'); expressive probably also die s-extension in ndd. kratsen, krassen `scratch, scrape'.

References: WP. I 607, 651, WH. I 622 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 175 f.

Page(s): 405

Root / lemma: grem-

Meaning: damp; to sink

German meaning: `feucht (sein), untertauchen, untersinken'

Material: Lat. grāmiae f. Pl. `Augenbutter', oculi grammōsi `Triefaugen';

aisl. kramr `humid, wet, halbgetaut (vom snow)', perhaps also got. qrammiÞa `Feuchtigkeit', if for *krammiÞa;

aksl. grьměždь `Augenbutter';

baltoslav. Wurzelerweiterung gremd-:

in lit. grimstù (*grimzdù), grimzdaũ, grim̃sti `under-, versinken', gramzdė́ti ds., Kausat. gramzdinù, gramzdìnti `versenken', gramzdùs `deep einsinkend, versonnen', lett. grim̃stu, grim̃t `sinken', Kausat. grèmdêt `versenken';

aksl. pogręznoti `in water untersinken', ksl. gręza `ordure', russ. grjáznutь `in ordure versinken', grjazь `ordure, smut', skr. grȅznuti ` sink in ', poln. grzęznąć, grząznąć `untersinken'; Kausat. aksl. pogrǫžǫ, pogrǫziti `untersinken, submerge ', russ. gruzítь `versenken, eintauchen, befrachten'.

References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.

Page(s): 405

Root / lemma: greus-1

Meaning: to crackle, crush

German meaning: `knirschen, with kratzendem Geräusch about etwas fahren and es zermalmen, krachend schlagen'

Comments: (and other onomatopoeic words Schallbezeichnungen)

Material: Got. krius-tan `knirschen', krusts `das Knirschen', aschwed. krȳsta `Zähne knirschen' and `squeeze', ahd. krustila, nhd. Krustel, Krostel `Krachbein';

ahd. krus-k `furfur', nhd. Krüsch `Kleie' (also Grüsch, Grüst through hybridization with Gries, Grütze);

ahd. kros-pel, nhd. Kruspel, Krospel `gristle', kruspeln `knirschend zerbeißen';

maybe alb. kruspull 'bent'

lit. grukšė́ti `knirschen, knistern, vom sand' (k-Einschub?; about gráužas `Graus, Kies' under likewise s. am end from *ghrēu-2);

serb. grúhati `crack, creak (from the Kanone), with Krachen hit; through Schlagen enthülsen', grúšiti `bump, poke, enthülsen', sloven. grûh `Steingerölle', grúša `grober sand', russ. grúchnutьsja `with noise zusammenstürzen', etc

References: WP. I 650 f.

Page(s): 405-406

Root / lemma: greus-2

Meaning: to burn, smoulder

German meaning: `brennen, schwelen'??

Material: Gr. γρῡνός or γρουνός `dry wood, torch', Γρύνειον, Γρῦνοι `town, city in the Äolis';

lit. gruzdė́ti, grùzti, lett. gruzdêt, grust `schwelen, gleam'; yet is quite doubtful, in the case of die gr., schlecht bezeugten words originally not rather `Gehölz under likewise' stands for haben.

References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.

Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: greut-

Meaning: to press; curds

German meaning: `drängen, zusammendrücken; Quark = zusammengegangene Milch'

Material: Ir. gruth (*grutus) ` coagulated milk, curd';

ags. crūdan `urge, press, push', engl. to crowd `(sich) urge, press, push', mnl. kruden, mhd. kroten `urge, press, push', ags. crod n., mhd. krot `crush, Bedrängnis', mengl. crudes, curdes, nengl. curds `curd'.

References: WP. I 650.

Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: grēb(h)o-s : grōb(h)o-s

Meaning: hornbeam

German meaning: `Weißbuche', teilweise Deckwort for `Eiche'

Grammatical information: m.

Material: Maked. (illyr.) γράβιον `torch' (`Eichenholz'?);

ven. PN Grēbia, illyr. VN Grabaei, PN Γρᾶβος, Γράβων;

umbr. GN Grabovius (== poln. grabowy, see under) `Eichengott' (altumbr. Krapuvi, neuumbr.Grabovie, Dat.) from illyr. grāb- (older grēb-) borrows;

likewise illyr. Lw. is lat. grabātus `bed' (*from Eichenholz) from gr.-illyr. κράβ(β)ατος ds.

grōb(h)o-s:

Bsl. graba- m. `Weißbuche' in:

apr. wosi-grabis `Spindelbaum', lett. PN Gruõbina (gruõbas);

skr. grȁb, russ. grab, poln. grab `Weißbuche', grabowy `zur beech gehörig';

perhaps to gerebh- `ritzen'.

References: WH. I 171, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.

Page(s): 404

Root / lemma: grōd-, grǝd-

Meaning: hail

German meaning: `Hagel'?

Material: Arm. karkut (with rearrangement from dem reduplizierten *gagrōdo- s. Meillet MSL. 10, 280) `hail';

lat. grandō, -inis f. `hail';

lit. grúodas (bsl. *grōda-) `hartgefrorener Straßenkot, Steinfrost, frost without Schnee; Mauke';

aksl. gradъ, russ. grad, skr. grȁd, poln. grad `hail'.

References: WP. I 658, WH. I 618, Trautmann 99.

Da das arm. word ohnedies difficult, hard seems and ferngehalten become could, is perhaps eine basic form *ghrōdh-, ghrǝdh- must be assumed, to gr. χερμάς `Kiesel' (see gher-2), compare nhd. Hagel: gr. κάχληξ `Kiesel', etc

Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: gru-

Meaning: grunting (of pigs)

German meaning: Grunzlaut der Schweine

Comments: (gru-d-, gru-n-d-)

Material: Gr. γρῦ Grunzlaut the Schweine, γρύζω (*γρυδι̯ω) `grunze, muckse', γρῦλος, γρύλλος `Ferkel', γρυλίζω `grunze', γογγρύζειν τονθορύζειν, τὸ τὰς ὗς φωνεῖν Hes.;

lat. grundiō, with volkssprachl. assimilation grunniō `grunze' =

frühneuhochd. (with in onomatopoeic words stockender consonant shift in anlaut) grunnen, ags. grun(n)ian, intensive ahd. grunzian, nhd. `grunzen', ags. grunnettan ds., engl. to grunt ds.; with Lautversch. anord. krytia (preterit krutta) ` growl, murmur', krutr m. `clamor', dän. krotte `drone, grumble', engl. crout `krächzen', whether not rather to ger-2 C.

References: WP. I 658, WH. I 624.

Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: gu̯es-, gu̯os-, gus-, extended gu̯oz-do-

Meaning: branches, leaves

German meaning: `Gezweig, Laubwerk'

Material: Norw. dän. kvas `small, abgehauene Zweige';

1. with -d-extension:

alb. geg. ghethi `leaf', tosk. gjethe `Laub, twig, branch' (kollekt. Pl. to einem Sg. *gath from *gu̯ozd-);

ahd. questa f., mhd. queste, koste, haste, quast m. f., `Laubbüschel, Sprengwedel, besom ', nhd. Quaste f., asächs. quest `Laubbüschel', aschwed. kvaster, koster, schwed. qvast, norw. dän. kost `Laubbüschel, Reisbesen';

aserb. gvozd m. `wood, forest', apoln. gwozd `Bergwald', gozd `dichter wood, forest', etc;

2. with -t-extension:

gr. βόστρυχος ` hair lock, Geringel';

3. with -p-extension:

Old Indian guṣpitá- `verflochten, verschlungen';

lat. vespicēs Pl. `dichtes shrubbery ';

mndl. quispel, quespel, mnd. md. quispel `Quast, Wedel'.

References: WP. I 644 f., Berneker 365.

Page(s): 480

Root / lemma: gu̯et-

Meaning: swelling

German meaning: `Schwellung, Rundung'

Comments: (extension from gēu- `bend'? see there)

Material: Lat. botulus `Darm, Wurst' (osk.-umbr. loanword);

perhaps air. bél `lip' (*gu̯et-lo-s), whether not from *beklo-s to gall. beccos `bill, beak, neb';

got. qiÞus `Magen, womb', qiÞuhaftō `pregnant'; aisl. kviðr m. `belly, womb', kviðugr `pregnant', ags. cwið(a) m. `womb', ahd. quiti `vulva', quoden `Innenseite the thigh';

in addition further ags. cwidele f. `pustula, varix', ahd. quedilla ds., ndd. quadel `entzündete swelling the skin', zero grade mhd. kutel, nhd. Kutteln `Kaldaunen'.

References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. I 112 f.

Page(s): 481

Root / lemma: gu̯ozd(h)o-, gu̯ozd(h)i-

Meaning: nail, penis

German meaning: `Nagel, penis'

Material: Gallorom. bottos `Radnabe' (M-L. 1229a), cymr. both `Radnabe, Schildbuckel', mir. bot, nir. bod m. `tail, penis';

Note:

Common celt. kw- > p-, gw- > b- initial shift.

abg. gvozdь `nail', poln. g(w)ózdź ds., čech. hvozděj `Durchschlagholz'; in addition poln. g(w)oździk `Nelke', čech. hvozdík ds.

Maybe alb. (*gu̯ozd-) gozhd- `nail'

References: Pokorny ZceltPh. 16, 405, WH. I 574, 636, Berneker 365 f.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: g_eli-, glī-

Meaning: mouse

German meaning: `Maus under likewise'

Material: Old Indian girí-ḥ, girikā f. `Maus' (Lex.);

gr. γαλέη (*g_elei̯-ā, originally `die mausartige'?) `weasel, marten', from which borrows lat. galea originally `*Haube from Wieselfell', then `Lederhelm; Haube auf dem Kopf afrikanischer Hühner' (also galērus `Pelzkappe, Perücke' is einem unbelegten gr. *γαληρός borrows); to γαλέη also γαλιάγκων (γαλι- = Old Indian giri-), further γαληόψις, γαλεόβδολον `Taubnessel', actually `Wieselauge', probably also γάλιον ds.;

lat. glīs, glīris `Haselmaus, Bilchmaus, Siebenschläfer' (diese inflection presumably after mūs, mūris); rom. also *glēre, compare frz. loir besides liron.

References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.

Page(s): 367

Root / lemma: ĝā̆b-

Meaning: to show, to watch

German meaning: `schauen, ausschauen after'?

Material: ergäbe sich, if man with Zupitza Gutt. 194 aisl. kōpa (pÞ) `starren, gawk', ags. cǣpan `observe, ausschauen after, care for, schützen', changing through ablaut ags. capian up `aufblicken', asächs. upcapen `eminere', mnd. kapen `gawk, see, show', mhd. kaffen ds., ahd. (with Intensivgemination) kapfēn `see, show, spähen' (out of it rückgebildet ahd. kapf `place, from dem manausschaut, acme, apex ') and ahd. ūfkepfen `aufschauen' to russ. zabota ` care ', zabotitь śa `sich sorgen machen, sich bekümmern' stellen dürfte.

Alles quite doubtful. Der rudiment einer Wurzel, die with voiced-nonaspirated an- and auslautet, hat from vornherein wenig Wahrscheinlichkeit for sich (compare Meillet Introduction⁷ 173 f.).

References: WP. I 530.

Page(s): 349

Root / lemma: ĝā̆r-

Meaning: to call, cry

German meaning: `rufen, schreien'

Comments: besides einzelsprachliches *garr- through expressive consonant increase in onomatopoeic words

Material: palatal wird erwiesen through osset. zarị̀n, zarun `singen', zar `Gesang' and through arm. cicaṙn `swallow', cicaṙnuk `Nachtigall' (redupl. *ĝoi̯-gā̆r-ō̆n or -no-, Petersson KZ. 47, 287);

gr. γῆρυς, dor. γᾶρυς `voice'; γαρριώμεθα λοιδορούμεθα Hes., with rr as

lat. garriō, -īre `schwatzen, chat, prate, chatter (seldom from Tierlauten)', garrulus `geschwätzig';

air. gar- `rufen' in ad-gair `verklagt' (*ĝar-e-t), ar-gair `verbietet', do-gair `ruft' etc; cymr. gair `word' (*ĝar-i̯o-), dyar `din, fuss, noise, Traurigkeit': mir. do-gar ` sad ' (*du(s)-ĝaro-); air. fo-gor `sound, tone, sound' (*upo-ĝaro-), abret. ar-uuo-art `fascinavit'; air. gairm n. (kelt. *gar-(s)mn), cymr. corn. bret. garm ds. (: as. karm ` lamentation '); lengthened grade air. gāir f. `clamor', gāire `Lachen', cymr. gawr `clamor, fight, struggle';

ahd. chara f. ` lamentation ', nhd. Kar-freitag, got. kara f., ags. cearu f. ` care ' (therefrom ahd. etc karōn `beklagen, wehklagen', ahd. charag ` grieving ', mhd. karc `smart, cunning, geizig', nhd. karg, ags. cearig ` sad, bekümmert', engl. chary `vorsichtig, economical '), as. karm (seeoben), ags. cearm, cierm m. `clamor'.

References: WP. I 537, WH. I 583.

See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger- and *gʷer-.

Page(s): 352

Root / lemma: ĝebh-

Meaning: branch; stick

German meaning: `Ast, Holzstück'

Comments: only germ. and balt.

Material: Aisl. kafi m. `abgeschnittenes Stück', kefli n. `Kabel, bit of wood, toggle', rūna-kefli `Runenstab'; mnd. kavele f. `Stück wood (to Losen)', afries. kavelia `verlosen', ndl. kavel m. `Anteil, lot, fate', nhd. dial. Kabel f. and m. ds.;

lit. žãbas m. `bough, deadwood, bridle, rein', žabà f. `rod', žãbaras `dürrer bough', žabóju, žabóti `aufzäumen', žaboklas m. `rein', į́-žaboklis `toggle', ablaut. žúobris (Kurschat žuobrỹs) `Pflugschar', lett. žabuôt `dem Tier einen toggle ins Maul stecken'.

References: WP. I 571, Trautmann 364.

See also: compare also ĝegh-, S. 354.

Page(s): 353

Root / lemma: ĝegh-, ĝogh-

Meaning: branch; bush

German meaning: `Ast, Pfahl, Busch'

Comments: (compare also ĝebh-)

Material: Norw. dial. kage m. `niedriger bush' (germ. *kagan-), schwed. dial. `Baumstumpf (out of it engl. cag `stump'), nhd. dial. kag m. `Kohlstengel, stump, ndl. kag, kegge f. `wedge' (germ. *kaʒiō), ahd. kegil `picket, pole, peg, plug, nail' (germ. *kaʒila-);

in addition with expressive consonant stretch (g : gg : kk):

aisl. kaggi `Fäßchen, Tönnchen', mnd. kāk `Schandpfahl, Pranger', ahd. slito-chōho f. ` tub ', nhd. (oberdeutsch) kueche `Schlittenkufe'; dissim. Kufe ds.;

lit. žãgaras `dürrer twig, branch', Pl. `deadwood, shrubbery, bush', žãgrė `plough', žiõgris `fence', lett. žagari `deadwood', žagas Pl. f. `loses Laub';

unclear is die origin from ags. cǣg(e) f. `Schlüssel, Lösung', afries. kei, kai (*kaiga-), mnd. keie ds.; dubious die from arm. cag `elevation, acme, apex, end' (Petersson Heter. 89 f.).

References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge¹¹ 334, Martinet Gémination 116.

Page(s): 354

Root / lemma: ĝeid-

Meaning: to suck

German meaning: `saugen'

Material: Gr. hom. νεογιλλός `seit kurzem sucking (from Tierjungen)', Γίλλος, Γιλλίς, Γιλλίων (from einem *γιλλός from *γιδλός ` sucking, suckling ');

lit. žindù žį́sti `suck'.

References: WP. I 552, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 323.

Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: ĝeis-

Meaning: gravel

German meaning: `Kies'

Comments: (gei-s-, if nld. kei `Stein' < *keie < *kaijo here belongs or kei < *kagi to kegel? s. Franck-v. Wijk 298)

Material: Mhd. kis m. n. `Kies', ags. ciosol, cisel m. ds., ahd. kisili, kisel, kisilinc `Kiesel, Steinchen', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.;

apr. sixdo f. `sand', lit. žiezdrà, `Kies, corn, grain', žiẽzdros `Kies, grober sand', žiẽgzdros ds., also m. žiẽgzdrOld Indian

Fragwürdig die affiliation of ostensibly phryg. γίσσα `Stein' by Steph. Byz. s. v. Μονογισσα.

References: WP. I 553.

Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: ĝel-, ĝelǝ-, ĝlē-, (also *gelēi- :) ĝ(e)lǝi-

Meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful

German meaning: `hell, heiter glänzen' and `heiter sein, lächeln, lachen'

Material: Arm. caɫr, Gen. caɫu `Gelächter' (probably with u from ō = gr *γαλώς, therefore γέλως), cicaɫim `lache', perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caɫik (Gen. caɫkan) `flower, blossom';

gr. γελάω, ἐγέλα(σ)σα `lachen', γελαστός `lächerlich', dor. (Pind.) γελᾱνής `lachend, cheerful ' (*γελασ-νής due to from *γέλας, n. to m. γέλως, originally s-stem as κρέας, idg. *ĝele-s, äol. to γέλος n. reshaped), γέλως, -ωτος, Akk. γέλω m. `Gelächter' (probably after γελάω umgefärbtes *γαλώς = arm. caɫr ds.); γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν Hes.; with Reduktionsstufe the 1. syllable Γαλα-τεία Nereidenname (?), γαληνός `cheerful, ruhig' (*γαλασνός), γαλήνη (äol. zero grade γέλᾱνα) `Heiterkeit, calm (at sea) ';

with zero grade the 1. syllable γλῆ-νος n. Prachtstück', γλήνη `Augenstern'.

ĝlǝi- in γλαινοί τὰ λαμπρύσματα Hes., at first to ahd. kleini `gleaming, dainty, fine' (nhd. klein, in älterer meaning still in Kleinod and schweiz. chleiⁿ and chlīⁿ, with unexplained ī), ags. clǣne `rein', engl. clean;

with formants -u̯o-: ἀγλα[F]ός `bright lovely, superb, pretty, splendid' (*ἀγα-γλαFός?), ἀγλαΐα ` radiance Pracht' (here also ἀγάλλω `verherrliche schmücke, Med. sich zieren, freuen', with ἀ- == n̥ `ἐν'? Ein other Versuch by Boisacq 5);

about ags. clǣnе `rein', ahd. kleini `gleaming' see above;

die keltischen and baltoslav. Farbadjektiva air. gel `luminous, white', glan `rein', lit.gel̃tas `yellow, blond' etc möchte I because of the germ. parallels lieber zur Farbwurzel ĝhel- stellen (see there); only if galbus genuine lat. wäre, müßte it samt lit. gul̃bis etc here gestellt become.

Maybe alb. gjelbër ‘*yellowish, greenish’

References: WP. I 622 ff., 628, WH. I 578 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 682, Specht Dekl. 123, 144.

Page(s): 366-367

Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh-

Meaning: to bite; tooth

German meaning: `beißen, zerbeißen'

Material:

Old Indian jámbhatē, zero grade jábhatē `schnappt', Kaus.-Iter. jambháyati `zermalmt', av. hǝm- zǝmbayati ds.; arm. perhaps camem `kaue', cameli `Kinnlade, cheek, mouth'; alb. dhëmp `it schmerzt mich', lit. žembiù `zerschneide', aksl. zębǫ, zębsti `tear';

Old Indian jámbha-ḥ m. `tooth, Pl. bit ' (jambhya-ḥ `cutting edge- or Backenzahn'), gr. γόμφος `tooth', also `peg, plug, nail'; γομφίος scil. ὀδούς `Schneidezahn', alb. dhëmb, geg. dâm `tooth', aksl. zǫbъ `tooth', lett. zùobs `tooth', lit. žam̃bas `scharfe edge'; žam̃bis `Holzpflug';

ahd. kamb, ags. comb `comb' (`gezähnt'), anord. kambr `comb, gezackter edge (: lit. žam̃bas), gezackter Bergrücken', nhd. `Bergkamm' (but about ndd. kimme see above under gem-), ags. cemban, ahd. kemben `comb', schweiz. chambe `comb by Hähnen'; in addition bair. sich kampeln `(sich in die Haare geraten =) tear, rend, quarrel, squabble', with expressive p;

toch. A kam, В keme `tooth'.

Under einer Bedeutungsvermittlung `tooth' - `as ein kleiner Zabn vorstehender Pflanzentrieb' reiht man die family of lit. žémbu, žémbėti `germinate', aksl. pro-zębati, pro-zębnǫti ds., lat. gemma (*gembhnā) `Auge or Knospe am Weinstock or an Bäumen; Edelstein', ahd. champ `racemus', nhd. Kamm (`gezähntes appliance'); the lit. glottal stop is through eine lengthened gradee Präsensbildung wiesérgmi, gélbmi, gélbu erklärbar.

References: WP. I 575 f., WH. I 588, Trautmann 369, Specht Dekl. 86 f.

See also: see also under ĝep(h)-, ĝebh-.

Page(s): 369

Root / lemma: ĝem(e)-

Meaning: to marry

German meaning: `heiraten', also in Bezeichnungen for Verwandte, especially angeheiratete Verwandte.

Material: Old Indian jārá-ḥ `Freier, Buhle' (*ĝm̥̄-ró-s?); Old Indian jā́mātar-, av. zāmātar- `Tochtermann', after den other Verwandtschaftsnamen auf -tar- geschaffene extension, with ā the zweiten syllable after mātar-; the basic lies kürzeres *jāma-, compare av. zāmaoya- `Bruder of Schwiegersohnes', also Old Indian jāmí-ḥ `verschwistert, blutsverwandt', fem. nachved. ` female Verwandte, esp. Schwiegertochter', ved. ví-jāmi-ḥ) `verschwägert', jāmā `Schwiegertochter';

gr γαμέω `heirate' (Akt. vom man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), ἔγημα (dor. ἔγᾱμα), γεγάμη-μαι; γαμέτης `Gatte', γαμετή, γαμέτις, -ιδος `Gattin', γαμήλιος `hochzeitlich', γάμος m. `Hochzeit'; γαμβρός (*ĝ_em-ro-) `son-in-law';

lat. gener-, ī ds. (for *gemer after genus, gēns).

References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.

Page(s): 369-370

Root / lemma: ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-

Meaning: to bear

German meaning: `erzeugen'

Material: Thematisches present Old Indian jánati `erzeugt, gebiert', alat. genō, gr. γενέσθαι (ἐγένοντο = Old Indian ajananta), compare air. -genathar Konj. (to Indik. -gainethar `the geboren wird' from *gn̥-i̯e-tro), also cymr. genni `geboren become', bret. genel ` to give birth to children ';

redupl. present unthematisch Old Indian jajanti, av. zīzǝnti (v. 1. zazǝnti), themat. av. zīzanǝnti `sie gebären'; Konj. zīzanāt̃ `sie soll gebären', kaus. Aor. Old Indian ájījanat `hat geboren', air. Fut. gignithir (*ĝi-ĝenā-) `er wird geboren become' and with (älterer) zero grade the root gr. γίγνομαι `become, entstehe', lat. gignō, -ere (genui, genitum) `erzeugen, hervorbringen';

Perf. Old Indian ja-jñ-é `I bin geboren', 3. Sg. jajā́na, 3. Pl. jajñúr, gr. γέγονα, *γέγαμεν, γεγαώς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 767, 769), air. rogēnar (*ge-gn-) `natus sum';

n-present av. zā-n-aite `sie become geboren?' (*ĝn̥̄-nā́-mi), arm. cnanim, Aor. cnay `werde geboren; erzeuge, gebäre' (I 456; *gnǝ-n-), gr. γεννάω `gebäre, erzeuge' (*ĝn̥̄-nā-? different Meillet BSL. 26, 15 f.; postverbal is γέννα `birth, Ursprung', whereof γενναῖος `einem Geschlecht angehörig, from vornehmer Abkunft'); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 694

Kaus.-Iter. Old Indian janáyati `erzeugt, gebiert' = ags. cennan `erzeugen' (*ĝonéi̯ō); i̯o-present Old Indian jā́yatē `wird geboren' (therefrom jāyā `Weib'), npers. zāyad (*ĝ_en-ǝi̯ṓ; besides ĝn̥-i̯ṓ in:) av. zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basisvokals *ĝnē-i̯ō: ir. gnīu `I make, do' (`*erzeuge');

sko-present lat. nā-scor (*gn̥̄-skṓ-r) `werde geboren';

to-participle and similar: Old Indian jātá-ḥ `geboren' (jātá-m `gender, sex, kind of'), av. zāta-; lat. nātus (cognātus, agnātus) ds., `son', pälign. cnatois `nātīs' (*gn̥̄-tós; so probably also :) gall. Cintu-gnātus `Erstgeborener' (could an sich also = gr γνωτός sein), f. gnātha `daughter'; anord. kundr `son', got. -kunds (himina- under likewise) `abstammend from', ags. heofon-kund, with Þ anord. ās-kunnr `from göttlicher Abkunft'; zero grade lat. genitus (*genǝ- or *gene-tos, as :) gall. geneta `daughter', expressive cymr. geneth (*genetta) ds., air. aicned `nature' (*ad-ĝenǝ-tom or *-ĝene-tom); lit. žéntas `son-in-law' (*ĝenǝ-to-s), gentìs `kinsman, relative' (with g after gim̃ti `geboren become'), aksl. zętь m., skr. zȅt `son-in-law, Schwestermann' (*ĝenǝ-ti-s), with geschwundenem e ahd. kind `kid, child' (*ĝén-tom), as. kind (*ĝentóm) ds.;

with Full grade the zweiten Basissilbe gr. -γνητός `geboren' (διό-, κασί-; urgr. -η-; γνήσιος `vollbürtig'), with ō-grade Old Indian jñātí-ḥ m. `kinsman, relative' (originally f. `Verwandtschaft'), γνωτός `kinsman, relative, Bruder', γνωτή `Schwester', mcymr. gnawt `kinsman, relative', got. *knōÞs (Dat. knōdai) `gender, sex', ahd. knōt, knuot `gender, sex' (compare also ahd. knuosal n. `gender, sex, stem', ags. cnōsl n. ` progeny, gender, sex, Familie'), lett. znuõts `son-in-law, Schwager';

from the light basis av. -zanta-, -zǝnta- `geboren' (compare φέρτρον : bharí-tram); also acymr. -gint `kid, child' from gen-t-.

compare an other arischen forms : av. fra-zaintiš ` progeny ' (against Old Indian prá-jāti-ḥ); av. ząϑa- n. `birth, origin' (ar. *ž́an-tha-m); ząϑra- n. `birth' (against Old Indian jánitram `Geburtsstätte'); zantu- `Landkreis, administrative district ' = Old Indian jantú-ḥ `creature'; av. ząhyamna- participle Fut. (against Old Indian janišyatē, Aor. ájaništa); Old Indian jánman- n. besides jániman- n. `birth, gender, sex, Abkunft'.

Gr. γενετή `birth', lat. Genita Mana `name einer divinity', osk. Deívaí Genetaí `Divae Genitae', wherefore lat. genitālis `zur Zeugung gehörig';

gr. γένεσις `Ursprung', lat. genetīvus `angeboren'; with geschwundenem ǝ: av. frazaintiš (see above), lat. gēns (or from *gn̥tí-) `gender, sex, stem' and `Völkerschaft, bulk, mass' (then probably ingēns as `ungeschlacht'), germ. kindi- in got. kindins (*ĝenti-no-s) `Statthalter', anord. kind f. `entity, gender, sex, Nachkomme'.

ĝn̥̄ti- in Old Indian jātí-ḥ `birth, Familie' = lat. nāti-ō `birth, gender, sex', umbr. natine `natione, gente', ags. (ge)cynd f. `kind of, nature, quality, Ursprung, Nachkomme' (engl. kind);

tu-stem lat. nātū (maior- under likewise) `from birth', therefrom nātūra `birth, angeborene Anlage, nature';

praegnās `pregnant', newer praegnans, from *-gnātis.

ĝenǝ-ter- in Old Indian janitár- `Erzeuger, father', jánitrī `Erzeugerin, mother', gr. γενετήρ, -ῆρος, γενέτωρ, -ορος `Erzeuger, father', γενέτειρα `mother', alb. dhëndër, dhândër `son-in-law, Bräutigam' (*genǝ-tr-), lat. genitor, genetrīx (: Old Indian jánitrī) `Erzeuger, -in';

arm. cnauɫ `Erzeuger, father' (*genǝ-tlo-);

Old Indian jániman- (and jánman-) n. `birth, gender, sex, Abkunft', lat. germen `germ, sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch', germināre `hervorsprossen', germānus, -a (-m- from -mn-) `leiblicher Bruder, 1. Schwester' (*ĝen-men).

ĝenos- in Old Indian jánaḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) n. `gender, sex', arm. cin `birth', gr. γένος `gender, sex', lat. genus `Gesamtheit the Nachkommen eines Urvaters; kind of, Gattung, Rasse' (generāre `erzeugen').

ĝon-os in Old Indian jána-ḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) m. `gender, sex', av. (in compound) zana- `people, Menschenrasse', gr. γόνος m., γονή f. `birth, parentage, ancestry';

-ĝeno-s, -ĝno-s, -ĝeni̯os, -gnios as 2. composition part e.g. in lat. capri-genus `from Ziegen abstammend', indigena m. f. `eingeboren, Einheimischer' (= arm. ǝndo-cin, ǝndo-cna-c̣, `nato in casa del proprio patrono'), alienigena m. f. `ausländisch, Ausländer';

gall. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius; air. ingen, ogom inigena `girl'.

ĝ_enā in ncymr. adian ` progeny ' (*ati-ĝ_enā), anian, bret. dial. agnen `nature' (*n̥de-ĝ_enā), Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63;

with gr. -γενής, thrak. -zenes (Διογένης = thrak. Diuzenus, Διζένης), compare venet. volti-χenei and volti-χnos, illyr. PN Anduno-cnetis (Gen.), Volto-gnas; messap. oroagenas `Einwohner from Uria';

gr. νεο-γνός `neugeboren', got. niu-kla-hs `unmündig' (dissim. from niu-kna-, with formants -ko-), also aina-kla- `vereinzelt (from *-kna-) and lat. singulus (from *sem-gno-) as well as lat. malignus, benignus, prīvignus (`abgesondert, i.e. in other matrimony geboren, Stiefkind'), kelt. -gnos in people's name, originally Patronymica, e.g. gall. Truticnos (= Drūtignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom Gen. Coimagni, ir. Coim-ān; gall. Ate-gnia; gr. ὁμόγνιος `from gleicher Abstammung'; about kypr. ἶνις `kid, child' (barely *ἐν-γνις) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 450³;

*gn̥-i̯o- (wherefore obiges -gnio- additional Schwächung) in lat. genius `the Schutzgeist (of Mannes)', originally die personifizierte Zeugungskraft (at most hochstufiges *ĝen-i̯os), got. kuni (*ĝn̥-i̯o-m), ahd. (etc) chunni `gender, sex', compare got. sama-kunjans Akk. Pl. `desselben Geschlechtes': gr. ὁμό-γνιος; lat. progenies ` progeny ', air. gein (*genen < *ĝen-n̥) `birth', ags. cyne- in compound `königlich', anord. konr `son, edelgeborener man, husband' (germ.*kuninga-z in ahd. etc kuning `king', i.e. `einem edlen Geschlechte angehörig, ihm entsprossen').

ĝn̥̄- in Old Indian jā-s `Nachkomme', pra-jā ` progeny ', jā́s-patiṣ `Familienvater' (Meillet MSL. 10, 139);

about lat. ingenuus `freibürtig', genuīnus `genuine' s. WH. I 593 f.

References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.

Page(s): 373-375

Root / lemma: ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-

Meaning: to know

German meaning: `erkennen, kennen'

Comments: zur Vermeidung the Homonymie with 1. ĝen- become vielfach Verbalformen with ĝnō- verwendet.

Material: Old Indian jānā́mi `I know', anu-jñā- `zugestehen, grant', av. paiti-zānǝnti `sie nehmen sich jemandes an' (themat. 2. Pl. paiti-zānatā `ihr erkennt an, nehmt auf'), apers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā `er wußte' (idg. *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi, besides enklit. *ĝn̥-nāmi in:) av. zanā-t̲, zanąn, afghan. pē-žanī `unterscheidet, erkennt';

arm. Aor. cancay `I erkannte' (an-can ` unacquainted ') insecure basic form (to present *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi? or from *ĝ_en-? as:) canaut` `bekannt';

air. itar-gninim, asa-gninaim `sapio' (Fut. -gēna from *ge-gnā-, Pert ad-gēn-sa `cognovi, cognosco' from *ge-gn-; am Präsensstamm gnin- is the Vok. still ungeklärt; compare Pokorny IF. 35, 338 f., Marstrander Prés. nas. 23);

got. kunnan `kennen, wissen' (kann, preterit kunÞa; originator of the zero grade Pluralformen kunnum, kunnun from *ĝn̥-nǝ-més); besides schwaches Verb ana-kunnan `erkennen' etc = ahd. kunnēn `noscere, temptare' (already urgerm., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 146 f.); besides hochstufiges ōn-Verb anord. kanna `untersuchen';

ahd. (etc) starkes Verb. kunnan (kann) `wissen, können' (in den älteren Sprachzeiten only from geistigem können = kennen, contrast to mögen); in addition das Kaus. got. kannjan (*ĝon-) `bekanntmachen, kundtun', ags. cennan `benachrichtigen, define, zuschreiben', ahd. ar-kennen `erkennen', bi-kennen `bekennen', nhd. kennen.

lit. žinaũ, žinóti, lett. zinât `wissen' (žìno = *g_en-, thereafter Pl. žìnome, Inf. žinóti, participle žinótas) == apr. posinna `I bekenne' (Inf. posinnat, participle posinnāts), ersinnat `erkennen';

sk̂o-present apers. (Konj.) xšnāsātiy `er soll erkennen'; gr. γιγνώσκω, epir. γνώσκω `erkenne', lat. nōsco (gnōsco) `erkenne', ignōsco `have ein Einsehen, verzeihe' (compare Old Indian anu-jñā-); alb. njoh `I kenne' (*ĝnē-sk̂ō; 2. 3. Sg. njeh through umlaut); s. also under lit. pažį́stu;

Perf. Old Indian jajñā́u, lat. nōvī, ags. cnēow (cnāwan) `erkannte'; gr. Aor. ἔ-γνων, Old Indian Opt. jñā-yāt; gr. γέγωνα `bin vernehmlich, says' (also formal to present geworden γεγωνέω ds., γεγωνίσκω);

in addition das i̯o-present Old Indian jñāyáte (Pass. to jānā́ti), ahd. knāu (ir-, bi-, int-) `erkenne'(*gnē-i̯ō), ags. cnāwan (engl. know) ds. (to w compare lat. nōvī, Old Indian jajñā́u), with ahd. urknāt ` cognition ', and aksl. znajǫ, znati `kennen, wissen' (*ĝnō-i̯ō);

Desid. Old Indian jijñāsati, av. zixšnā̊ŋhǝmnā̊ `die erkundigen Wollenden'; lit. pažį́stu, -žinaũ, žìnti `kennen'; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 from *ĝn̥-skō derived; different Persson Beitr. 341;

Kaus. Old Indian jñāpayati (die p-form wäre old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 with right arm. canaut` `bekannt', i-stem = Old Indian jñapti-ḥ ` cognition, knowledge' places); but jñapta- rather retograd from kausat. jñāpita-, IF. 57, 226 f.

to-participle ĝnō-tó-s (hat perhaps das ō secondary from den Verbalformen bezogen): Old Indian jñātá-ḥ `bekannt', gr. γνωτός (newer γνωστός) ds. (ἀγνώς, -ῶτος ` unacquainted '), lat. nōtus, air. gnāth `gewohnt, bekannt' (cymr. gnawd `Gewohnheit'; in addition cymr. gnaws, naws `nature', bret. neuz `Aussehen', as brit. Lw. air. nōs `custom'), gall. Κατου-γνᾱτος, Epo-so-gnātus; Old Indian ajñāta-, ἄγνωτος, ignōtus ` unacquainted ', air. ingnad `fremd'; besides *ĝnŏ-tó-s (Umfärbung from *ĝnǝ-tós after ĝnō-?) in lat. nota `Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Fleck, Mal' (substantiviertes Fem. of participle), Denom. notō, -āre `kennzeichnen, observe; rebuke, rügen', hence probably also in cognitus, agnitus, compare with derselben vowel gradation gr. *ἄ-γνο-Fος in ἀγνοέω `white not', ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοια `Unwissenheit'; better about ἀγνόεω (steht for *ἀνόεω) and lat. nota (to ὄνοσθαι `rebuke') jetzt Leumann Homer. Wörter 228²³; toch. A ā-knats, В a-knātsa see under.

ĝnǝ-to-s in mcymr. yngnad, ynad `judge' (*en-ĝnǝ-to-s), dirnad `Urteilskraft' (*dē-pro-ĝnǝ-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.

ĝn̥̄-tó-s in lit. pažìntas `bekannt', got. kunÞs, ags. cūÞ, ahd. kund `kund, bekannt', got. unkunÞs ` unacquainted '; with lengthened grade the 1. syllable av. paiti-zanta- `anerkannt' (as ā-zainti- `knowledge').

ĝnō-ti- in Old Indian pra-jñāti-ḥ f. ` cognition ', gr. γνῶσις f. ` cognition ', lat. nōti-ō f., aksl. Inf. znati, russ. znatь f. `die Bekannten'; compare ahd. urchnât f. `agnitio' (*ĝnē-ti-s);

ĝn̥-tí-s in ahd. kunst (-sti- for -ti-) `Kunst, Kenntnis, Weisheit'' (got. kunÞi `knowledge, cognition ' from *kunÞia- n.), lit. pažintìs f. ` cognition ';

ĝnō-ter- in Old Indian jñātár-, av. žnātar- ` connoisseur, expert ', compare gr. γνωστήρ, lat. nōtor ` connoisseur, expert, Bürge'; compare Old Indian jñāna-m (*ĝnō-no-m) `knowledge, cognition '.

ĝnō-mn̥ in gr. γνῶμα `Erkennungszeichen; Winkelmaß' (out of it lat. grōma `Meßinstrument the Feldmesser' and, vom Akk. γνώμονα from, also norma `Winkelmaß, Richtschnur, Vorschrift, rule'); aruss. znamja (aksl. znamenije, znakъ) `mark, token, sign' (from einem entsprechenden lat. *gnōmen is *cognōmen, agnomen beeinflußt); gr. γνώμη `opinion' (probably for *gnō-m[n]ā), compare lit. żymė̃ `Merkzeichen' (*žįmė̃); γνώμων `Richtmaß'.

ĝnō-tel- in sloven. znâtelj ` connoisseur, expert ', russ. znátelь `Mitwisser'; also Old Indian jñātár- could instead of to ĝnō-ter- here belong.

ĝenǝ-tlo- : ĝnō-tlo- `Erkennungszeichen' in lit. žėnklas `mark, token, sign'; apr. ebsentliuns `bezeichnet': Old Indian jñātra- n. `Fähigkeit of Erkennens';

germ. *knōÞla- in ahd. beknuodilen `vernehmbar become', einknuadil `insignis'; compare lat.(g)nōbilis `kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, odel' (Adjektivierung eines *ĝnō-dhlom `Kennzeichen');

ĝnō-ro- in gr. γνώριμος `kenntlich, bekannt, angesehen', γνωρίζω `make bekannt' (to *γνῶρον), wherefore with ablaut *ĝn̥̄-ró-: lat. gnārus `einer thing expert, skillful', ignārus `ignorant' (ignōro rather from *ignāro after nōsco umgefärbt as with the ablaut grade from γνώριμος), gnāruris Gloss. `gnārus', ignārurēs `ἀγνοοῦντες', nārrāre `to Wissen make, künden' = umbr. naratu `narrātō', naraklum `nūntiātiō'; as Endglied from compounds Old Indian -jnā̆-, av. uxδa-šna- `die discourse kennend'.

Here presumably idg. ĝnē-u̯os `expert, skillful, wer es white, as man es to machen hat, tatkräftig' in anord. knār `proficient, strong' (ags. gecnǣwe `eingestanden, bekannt' is against it new Bildungvon cnāwan from); compare (from *ĝn̥̄-u̯o-s?) lat. nāvus (old gnāvus) `regsam, tatkräftig', ignāvus `without Tatkraft', next to which with *-ǝu̯- mcymr. go-gnaw `vertraut with' (*upo-uk̂s-ĝnǝu̯o-?), mbret. gnou `manifeste, évident', abret. inschr. Bodo-cnous (i.e. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), mir. gnō ` distinguished ', nir. gnō `business, affairs'. A similar meaning-Entw. in the germ. family aisl. kø̄nn `einsichtsvoll, smart, proficient', ags. cēne `bold, audacious', ahd. kuoni `bold, kampflustig' (lengthened grade as γέγωνα), compare with zero grade lit. žýnė `Hexe' (`die Kluge'), žýnis m. `Hexenmeister';

toch. AB knā- `wissen, erkennen', A ā-knats, В a-knātsa `ignorant'.

Über hitt. ḫa-an-na-i `urteilt' s. Pedersen Hitt. 201 (wenig glaubhaft).

Maybe through metathesis alb. *ḫa-an-na, njoh `know'

References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f., Feist 316 f., Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.

Page(s): 376-378

Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu-

Meaning: knee, joint

German meaning: `Knie, Ecke, Winkel'

Grammatical information: n. inflection ĝonu, ĝenu̯és, ĝnubhís etc; besides ein n-stem after Ausweis from Old Indian jā́nunī `die beiden knee' and gr. γόνατος etc from ĝonu̯n̥-

Material: Old Indian jā́nu n. `knee', pehl. zānūk, npers. zānū `knee'; av. Akk. Sg. žnūm, dat. abl. pl. žnubyō; Old Indian jñu-bā́dh- `die Knie beugend', abhi-jñú `bis ans Knie', pra-jñu-ḥ `säbelbeinig', av. fra-šnu- `die Knie after vorn holding ' (:gr. *πρό-γνυ);

arm. cunr `knee' (r-extension to old u-stem *ĝō̆nu-), Pl. cunk-k`, Gen. cng-ac̣ with g-extension (*ĝon-g-o-, compare γνύ-ξ);

gr. γόνυ, Gen. (Hom.) γουνός (*ĝonu̯ós), Pl. γοῦνα, äol. γόνα `knee' (compare also γευνῶν γονάτων Hes.), besides Gen. Sg. γούνατος (for *γονFανος); lengthened grade γωνία `point, edge' (*γωνFία), zero grade (compare under πρόχνυ) γνυ-πετεῖν `in die Knie sinken', γνύξ `auf die Knie', ἰγνύ̄η (besides ἰγνύς, Specht KZ. 59, 220) `Kniekehle' (*εγγνύᾱ, -γνύς);

πρόχνυ `with vorgestrecktem Knie' steht II. 570 for *πρόγνυ (= Old Indian pra-jñú-ḥ);

lat. genū, -ūs `knee', geniculum `knee, Knoten an Pflanzen, Winkel';

Note:

Clearly from old Irish glun 'knee' derived alb. gluni, gjuni 'knee' [the shift gl > gj]

got. kniu n., ahd. etc knio, kneo (*kniwa-, idg. *ĝneu̯o-) `knee' (anord. knē also from Knoten am Strohhalm, as ags. cneoweht `knotig, from Pflanzen'; lat. geniculum also Knoten an Getreidehalmen; but lat. genista is Etruscan); eine extension with germ. t in oberschles. knutzen `auf den Knien hocken' and perhaps in got. knussjan `knien', kniwam knussjands `in die Knie zusammenknickend', if auf einem tu-stem *knussus from diesem verb *knutjan `beruhend';

illyr. FlN Genusus, unterital. PN Genusia, messap. PN tri-gonoχoa, ligur. PN Genua, adjekt. derivative Genava `Genf';

toch. A kanweṃ, В kenīne Dual. `die knee';

hitt. gi-e-nu (genu) `knee'.

It seems that Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : (knee, joint) derived from Root / lemma: kel-1, kelǝ- : (to tower, be high; hill, projection, protrusion)

hence from Gr. κολωνός, κολώνη derived the root *koln : (to tower, be high; hill, projection).

Proto-Slavic form: kolě̀no derived from geniculum `knee, Knoten an Pflanzen, Winkel';

Actually Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : (knee, joint) is alb. gjuni ‘knee’. Alb. forms became the root for Proto-Slavic form: nogà ‘foot’.

References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518.

Page(s): 380-381

Root / lemma: ĝenu-2 f. and (ĝenǝdh- :) ĝonǝdh-

Meaning: chin

German meaning: `Kinnbacke, Kinn'

Material: Old Indian hánu-ṣ f. `Kinnbacke', av. zānu- ds., in compounds (with secondary ar. ĝh-, Güntert WuS. 11, 124 f.);

phryg. α-ζήν Akk. ἀ-ζένα `beard' (prefix α- and *ĝen-);

gr. γένυς, -υος f. `chin, Kinnbacke' (with sekund. ū-stem; compare γένειον `Kinnbart' from *γενεFιον, γενηΐς, att. γενῄς f. `cutting edge of Beils' from *γενεFίς);

lat. gena f. `cheek' (fur *genus after mala), genuīnus (dens) `Backenzahn';

air. gi(u)n `mouth', cymr. gen `cheek, chin', Pl. geneu, acorn. genau, bret. genou (older Pl. *geneu̯es);

got. kinnus f. `cheek' (*genus, *genu̯es, -nn- from -nu̯-), anord. kinn f. `Backe, Bergabhang', ags. cinn, ahd. kinni n. `chin';

toch. A śanwe-m Dual f. `Kinnbacken' (e-extension from ĝenu-).

gonǝdh- in lit. žándas `Kinnbacke', lett. zuôds `chin, scharfe edge'; maked. κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι (compare Specht KZ. 59, 113¹);

zero grade gr. γνάθος f., γναθμός m. `Kinnbacke' (*gnǝdh-);

unclear is arm. cnaut `Kinnbacke, cheek'.

References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Dekl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 463.

Page(s): 381-382

Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-, ĝebh-

Meaning: jaw, mouth

German meaning: `Kiefer, Mund; essen, fressen'

Material: With ph: av. zafar-, zafan- `mouth, Rachen', participle Med. vī-zafāna, compare s-stem (besides r/n-stem) in ϑrizafah- besides ϑrizafan-;

with bh : gallorom. expressive *gobbo-, air. gop, nir. gob `bill, beak, neb, mouth';

germ. with ph or teilweisem bh anord. kjaptr or kjǫptr (*keƀuta- or *kefuta-) `muzzle, Kinnbacke, pine tree', mhd. kivel, kiver `pine tree' (*kefra-) nhd. dial. kiefe `gill', ndd. keve `pine tree, gill', wherefore die Verben norw. kjava `sich quarrel, squabble, quarrel' (`die Kiefern rühren'), mnd. nd. kibbelen, kabbelen, kevelen `loud schwatzen', mhd. kibelen, kifelen `quarrel, squabble', kiven, kiffen `nagen', kifelen `nagen, chew'; lengthened grade anord. kāfl, as. cāfl, ags. cēafl (engl. jowl, jole) `pine tree' (*kēfala-).

In addition as `Nager':

ahd. chevaro, kevar, mhd. kevere `beetle, chafer' (*kebran-); changing through ablaut ags. ceafor (*kaƀra- or*kaƀru-), ndd. kavel ds.;

lit. žėbiù, žė̃bti `slow eat', žė́biu, žė́beti `eat, picken';

aksl. o-zobati `λυμαίνεσθαι', serb. zòbati `eat, fressen', zôb f. `Hafer', russ. zobátь `eat, picken', zob m. `bill, beak, neb';

čech. žábra `Kiemen the Fische', russ. žábry ds. könnten das ž from the e-grade bezogen haben and eine variant with g- contain.

from ĝembh- `bite' as nasalized form to our root belongs?

References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge¹¹ s. v. `beetle, chafer' and `pine tree'.

Page(s): 382

Root / lemma: ĝers-

Meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen; also von Zweigen and Buschwerk'

Material: Arm. caṙ `tree', Pl. ` brushwood ' (*ĝr̥so-); caṙay (*gr̥-āti-) `servant, Knecht'; cuṙ `slant, skew, krumm' (*ĝorsos);

gr. γέρρον n. `geflochtener shield, Wagenkorb' etc, also `penis' (`*rod') (*γερσι̯ον); lat. gerra `Rutengeflecht', Pl. gerrae `prank' is gr. Lw.; zero grade γάρρα ῥάβδος and γάρσανα φρύγανα. Κρῆτες Hes.;

from dem Gr. γέρδιος derives lat. gerdius `Weber';

cymr. gyrr m. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, Viehtreiben' (*ĝersi̯o-), therefrom gyrru ds.?;

anord. kjarr n., kjǫrr m. (*kerza-, kerzu-) `shrubbery, bush, shrubbery ', schwed. dial. kars, karse m. `basket from Weidenruten, smaller Sack, Netzsack', anord. kass(i) m. (*kars-) `Weidenkorb, Rückenkorb', schwed. kärsa f. `creel, Netzsack', norw. kjessa `basket, Bastgeflecht' (*karsi̯ōn).

In addition probably mhd. kerren `kehren, wenden' (*karzjan) = ags. cierran `wenden, in eine bestimmte Lage bringen, intr. sich wenden', becierran `turn', cierr m. (*karzi-) `time, Mal, business '.

References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.

Page(s): 392-393

Root / lemma: ĝer-, ĝerǝ-, ĝrē-

Meaning: to rub; to be old; grain

German meaning: `morsch, reif werden, altern'

Comments: also, esp. in formations with formants -no-, `corn, grain, Kern' (only NW-Idg.); die oldest meaning seems `rub' (hence `Reibefrucht, small Zerriebenes') gewesen to sein, intr.-pass. `aufgerieben become, from age or disease, malady'.

Material: Old Indian járant- `gebrechlich, old, Greis' (= osset. zärond `old', gr. γέρων; compare also npers. zar `Greis, Greisin'), járati `makes gebrechlich, läßt altern' (`*reibt auf'), jaraṇá- `hinfällig, old', jarás- f. (Nom. Sg. jarā́ḥ, idg. -ōs) and jarā́ `Altwerden, age'; redupl. jarjara- `frail, breakable, hinfällig' (: gr. γεργέριμος); lengthened grade jā́ra- `alternd' (= npers. zār `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', zār `Greis, Greisin'; also in Aor. jāriṣuḥ); heavy basis in Old Indian jarimán- m. `hohes age, Altersschwäche', jī́ryati, jū́ryati `wird gebrechlich, morsch, altert', participle jūrṇá-, jīrṇá- `gebrechlich, abgelebt, abgenutzt, zerfallen, morsch, old'; av. azarǝšant- `not alternd' (participle of s-Aor.), azarǝma- `not abnehmend' (from *zarǝma- m. `das Verkommen'), zairina- `aufreibend, erschlaffend', zarǝta- `altersschwach' (probably = Old Indian *jīrta-), with formant u (: gr. γραῦς? anord. kǫr, see below) zaurvan- m. `Greisenalter, Altersschwäche', zaurura- `altersschwach, gebrechlich', perhaps also zrvan- : zrū̆n- `time';

arm. cer `old, Greis' (*ĝero-);

gr. γέρων `Greis' (γέροντ-), γερούσιος `den Geronten zukommend', γερουσία `Ratsversammlung (the Ältesten)', γέρας n. (idg. *ĝerǝ-s, from the heavy basis) originally `*age, *Altersvorrecht', hence `Ehrengabe, Ehrenstellung, Belohnung', γεραρός `ehrwürdig, stately, respectable ', later also `old, greisenhaft', γεραιός `old' probably from *γερασ-ι̯ός; in the meaning `age' is γέρας ersetzt through γῆρας; das η from γηράσκω `altere', participle present γηρά̄ς `alternd', themat. Impf. ἐγήρᾱ, etc auf γῆρας (for γέρας) figurative, also auf γηράω `altere, reife', γηραλέος (by Hes. also γεραλέος) `old'; att. γραῦς, Gen. γρᾱ(*F)ός (hom. Dat. γρηΐ) `old wife, woman' (hom. γρηΰς probably spätere Umschrift eines richtigen *γρη(F)ίς after dem gewöhnlichen γραῦς); perhaps in relationship to av. zaurvan- m. `Greisenalter', perhaps originally Nom. *ĝeŕ-us : Gen.*ĝ_erǝ-u̯-ós, from which γρᾱFός; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 574; redupl. γεργέριμος `from selbst abfallende or reife Feige or Olive' (see above);

anord. karl `man, husband, alter man, husband, husband, free man, husband' = ahd. karal ds., with ablaut ags. ceorl `free man, husband the niedrigsten Klasse, husband', engl. churl `Bauer, fool ', mnd. kerle `free, gewöhnlicher man, husband, kräftiger man, husband', nhd. (from dem Ndd.) Kerl; basic meaning probably `alter man, husband';

aksl. zьrěti `ripen', zьrělъ `reif', Kausat. sьzori `ὡρίμησε'.

In the meaning `corn, grain, Kern':

lat. grānum `corn, grain, Kern' (*gr̥-nóm, = Old Indian jīrṇá-, see above) = air. grān, cymr. etc grawn (Sg. gronyn) ds. (borrowing from dem Lat. is not erweislich) = lit. žìrnis, lett. zir̃nis m. `Erbse', apr. syrne f. `corn, grain'; aksl. zrьno, serb. zȑno n. `corn, grain'; got. kaúrn, ahd. ags. anord. korn, nhd. Korn, ags. cyrnel `Kern', next to which hochstufiges ahd. kërno, anord. kjarni m., ds. (probably also nhd. mdartl. kern `Milchrahm' as the beim Buttern körnig werdende, mhd. kern `Butterfaß', anord. kjarni, kirna ds., ags. ćiern, engl. churn ds.).

Ein *grāros (*gr̥̄-rós) `zerrieben' is probably in lat. glārea (*grārei̯ā) `Kies' fortgesetzt; ein d-present *ĝrō-dō perhaps in got. gakrōtōn `zermalmen'.

References: WP. I 599 f., WH. I 605 f., 618 f., Trautmann 371 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 514, 574, 682 under Anm. 5.

Page(s): 390-391

Root / lemma: ĝeus-

Meaning: to taste; to enjoy [` savor, enjoy, taste ', in the Germ. and Kelt. 'choose', in Indo Iran. and Alban. 'love']

Material: Old Indian jṓṣati, juṣátē `kostet, enjoys, liebt', jōsáyatē `findet woran pleasure', jṓṣa-ḥ ` contentedness, Billigung, Genüge', av. zaoš-, apers. dauš- `Geschmack woran finden', av. zaošō `Gefallen', zuštō `beliebt, erwünscht'; khotan-sak. ysūṣḍē `er schätzt', ysua, ysuyān (ys = z) `Leckerei';

gr. γεύομαι `koste, genieße' (therefrom γεύω `lasse taste');

alb. desha `I liebte', present do dua (*ĝēus-n-, Jokl IF. 37, 101 f.);

Also alb. geg. dashunoj `to love', dashuni, dashni `love', aorist desha `I loved'.

n-present lat. dēgūnō, -ere `taste' (*gus-nō);

air. asa-gū (*ĝus-s-t) `ег wünsche' (ad-gūsi, asa-gūssi `er wünscht', s. zur form Pedersen II 549), do-goa (*ĝus-ā-t) `er wählt', Verbaln. togu `wählen, Wahl', preterit dorōigu `elegit' (*to-ro-ĝi-ĝēus-t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc (see Pedersen aaO.);

got. kiusan `prüfen, erproben', anord. kjōsa `wählen, wünschen' (also `durch Zauberei beeinflussen', ahd. as. kiosan `schmecken, prüfen, wählen', nhd. kiesen, Kaus.-Iter. got. kausjan `prüfen, taste, schmecken' (= Old Indian iōšáyatē); compare ags. wæl-céasig `leichenwählend' (vom Raben).

noun actionis auf ti-: Old Indian júṣṭi-ḥ `Liebeserweisung, Gunst', got. ga-kusts f. `Prüfung', afries. kest, ags. cyst m. `Gegenstand einer Wahl, Vorzüglichkeit' (but gr. γεῦσις previously einzelsprachliche formation from γεύομαι from): auf tu-: lat. gustus, -ūs `das Kosten, Genießen', kellt. *gustu- `Wahl' in den Namen ir. Oengus, Fergus, acymr. Ungust, Gurgust and in air. guss ` skillfulness, power ', got. kustus `Prüfung', ahd. as. kust m. `Prüfung, Schätzung, Wahl, Vortrefflichkeit', anord. kostr, -ar `Wahl, Willkür, (good) quality '; derivative vom participle *gus-tós: lat. gustō, -āre `taste, genießen'= ahd. as. kostōn `taste, versuchen', ags. costian `versuchen, plague', anord. kosta, -aða `prüfen, sich anstrengen, erstreben'; altes noun actionis is *kuriz in ags. cyre m. `Wahl, judgement', ahd. kuri f. ds. (nhd. Kur-fürst, Will-kür), with Übergang ins neuter anord. kør `Wahl', ags. ge-cor `Entscheidung', derived ahd. korōn `gustare, probare'.

Maybe alb. josh ‘invite to taste’, joshë, joshje ‘bait, temptation, enticement, appeal, smell’.

References: WP. I 568 f., WH. I 628 f., Feist 312 f.

Page(s): 399-400

Root / lemma: ĝeu-, ĝeu̯ǝ- (besides geu̯ǝ-)

Meaning: to advance; to hurry

German meaning: `fördern, eilen'?

Material: Old Indian junā́ti `treibt zur haste, hurry, treibt an, facht an', jávate ` hurries ', jūtá-ḥ `hurrying', jū- `quick, fast', jūtí ` quickness, Aufmunterung', javín `hurrying', javá-ḥ `hurrying, quick, fast', jáviṣṭha-ḥ `the rascheste', m. `haste, hurry, quickness ', jávas- ` quickness ', jávana-ḥ `treibend, anregend';

av. zavah- n. ` power, strength ', zāvar- n. `(physische) power, strength ' (esp. the Füße and the Rosse), npers. zōr ` power ', bal. zūt `quick, fast', av. zǝvīštya `the eiligste, rascheste, the förderlichste', uzutay- `hervoreilend, hervorsprudelnd';

besides auf idg. geu̯ǝ- weisend: av. java `eile'; npers. zūd `quick, fast' kann to ar. ǵ or ž belong;

perhaps to anord. keyra `fahren, drive, push, throw, ride';

skr. žúriti se `sich eilen', from Trautmann 80 to gȕriti se `sich zusammenziehen' gestellt, perhaps in spite of unclear Anlauts here.

References: WP. I 555.

Page(s): 399

Root / lemma: ĝēi- : ĝī-

Meaning: to sprout

German meaning: `keimen, sich spalten, aufblühen'

Material: Arm. ciɫ, ciuɫ, ceɫ `Halm, Stengel', ǝn-ciuɫ `sprout, germ, sprout';

got. keinan, us-keinan `germinate', us-kijans `hervorgekeimt'; ahd. chīnan `germinate, sich split, öffnen', ags. cīnan `break, crack, offenstehen'; ahd. chīmo m., asächs. kīmo `germ, sprout'; ags. cīð, as. kīð m. `germ, sprout, young Trieb', ahd. frumakīdi `erster Trieb'; as. kio, ags. cēon, cīun `branchia' (probably *kijan-). Here probably with einer previous vom Bilde the aufberstenden Knospe ausgegangenen allgemeinen meaning `break, crack, sich split' ahd. kīl, nhd. Keil, mnd. kīl, norw. kīle m. `wedge' (or diese from the sharp zulaufenden form of Pflanzenkeimes? Formell from *kī-ðlā́-, compare *kī́-Þla- in:) ahd. kīdel, nhd. mdartl. keidel m. `wedge'; aisl. kīll m. `narrow Meerbucht' (`*cleft, fissure'), changing through ablaut norw. keila f. `small gully, canal', mnd. kēl m. `narrow Meerbucht'; with ĭ ags. cinu f. `Ritze, col, gap', dän. mdartl. kin `col, gap'; perhaps amhd. chil `porrus', mhd. kil m. `Zwiebeldes Lauchs', nhd. Kiel m. ds. (compare bair. auskielen from Eicheln, Zwiebeln under likewise, `keimend die Schale, die skin durchbrechen');

lett. zẽiju, ziêt `hervorblühen, zum Vorschein kommen', next to which with d-extension (probably originally d-present) lit. žýd(ži)u žydė́ti `bloom, blossom', pražýstu, -žýdau, -žýsti `aufblühen', žíedas `bloom, blossom, ring', lett. ziêdu (ziêžu), ziêdêt `bloom, blossom'.

References: WP. I 544.

Page(s): 355-356

Root / lemma: ĝhaiso- (or ĝhǝiso- : ĝhēiso-)

Meaning: stick; dart

German meaning: `Stecken, also as Wurfspieß'

Material: Old Indian hḗṣas- n. `Geschoß' (yet see under ĝhei-1 `antreiben');

gr. χαῖος m. (?) `Hirtenstab';

gall.-lat. gaesum, gall.-gr. γαῖσον `schwerer eiserner spear, lance' (gaesātī `gall. Soldtruppen'); air. gaë `spear, javelin' (gāide `pilatus'); fo-gae, mir. fo-ga `spear, lance' = cymr. gwayw (see in addition Thurneysen IA. 26, 25, compare also abret. guu-goiuou `spiculis, telis', BB. 17, 139), mbret. goaff, corn. gew;

ahd. as. gēr, ags. gār, aisl. geirr m. `Wurfspeer' (*gaizas); got. PN Rada-gaisu-s, wand. Gaisa-rīk-s.

In addition as -ilōn-derivative ahd. geisila, nhd. Geißel `Peitsche', aisl. geisl, geisli m. `stick the Schneeschuhläufer'; with ablaut (idg. ēi? ī?) langob. gīsil `Pfeilschaft' (but about ahd. gīsal `Geisel = Bürgschaftsgefangener' see under gheidh- `begehren'), aisl. gīsl(i) `staff'.

References: WP. I 528, WH. I 575 f.

Page(s): 410

Root / lemma: ĝhalg(h)-

Meaning: (flexible) twig

German meaning: `(biegsamer) Zweig, Stange'

Material: Arm. jaɫk `twig, branch, Gerte, Stengel, Geisel' (< *ĝhalgā; Petersson Heteroklisie 155 expounded den variation from g and gh from einem paradigm *ĝhólgh, *ĝhl̥gnés);

got. galga m. `picket, pole, Kreuz', aisl. galgi `Galgen', ags. gealga, afries. galga, as. ahd. galgo `Galgen, Kreuz', in addition die Weiterbildung aisl. gelgia `twig, branch, shaft, pole, stick' (die oldest kind of Galgens war ein biegsamer twig, branch, an dem the Verbrecher hochgeschnellt wurde);

lit. žalgà and žalgas m. `long, dünne shaft, pole', lett. žalga f. `long rod, Angelrute'.

References: WP. I 540, Trautmann 364.

Page(s): 411

Root / lemma: ĝhal-, ĝhal-ar-

Meaning: flaw, defect

German meaning: `Schade, Gebrechen'

Material: Air. galar n. `disease, malady, Kummer', cymr. corn. galar `luctus, planctus';

aisl. galli m. `Makel, fault, error, damage' (but gealla m. `wundgeriebene Stelle beim Pferde', engl. gall ds., mnd. galle `beschädigte place', mhd. galle `Geschwulst am Pferde, fehlerhafte place in Gestein', nhd. galle `swelling, lump, growth, Fehler in Gestein, in farmland etc' are with Galle =Gall-apfel from lat. galla borrows);

lit. žalà `damage, injury ', žalìngas `bösartig, schädlich', lett. zalba, zolba `damage, injury am Körper' (or from dem Russischen borrows? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);

perhaps also klruss. zolok `die schmerzhafteste Stelle einer wound', russ. nazóla `ruefulness, Kummer, Ärger'.

Pedersen (Hitt. 46) compares with air. galar hitt. kal-la-ar (kallar) `evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.

Page(s): 411

Root / lemma: ĝhan-s-

Meaning: goose

German meaning: and verwandte formations for `Gans'

Material: Old Indian haṁsá-ḥ m., haṁsī f. `Gans, swan'; soghd. z'ɣ `sorte d'oiseau';

Maybe onomatopoeic alb. guga `baby shirt, *youngling', expressive, gogësinj `burp, belch, yawn' (*gha-ghans) `*onomatopoeic cry of goose', also alb. gaga `cry of goose'; geg `speech of Geg people' = shqip `speech of eagle men', gegë `*eagle men (translated by natives as goose men)', Gegëni `land of geese (*eagles)' = Shqipni `land of eagles'

Comment:

Illyrian soldiers who served in the Roman army adopted the name of the military standard bearing the imperial eagle: lat. scipio -onis, m. `a staff, wand' as alb. shqiponjë `eagle ', shqiptar ` (standard bearer) eagle man', Shqipni `land of the eagles'; Illyrians considered themselves descendants of the Roman Empire and still use the imperial double headed eagle in their banner. Both names gegë `*eagle men (translated by natives as goose men)' geg `speech of Geg people' and shqiptar ` (standard bearer) eagle man', shqip `speech of eagle men' were unknown to Albanians who fled the Turkish invasion to southern Italy during the 15-th century. Neither did they call their homeland Gegëni `land of geese (*eagles)' = Shqipni `land of eagles'. They continue to call themselves Arbënesh from Romance lang. Albanesi `Albanians' from Illyrian tribe Albanoi. The name `goose men', `eagle men' was adopted by illiterate peasants who wanted to revive the old glorious days of the imperial eagle used in Albanian flag by the Albanian king Gjergj Kastrioti.

Albanian proves that from Root / lemma: gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)' derived the new Root / lemma: ĝhan-s- : `goose'.

gr. χήν, -ός, m. f., dor. böot. χά̄ν `Gans' from *χανς, χανσός (hier, as in Germ. and in lit.Gen. Pl. žąsų̃, still die old conservative inflection);

lat. ānser, mostly m. `Gans' (originally *hanser; zur stem formation compare slav. *žansera- (*gansera-) `Gänserich' in ačech. húser, polab. gûnsgarr, etc);

air. gēiss `swan' (*gansī = Old Indian haṁsī, not from einem conservative stem reshaped);

ahd. gans (i-stem geworden), ags. gōs (Pl. gēs from *gans-iz = gr. χῆνες), aisl. gās (Pl.gǣs) `Gans' (from ags. gōs derives mir. goss);

lit. žąsìs f. `Gans' (Akk. žą̃sį = gr. χῆνα, Gen. Pl. conservative žąsų̃, dial. also Nom. Pl. žą̃ses), lett. zùoss, apr. sansy ds.;

slav. *gǫsь (with probably auf germ. influence beruhenden g instead of z) in russ. gusь, sloven. ĝȯs, poln. gęś `Gans';

Specht Dekl. 204 will also lit. gén-š-e, gen-ž-ė̃ f. `Reiher' here stellen.

Ags. gan(d)ra `Gänserich' (engl. gander), mnd. ganre ds. gilt as Mask.-formation vom stem *gan- after kind of from ahd. kat-aro `tomcat, male-cat'; if ein *ganezan- the basic läge, stand schweiz. gann, ganner `Bezeichnung from Taucherarten' as *ganzá- with it in Suffixablaut.

Besides eine certainly vom the abbreviated stem ghan- (wherefore ghan-[e]s- as idg. *mēn-ōt-: *mēn-[e]s- `Monat') ausgegangene formation with -d-: germ. (zuerst by Plin.) ganta `a kind of Gans' (out of it prov. gante `wilde Gans, Storch'; die meaning `Storch' shows also lit. gañdras, apr. gandarus, from germ. *gan[d]ro), ags. ganot `ein wild Wasservogel, e.g. fulix', ahd. ganazzo `Gänserich', also ganzo, mnd. gante ds. (A derivative therefrom with similar meaning as tirol. gänzen `kokettieren', gänsern `as eine Gans tun', also `venerem appetere', siebenbürg. goaseln `schäkern' is nisl. ganta `schäkern', ganti `scurra', schwed. mdart. gant, dän. gante `Geck', wherefore as fem. norw. gjente `girl'.)

Daß idg. ghan-s-, -(ǝ)d- with gr. χανεῖν (see ĝhan-) and überhaupt with the family 2. ĝhē- `gähnen' zusammenhängt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by aufgesperrtem bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also ĝhē- `gähnen' originally identical Ausatmen beim Gähnen bezeichnet hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also base from Wasservogelnamen) see belowgha gha-.

References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Dekl. 47, 204.

Page(s): 412

Root / lemma: ĝhan-

Meaning: to yawn

German meaning: `gähnen, klaffen'

Material: Gr. hom. ἔχανον Aor. (eigentl. Imperf. to *χα-νᾱ-μι, *χά-νω), κέχηνα Perf. (dor. κεχά̄ναντι) `gähnen, klaffen' (thereafter späteres present χαίνω), τὸ χάνος `das Gähnen', by Komikern also `mouth', ἀχανής (ἀ- copulativum) `weit geöffnet, weit ausgedehnt', etc; besides χανύω, χανύσσω `spreche with offenem Munde' Hes.;

different about gr. ἀχανής Specht Dekl. 282 f., the in ἀ- den anlaut the Wurzel sieht; about χαν-δόν `in vollen Zügen' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 626;

aisl. gan n. `das Gähnen' (probably = τὸ χάνος), norw. schwed. gan `gullet, Rachen', also `Kiemen, Kopf and Eingeweide kleinerer Fische'; aisl. gana `aufklaffen, (mouth or Augen after etwas aufsperren:) begehren, glotzen', gø̄nir `Spötter'. Also the name the Gans, idg. ĝhan-s-, ĝhan-[ǝ]d-, places sich here, see there.

References: WP. I 534, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 149 f.

Page(s): 411

Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho-

Meaning: twig; pole

German meaning: `Rute, Stange'

Material: Lat. hasta ` shaft, pole, staff, Schaft, spear, javelin, spear, lance', umbr. hostatu, anostatu `hastatos, inhastātōs' (o not befriedigend expounded), mir. gass `lap, scion, shoot, Reis' (< *ghasto-); besides*ghazdh- in mir. gat `Weidenrute', mir. tris-gataim `durchbohre'; perhaps in addition air. gataid `stiehlt' as `sticht an'? (Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114⁴);

maybe alb. full grade heshta `spear' is older than lat. hasta `spear'

alb. suggests that Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti- ): (sharp; stone)

got. gazds m. `sting, prick', aisl. gaddr `sting, prick, cusp, peak', as. fiurgard `Feuergabel', ahd. gart m. `stimulus'; in addition with i̯ā-derivative ags. gierd f. `rod', afr. ierde `Gerte, Meßrute', as. gerdia `Gerte, rod, staff, ray', ahd. gartia, gertia `rod, Zepter'.

References: WP. I 541, WH. I 636, 869.

Perhaps identical with:

Page(s): 412-413

Root / lemma: ĝhasto-2

Meaning: hand, arm

German meaning: `Hand, Arm'

See also: s. more properly under ĝhesto-2.

Page(s): 413

Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ-

Meaning: to call, *priestess, *goddess

German meaning: `rufen, anrufen'

Material: Old Indian hávate `ruft, ruft an, ruft herbei' (other Präsensbildungen in hváyati, huvé, hóma, juhūmási), Pass. hūyáte, participle hūtá- `geladen, angerufen', hávītave Infin., hávīman- n. `Anrufung', háva- m. n., havás-, hávana- n. ds., hóman n. `Rufen of Preises', hvātar- `Anrufer';

av. zavaiti `ruft, ruft an, verwünscht' (besides die Präsentia zbayeiti, zaozaomi), participle zūta- `angerufen', zavana- n. `shout, call, Anrufung', zavan `shout, call', zbātār- m. `Rufer, Anrufer';

arm. jaunem `weihe', n-zovk` `Fluch';

gr. καυχάομaι `rühme mich, boast, brag' (*ghaughau̯-, compare av. zaozaomi), from which rückgebildet καύχη f. `Prahlerei';

maybe gemination alb. (*ghaughau̯-) gegë 'northern alb. people.

air. guth m. `voice' (*gutu-s); in addition gall. gutuater name einer Klasse from Priestern, probably from *ĝhutu-pǝtēr `father (d. h. Meister) of Anrufs (an god)', Loth, RC 15, 224 ff., 28, 119 ff., Rev. Archéol. 1925, 221;

lit. žavė́ti `conjure, perform magic', lett. zavēt ds., actually `jemandem etwas anfluchen' (compare av. zavaiti `verwünscht');

aksl. zovǫ, zъvati `rufen', skr. zòvêm, zvȁti `rufen', ačech. zovu, zvati, russ. zovú, zvatь ds.; in addition sloven. zòv m. `shout, call (whether not noun post-verbal, = Old Indian hava-ḥ, m. `shout, call').

Here probably (as *ghu-tó-m `angerufenes creature '):

germ. *guða- n. `god' (compare Old Indian puru-hūtá-ḥ `viel angerufen', ved. epithet Indras) in got. guÞ m. `god' (die originally neutrale form still in Pl. guda and in galiuga-guÞ `Götze'), aisl. goð, guð n. `heidnischer god'; guð m. `(christlicher) god', ags. engl. afries. asächs. god ds., ahd. got ds.;

therefrom derived ahd. gutin(na), mnl. godinne, ags. gyden `goddess'; got. gudja m. `(originally heidnischer) priest', aisl. goði m. `heidnischer priest' (urnord. guðija), gyðja f. `priestess'; mhd. goting `priest';

previous christliche formations are ahd. *gotfater, gotmuoter, ags. godfæðer, anord. guðfaðer, guðmōðer `Pate, Patin', in addition as Koseformen schwed. gubbe `Greis', gumma `Greisin', ahd. *goto, gota, mhd. göt(t)e, got(t)e `Pate, Patin'.

Note:

Maybe alb. geg. shift (*ĝhu̯en- > ĝhâu-) zâ, zani `voice, call' [common alb. ĝha- > zâ- phonetic mutation], alb. (*ĝhu̯on-) zota `gods' new cognate zot `god' because of the alb. ĝh > d, z shift. It is clear that alb. (ĝhāgʷ) zogu `bird' see below Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh- : `young of an animal or bird'.

Also nazalized alb. (*ĝhu̯en-) zana `goddess, nymph' [common alb. ĝh > d, z phonetic mutation]

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call'

Finally from Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call' derived Root / lemma: dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā- : `to shine; day; sun; sky god, god'. The phonetic shift ĝh- > d-, z- is unique Illyrian, Albanian and satem languages in general. Hence the origin of a thunder god, noise god was among satem speaking people.

References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausführl. Lit. by Feist 227 f.

Page(s): 413-414

Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh-

Meaning: young of an animal or bird

German meaning: `Junge eines Tieres, especially eines Vogels'

Material: Npers. zāq `young animal, esp. young Huhn' (q arabisierende Schreibung for ɣ);

[arm. jag `Junge eines animals, esp. eines Vogels, Nestling' is pers. Lw.];

alb. zok, zogu `bird, young bird'.

Note:

The shift ĝh > z is unique in alb. Albanian usually prefers the shift ĝh > d. It is clear that alb. (ĝhāgʷ) zogu 'bird' allowed in alb. zogj-të Pl. 'birds' [the shift g > gj] therefore the shift gl > gj in alb. is not absolete.

References: WP. I 531.

Page(s): 409

Root / lemma: ĝ(h)eĝh-

Meaning: ferret

German meaning: `Iltis'?

Material: Old Indian jáhakā `polecat' (or `hedgehog'?), lit. šẽškas `polecat' (through zweifache assimilation from*žežkas originated); compare lit. oškà `goat' compared with Old Indian ajikā ds.

References: WP. I 570, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 820.

Page(s): 424

Root / lemma: ĝhei-1, ĝhēi-

Meaning: to drive; to throw; to wound

German meaning: `antreiben, lebhaft bewegen (schleudern) or bewegt sein'; `(geschleudertes) Geschoß'

Comments: from the meaning `Geschoß' or at most verbal `whereupon toss, fling, meet' kann `verwunden' (group B) has derived (root form ĝhei-s-).

Material: A. ĝhei- `antreiben':

Old Indian hinṓti, hínvati (participle háyant-) `treibt an, schleudert', participle hitá-ḥ; hēmán- n. `Eifer'; hētí-ḥ m. `Geschoß' (compare germ. *gaidā);

av. zaēni- `rege, keen, eager', zaēman- `regsam, wach', n. `Regsamkeit, Muntersein, Wachsein', zaēnahvant- (from einem *zaēnah- n.) `wachend, watchful, wakeful'; zaēna- m. `weapon', zaya- m. `(*weapon), appliance, Ausrüstungsgegenstand', zayan- `bewaffnet'.

Also Old Indian háya-ḥ `steed' = arm. ji, Gen. jioy ds. here as `das Lebhafte'?;

langob. gaida f. `spear, javelin', ags. gād f. `sting, prick, cusp, peak, Stecken', PN ahd. Gaido; in addition aisl. gedda f. `Hecht' < geiðida, compare lapp. kaito ds.;

got. langob. gain- `weapon' in PN (Gainhard, Gainwald), ags. gǣn- in PN;

got. *gails m. `spear, javelin' in PN Gēl-mīrus, ags. Gāl-frið, ahd. Geil-muot.

B. ĝheis- `verwunden':

Old Indian hḗṣas- n. `Geschoß' (kann but also idg. *ĝhaiso-s sein, see there); in addition probably hį́sati (previously nachved. hinásti) `schädigt, verletzt';

air. gōite `vulneratus', mir. gāetas `qui occidit' (*ĝhoizd-);

lit. žeidžiù, žeidžiaũ, žeĩsti `verwunden', žaizdà `wound'. The same d-extension by ĝheis : ĝheizd- `aufgebracht'.

References: WP. I 546, Pokorny Urillyrier 64, Holthausen Got. etym. Wb. 34.

See also: compare still ĝheis-, ĝheizd- `aufgebracht sein', as well as ĝhaiso-.

Page(s): 424-425

Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi-

Meaning: winter; snow

German meaning: `Winter, Schnee'

Comments: after Specht Dekl. 14, 330 f. older -men- stem, with already idg. change of mn to m.

Material: A. ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-:

The r-extension is analogical after *s_emero- `summery'.

Old Indian hḗman (Lok.) `in winter', hēmantá-ḥ m. `winter' (: hitt. gimmanza ds.);

gr. χεῖμα n. `winter, winter storm, coldness', χειμών m. ` winter storm, winter weather, winter' (in addition also χείμαρος ` spigot ', it would be pulled out if the ship was brought in the land);

alb. geg. dimën m., tosk. dimër(ë) `winter' (older Akk. *ĝhei-men-_om);

bsl. *žeimā (from *žeimnā) in lit. žiemà, lett. zìma, apr. semo `winter' and aksl. zima, Gen. zimy, russ. zimá, bulg. zíma, skr. zíma, sloven. zíma, čech. zima, poln. zima `winter'.

hitt. gi-im-ma-an-za `winter' see above.

In addition ĝheim(e)rinos and ĝheiminos `wintery'.

In gr. χειμερινός, lat. hibernus (< *gheimrinos), lit. žiemìnis, aksl. zimьnъ, russ. zímnij, skr. zîmnî, čech. zimní (čech. zimný `cold'), poln. zimny `cold, wintery' (compare with ablaut. i in the root syllable arm. jmeṙn `winter').

To *ghei- allein: av. zayan-, zaēn- m. `winter', npers. dai; av. zayana- `wintery' and with Vr̥ddhierung Old Indian hā́yana- `annual, yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' (rhyme meaning to av. hamana `summery').

Comments:

Gr. ἔνος `year' : lat. annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indian hā́yana- `yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno- : `to go; year' : Root / lemma: u̯et- : `year' [prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn- : `winter; snow'

B. ĝhi̯ōm, ghii̯ōm, Gen. ĝhiemós, ĝhimós, also ĝhi̯omós (m from *mn?).

Av. zyā̊ f. `winter' (Akk. zyąm, Gen. zimō);

arm. jiun `snow' (< *ghii̯ōm), Gen. jean (< ĝhii̯^on-, s. Meillet Esquisse 45);

gr. χιών (*χιώμ), χιόνος `snow';

ligur. mōns Berigiema (` schneetragend '), with a reshaped ending;

lat. hiems, -is `winter';

mir. gem-adaig ` winter night ' (gam `winter' is reshaped after sam `summer', compare Thurneysen KZ. 59, 2, 8; 61, 253); acymr. gaem, ncymr. gauaf, acorn. goyf, bret. goan̄v, gall. winter month Giamon[ios], Eigenname Giamillus, other formations mir. gem-rad n., mcymr. gaeaf-rawd `winter'(*ĝhii̯_emo-rōto-, to ret-`run'); also ir. gamuin ` one year-old calf ';

aisl. gōi f. and gǣ f., gōi-mānaðr ` the month from middle of February till the middle of March ', isl. gōa, under f., norw. gjø f., schwed. göjemånad (gō- < gi̯ō- after Bugge Ark. f. nord. Fil. 4, 123 ff.).

Fraglich die apposition from an. gamall `old', gemlingr `one year old sheep', ags. gamol `old', gamelian ` grow old ', as. gigamalod `aged', ahd. only in Eigennamen as Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga etc as `aged', compare lat. annōsus.

C. ĝhimo- (from ĝhi-mn-o-?):

Old Indian himá-ḥ m. `coldness, frost, snow', hímā f. `winter', av. zǝmaka- m. ` winter storm ' (compare den Gen. from zyā̊ : zimō under В.);

gr. δύσχιμος `wintery, stormy', ὁ χίμαρος `he-goat', ἡ χίμαρος ` the one-year-old (nanny goat)', χίμαιρα `goat', lat. bīmus (< *bihimos), trīmus, quadrīmus ` two years old or lasting two years ' (compare ved. śatá-hima- `hundred-year-old'), norw. dial. gimber, schwed. dial. gimber, dän. gimmerlam ` female lamb', dial. but ` one-year-old lamb' (Pedersen KZ. 32, 248), andfrk. (Lex Salica) ingimus? `porcus anniculus'. The forms with y: aisl. gymbr ` one-year-old sow', norw. gymber, schwed. gymmer `lamb' are based probably on influence of not related - by the way, uninterpreted - aisl. gymbill, PN Gumbull, aschwed. gummerlamb `aries, ram', isl. gummarr, norw. gumse, schwed. gumse `aries, ram', see Hellquist SvEO. 210.

References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.

Page(s): 425-426

Root / lemma: ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ- : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ-

Meaning: to shine; green, gold, blue

German meaning: `glänzen, schimmern'; as Farbadjektiv: `gelb, grün, grau or blau'

Material: In view of the frequent cases, where idg. Palatale in Balto-slav. are represented by velar, instead of through a concurrence of ĝel-, ĝhel- and ghel- agreeable with Persson(Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21, 115) the baltoslav. *gel- is defined through borrowing from a Centum language (Ven.-Illyr.?).

Old Indian hári- `blond, yellow, goldgelb, grüngelb, falb', hariṇá-ḥ `Gazelle', harít- `falb', hárita- `yellow, green', híraṇya- n. `gold, Geld', hiranyáya- `golden, goldig'; about haṭaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition auf velarer root beruhend Old Indian ghoṭa- `horse' as originally `Fuchs'? (Sommer IF. 31, 364 under A. 3);

av. zari- `yellow, yellowish, goldfarben', zairita- `yellow, fahlgelb', zaranya-, apers. daraniya- n. `gold', zaranaēna `from gold, golden', zāra- m. `gall' (= gr. χολή), after the Farbe benannt as gr. χόλος, lat. fel, anord. gall usf.; with velarem Wurzelanlaut gǝrǝðō-kǝrǝta- `die Galle herausschneidend'? (see Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 523 with Lit.);

thrak. ζηλτα `gold' (?), phryg. ζέλκια λάχανα Hes.; phryg. γλουρός χρυσός and γλούρεα χρύσεα Hes. (from gr. χλωρός borrows??);

alb. dhelpërë, dhelpnë, dhelbun(e) `Fuchs', eigentl. `the Gelbe' (see Jokl Linguist. kulturhist.Stud. 297 ff.);

gr. χόλος `gall, rage, fury', χολή `gall, rage, fury', χολ-έρα `Magenkrankheit', χλωρός `blaßgrün. grüngelb, fresh, strong' (:aisl. glōr ` radiance ');

lat. fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' (older n-stem as ahd. galla), das f probably dialektisch; WH. I 474, EM² 342 wollen for fel and lit. gel̃tas `yellow' etc (see under) eine root *gʷhel- (??) ansetzen;

die normale Entwicklung in lat. helvus `honiggelb' (*ĝhelu̯os) = gallolat. gilvus `hellgelb' (with dial. i from gall. *gelvos);

in addition lat. (h)olus, -eris (from *holos, *heleris) n., dial. folus, old helus, helusa `Grünzeug, Gemüse, Коhl';

here also lat. galbus `gelber bird', galbinus `grüngelb', whether kelt. or illyr. Lw. (*gh_el-bho- or *gh_ol-bho-, further to lit. gul̃bis see under);

air. gel `luminous, white', nir. gealach f. `moon'; cymr. gell `yellow', bret. gell `brown' (*ĝhel-no-);

in addition *ghlǝ- in ir. cymr. corn. bret. glan `rein', kelt. FlN Glanis, Glanā, ir. glain `Glas, Kristall' (*ghlǝni-), cymr. glain `Edelstein, Juwel' (*ghlǝni̯o-);

also in isl. glana `sich aufklären', glan ` radiance ', norw. dial. glana `shimmer, gleam, shine, sich aufklären', schwed. dial. glana `weak leuchten, stieren, peek', asäch. FlN Glana (weiteres see under den s-extensions).

aisl. gall n. `gall, poison ' (*gallōn-, idg. *ghol-n-), ags. gealla m., as. galla, starkes f., ahd. galla, schwaches f. `gall';

zero grade aisl. gulr `yellow', besides vollstuf. ags. geolo, as. ahd. gelo, Gen. gelwes ds. (< *gelu̯a-);

got. gulÞ n., aisl. gull, goll n., ags. afries. as. ahd. gold n. `gold';

Ablautsstufe *ghlē- in aisl. glāmr `moon', glāmsȳni `optische deception, Illusion', schwed. glåmig `graugelb in face, with eingefallenen Augen', aisl. glǣr `bright' (*glēi̯a = lit. žlėjà under).

*ĝhlō- (as in gr. χλωρός) tritt auf in ags. glōm ` twilight, dawn, twilight' (yet is ō before m mehrdeutig), as. glōian, ahd. gluoen `burn, glühen glanzen', aisl. glōð `blaze, glow, glowing coal', ags. glǣd f. `blaze, glow, flame, glowing coal, coal', afries. glēd `blaze, glow, blaze', ahd. gluot `blaze, glow, glowing coals'; aisl. -glōr n. ` radiance ' (: χλωρός), aisl. glōra `sparkle, glitter'; s. also under S. 433 ĝhlōu-;

lit. želiù, žė́liau, žé̇lti, lett. zel'u, zel̂t `grünen'; ablaut. lit. žãlias, lett. zal'š, apr. saligan `green', lit. žolė̃, lett. zâle f. `grass, herb', apr. sālin Akk. `herb', lit. žãlas `red' (from Rindern); lit. žìlas `gray', lett. zils `blue', lit. žel̃vas `grünlich', lett. zèlts (altes Neutr.) `gold', ostlit. žel̃tas `golden'; lit. žlėjà ` twilight, Halbdunkel' (*ĝhlēi̯ā), Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; lit. tulžìs `gall', through Metath. from *žultìs; lett. žults ds. (*ĝhl̥t-); to u-stem in lit. žal̃vas, žel̃vas (= lat. helvus) `green', žaliū̃kė `grüner frog', etc s. Specht Dekl. 120;

aksl. zelenъ `green', skr. zèlen, čech. zelený; russ. zelḗnyj, poln. zielony ds. (compare Old Indian híraṇya- `gold'; in addition aksl. zelije n. `Gemüse', russ. zelje `herb, Heilkraut', skr. zêlje `Grünzeug', čech. zelí n. `herb, Kohl');

in addition also russ. zoɫá `ash', bulg. zolá `Holzasche, out of it gekochte lye'; aksl. zlakъ `herb', russ. zlak `grass', bulg. zlakove `Gräser, Kräuter';

slav. *zolto in aksl. zlato `gold', russ. zóɫoto, skr. zlâto, čech. zlato, poln. zɫoto ds.,

besides slav. *zoltъ `golden' in russ. zoɫotój, sloven. zlât, čech. zlatý, poln. zloty `golden';

aksl. zlъčъ `gall' (*ĝhl̥-ki-s); bulg. zlъčka `chicory' (z in volksetymolog. connection an zelenъ etc?); compare under aksl. žlъtъ ds. with velarem anlaut.

Besides anlautendes baltoslav. g- in:

bsl. *gelta- and *gilta- `yellow' in: lit. gel̃tas `yellow' (therefrom gel̃svas `yellowish');

lett. dzęlts `yellow', dzeltêt `yellow become'; therefrom derived apr. *geltaynan (Hs. gelatynan); lit. geltónas; lett. dzeltains and dzèltãns `yellow'; serb.-ksl. žlьtь, skr. žût (f. žúta); čech. žlutý; russ. žóɫt (f. žeɫtá);

in addition aksl. žlъtъ, žlъčь `gall', russ. žolčь, bulg. žlъčka ds. and `chicory', skr. žûč, čech. žluč, poln. żóɫć ds.; compare above mil palatal. anlaut aksl. zlъčь ds.;

besides dem t-suffix in Farbadjektiv ein n-suffix in Tiernamen baltoslav. *gilnā- f. `Specht' in lit. gil̃na `Wacholderdrossel', lett. dzil̂na `Specht'; slav. *žьlna in russ.-ksl. žlъna, skr. dial. žlná `Schwarzspecht', poln. žóɫna `Bienenspecht', russ. žeɫná `Schwarzspecht';

with anderem suffix čech. žluva f. `Pirol' (from slav. žьlva; compare in addition above lat. helvus and with palatal. anlaut lit. želvas `grünlich', in addition žalvė f. `Rispengras', želvỹs m. `grünender stem');

here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under ĝel-) apr. gulbis, lit. gul̃bis m. (*g_olbhi̯o-)gulbė f., lett. gùl̃bis `swan' and `weiße cow' (hence not to ghel- `rufen');

further with unexplained k-:

slav. *kъlpь, *kъlpъ in osorb. koɫṗ, kaschub. kôɫp ds., russ. kóɫpik m. `Löffelreiher';

in addition further russ. goɫubój, apr. golimban `blue', lit. gelumbė̃ f. `blaues kerchief, cloth', abg. golǫbь `Taube', skr. gȍlūb m. ds., čech. holub ds., etc; zur formation compare lat. columba, palumbēs ds.;

Root extensions with Dental:

ĝhlǝd- in ags. glæterian `splendescere', participle `flavus'; mnd. glate, mhd. glaz m. `Glatze'.

ĝhlend(h)- `gleam, see, show, glance, look' in:

air. as-gleinn `er belehrt', in-glennat `investigant', fo-gliunn `I learn', bret. goulenn `long, want'; air. do-gliunn `I sammle' (Verbaln. díglaimm), bret. dilenn `auswählen', gallorom. glennāre `Ähren lesen' (glenn- < *glendn- s. Pedersen KGr. I 157, II 539), glése `gleaming' (<*glendtio-); bret. glein `clear, bright' (*glandi̯o-, idg. *ghln̥dhi̯o-);

norw. dial. gletta `peek', glett `klarer Fleck am sky, heaven', schwed. dial. glänta `hervorschimmern, ein wenig öffnen', mhd. glinzen `shimmer, gleam', ahd. mhd. glanz `gleaming', mhd. glanz, glunz ` radiance ', ahd. mhd. glenzen `gleam'; schwed. glindra `glitzern', mhd. glander `gleaming, schimmernd', glander m. n. ` radiance, Schimmer'; compare with other meaning under ĝhlend(h)-;

bsl. *glendi̯ō `look, see' (with anlaut. Velar) in:

lett. (kurisch) glendi `search, seek';

slav. *ględjǫ, *ględěti in:

russ. gljadě́tь `see, show, glance, look', skr. glédîm, čech. hledím, hleděti ds. and as originally Iterativum aksl. ględati `βλέπειν', bulg. glédam, skr. glȅdâm, glȅdati, ačech. hladati, poln. glądać `see, see, show' (Trautmann 92 f).

Here ghlādh-, ĝhlǝdh- `gleaming, glatt'?

Lat. glaber `glatt, unbehaart, naked, bald, bleak' (*ghlǝdh-ro-);

aisl. glaðr `glatt, gleaming, blithe, glad', gleðia, glaða `erfreuen, unterhalten', ags. glœ̄̆d `gleaming, schimmernd, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant', gladian `gleam, shimmer, glänzendmachen, streicheln, trösten, erfreuen', afries. gled `glatt', as. gladmōd (= ags. glædmōd) ` cheerful ', ahd. glat `gleaming', mhd. glat `gleaming, glatt'; with intensive gemination mhd. glatz `Kahlkopf, Glatze' (compare mhd. glitze ` radiance; Kahlkopf');

maybe alb. (*glatz) gaz `joy, laughter' not from lat. gaudium -i, n. `joy, gladness, delight; a source of delight'.

lit. glodùs, glõdnas `glatt anliegend, gentle', glódžiu, glósti `polish, smooth', lett. glaštu, glãstît `streicheln', apr. glosto `whetstone';

aksl. gladъ-kъ `glatt, eben', russ. gɫádkij `glatt', bulg. gladъkъ `glatt, poliert', skr. gladak, čech. hladký, poln. gɫadki `glatt, beautiful, niedlich'; Kausat. russ. gɫáditь `smooth, plätten, streicheln', bulg. gládja, skr. glȁditi, čech. hladiti, poln. gɫadzić ds. (Trautmann 91).

Weiter with nasal infix ĝhlend(h)- `glide, slide' in ndd. glandern `schliddern', glander `Eisscholle' (perhaps also ags. glendrian, glentrian `verschlingen, herabstürzen' as `glide, slide lassen'); norw. gletta, schwed. mda. glinta `glide, slide' (compare above gletta `peek');

lit. galándu, galą́sti `schärfen, schleifen', lett. galuods `whetstone', apr. glandint `trösten', glands ` consolation ' (compare to meaning above ags. gladian `streicheln, trösten'; compare above ghlend(h)- `gleam');

about lit. glembù, glèbti `glatt, soft become' see under gel- `ballen'.

s- and st-extensions:

Ir. glass `green, gray, blue', cymr. glas `blue', bret. glaz `green', gall. glastum n. 1. `Waid, Isatis tinctoria', 2. `Heidelbeere' (M.-L. 3779b); with einfachem -s- gallorom. *glasina `Heidelbeere' (M.-L. 3779a); to ir. glass still air. glaiss f. `river', mir. glaisīn `Waid', mcorn. glesin `sandix', in addition

mhd. glast ` radiance ', glanst ds., glanster `spark', glasten `gleam', ablaut. glosten, glusten;

lat.-germ. glēsum `Bernstein' = ags. glǣr m. `Bernstein, resin', ahd. glās `Bernstein', aisl. glǣsa `gleaming make, verzieren', ablaut. norw. dial. glōsa `sparkle, glitter, gleam, shine, glance, look', aisl. gløsi-ligr `gleaming'; aisl. gler n. `Glas', ags. with s: glæs n. `Glas', afries. gles, as. glas, gles n. `Glas', ahd. glas `Glas'; as. glaso `Grauschimmel', mengl. glaren `gleam', mnd. glaren `gleam, glow'.

ĝhlei- lies before in gr. (poet.) χλίω `warm or soft become, indulge oneself, lusciously leben', χλιαίνω `warm make, erweichen', χλιαρός `warm, lukewarm';

ir. glé, cymr. gloew `gleaming, clear, bright' (< *ghlei-u̯o), gledd (*ghlii̯ā) `grüner lawn', mir. gléinech `clear, bright', mcymr. try-lwyn `very distinct';

anord. gljā `glitzern', afries. glīa `glow', ags. glǣm ` radiance ', as. glīmo ` radiance ', ahd. glīmo, gleimo `Glühwürmchen', mhd. glīmen `gleam, shine, gleam', glimmen `glow, gleam', norw. dial. glīna `gleam, stieren', schwed. glina `lächeln', glena `gleam, shine, sich aufklären, lachen'.

ĝhleid-:

Gr. χλιδή ` softness, luxuriance, Luxus', χλιδᾶν ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, luscious sein';

got. glitmunjan `gleam', aisl. glita, glitra `glitzern': vollstuf. as. glītan `gleißen', ahd. glīzzan `gleam', glitzen intensive in addition, aisl. glit n., ahd. glī̆z ` radiance, lightning', glizemo ds., ags. glitenian, ahd. glizinōn `shimmer'.

Here probably also ĝhleidh- `glide, slide':

Ags. glīdan `ausgleiten, fall', glidder `schlüpfrig', afries. glīda `glide, slide', as. glīdan `labi', ahd. glītan `glide, slide'; ags. ā-glǣdan `glide, slide make', asäch. bi-glēdian ds., aisl. gleiðr `spreizbeinig'.

Über lit. glitùs `glatt' see under glei- by gel- `ballen'.

ĝhleis-:

Gall. glīso-margа f. `Gleißmergel', gallorom. *glīso-, older *glēso- (idg. *ghlei-s-o-); compare cymr. glwys `beautiful', abret. glois, gloes ds. (*ghlei-st-o); aisl. glissa `spöttisch lachen', ags. glīsian, glisnian `gleam, shine', afries. glisia `shimmer, blink', mhd. glistern `sparkle, glitter', norw. schwed. glīsa `gleam, shimmer'; nasalized mhd. glinsten `gleam', glinster ` radiance '.

ĝhleu- and ĝhlōu-: ĝhlū- perhaps in gr. χλό(F)ος, χλοῦς `grüngelbe or hellgrüne paint, color', χλόη `young Saat, young grass', χλο(F)ερός `green, fresh, strong';

further in ir. gluair (*ghleu-ri-) `clear, bright, rein'; cymr. glo `coal', corn. glow, mbret. glou, abret. glaou (see Pedersen KGr. I 63).

Got. glaggwō `genau', glaggwaba `sorgsam', aisl. glǫggr, gløggr `clear, bright, distinct, painstaking, geizig', ags. glēaw, as. glau, ahd. ndd. glau `scharfsichtig, smart', aisl. gluggi `Lichtöffnung, window'.

(Zur Zusammenstellung these words with lit. žvelgiù, žvel̃gti `glance, look' vergleiche Trautmann 374.)

ĝhlōu- in aisl. glōa `glow, gleam, gleam, shine', ags. glōwan `fulminare', aisl. himinglǣva `Tochter Ägirs and the Rān' (Verkörperung the Woge); -glō- f. `sun', -glōa f. `moon'; s. also above S. 430 under ĝhlō-.

ĝhlū̆-: norw. dial. glȳma `finster, drohend or lauernd blicken', aschwed. glūna `scheel blicken', ostfries. glūmen `verdeckt and clandestine after etwas sehen and lurk'; aisl. glūmr m. `bear'.

In addition s-(st-)extensions:

Ir. gluss (*ĝhlustu-) `light, Helligkeit';

aisl. glys ` radiance, Putz', nisl. glosa `strahlen', mhd. glosen, glosten `glow, gleam', gloste `blaze, glow', mnd. glūren `lurk', engl. to glower `finster blicken', steir. gloren `starren', norw. dial. glȳra `seitwärts blicken, schielen, blink', aisl. glyrna f. `eye', norw. glōr ds.

ĝhlū̆d- : mengl. glouten, engl. to glout `starren, grieving or mürrisch aussehen', to gloat (< *glotian) `hämisch blicken, anstarren', aisl. glotta `grinsen', mhd. nhd. glotzen.

Maybe alb. glemb ‘thorn, vegetation’, gjelbër ‘green’

References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868, Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.

Page(s): 429-434

Root / lemma: ĝhel-2

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'??

Material: Old Indian halá- m. n. `plough' (originally `bough, twig, branch'?); huḍu-, huḍa- m. `aries, ram' (*ghḷdu-);

arm. joɫ `picket, pole, stick' etc, jlem `furche, plow';

gr. γάλλος `priest the Kybele, Verschnittener' (from dem Phryg., whence also hitt. iskalla- `zerfetzen, tear', Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it lat. gallus ds.;

maybe alb. (*skall) kall ` insert ', shkalloj ` go mad (the head splits from pain) ' alb. geg. (*skaly-), shkly 'to tear apart, split'.

acymr. gylym, mcymr. geleu, gelyf `knife, Dolch' (Vendryes Ét. celt. 4, 60) from *ĝhel-mo- = ags. gielm;

got. gilÞa f. `sickle'; ags. gielm m. ` fascicle, sheaf '; aisl. gǫltr, galti `boar', gylr, gylta `sow; axe', ags. gielte `young sow', mnd. gelte ` a castrated Mutterschwein', ahd. galza, gelza f. `verschnittenes swine'; ahd. mhd. galt, ags. gielde, anord. geldr, aschwed. galder `keine milk giving, unfruchtbar', aisl. gelda `kastrieren'; schweiz. galt also `noch keine milk giving', galdvee = `Jungvieh'.

lit. žúolis `Stück wood, tree truck' (ĝhōli-).

Obige Gleichungen durchwegs doubtful.

References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., ЛУН. I 581.

Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: ĝhengh-

Meaning: to march, step

German meaning: `schreiten; Schritt, Schenkelspreize, Schamgegend'

Material: Old Indian jáṁhas- n. `Schritt, Flügelschlag', jáŋghā `Unterschenkel', av. zangǝm `Knöchel of Fußes', -zangra- (in compounds) ds., zero grade Old Indian jaghána- m. n. `buttock, pubic region ' : gr.κοχώνη `Stelle between den Schenkeln' (assim. from *καχώνᾱ);

ags. -gīht `Gang', mhd. gīht `Gang, journey' (urgerm. *ginxti- from ĝheng-ti-), with gradation o: got. gagg n., aisl. gangr, ags. ahd. gang `Gang' and germ. *gangjan Iter. (got. preterit gaggida `ging', ags. gengan, mhd. gengen, gancte `losgehen') and thereafter also *gangan, got. gaggan `gehen' = aisl. ganga (gekk), as. gangan (geng), ahd. gangan (giang), ags. gongan ds., wherefore ahd. gengi, ags. genge, aisl. gengr `gangbar', got. framgāhts `Fortschritt', aisl. gātt ` incision amTürpfosten', gǣtti `Türrahmen'; zero grade afries. gunga `gehen', dän. gynge, older gunge `swing';

lit. žengiù, žeñgti `schreiten', pražangà `Übertretung', žiñgsnis `Schritt'.

A Anlautdublette (through dissimilation?) perhaps in air. cingim `schreite' (3. Pl.cengait, Perf. cechaing), cymr. rhy-gyngu `Paßgehen', air. cing, Gen. cinged `warrior', gall. Cingeto-rīx, zero grade urkelt. *kn̥gsmn̥ in air. céimm (*kenksmen), cymr. corn. cam, bret.camm `Schritt' (*kanksman).

A other variant *ghenk- is (under ōkú-s `quick, fast') for ahd. gāhi `rash, hasty, hasty, sudden' in Erwägung gezogen.

References: WP. I 588, WH. I 217, Trautmann 370.

Page(s): 438-439

Root / lemma: ĝherdh- and gherdh-

Meaning: to encircle, enclose

German meaning: `umfassen, umzäunen, umgürten'

Comments: because of lat. hortus (see ĝher-4) extension from *ĝher-4 `fassen';

Material: A. gherdh- (hier also die about den originally anlaut nichts entscheidenden words the Kentumsprachen):

Old Indian gr̥há- (*gr̥dhá-) `house, dwelling', Pl. `Gemächer', av. gǝrǝða- m. `cave as Behausungdaevischer Wesen' (eine older meaning `house, dwelling' wird through fiugr. Lehnworte, as wotj. gurt `Wohnplatz, village', syrjän. gort `house, dwelling' and `unterirdische dwelling, Gruft, grave', erwiesen);

alb. garth, -dhi `Hecke' (*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);

phryg. -gordum `town, city' in Manegordum `Mannesstadt' (besides Manezordum);

gr. (by Hes.) κορθίς σωρός, κορθέλαι σύστροφοι, σωροί;

got. bigaírdan `umgurten', aisl. gyrða, ags. gyrdan, afries. gerda, ahd. gurten ds.; got. gaírda f., aisl. gjǫrð `Gürtel', ablaut, aisl. gyrðell, ags. gyrdel, afries. gerdel, ahd. gurtil(a) ds. (mhd. gurt is nomen post-verbal); got. gards m. `house', aisl. garðr m. `fence, paddock, courtyard, Gehöft', ags. geard, as. gard `eingefriedetes Grundstück', Plur. `dwelling', ahd. gart m. `Kreis' in mittilgart `orbis', heimgart `forum' etc; got. garda ` hurdle, Viehhof', afries. garda `garden', as. gardo, ahd. garto ds. (or from idg. *ĝhor-tó-; compare χόρτος under ĝher-4);

lit. gar̃das m. `corral, pen, fold', gardìs f. `Gatter, Gitter';

slav. *gordъ in aksl. gradъ `castle, town, city, garden', russ.-ksl. ogradъ `garden' (therefrom aksl. graždь m. `Stall'), russ. górod `town, city', bulg. gradъ, skr. grȁd, sloven. grâd ds., čech. hrad `castle, Schloß', poln. gród ds.; zero grade slav. žьrdь in aksl. žrьdь `wood', russ. žerdь `long, dünne shaft, pole', poln. żerdź, sloven. žr̂d `Wiesbaum';

toch. В kercīyeⁿ `palace' absents (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 34f.);

hitt. gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝher-4.

about lat. urbs `town, city', ostensibly from *ghordhos, s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200.

B. ĝherdh-:

Phryg. -zordum `town, city' (in Manezordum, see above);

lit. žárdas `Gestell zum Trocknen from corn, grain or Flachssaat, Viehhürde', lett. zãrds `Gestell zum Trocknen, Holzschicht, Scheiterhaufen', with intonation change lit. žar̃dis `Roßgarten' m., pr. sardis `fence' (= `ungezäunter Roßgarten');

russ. zoród `barn, haystack', weißruss. azoród `Darrhürde'.

References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.

Page(s): 444

Root / lemma: ĝher-1

Meaning: to yearn for

German meaning: `begehren, gern haben'

Comments: partly with forms from einer basis *ĝherē(i)- : ĝheri- (see Persson Beitr. 728)

Material: Old Indian háryati `findet Gefallen, begehrt'; av. zara- m. `Streben, Ziel';

gr. χαίρω (*χαρι-ω), χαρῆναι `sich freuen', χάρις f. `Anmut, Gunst', χαρά̄ `pleasure, joy', χαροπός `Kampfesfreude blitzend', χάρμα n. `pleasure, joy, pleasure'; also χάρμη `fight, struggle', originally `Kampfesfreude'? χαρτός `joyful, gratifying' (?); after Pedersen 5^е décl. lat. 73 here χρή etc S. under ĝher-6; here after Leumann Homer. Wörter 318^109f also δυσχερής `unfreundlich, unpleasant', εὐχερής ` unworried, ungestört, light' (previously later auf χείρ `hand' bezogen);

osk. herest (bantinisch, for *heriest), umbr. heriest `volet', heris-heris `vel-vel', osk. heriam `arbitrium, potestatem', Herentateís `Veneris', prälign. Herentas, sabin. hiretum `decretum'; lat. horior, -īrī `antreiben, ermuntern', horitor, synkopiert hortor, -ārī ds.

Air. gor `godly, pious', goire `Frömmigkeit, Pietät'; mir. do-gar ` unlucky ', so-gar `very lucky' (: gr. χαρά̄); cymr. dyar ` sad ', hyar `pleasant' (I. Williams RC 40, 487);

ahd. ger `begehrend', gerōn `begehren', ahd. girīg, as. gerag `gierig'; got. faíhu-gaírns `geldgierig', aisl. gjarn, ags. georn `wherefore geneigt, worauf begierig', ahd. as. gern `begierig, eifrig after etwas', Adv. ahd. gerno, nhd. gern, Denom. got. gaírnjan, aisl. girna, ags. giernan, as. girnean `begehren'.

Perhaps here as dh-formation from the basis ĝh(e)rē-: got. grēdus `hunger', grēdags `hungrig', aisl. grāðr, grāði m. `Gier, hunger', ags. gnǣd `Gier', nhd. jrāt `hunger' (Berlin), ags. grǣdig, ahd. grātag `gierig'. In addition as *ghrǝdh- germ. *graða- `begierig, rutting, in heat' inaisl. graðr `not verschnitten', graðungr `bull'? In mhd. grīt m. `Begierde', grītec `begierig', aisl. grīð f. `Heftigkeit', griðjungr m. `bull' ein ablaut. idg. *ĝh[e]rēi-dh- or *ĝh[e]rī-dh- to suchen, wäre denkbar.

Mir. grād n. `love' is from lat. grātum facere alicui and similar Wendungen borrows(d instead of th after grad `gradus').

References: WP. I 600 f., WH. I 657 f.

Page(s): 440-441

Root / lemma: ĝher-2

Meaning: to scratch, scrape

German meaning: `kratzen, ritzen, scharren'?

Material: Gr. χαράδρᾱ `Erdriß, Erdspalte, gorge, ravine, gulch'; χαράσσω, att. -ττω `spitze, schärfe, kerbe, schneide ein', χάραξ, -ακος `picket, pole, Spitzpfahl, Weinpfahl; Schnittling vom Ölbaum', χαρακτήρ `Präger', then `Stempel, Gepräge, Eigenart' (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 254);

lit. žeriù, žer̃ti `scratch, scrape, scratch', žarstýti `oft scratch, scrape, scratch'.

References: WP. I 602.

Page(s): 441

Root / lemma: ĝher-3 and ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē-

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

German meaning: `strahlen, glänzen, schimmern'

Material: Aisl. grár (*ĝhrē-u̯o-s), ags. grǣg (*ĝhrē-u̯i̯o-s), engl. gray, afries. grē, as. grā, grē, ahd. grāo (Gen. grāwes) `gray';

lit. žeriù, žerė́ti `in Glanze strahlen', žėruóti `glow, sparkle, glitter', ablaut. žarijà f. `glowing coal', apr. sari f. `blaze, glow';

aksl. zьrjǫ, zьrěti `see, glance, look', russ. zrětь, sloven. zrẹ́ti, čech. zřiti, poln. źrzeć ds., aksl. zorja `shine, radiance ', zarja `ray', klruss. zórja `Stern, stars, Morgenrote', russ. zaŕá `Röte am sky, heaven', skr. zòra `Morgenrot', čech. zoře `aurora', záře `shine, radiance, ray', poln. zorza `aurora'; aksl. pozorъ `θεωρία', russ. pozór `sight, Schande', nadzór `Aufsicht';

čech. pozor `Aufmerksamkeit, Acht', názor ` outlook, Ansicht'; here also aksl. zrakъ `sight, form, kind of', russ. dial. zórok `look, Angesicht', skr. zrâk `light', čech. zrak `vision, face, Sehkraft', poln. wzrok `Sehkraft, face'; ablaut. aksl. zrьcalo n., skr. dial. zȑcalo, čech. zrcadlo `mirror';

about lat. grāvastellus s. WH. I 620.

Wurzelerweiterung ĝhrēi-:

Air. grían f. `sun' (*ghrē̆inā);

afries. as. ahd. mhd. grīs `gray', nhd. greis `gray, old', wherefore probably also aisl. grīss `Ferkel', aschwed. grīs ds., schwed. dän. gris `Ferkel, swine'.

Wurzelerweiterung (*gherēu-) : ghrū-.

In aisl. grȳiandi f. `aurora', aschwed. gry `(vom days) grauen', dän. gry ds., gry n. `das Grauen'; here also aisl. grey n. `bitch, wimp ', greyhundr `Windhund', ags. grīeghund `Windhund'?

References: WP. I 602 f., Persson Beitr. 300 ff., Trautmann 366.

Page(s): 441-442

Root / lemma: ĝher-4

Meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose

German meaning: `greifen, fassen, umfassen, einfassen'

Comments: extended ĝherdh- (see under)

Material: Old Indian hárati `bringt, carries, holt, nimmt', háraṇa- n. `das bringing, Nehmen, Spenden' etc, háras- n. `Nehmen, Ergreifen, handle, grasp, power, force, might';

gr. χόρτος m. `eingelegter place, courtyard, Weideplatz'; doubtful, in the case of here χορός `Tanzplatz, Chortanz' as originally `eingehegter place'; about χόριον ` placenta, afterbirth ', etc see under ĝher-5, about χείρ `hand' under ĝhes-;

osk. heriiad `velit', [h]erríns `caperent', lat. cohors `eingezäunter courtyard, Viehhof, troop, multitude, crowd, cortege ', from *co + idg. *ĝhr̥tís ` summarization', in ablaut to hortus `garden as eingezäunter place' (in Altlatein also villa), osk. húrz `hortus lucus'; dubious is lat. hīr, īr `θέναρ, vola', s. WH. I 649;

ir. gort `seges', gall. gorto- and gortiā `Hecke' (v. Wartburg), cymr. garth `corral, pen, fold, hurdle, paddock ' (das a after dem aisl. Lw. gardd), bret. garz `Hecke, fence', in addition ir. lub-gort `garden', acymr. Plur. luird, ncymr. lluarth, acorn. luworch-guit `wild garden', mcorn. lowarth `garden', bret. liorz ds.

Not to decide, determine is, in the case of got. garda ` hurdle, Viehhof', afries. garda, as. gardo, ahd. garto `garden' auf idg. *ĝhor-tó- or auf *ĝhordho- based on (see under *ĝherdh-). - Daß norw. gaare `Jahresring in wood', schwed. gåra, nisl. gāri `col, gap in wood' Ablautsform to χορός as `reis' sei, is unwahrscheinlich.

Doubtful, in the case of here lit. žãras `run, flow, way, Runde, turn ' (Wackernagel AIGr. 251); compare above gr. χορός;

hitt. gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝherdh-.

References: WP. I 603 f., WH. I 242 f., 660, 857.

Page(s): 442-443

Root / lemma: ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā

Meaning: bowels

German meaning: `Darm'

Material: Old Indian híra-ḥ m. `band, strap', hirā́ f. `vein';

gr. χορδή f. `Darm, Darmsaite, Wurst'; dubious χόριον ` placenta, afterbirth, Speise from milk and honey, skin, leather';

lat. haru-spex `Opferschauer' eigtl. `Darmbeschauer', hīra `Leerdarm', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', hillae `die kleineren vorderen Därme' (ī Sabine for ē), hernia `break';

aisl. gǫrn f., Pl. garnar `Darm', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (*ĝhornā), ags. micgern n. `arvina', as. midgarni, ahd. mitti(la)-garni ds.; aisl. garn n. `Garn, Aufzug (beim weaving)', ags. gearn ds., mnd. garn, ahd. garn `Garn';

lit. žarnà, Akk. žárną `Darm, Dünndarm', lett. zar̂na f. `Darm', Pl. ` intestines, entrails '.

Maybe alb. *žárna, zorra `bowels' rn > rr alb. phonetic mutation; common alb. ĝh- > z- shift.

Wenn arm. jaṙ `gedreht' here belongs, wäre die originally meaning the root corresponding to modifizieren.

References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.

Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: ĝher-6 (ĝherǝ- : ĝhrē-?)

Meaning: short, small

German meaning: `kurz, klein, gering' (also `knapp become, fehlen, nötig sein'?)

Material: Gr. χείρων (äol. χέρρων) from *χερι̯ων `bad', in addition Superl. χείριστος and die hom. Kompar. χερείων, χέρηες etc (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 2 ff., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 538), χειρόω, -όομαι `überwältige'. In addition perhaps χρή `es is notig', χρεώ `Bedürfnis, Bedarf, need, desire', *χρῆος, χρεῖος, χρέος, χρέως `Bedürfnis, desire, Schuld', χρῆσθαι `gebrauchen, benutzen etc' (< *χρηι̯εσθαι), besides dial. χρη-εῖσθαι, χρῆμα `thing (die man used), Ereignis', Pl. `fortune, Geld, appanage '; s. different under ĝher-1;

air. gair `short' (*ĝh_eri-s), gaire `Lebenskürze', air. garait, nir. goirid `short'.

Wurzelerweiterung ĝheres-, ĝhres-, ĝhers-:

Old Indian hrasvá- `minder, short, small', compounds hrásīyaṁs-, Superl. hrásiṣṭha-, hrasati `nimmt ab, wird kürzer', Kaus. hrāsayati `vermindert', av. zara-hehīš `die mindere, schwächere' (for zra . .);

mir. gerr `short', gerraim `I kürze, cut, bite ab', gerrān `(verschnittenes) horse'.

References: WP. I 604f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 538 under Anm. 10, 539, 675 under Anm. 8.

Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: ĝher-7

German meaning: `starren'

See also: s. ĝhers-.

Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: ĝhers- and partly ĝher-

Meaning: rigid

German meaning: `starren'

Comments: (see also gher-3)

Material:

Old Indian hárṣatē, hŕ̥ṣyati `wird starr, sträubt sich, schaudert, is erregt, freut sich';

av. zaršayamna- `die Federn aufsträubend' (zarš- = zr̥š- = lat. horreō); zarštva- n. `Stein';

arm. jar (-i, -iv) `Mähne of Pferdes' (*ĝh_eri-);

gr. χέρσος (att. χέρρος) f. `Festland', nachhom. also Adj. `unfruchtbar, dry, tight, firm'; perhaps lengthened gradees noun from the s-losen root form ĝher- (or gher-): χήρ χηρός `hedgehog' (= lat.ēr, ēris ds., ērīcius, ērināceus, hērināceus ds.); gr. χοῖρος (< *ĝhori̯os) `Ferkel' (as Borstentier), χοιράς `angeschwollene Drüse am Halse; Klippe' (or to gher-3 `hervorstechen', see there);

alb. derr `swine' (< *ĝhōr-n- with lengthened grade as in χήρ), derk `Ferkel, sow' (< *ĝhōr-n̥-k);

Note:

Common alb. shift ĝh > d; also alb. (*derk-us) derkuc `piglet', (*ĝheros, der-os) dosë `sow' proves that -us ending was attested also in proto alb. Clearly archaic alb. -us, -os endings were solidified and then alb. created -a feminine ending for sow. Hence -a ending is of a later date.

lat. horreō, -ēre `rauh sein, starren; shudder, sich entsetzen' (= av. zaršaya-); auf *gher-kʷo- with dial. i from e before r + Gutt. (e.g. stircus : stercus) based on lat. hircus, sabin. fircus `he-goat' (hirquīnus, hircīnus `vom he-goat; billy goat ') = osk.-sab. hirpus `lupus' (whereof the people's name Hirpini); in addition also hirtus `bristly', hirsūtus `struppig, rough'; auf parallelem *ĝhers-kʷos based on (as osk.-umbr. Lw.) hispidus `rough'; mars. sabin. herna n. Pl. `saxa' (*ĝhers-no-);

air. garb, cymr. garw `rough' (ghr̥-u̯o-);

ags. gorst `Steckginster' and die etymologisch verwandte group ĝherzd- `barley'.

compare in allg. Fick I⁴ 219, 435, II⁴ 107, III⁴ 130 (and Falk-Torp under gjørs m. Lit. about den fish names norw. gjørs `lucioperca, Sander', schwed. gers `acerina, Kaulbarsch', prakrit. jhaṣa- `ein gewisser Fisch').

References: WP. I 610, WH. I 413 f., 650, 659.

Page(s): 445-446

Root / lemma: ĝherzd(h), Gen. ĝhr̥zd(h)-es; ĝherzdā

Meaning: barley, grain, spike

German meaning: `die Stachlige, das Grannenkorn, Gerste'

Material: Gr. κρῖ n. (conservative stem, as alb. drith) `barley', probably from idg. *ĝhr̥zdh, from which urgr. *kr̥̄th; κρῑθή, mostly Pl. `barley', Sg. (later belegt) `Gerstenkorn';

alb. drith (*ĝhr̥zdh), drithë m. n. `barley, corn, grain ';

lat. hordeum (dial. fordeum) n. `barley' (from *ĝhr̥zd(h)ei̯om `Grannengetreide', substantiviertes Stoffadjektiv);

zero grade: ahd. gersta `barley' (*ĝherzdā).

In addition perhaps gr. ἄ-χερδος f. `wild Birnbaum, Hagedorn', maked. ἀ-γέρδα, gr. ἀ-χράς `wild Birnbaum' (ἀ < *sm̥-), alb. dardhë `Birne, Birnbaum' (*ĝhor-d-) and the antike VN Δάρδανοι;

only under assumption eines Gutturalwechsels (above S. 18, Anm. 1) läßt sich lit. gìrsa `Trespe' here stellen (see under ghers-2).

References: WP. I 611, WH. I 414, 657, Specht Indog. Dekl.

Page(s): 446

Root / lemma: ĝhéslo-

Meaning: thousand

German meaning: `tausend'

Comments:

Root / lemma: ĝhéslo- : `thousand' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand, *hand count' [r/l allophones]

Material: Old Indian sa-hásram n. `Tausend' (sm̥ -ĝhéslom, to sem- `eins'), sa-hasriya- `tausendfach', av. hazanrǝm n. `Tausend', npers. hāzar, from which arm. hazar borrows; sogd. z'r (= *zār), afgh. zạr;

gr. ion. χείλιοι, äol. χέλλιοι (χελληστυς `Tausendschaft'), att. χί̄λιοι (*χέσλιοι).

Das Grundwort *χεσλο- findet sich in sakisch ysāra and in Lehnwörtern finnisch-ugrischer Sprachen (Jacobsohn Arier and Ugrofinnen 105 ff.).

Perhaps also lat. mīlle `tausend; ein Tausend', whether from *smī ĝzhlī (ĝhslī) `eine Tausendbeit'; *smī : gr. μία.

References: WP. I 633, II 488, 491, WH. II 88 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 593.

Page(s): 446

Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr-

Meaning: hand

German meaning: `Hand'?

Comments:

Both Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root ĝhes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre.

Material: Arm. jeṙn (*ĝhes-r-m̥), Pl. jeṙ-k `hand' (Meillet Esquisse 83);

gr. χείρ f. `hand', Gen. χειρός, dor. χηρός, Dat. Pl. χερσί (thereafter die form χερ-);

toch. A tsar, В ṣar `hand' (after Pedersen Tochar. 236 from *kesar =)

hitt. ki-es-sar (kessar) n. and ki-es-si-ra-as (kesseras) m., f., Dat. Sg. ki-is-sa-ri (kesri = gr. χειρί?);

about lat. īr, hīr `hohle hand' (from osk.-umbr. *hēr < *ghēsrā?) s. WH. I 649.

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span' derived through Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 : `hand, arm' through illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift kh > t, ĝh > d is a unique alb. phonetic mutation. Hence alb. dora `hand' derived from *ghēhrā

Page(s): 447

Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2

Meaning: hand, arm

German meaning: `Hand, Arm'

Comments:

Material: Old Indian hásta-ḥ m. `hand', av. zasta-, apers. dasta- ds.;

lat. praestō `zur hand' from *prae-hestod (EM 805f.)?; different see under stā-;

lit. pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. ` place under the arm, armpit '.

Note: common balt.-illyr. ĝh- > z phonetic mutation.

Da arm. jeṙn also auf *ĝher-m̥ go back could and also die gr. forms better from *ĝher-s expounded become können, da further alb. dorë f. `hand', Pl. konson. duar eine basic form *ĝhēr- erfordert (ĝhēsr- hätte *dostrë ergeben), wäre with Belardi (Riv. Studi Orient. 23, 69 ff.) to consider, in the case of not for the Hitt. and Toch. metathesis from -rs- to -sr- anzunehmen sei, and die group 1 from 2 to separate and to ĝher- `greifen' to stellen sei.

References: WP. I 541, 603, WH. I 243, Trautmann 367, Duchesne-Guillemin BSL. 39, 211, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 446, 569, Specht Idg. Dekl. 75.

Page(s): 447

Root / lemma: ĝheu-

Meaning: to pour

German meaning: `gießen'

Material: Old Indian juhṓti, juhutḗ ` pours in fire, sacrifices ', Passiv hūyátē, hutá-ḥ ` sacrificed ', hṓman- n. `Opferguß, sacrifice, oblation' (= gr. χεῦμα), hṓma-ḥ m. ds., hṓtar- ` offerer, sacrificer, priest', hṓtrā f. ` oblation ', havís- n. ds., hávanam n. `sacrifice, oblation';

maybe alb. dhjamë `fat' : gr. δημός `fat', common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation;

av. zaotar, zaoϑr- m. `priest, priest of sacrifice ', mpers. zōt, av. zaoϑra n., zaoϑrā f. ` flüssige Opferspende, Opfertrank, Opferguß ', npers. zōr ` holy water ', av. āzū̆tay- f. `fat, lard, luxuriance, abounding fullness, wealth';

maybe alb. zot, zotër Pl `god' : mpers. zōt, av. zaoϑra n., zaoϑrā f. ` flüssige Opferspende, Opfertrank, Opferguß ', npers. zōr ` holy water ' [common alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation].

Note:

First of all ai then av., mpers., npers. and alb. seem to employ Root / lemma: ĝheu- : to pour + -tra suffix.

arm. joyl `gegossen' (< ĝheulo-), jew `form, shape'; here also jor `valley' (< ĝhou̯er-o)?

phryg. ζευμάν πηγήν Hes. (= gr. χεῦμα); thrak. ζετραία χύτρη (*ĝheutr-), FlN Γεῦδiς, -ος;

gr. χέ(F)ω `gieße', Aor. hom. ἔχευα < *ἔχευσα, Perf. κέχῠκα, χυτός `gegossen', χεῦμα `Guß, river, Trankopfer', χόανος, χῶνος `Schmelzgrube, Gußform', χοή `Trankopfer for Tote', χοεύς m., f. `Maß for Flüssigkeiten', χοῦς ds., Gen. χοός and χοῦς, older dial. χοῦ m., f. `aufgehäufte earth', χῶμα `Erdwall', χόω `schütte Erde auf'; χύτρος, χύτρᾱ `irdener pot, pan, χύτλον `Waschwasser', χύδην `rich, hingeschüttet' (to δ compare die Wurzelerweiterung gheud-), κοχυδεῖν `in Menge hervorströmen', κοχύ πολύ, πλῆρες Hes.; χύσις `Guß', χῡλός `juice, sap' (< *ĝhuslo-, W. Schulze mündl.), χῡμός ds. (< ĝhu-smo); further here χώομαι `rage against, bin unwilling ' (χωόμενος = συγχεόμενος Aristarch)?

Lat. fū-tis f. `Gießkanne', fū-tilis, futtilis `light ausgießbar, frail, breakable, eitel, unnütz', exfūti = effūsī, effūtiō `babble heraus'.

Note:

common lat. d- > f- shift. derived only from an intermediary illyr. (*ĝheun- > deun-) cognate since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start with d-. See maybe alb. dhjamë `fat' : gr. δημός `fat', common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation; the shift ĝh- > d- is an alb. illyr. phonetic mutation, also common alb. -n > -nt > -t shift.

Sehr dubious is die affiliation from mhd. gūl `male animal, boar, horse', nhd. Gaul (in Bayr. `Deckhengst', schweiz. gūl `rooster, cock', compare ndl. guil `mare, die noch nicht geworfenhat', s. Sommer IF. 31, 362 ff.), as `Samengießer'.

Root extensions:

ĝheud-:

lat. fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum `gieße, lasse fließen, schütte from' (about fūsus `Spindel' s. WH. I 474);

Note:

According to phonetic laws lat. initial d- > f- hence lat. fundō cognate must have derived only from an illyr. (*ĝheun- > deun-) since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start with d-; see maybe alb. dhjamë `fat' : gr. δημός `fat', common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation; also common alb. n > nd shift .

got. giutan `pour', aisl. gjóta `(Junge) throw', ags. gēotan `pour, flow, schütten', afries. jāta, as. giotan, ahd. giozzan ds., nisl. gjóta `cave, narrow alley', aschwed. giuta `Gußform', ahd. giozo `running water', ags. gyte `Guß, Flut', ahd. guz `fusio', ndd. gēte `low Wasserstraße', norw. gota `eingeschnittene gully', as. gota `canalis', holl. goot `Gosse, gully', nhd. Gosse, ags. gutt, engl. gut `Darm'.

Maybe alb. gotë `glass of water' : got. giutan `pour'.

gheus-:

Mir. guss (*ghus-tu-s) ` power, Heftigkeit, rage, fury';

aisl. gjósa, gaus `hervorbrechen, effervesce', geysa `in heftige Bewegung bringen, aufhetzen', Geysir `die bekannte heiße Springquelle in Island', nisl. gusa `effervesce', aisl. gustr `gust of wind', engl. gush, mndl. guysen `hervorströmen', ahd. gussa `Überschwemmung', urgusi `Überfluß'.

contrariness of abweichenden Anlautes (compare above S. 18 Anm.) perhaps here lit. gausùs, gausìngas `rich, ergiebig, fertile', gausìnga ùpė `reichliche Wassermengen führenderFluß', gausė́ti `rich versehen sein with', gausakal̃bis `wer viel to sprechen vermag, beredt' (compare norw. dial. gausta `quick, fast and undeutlich talk, as if man sich beeilt, etwas to tell'), lett. gaũss `lange lasting '.

References: WP. I 563 ff., WH. I 563 f.

Page(s): 447-448

Root / lemma: ĝheu-, ĝheu-d-

Meaning: to disappear, get away

German meaning: `verschwinden, umkommen'

Material: Mir. gūass f. (*ĝhoud-tā) `danger', guss ds. = cymr. gwst `Übel, disease, malady' (*ĝhud-tu-s);

ags. gíetan, ā-gíetan `injure, slay';

lit. žūvù, žū́ti `umkommen', žudaũ, žudýti `slay'; lett. zùdu, zust ` disappear, verlorengehen', zaudêt `lose'.

Maybe alb. zhyt `immerse, disappear'.

References: WP. I 564, WH. I 568, Loth RC 45, 193 ff.

Page(s): 448

Root / lemma: ĝhē-1, ĝhēi-

Meaning: to be empty, lack; to leave, go out

German meaning: A. `leer sein, fehlen'; B. `verlassen, fortgehen', dann `gehen'

Comments: perhaps to ĝhē-, ĝhēi- `gähnen, klaffen' (compare `gähnende emptiness '); from `klaffend abstehen' kann sich also `fortgehen' entwickeln.

Material: With the meaning- coloring B:

Old Indian jáhāti `verläßt, gives auf' (jahimaḥ, Imper. jahīhi, Aor. ahāt, ahāyi, participle hīná-ḥ), jíhītē `goes, fährt auf', hīyatē `wird verlassen, bleibt back'; hāni-ḥ f. `lack; das Fahrenlassen' (vihāyas- `leerer room' because of Präfixes, das also in vi-hā- `auseinanderklaffen'); compare S. 427;

av. zazāmi `I entlasse from', with avā̆- `entfernen, verscheuchen', with upa- and fra- `herzulassen, herzuführen'; ā-zā- `herangehen', uz-zā- `aufspringen, sich aufrichten' (uzayantō participle Nom. Pl.);

gr. hom. κιχά̄νω (*κιχανFω), att. κιγχάνω (*ghǝ-n-u̯-), Inf. present hom. κιχήμεναι, participle present κιχείς `erreichen, catch up, meet, erlangen, einnehmen'; with formant -d-: gr. χάζομαι, Fut. ep. χάσσομαι, Aor. ep. χασσάμην `weiche, flee, lasse ab', ἀναχάζω tr. `dränge back', intr. `weiche, go back', as das Med. Daß χαλάω `lasse after, werde slack or lose' aufeinem partizip. Adj. *ĝhǝ-lo-s `fortgehend' or `klaffend, lose'? beruhe, is perhaps erwähnenswert; after Meillet Esquisse 36 rather to arm. xaɫ `game', xaɫaɫ `friedlich' (with idg. kh-);

ahd. gān (= Old Indian hāna-m) `gehen', afries. as. ags. gān, aschwed. adän. gā, krimgot. geen ds.; about die additional form ahd. gēn s. Kluge¹¹ 193, Braune Ahd. Gr.⁵ p. 382¹; Lit. by Feist, 182 b.

With the meaning- coloring A:

gr. *χῆτις (Risch Wortbildg. d. hom. Spr. 74), Dat. χήτει `in Ermangelung from', ablaut.(*ghǝ-t-) χατέω, χατίζω `lack, bedarf, ersehne, begehre'; χῆρος `beraubt, leer' (= lat.*hēro- in hērēs), χήρᾱ `Waise, Witwe'; with gradation χῶρος, χώρᾱ `leerer, free room, freies Land (in contrast zur town, city), region', epid. χώρᾱ `leere eye socket ', χωρίς Adv. and preposition m.Gen. `apart, separated; without; with Ausnahme from; besides', χωρίζω `slit, separate', χωρεῖν `fassen, aufnehmen können, from Gefäßen' (eig. `room give') and `weichen, fortgehen; gehen überhaupt';

lat. hērēs `Erbe' (*ghēro- + ē-d[ō]-, `das verwaiste Gut an sich nehmend'?, s. about denAusgang under ē̆-particle);

got. gaidw n. `lack', ags. gād, gǣd n. `lack, need, desire', afries. gād `Bedürfnis', as. Gen. Pl. metigēdeono `Nahrungsmangel, Hungersnot' (basic form *ĝhǝi-tu̯ó-); in addition probably also ahd. geisini `egestas', ags. gǣsne `entbehrend';

References: WP. I 542 ff., WH. I 451, 641 f.

Page(s): 418-419

Root / lemma: ĝhē-2 : ghǝ- and ĝhēi- : ĝhī-

Meaning: to gape, yawn

German meaning: `gähnen, klaffen'

Comments: schallmalend for den Gähnlaut (in addition the weitergebildete stem ĝhii̯-ā); (see also under ĝhans- `Gans'; similarly, but with Velar, gha gha for gackern and likewise, see there). Beside ĝhēi- also ĝhēu-: ĝhǝu̯- (see there), either as other Auffassung of Gähnlautes, or with originally formant under

Material: Gr. χάσκω (ĝhǝ-skṓ) `gähne, klaffe' (only present and Impf.; later from χαίνω abgelöst, see under ĝhan-), χάσμα `klaffende aperture '; χηραμός `hole', χηραμύς `eine big, giant Muschel', after χαραμόςἡ τῆς γῆς διάστασις Hes., χηλός f. `hutch, Lade'; χήμη `das Gähnen, Gienmuschel'.

Von ĝhēi- from: aksl. zějǫ `hio' (*ĝhēi̯ō).

Von ĝhii̯-ā- from:

lat. hiō, -āre (*ĝhii̯a-i̯ō) `gähnen, klaffen, aufgesperrt sein', osk. eehianasúm `ēmittendārum (hostiārum)', umbr. ehiato `ēmissōs';

lit. žió-ju, -ti `öffnen', reflexive žiótis `gähnen' (žiótys Pl. f. `crack, deep cleft, gap; mouth, Rachen'), wherefore lit. žióvauti, lett. žãvâtiês `gähnen' (žāvas f. Pl. `Gähnen')

and with p: lit. žiopsaũ, -sóti `with offenem Munde dastehen, dasitzen';

skr. zjâm, zjȁti `den Mund aufsperren', Iterativa aksl. zijają, zijati, russ. zijáju, -átь ds. and sloven. zẹ́vati `den Mund geöffnet halten', čech. zívati, russ. zěvátь `gähnen' (sloven. zẹ̀v, poln. ziew, russ. zěv `Rachen');

maybe alb. zija `starvation, hunger'

with p (compare under die root form ĝheip-): blg. zě́pam, poln. ziepać `with Mühe breathe', klr. zḯpaty `after Atem schnappen', čech. zípati `pant, gasp'.

Ähnlich, but after den ē-Verben, ahd. gīēn `gähnen' (wäre got. *gijan, -aida); besides with still klärungsbedürftigem (but schwerlich from the root form ĝhēu- stammendem) w in Hiat ahd. anagiwēn `inhiare', gēwōn `den Mund aufsperren, gähnen' (mhd. gewen, giwen ds.), ags. giwian, giowian `long, want, arrogate' (from `*with offenem Munde, gierig whereupon lechzen'); in addition aisl. gjā f. (*giwō) on the one hand `col, gap, cleft, gap in the earth', on the other hand (from `lechzen' from) `wollüstiges life', mhd. giude (*giwiÞō) `geräuschvolle pleasure, joy', giuden `brag, boast, brag (*den Mund weit auftun); in geräuschvoller Freude sein, verschwenderisch leben', nhd. vergeuden; ahd. inginnan `auftun, öffnen, aufschneiden, split' from *ginu̯an is probably Causative to ahd. ginēn (see under) in formellem Anschlußan das lautähnliche biginnan.

sko-present: lat. hīscō, -ere (*ĝhī-sk̂ō) `gähnen, klaffen, aufgesperrt sein'; similarly ags. giscian, mhd. gischen `schluchzen' and norw. mdartl. geiska `die Beine ausspreizen' (see Persson Beitr. 318).

n-Präsentien and zugehörige nouns: aisl. gīna st. V., ags. tō-gīnan st. V. `klaffen, gähnen'; with ĭ aisl. gine, ahd. ginēn, mhd. ginēn, genēn, nhd. gähnen = ags. ginian, gionian `weit offen sein', aisl. gina `gähnen', gin n. `gullet', ags. gin n. ds.; with germ. ai (idg. ĝhǝi-? or rather the preterite ablaut of st. V. gīnan?) ahd. geinōn, schweiz. gäine, got. *gainon, ags. gānian; but engl. yawn, `gähnen' for *yone from ags. gionian;

aksl. zinǫ, -ǫti (*ĝhīnō) `χαίνειν'.

Andere nominal formation:

with u̯: ags. giw, gēow m. `Geier' (*gīwaz `the Gierige');

with m: aisl. gīma f. `aperture ', schweiz. gīm ds.; aisl. geimi m. `Meeresschlund'; nisl. geimr `großer, leerer room';

with r: germ. *gīr(i)a- `gierig' (eigentl. `*lechzend'), in norw. mdartl. gīr m. `Begierde, ferventness, passion', ahd. gīri `begierig', gīr `Geier';

with l: aisl. norw. gil n. `Felsspalt', schwed. mdartl. gilja f. `Hohlweg', ahd. mhd. gil `break, hernia'; aisl. geil f. `Hohlweg, Engpaß'; mnd. gīlen `begehren, beg' (from *gīla- Adj. `begehrend', compare to meaning above ags. gīwaz).

With meaning-Entw. from `klaffen' to `schief abstehen (at first e.g. from Hölzern under likewise)' is probably anzureihen ndd. ndl. gillen `schräg abschneiden', ndl. gillinghout `schräg durchgeschnittenes wood', further isl. geila `separate' (`*klaffen make'), ags. gǣlan (*gailjan) `hinder, hesitate'; from r-forms nd. gīren, ndl. (out of it nhd.) gieren, norw. mdartl. gīra `vom Kurs abweichen'; ndl. geeren ds., norw. mdartl. geira `schief laufen'.

extensions with i-vocalism:

*ĝhei-gh- : aisl. norw. dial., geiga `seitwärts abschwenken', aisl. geigr m. `damage' (originally outlook `*schief abstehen, klaffen' e.g. from Hölzern); compare nhd. schweiz. Geigle `Doppelast an einem Baume, the in beliebigem Winkel auseinandergeht; Pl. die Schenkel', nhd. Heugeige `Stecken with seitwarts abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern of Heus'; nhd. dial. geigen `sich hin and her bewegen', aisl. gīgja, from mnd. mhd. gīge, nhd. Geige as Musikinstrument; ags. for-, of-gǣgan `abweichen from, überschreiten', gǣgl and gāgol `ausgelassen, ausschweifend', afries. gēia `übertreten, unterlassen, penance, atonement pay for, büßen'; norw. dial. giga, gigla, gigra `lose stand, wobble, sway', engl. gig (nord. Lw.) `leichter Wagen, leichtes boat', whirligig, dän. gig `Kreisel as plaything '; ndd. giggelen, engl. to giggle `versteckt, spöttisch lachen'; as `free abstehende, bewegliche sprit' here ndl. gei `Raa' (basic form geig(*j)a?), ndd. gīk, ndl. gijk ds. and mnd. geck from drehbaren Dingen (e.g. cover, Fensterladen, Pumpstangen), also `fool' (nhd. Geck); here (after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 41) got. geigō f. `Gier', ga-geigan `gewinnen', faíhu-geigan `begehren'; s. S. 427.

Ähnlich is (from ĝhii̯ā- from) with gh shaped lit. ziógauti `gähnen', žiógas ` locust, grasshopper ', žiõgris `Palisade'.

ĝhei-p- (in Germ. perhaps partly also ĝhei-bh-):

Lat. (Gloss.) hippitāre, exippitāre (*hīpitāre) `hietare, oscitare' (span. hipar `schluchzen'); čech. zípati `pant, gasp' (etc, see above);

ags. gīfer `Fresser', aisl. gīfr m. `fiend, demon'; nhd. dial. geifen, geiben, geipen `gähnen, gawk, gierig verlangen'; from `schief abstehen, locker abstehen' norw. dial. geivla `seitwärts abschwenken; shiver', also geivra; vom Verziehen of Mundes ndd. gib(b)elen `spottend lachen', nhd. geifeln `spottend lachen', engl. to gibe, jibe `spotten'.

In Germ. also:

ĝhei-b-, germ. *gī̆p-: aisl. gīpr m. `muzzle, Rachen', FlN for Gipa, norw. mdartl. gipa `klaffen make, after Luft schnappen' = ags. gīpian `after Luft schnappen'; mnd. gippelt `crazy, stupid'; schwed. dial. gippa `crack, col, gap'; with ī schwed dial. gipa `den Mund verziehen', ndd. gīpen `after Luft schnappen, strehen after'; nhd. bair. gaif(f)en from einem not festsitzenden, schlotternden Schuh; with the meaning `spöttisch den Mund verziehen under likewise'.

With germ. ai: aisl. geipa `schwatzen', norw. dial. geipa `schwatzen; den Mund weit aufsperren; with ausgespreizten Beinen sitzen or gehen' under likewise;

aisl. geispa `after Luft schnappen', mengl. gaspen < ags. *gāspian, probably from *gaipsōn (through amalgamation from *gaip- and *gais).

gheis-: isl. gisinn `from Trockenheit rissig, leaking' (participle from *gīsa =) norw. dial. gīsa `grinsen, blink'; norw. dial. gista `sich öffnen, thin become, vom Walde', aschwed. gistinn `from Trockenheit rissig'; from this meaning further mnd. gēst, afries. gēst, gāst `das höhere trockene Land in contrast zur Marschniederung' (zugehörige u-forms nd. güste, ndl. gust `unfruchtbar, dry, gelt' from the basis ĝhēu-?? S. Persson Beitr. 318).

extensions with ē- : ǝ-vocalism (fast only germ.):

*ĝhǝgh- (: ĝhēgh-):

Ags. gēagl m. n. `Kinnbacken, throat', Pl. `Backenzähne', mnd. gāgel, gēgel m. n. `Gaumen, gums' (*gāgula-, -ila);

nhd. dial. gagen, gageln, gagern `(sich) spreizen (from den Beinen, den Fingern), wobble, sway, gestikulieren, gaukeln', gackelicht `foolish, loony', mhd. gagen, gageren `sich hin and her bewegen, zappeln', aisl. gagr `gekrümmt, zurückgebogen', gaghals `with zurückgespreiztem, zurückgebogenem Halse', norw. dial. gag `rückwärts gebogen = bent, curved (e.g. from schief abstehenden Gerätteilen)', engl. gag-toothed (nord. Lw.) `with hervorstehenden Zähnen': ablaut. aisl. gǣgjask `sich vorrecken, um to peek', and (zugleich with Kons.-sharpening) md. gāken `gawk'.

Maybe alb. guak ‘gawk’, expressive form alb. (*ĝhǝ-skṓ), gogësij ‘yawn, gape’

Aisl. gjǫgrar Pl. `Felsklüfte' (*gegura-) compares Lidén Armen. Stud. 70 f. probably more properly with arm. gez `col, gap, crack, Kerbe'.

*ĝhēp-:

Old Indian hāphikā `das Galmen' (with jungem ph instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565).

*ĝhǝb-: aisl. gap `weite aperture, hole, Chaos; shout, call, shriek', gapa `den Mund aufsperren, cry', ags. gapian, ndd. gāpen, mhd. nhd. gaffen `with offenem Munde anschauen'.

*ĝhǝbh-:

Ags. geaflas Pl. `Kiefern' (in the meaning directed after ceafl `pine tree', see under ĝeph-), older dän. paa gafle `weit offen', schwed. på gavel ds.;

aisl. gabba ` derision or Scherz drive, push', ags. gabbian `babble; verspotten, verhöhnen', gaffetung `Hohn', gafsprǣc `törichte discourse ', ndl. gabberen `nugari, jocari' under likewise (probably from dem Ndd. derive lit. gabl(i)ó-ju, -ti `banter, vexieren', gablỹs `wer neckt, vexiert', s. Berneker 287 f. - also about poln. gabać `stir, tease, irritate, banter').

References: WP. I 548 ff., WH. I 647 ff., Trautmann 368, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694.

See also: compare still ĝhē-1 `leer sein, fehlen'; Specht (Dekl. 282) places eine root *aĝh-ē- etc an; see above under ĝhan-.

Page(s): 419-422

Root / lemma: ĝhēlā

Meaning: wine

German meaning: `Wein'??

Material: Old Indian hālā `alcohol';

gr. χάλις, -ιος `ungemischter Wein', χαλί-κρητος ds.; maked. κάλιθος οἶνος. ᾽Αμερίας Hes.;

thrak. ζίλαι ὁ οἶνος Hes. (*ĝhēl-).

References: WP. I 631. Sehr dubious.

Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: ĝhēu- : ĝhō(u)- : ĝhǝu-

Meaning: to yawn, gape

German meaning: `gähnen, klaffen'

Comments: (see above ĝhēi-)

Material: Gr. χάος n. `the leere room, Luftraum' (later also `cleft, gap'; probably from *χαFος), χαῦνος `auseinanderklaffend, locker', χαυλι-όδοντ- `with auseinanderstehenden teeth';

in the case of here also got. gawi `land, region', ahd. gawi, nhd. Gau, ags. gē, etc from *ĝhǝu̯iom with similar meaning-Entw. as by gr. χώρος, χῶρα (see below ĝhēi- `fehlen; verlassen') and arm. gavar `Landstrich, region'? Oder from germ. *ga-awja (to akʷā, above S. 23) `Landschaftam water'?

Ahd. goumo m. (*ĝhǝu-men-), giumo (*ĝhēu-men-) `Gaumen', ablaut. anord. gōmr `gums, Gaumen', ags. gōma (engl. gums `gums'), ahd. guomo (*ĝhō[u]-m-) `Gaumen'; about lit. gomurỹs see under;

in addition probably aisl. geyja `bark, bay, scold, chide, spotten', ags. gíegan `cry', aisl. goð-gā `Gotteslästerung', hund-gā `Bellen' and die Weiterbildungen aisl. gauta `schwatzen, brag, boast', ndld. guiten `ausschelten, spotten', nhd. dial. gauzen, gäuzen `bark, bay, cry', got. gaunōn `klagen, grieve ', aisl. gaula `howl'; about lit. gaũsti see under gou- `rufen, cry'. Trotzdes nichtpalatalen Wurzelanlauts (see above about lit. gomurỹs) could es here belong, da viele originally palatale Gutturale litauisch as g, k appear.

Weiter in the meaning `gähnen' with l-forms (: gr. χαυλι-) perhaps here mhd. giel m. `Rachen, gullet', anorw. -gjōl in place names? as well as norw. dial. gyl `cleft, gap, Felskluft' (*gulja-; so also schwed. göl `puddle, slop, Tümpel', mhd. gülle `puddle, pool, slop', mnd. göle, goel `swamp, marsh' as `cavity, in the sich Wasser angesammelt hat'?).

Daß nhd. Gosche, Gusche, ndd. goske, guske `big muzzle' as sk-formation here gehöre or but perhaps with Old Indian ghṓṣati `ruft, schreit' related sei (see Persson Beitr. 116 f.), is by einem Trivialausdruck without verfolgbare Geschichte not probably;

balt. *gāmuri̯a- m. `Gaumen' in lit. gomurỹs, Gen. gómurio m., also gomerė̃ (Akk. gómerę) f.; lett. gāmurs m. ` windpipe, larynx' (only by Miežinis zweifelhaftes guomurs); eine lautgesetzliche equivalent to nhd. Gaumen ergäbe lit. lett. úo (balt. ō); perhaps in vocalism german. beeinflußt; to g- compare above S. 18 Anm.

A extension ĝheubh- in aisl. gaupa f. `Luchs' (probably eig. `the lechzende, gierige', as ags. earn-géap `Edelfalke'), ablaut. norw. dial gō̆p `gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss '; ags. gēap `wide, geräumig'; gēopan `verschlingen', aisl. gaupn f. `die hohle Hand', ahd. goufana ds., wherefore lit. žiùpsnis `etwas weniger as eine Handvoll'; compare still Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2.

Maybe alb. gop 'vagina, hole'

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 470, Trautmann 77.

Page(s): 449

Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.-Ablativ ĝh(ð)m-és

Meaning: earth

German meaning: `Erde, Erdboden'

Comments: from the zero grade entwickelte sich ĝhm-, from wo the simple anlaut ĝh- also auf hochstufige forms übergriff (about die Old Indian Anlaute jm-, gm- besides kṣm- compare Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)

Material: compare to anlaut still Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209bɣ, III 241 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff., Specht Dekl. 241.

Old Indian stem kṣam-, Nom. Sg. kṣā́ḥ (= av. zā̊) f. `earth, Erdboden' (Akk. kṣām = av. ząm; Lok. kṣámi and *kṣām, if kṣā́man from this form with Postposition *en `in' to define is, compare Old Indian pári-jman `rings auf the earth'; Instr. jmā́; Gen. jmáḥ, secondary gmáḥ, kṣmáḥ); kṣámya-ḥ `auf the Erde befindlich, irdisch';

av. zā̊, Akk. ząm, Lok. zǝmē, Gen. zǝmō `earth, Erdboden';

gr. χθών f. `Erdboden' (*χθώμ; thereafter with ν also Gen. χθονός, χθόνιος `unterirdisch' etc), χαμαί originally `zur Erde hin', then also `auf the Erde' (bis auf die other vowel gradation = apr. semmai `nieder' and presumably also = lat. humī `to bottom'), χαμᾶζε `zur Erde nieder', χαμηλός `niedrig', χθαμαλός `niedrig' (: lat. humilis), perhaps νεο-χμός `neu, unerhört (auf the Erde?)';

phryg. ζεμελω (thrak. Σεμέλη) `mother earth' (?), also phryg. ζέμελεν βάρβαρον ἀνδράποδον Hes. (compare russ. čelovek `person' and `servant') ; Γδαν Μα `Xθών Μᾶ' kann genuine phryg. sein (idg. ē > phryg. ā), gd- : z- as Old Indian kṣāḥ : av. zā̊;

alb. dhe `earth' (= χθών) ; compare gr. Δημήτηρ, dor. Δᾱμά̄τηρ, thess. Δαμμάτηρ, äol. Δωμάτηρ; illyr. Δω-, Δαμ- (Pisani IF. 53, 30, 38) from idg. *ĝðhō, bzw. Vokat. *gðhom; about Δαμία, epithet the Demeter, s. WH. I 321;

Note:

Clearly Δημήτηρ 'mother earth' was shaped according to illyr. and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] hence it is a pure illyr. goddess.

lat. humus (from *homos) `earth, Erdboden', probably Umformung eines old Kons.-stem *ĝhom-; hence also f. as χθών; humilis `niedrig' (: χθαμαλός); in Osk.-Umbr. *homi-teros, -temos as Kompar. Superl. vom Lok. *homi `under' (: Old Indian kṣámi) : osk. hu[n]truis `īnferīs', huntrus `inferōs'; umbr. hutra, hontra `īnfrā', Abl. hondomu `īnfimō'; umbr. hondu `pessumdatō' from *hon(d)-tōd; about lat. hūmānus see under;

air. dū, Gen. don `place' (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine; die Entw. from ĝhð to d- stimmte to t from -kÞ- in art `bear' from _erkÞos; n instead of m as in χθόνος from the Vorstufe *dōn - from *dōm - from dū verschleppt);

Note:

air. duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den : illyr. Δημήτηρ, alb. dhe cognates evolved according to illyr. and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang.

lit. žẽmė, lett. zeme, apr. same, semme `earth', semmai `nieder' (: χαμαί, see above), lett. zem `under' (probably Verkürzung of Lok. zemē); lit. żẽmas, lett. zẹms `niedrig';

aksl. zemlja `earth'; in addition also aksl. zmьja `snake' (`auf the Erde kriechend, χθαμαλός'), zmьjь `dragon'.

In addition words for `person' as `Irdischer':

lat. homō, -inis `person', alat. hemō (also in nēmō `niemand' from *ne-hemō), Akk. hemōnem; to humus probably hūmānus `menschlich', with unclear vocalism (*hoim- würde to oí of air. Pl. doíni `people' stimmen, whether hier older diphthong vorläge, but for ein idg. *gðhoim- fehlt jede Wahrscheinlichkeit; s. also under); osk.-umbr. *homōn- (ablaut grade *ĝhom- as humus, compared with lat. hemōn- or einzeldialektischer umlaut from *hemōn-), osk. humuns `hominēs', umbr. homonus `hominibus';

got. guma, aisl. gumi, ags. guma, ahd. gomo `person, man, husband', nhd. in Bräuti-gam (idg. *ĝh_emon- or *ĝh_omon-);

lit. (old) žmuõ (Daukša m. Akk. žmūnį) `person', nowadays žmogùs, žmõgus (g-forms as in aksl. mǫ-žь) `person', apr. smoy (leg. smoa?), other formations apr. smunents m. `person', smonenawins ds., and smūni f. `person', lit. žmonà f. `wife, woman', žmónės Pl. m. `people' (Akk. Pl. žmónis dial. from idg. ĝhmōn_ens).

Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also air. duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den `person', urk. *doni̯o- from *ĝhðomi̯o- = χθόνιος, Old Indian kṣamya-ḥ; das wäre indeed the einzige Beleg for kelt. ni̯ from mi̯; es could Übertragung of n from dem paradigm *dōn `place' (see above) erwogen become. Yet wäre then the Pl. air. doíni, nir. daoine `humans, people' (echter diphthong) from duine to separate; weit wahrscheinlicher wird doíni as *dheu̯eni̯o- or *dhou̯eni̯o- and duine etc as tiefstufiges *dhuni̯o- with got. diwans ` perishable ' connected (see *dhu̯en- under dheu- `die'); unwahrscheinlich Borgström NTS. 12, 83 f.;

toch. A śom `Bursche, youngling ', В śaumo, Pl. śāmna `person' (: lat. hemōnem); s. Pedersen Tochar. 107 f.;

hitt. te-e-kan (tegan), Gen. tagnās `earth' and toch. A tkaṃ, Gen. tkanis, В keṃ ds. become through metathesis from *ĝ(e)ðhom-, *ĝh(e)ðhom (Pedersen Group. 41 f.), dieses from idg. *dh(e)ĝhom (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 66 f.) expounded; against it with beachtlichen Gründen Beuveniste Mél. Van Ginneken 193 ff.; eine root *dhegh- places also Specht Dekl. 241 an; I würde die hitt. and toch. forms with Benveniste lieber fernhalten.

Maybe alb. toka ‘earth’ from hitt. te-e-kan; the root lemma for winter in Slavic and PIE derived from the myth of De-mater, Demeter and the loss of her daughter during winter. It is related also to the myth of Dumuzi in Sumer - the missing shepherd, god of fertility.

Also ki ‘earth’ in Sumer???

References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369.

Page(s): 414-416

Root / lemma: ĝhði̯és (zero grade ĝhðis?), vereinfacht (?) to ĝhðés, ĝhi̯és, ĝhés

Meaning: yesterday

German meaning: `gestern'

Material: Old Indian hyáḥ `gestern' (ghi̯és), hyastana-ḥ `gestrig', av. zyō, apers. diya(ka), pers. dī(g);

gr. eleisch σερ-ός χθές Hes. (from *χι̯ες, idg. ĝhi̯és?); gr. χθές (*ĝhðés), ἐχθές (after ἐκεῖνος : κεῖνος, selbständige particle or Vorschlagsvokal, see above S. 283 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 413, Lejeune Traité 182); χθιζός, adverb. χθιζά `gestrig', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 from χθές + *δι̯ά to Old Indian a-dyā́ `today' (Instrum. from idg. *di̯os `day'; fehlt above S. 183), with vortoniger Schwächung of ε to ι, after Specht KZ. 68, 205 from *ĝhðis > ĝhis with Adverbialsuffix (as in gr. κρύβ-δα); χθεσινός `gestrig';

alb. dje `gestern', dial. `morgen' (*ĝhes), djethine ds., para-dje `vorgestern';

lat. herī̆, herĕ `gestern', hesternus `gestrig' (from *hestrinos with -tro- as in germ. *gestra-);

maybe alb. (*herĕ ) herët 'early morning' [the shift S > R attested in lat. and alb.]

air. in-dē (*gdi̯és), cymr. doe, acorn. doy, ncorn. dē, mbret. dech, nbret. deac'h `gestern' (die brit. forms from *gdii̯es); cymr. neithiwr etc `gestern abend' rather from *nokti + cymr. hwyr `late' (Lw. from lat. sērus);

got. gistra-dagis `morgen', ags. geostra, wsächs. giestran-dæg, nordhumbr. gioster-dæg `gestern', ahd. kestre, gesteron, gesterên `gestern'; lengthened grade anord. í gǽr (*gēz-), i gjār (Noreen Aisl. Gr.⁴ p. 72, 263а 1); s. above Specht KZ. 68, 202 f.

References: WP. I 664, WH. I 642 f., 869, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Specht KZ. 68, 201 ff.

Page(s): 416

Root / lemma: ĝhðū- (or ĝhi̯ū-?)

Meaning: fish

German meaning: `Fisch'

Material: Arm. jukn `Fisch' (extension as in mu-kn `Maus');

gr. ἰχθῦς, -ύος (*ĝhðūs) `Fisch' (ἰ- is Vokalentwicklung as in ἰκτῖνος `Gabelweihe': arm.c̣in `Falke', idg. kÞīno-);

ĝhðuu̯-: lit. žuvìs (Gen. Pl. žuvų̃) f., lett. zuvs, zivs m. ds.; in addition die Verba ostlit. žústa, žùvo, žúti `fischen';

Gutturalsuffix: apr. suckis m. (Akk. Pl. suckans) `Fisch' (lit. žuk- in žū́k-mistras `Fischmeister', žuk-sparnis `Fischaar', žū̆klỹs `Fischer'); in addition further lett. zutis m. `Aal'; lit.žvejỹs m. `Fischer', lit. žvejóti, lett. zvejuôt `fischen', žvýnas m. `Fischschuppe', lett. zvìńi m. Pl. `Fischschuppen'; apr. sucka-ns besides ἰχθῦς, as lat. sucu-la besides sūs, anord. askr besides lit. úosis.

Zur Anlautfrage (ĝhð or ĝhi̯?) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325; gleichartig is esp. χθών : žẽmė, and eine Parallele with k- bietet ἰκτῖνος : c̣in. Kein ganz sicherer Hinweis auf *ghi̯- is, da in seiner affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name ält. schwed. gius, nschwed. gös `Perca Lucioperca', nhd. dial. giesen `Cyprinus cephalus' and ält. schwed. fiska-giusen `ein Raubvogel, Falco haliaetus', worin ein *gjuse `Fischer' stecke.

References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 413; to idg. ð compare lastly Lejeune Traité de Phonétique grecque S. 31 f.

Page(s): 416-417

Root / lemma: ĝhlād-

Meaning: to sound, call

German meaning: `schallen, rufen'

Material: Old Indian hrādatē ` sounds', hrāda- m. `Getön, noise', av. zrāda- m. `Kettenpanzer' (`rasselnd, klirrend'), npers. zirih `Panzer';

gr. κέχλαδα (Pind.) `rausche, roar, foam', καχλάζω `klatsche, plätschere';

air. ad-glādur `I rede an'.

The ar. words können but just as well with idg. r to got. grētan belong; see under gher-1.

References: WP. I 659 f.

Page(s): 451

Root / lemma: ĝhō

Meaning: behind, towards

German meaning: `hinter, after, wegen'

Grammatical information: Präposition and Partikel

Material: Arm. z Präpos. and preverb `with Bezug auf' etc (Meillet Esquisse² 166);

balt. *a-žō in lit. dial. ažúo, ažu, až `hinter, for' (compare ažúot `anstatt', ostlit.ažuomarša ` oblivion '); lett. az (compare azuots `bosom' = ostlit. ažuñtis ds., to lett. *uots = lit. añtis `bosom'), newer aiz (unerklärt) `hinter, after, because of, instead of', also Verbalpräfix `hinter, from, to, to-, ver-';

slav. za `hinter; an; for, because of, during, an', also Verbalpräfix; also in aksl. zadъ `das Hintere, buttocks part', compare na-dъ;

perhaps instrumental eines Pronom.-stem ĝho- to ghe, gho (above S. 417) with anlaut. ĝh-; s. also under ū̆d.

References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Lett. Gr. 485 f.

Page(s): 451-452

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯el-

Meaning: to bend, swerve

German meaning: `sich krümmen, von der geraden Richtung abbiegen (also geistig and sittlich) under likewise'

Material: Old Indian hváratē `biegt from the geraden Richtung ab, makes krumme Wege', hválati `gerät auf Abwege, strauchelt, errs ', juhurāṇá-ḥ `mißglückend', víhruta-ḥ `schadhaft, krank', hruṇāti `geht irre', participle hrutá-, geneuert = renamed, has changed?? hvr̥tá-; hū́rchati `geht schief, gleitet, sways, fällt'; hváras- n. `Krümmung', hvará- m. `snake', vihrút- f. `kind of snake or Wurm';

av. zbarǝmna- `krumm gehend', zbaraϑa- n. `foot daēvischer Wesen', zbarah- n. `hill', zūrah- n. ` wrong; injustice, deception ', npers. zūr `falsch; lie, falsity';

gr. φαλίπτει μωραίνει Hes., φαλός `stammelnd, crazy' Hes. and probably φάλος m. `hornartiger protrusion am Helm', presumably φολκός, epithet of Thersites B. 217, perhaps `krummbeinig'; perhaps also ἀποφώλιος `trügerisch' (ō-grade), φῆλος ` deceitful ', φηλήτης ` cheater ', φηλόω (dor. φᾱλόω) betrüge';

lat. fallō, -ere ` deceive, cheat, deceive; make ineffective; sich entziehen; unbemerkt bleiben' (`*krumme Wege machen; ausbiegen'; *ĝhu̯_elnō, compare Old Indian hruṇāti);

lit. nuožvelnùs `abschüssig'; žvalùs `skilful; flink, behend' (`*sich leicht biegend'); ablaut. įžvil̃nas ` slantwise, slant, skew' (*ĝhu̯ḷ-), pažvil-ti, -au `sich neigen', žvylúoti `swing, waver'; pražul̃nas (*ĝhul-) `schräge, slant, skew', pažùlnus ds.; atžúlas, -us `schroff, hard, unhöflich, pitiless ' under likewise;

lett. zvel'u, zvêl'u, zvel̂t `wälzen, fortbewegen, umwerfen; hit', refl. `sich schwerfällig fortbewegen, wallow, umfallen', zval̂stîtiês `waver, waver', zval̂ns ` fluctuating ';

aksl. zъlъ `mad, wicked, evil, schlimm', skr. zȁo (f. zlȁ), russ. zoɫ (f. zɫa) ds.;

perhaps *ĝhu̯-el- from einem ĝheu- `slant, skew' extended; compare *ĝhu̯-er- in lit. žurlė `eine Rankenpflanze' (*ghu̯r̥-lo-), gr. θέρμος m. `Feigenbohne' (*gu̯her-mo-).

References: WP. I 643 f., WH. I 448, Trautmann 372 f.

Page(s): 489-490

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯elg-

Meaning: to glance

German meaning: `anblicken'?

Material: Gr. θέλγω `bezaubere, umschmeichle' (unwahrscheinlich above S. 247);

lit. žvelgiù, žvel̃gti `anblicken', Iterat. žvalgaũ, žvalgýti and žvil̃gis m. `look', žvìlgiu, žvilgė́ti `short hinblicken'.

References: WP. I 644, Trautmann 374, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302.

Page(s): 490

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en-

Meaning: to sound

German meaning: `tönen'

Comments: extension from ĝhau-, s. Persson Beitr. 191

Material: Arm. jain (ĝhu̯on-i̯i-), i-stem `voice' (with i-Epenthese); alb. tosk. zē̈ `voice', geg. zâ (< *ĝhu̯ono-s);

Note:

The shift (*ĝhu̯en- ), ĝhan > zâ in alb. is attasted in alb. geg. (*ĝhu̯on-i̯i-) zâ, zani, zoni `voice', zana, zona Pl `voices' also attested in alb. (*ĝhot) zot `god, master, lord ' because of the alb. ĝh > d shift. It is clear that alb. (ĝhāgʷ) zogu `bird'.

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call'

russ.-ksl. zvьnju, zvьně́ti `klingen, sound, clink', russ. zvenětь, ačech. zvnieti, čech. zníti, altpoln. wznieć ds., ablaut. aksl. zvonъ `sound, tone', sl. zvộn `bell', bulg. zvъnъ `sound, clangor ', zvъnecъ `bell', skr. zvȍno, russ. čech. zvon, poln. dzwon ` clangor, bell'.

Baltoslav. Wurzelerweiterung ĝhu̯eng-:

lit. žvéngiu, žvéngti `wiehern', su-žviǹgu, -žvìngti `in Wiehern ausbrecheen', žvangùs `loud, schallend', žvángu, žvangė́ti `rattle, clash, klingen, clang, clink', lett. zvìegt `wiehern';

aksl. zvęgǫ `verkünde', russ.-ksl. zvjagu `singe, babble', russ. dial. zvjagù, zvjačь `bark, bay'.

Slav. Wurzelerweiterung ĝhu̯enk-:

aksl. zvękъ m. `sound', zvęknǫti `sound, clink', zvęcati `rufen', skr. zvêk `sound', poln. zwięk, dźwięk `sound, clangor '; with ablaut aksl. zvǫkъ `sound', russ. zvuk, čech. zvuk `sound, tone, sound, clangor ';

Slav. Wurzelerweiterung ĝhu̯ent-:

bulg. zvъntja `sound, klingen'.

References: WP. I 642, Trautmann 374.

Page(s): 490-491

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯ēr-

Meaning: wild beast

German meaning: `wildes Tier'

Material: Gr. θήρ, -ός, m. late f. (θῆρες, θηρῶν = ostlit. žvė́res, žvėrų̃, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424), lesb.φήρ, hom. Φῆρες, thess. φείρ (πεφειρά̄κοντες = τεθηρακότες, Φιλόφειρος) `animal';

lat. ferus, -a, -um `wild, wildwachsend, -lebend' (*ĝhuero-s);

with structure in die i-Deklination (after dem Akk. Sg. Pl. -ь, -i = m̥, -n̥s) lit. žvėrìs m. f., lett. zvêrs m.; apr. Akk. Pl. swīrins;

aksl. zvěrь `wild animal', sloven, zvę̂r, ačech. zvěř m. f., russ. zvěrь;

substantiv. adjective lit. žvėrienà f., russ. zvěrína `Wildbret', to lat. carō ferīna ds.

References: WP. I 642 f., WH. I 487 f., Trautmann 374 f.

Page(s): 493

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯oigʷ-

Meaning: to shine; star

German meaning: `leuchten, Schein'

Material: Gr. φοῖβος `rein gleaming', ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*ĝhu̯igʷ-) `impure, unclean';

bsl. *žu̯aigzdā- f. `shine, Stern' (idg. *ĝhu̯oigʷ(e)s-dā) in:

apr. Akk. Sg. swāigstan `shine', poswāigstinai `erleuchte' (?) ; lit. žvaigzdė̃, žvaigždė̃, dial. žvaizdė̃, lett. zvàigzne f. `Stern'; in addition further lit. žvygulỹs ` radiance ', žváínas `silberfleckig', lett. zvaigstīties `gleam', zvaidrīt `shimmer';

slav. *gvězda (from *gu̯aigzdā, through Ferdissimilation from *žu̯aigzdā) in aksl. dzvězda, skr. zvigèzda, poln. gwiazda, russ. zvězdá f. `Stern'.

References: Trautmann 373 f., Pedersen La cinqunder décl. lat. 74, Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 166 f. Probably unrichtig about gr. φοῖβος etc above 118.

Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯ōkʷ-, ĝhu̯ǝkʷ-

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

German meaning: `schimmern, leuchten'

Material: Gr. διαφάσσειν διαφαίνειν Hes., φώψ φάος Hes.; παραι-φάσσει τινάσ-σει . . . Hes., reduplicated παιφάσσω `bewege mich quick, fast, zucke (*funkle)';

lat. fax (old facēs), facis f. `torch; Anstifter', Demin. facula `torch', facētus `elegant, witzig', facētia and -ae `witzige Einfälle';

lit. žvãkė `candle'.

References: WP. I 645, WH. I 438 f., 471, 864, Trautmann 374.

Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: ĝlei-

Meaning: to run up to

German meaning: `anlaufen, anstürmen'?

Comments: Only indoiranisch.

Material: Old Indian jráyati `stürmt an, läuft an', jráyas- n. `Ungestüm, run, flow, Flußlauf', pr̥thu-jráya- `weit laufend';

av. zrayah-, apers. drayah- `sea, sea', mpers. zray, npers. (with rearrangement) daryā, pǝrǝu-zrayah `about weite Wasserflächen sich erstreckend'.

References: WP. I 660, WH. I 608.

Page(s): 401

Root / lemma: ĝu̯er-, ĝu̯erǝ-

Meaning: to burn and be hot

German meaning: `leuchten and heiß sein'

Material: Old Indian jvárati `fiebert', jvara-ḥ `fever, pain, Kummer', jū́rvati `versengt', jūrṇí-ḥ `blaze, glow' (< *jvūr-, *ĝu̯r̥-); besides jválati `flammt auf, glüht, shines', jvalita-ḥ `flammend, luminous', jvalaná-ḥ ` burning, ignitable ', m. `fire', n. `das Brennen, Lodern', jvala-ḥ m. `light, flame, torch', jvālā f. ds.;

mnl. coorts m., mnd. korts `fever'??;

lit. žiūriù, žiūrė́ti `see', žiūrà `Aussicht, look', žiũras `Uhu';

full grade lett. zvêrs `funkelnd', zvêruot `glow, flash'.

References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I p. 228.

Page(s): 479

Root / lemma: ĝ(_e)lōu̯-

Meaning: sister-in-law

German meaning: `Schwester of Gatten'

Material: Gr. *γάλωFος in hom. Dat. Sg. and Nom. Pl. γαλόῳ, Gen. Pl. γαλόων, att. γάλως, Gen. γάλω `Mannes Schwester';

lat. glōs, glōris `Mannes Schwester, wife, woman of Bruders' (*ĝlō[u]s);

spätksl. zъlъva, ačech. zelva, serb. zȁova, russ. zoɫóvka `Mannes Schwester';

perhaps also arm. tal `Mannes Schwester' (for *cal after taigr `Mannes Bruder').

Daß phryg. γέλαρος ἀδελφοῦ γυνή Hes., also γάλλαρος, here belongs, is höchst doubtful; in the case of for *γελαFος verschrieben?

After Jokl EbertsRL. X 142^b wäre the nichtpalatale guttural through influence of ɫ bedingt, worauf also poln. żeɫw, żoɫwica (*g_eluu̯ā) besides zeɫw, zoɫwica (*ĝ_eluu̯ā) `Schwester of Mannes' hinweisen sollen; compare though das under ĝhel- about bslav. gel- `yellow' Ausgeführte.

Ein gr. conservative stem *γάλω[u̯]-ς hat Übertritt (only the case obliqui) in die o-Dekl. erfahren; in Slav. lies ein older ū-stem zьly, Gen. zъlъve, before, the with lat. glōs compared become could.

References: WP. I 631, WH. I 610, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 480.

Page(s): 367-368

Root / lemma: gʷā̆dh-

Meaning: to sink, submerge

German meaning: `eintauchen, untersinken'

Material: Old Indian gā́hatē `taucht, dringt ein', participle gāḍha-ḥ `deep, strong, tight, firm', gāhá-ḥ `depth, das Innere'; with a: gáhana-, gáhvara- `deep, dense', n. `depth, abyss, thicket ', dur-gáha-m `böser place or way';

das participle gāḍhá- is probably analogical form after roots with Old Indian h = idg. ĝh; gādhá- `seicht', m. n. `Untiefe, ford' is perhaps from einem Old Indian root nouns gā (to idg. gʷā- `Gang') + dha as `(Über)gang gewährend' to define;

av. Akk. Pl. vi-gāϑō `Schluchten' (: Old Indian vi-gāhá-) `sich eintauchend', zero grade guδa- `depth';

gr. βῆσσα, dor. βᾶσσα (*βᾱθι̯α) f. `Talgrund, gorge, ravine, gulch'; βάσσος n. ds. (*βαθσος), zero grade βυθός, βυσσός `depth, Meeresgrund' with β instead of γ after βῆσσα; ἄβυσσος `wo sich nicht dive läßt, grundlos, depth', βάθος n. `depth'; βένθος `depth' secondary after πένθος : πάθος;

air. bā(i)dim `tauche under, drown', cymr. boddi `ertränken, ertrinken, überfluten', corn.bedhy, mbret. beuziff `ertränken'; cymr. diffoddi `auslöschen' from *di-spad- (*dī-eks-bad-).

References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.

Page(s): 465

Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem-

Meaning: to go, come

German meaning: `gehen, kommen; zur Welt kommen, geboren werden'

Material: Old Indian jí-gā-ti `goes' (= gr. *βίβησι, compare lak. 3. Sg. βίβαντι, hom. participle βιβά̄ς `with großen Schritten einhergehend', in addition also hom. βιβάσθων), Aor. á-gā-m `I kam hin, ging weg' (av.Injunkt. gāt̃ `er wird hinkommen') = arm. kam `stehe', gr. ἔβην, dor. ἔβᾱν `I machte mich auf, ging';

Old Indian gā́tram `Glied, Körper'; gātú-ḥ `Gang, way, room, place', av. gātu-š `place, Liegerstatt, seat, Thron', apers. gāϑu ds.; Old Indian ví-gāman- n. `Schritt' (pr̥thú-pra-gāman- `weiterschreitend'; compare gāmin- `gehend', Weiterbildung eines o-stem gāma-ḥ), av. gā-man- n. `Schritt', Old Indian gāya-m `Schritt' in uru-gāyá- `weiterschreitend, wide' (vom way), av. gāya- (Akk. gāim) `Schritt' (with formants -ya-);

arm. kam `stehe' ( : gr. ἔβην);

gr. *βίβησι, βιβά̄ς, ἔβην see above; βηταρμός `Tanz', βητάρμων `Tänzer' (from *βᾱτος or *βᾱτᾱ `das Fußaufsetzen' + ἄρμα `Gefüge'); ἀμφισβητέω, ion. ἀμφισβᾱτέω `streite' (`after zwei Seiten auseinandergehend'), βῆμα n. `Schritt' changing through ablaut βωμός m. `Tritt, grade, Gestell, altar'; infinitive βήμεναι; βηλός m. ` doorsill '; βέβηλος, dor. βέβᾱλος, kyren. βάβᾱλος `betretbar, ungeweiht' (contrast from ἄβατος `unvergänglich, holy'); zero grade βέβαιος `certainly' (*good gangbar); βάδην Adv. `in Schritt'; βάδος m. `way', βαθμός m. `grade, Schwelle, Schritt', βάθρον ` foundation ', ἐμβάτης `Männerschuh';

alb. ngā `I laufe' (*ga-ni̯ō);

lit. dial. góti `gehen'; lett. gāju (preterit to iêt) `I ging' (places ein present *gāi̯ō ahead, dessen j present formant sein wird), therefrom further gâjums `Gang, row'; gàita `Gang' (with analogischem ai, Endzelin Lett. Gr. S. 678); gātis Pl. `Fluglöcher the Bienen'; lit. próga `Gelegenheit, Frist' (prefix *prō̆ + gā); lit. gãtvė `road, Viehtrift', lett. gatva `way, Durchgang' are germ. Lw.

Perhaps here also die kelt. words for `die' (as `fortgehen', ἐκ βροτῶν βῆναι), as air. baĩd `stirbt' (*bā-a-ti from *gʷā-), at-bath `starb' (*-gʷǝ-t . .), bath `death' = cymr. bad `Pest', bret. bad ` anesthetization ', corn. bad-us ` phrenetical '; air. bās `death' is after gnās `Gewohnheit' etc shaped. Contrariness of Thurneysen Gr. pp. 547, 728 is ein stem bā̆s- not nachzuweisen; s. more properly Pedersen Litteris 2. 89 f.

2. gʷem-:

Unthematisch *(e)-gʷem-t (> *e-gʷen-t), -gʷm̥-té, -gʷm-ent in Old Indian Aor. ágan, gan (g for j after forms with original *gʷm̥-, *gʷm-; 1. Sg. ágamam), ágata (*gʷm̥-), ágman, ágmata; gthav. 3. Sg. Inj. uz-jǝ̄n, 3. Pl. g^ǝmǝn;

arm. 3. Sg. ekn `er kam' (= Old Indian ágan); about die still unklare 1. Sg. eki, 3. Pl. ekin see Meillet Esquisse 134 f.;

gr. βάτην 3. Du., ὑπέρβᾰσαν 3. Pl. probably zur root form *gʷā-;

Konj. *gʷemeti in Old Indian gám-at, -anti, gthav. jamaⁱti, jimaⁱti; Opt. gʷm̥-i̯ēt in Old Indian gamyāt, av. jamyāt̃, ap. jamjā^h (j for g from forms with hochstufigem idg. *gʷem-); ags. cyme see under;

thematic: zero grade Old Indian gámati, av. jamaiti `goes' (Old Indian gamáyati `läßt kommen, führt herbei', av. jāmayeiti `bringt zum Weichen'), zero grade Old Indian (Opt. Aor.) gamḗt, gamḗma, gamemahi, probably also Aor. ágamat; Perf. ja-gā́ma `I ging' (compare got. 1. Pl. qemum); av. frā-ɣmat̃ (gthav.-g^ǝmat̃) `er kam hinzu', apers. a-gmatā;

osk. kúmbened `convenit', cebnust (from *ce-benust) `(huc) vēnerit', umbr. benust, benurent `venerit, -int'; lat. Konj. advenam (about n for m see under; perhaps with analogischem -en- after den forms as lat. veniō, ventum, vēnī);

got. qiman (preterit qam, 1. Pl. qemum: Old Indian 1. Sg. Perf. ja-gāma), ahd. queman and (zero grade?)coman = ags. cuman, anord. kōma `kommen'; ags. Konj. Präter. (older Optat.) cyme (*gʷ_em-ī-t);

toch. A käm-, kum-, В käm-, kam-, śem `kommen'.

i̯o-present *gʷm-i̯ṓ in gr. βαίνω `go' (Fut. βήσομαι etc), lat. veniō `komme' with very old alteration from -mi̯- to -ni̯-; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309 could das n also from forms as av. jantu (*gʷem-tu-), arm. ekn (*e-gʷem-t) bezogen sein; to vēnimus stimmt got. qemum;

sk̂o-present *gʷm̥-skṓ: Old Indian gácchati, av. jasaiti `er goes', gr. βάσκε `geh! komm!' toch. A kumnäš `er kommt', Med. kumnästär, В känmasträ.

Verbaladjektiv: Old Indian gatá-ḥ `gegangen', av. gata- ds., gr. βατός `gangbar' (*gʷm̥-to-s), lat. in-ventus.

Andere nominal formation:

Old Indian gáti-ḥ f. `Gang', av. aiwi-gati- `das Herbeikommen = Eintreten, Beginnen', gr. βάσις f. `Schritt; base' (*gʷm̥-ti-s), lat. con-venti-ō `Zusammenkunft', got. gaqumÞs `Zusammenkunft' (*-gʷm̥-tis), anord. samkund f. ds., ahd. cumft, nhd. Ankunft; Old Indian gántu-ḥ m. `Gang, way', lat. adventus, -ūs `Ankunft'; got. qums `Ankunft' (*gʷ_em-is), ags. cyme, ahd. cumi; Old Indian gamya- `wohin man gehen kann or soll', osk. kúmbennieís Gen. `conventūs'; ahd. biquāmi `bequem' (compare `bekömmlich'), ags. gecwēme `pleasant, fitting', anord. kvǣmr `zum Kommen berechtigt or imstande'; kvāma f. `Kommen, Besuch', kōma ds.;

toch. A kum-, AB kam-, A käm-, В śem- `kommen', A kumnǝṣ, Med. kumnǝṣtǝr `kommt', A kakmu, В kekamu `gekommen'.

With einer meaning-Entwicklung `(zur Welt) kommen' = `geboren become':

av. ni-jāmayeinti `sie bringen zum Gebären' (*ni-jāma- `birth');

gr. ἐ-βάθη ἐγεννέθη Hes.;

alban. pre-gjim `Gastmahl by the Erstgeburt';

lit. gemù, gim̃ti `geboren become' = lett. dzemu, dzìmt ds., lit. gìmstu (to Akzent see Schulze KZ. 45, 230) = lett. dzìmstu ds., lit. giminė̃ `Familie', gỹmis `birth', gãmas `Angeborenes', Kausat. gamìnti `Kinder erzeugen, Vieh züchten', lett. dzìmts `angeboren, erbgehörig, leibeigen', dzìmša `birth' = apr. gimsenin Akk. Sg. `birth', apr. gemton ` to give birth to children ', gemmons participle Perf. `geboren'.

References: WP. I 675 ff., Meillet Esquisse² 134 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309, 689, 742³, 707², Trautmann 76, Pedersen Toch. 170 ff., 221, 234.

Page(s): 463-465

Root / lemma: gʷedh-

Meaning: to push, hit, harm

German meaning: `stoßen, verletzen, zerstören'

Material: Old Indian gandh- `bump, poke, prick, injure, destroy' (by Grammatikern), gandhá-ḥ m. `smell, odor, Duft', av. gantay- ` fetidness ', mpers. gand ` fetidness ', apers. gasta- `eklig, unsavory, distasteful', afgh. ɣandal `Ekel empfinden', bal. gandag `evil, bad'. (Zur Bedeutungsentwicklung `bump, poke, prick' > `smell, odor' compare e.g. ahd. stinkan `smell, stink' against got. stigqan `zusammenstoßen' and gr. κνίση `Fettdampf' compared with aisl. hnīta `bump, poke, prick'.)

Gr. δέννος ` vituperation, Schande' (*gʷendhno-); after Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65 here φθόνος m. `Neid' (present *φθένω from *gʷdh-en-);

about mhd. quetsen, quetschen `hit, bump, poke, squeeze' s. Kluge s. v. quetschen;

lit. gendù, gésti `damage nehmen, spoil, zugrunde gehen', gadinù, gadìnti `spoil, beschädigen, stören', pagadas `ruin', lett. ǵinstu, ǵint `zugrunde gehen'.

References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BSL. 38, 143.

Page(s): 466-467

Root / lemma: gʷeid(h)-

Meaning: mud

German meaning: `Schlamm, halbflüssiger Schmutz'?

Material: Gr. δεῖσα ` filth, slime, mud' (*gʷeidh-i̯a or -sa, or *gʷeid-s-a); perhaps anord. kveisa f. `swelling, blister, swelling, lump, growth', mnd. quēse `Blutblase', besides norw. kvisa, schwed. kvissla ds.;

aksl. židъkъ `succosus', russ. etc žídkij `dünnflüssig; soft, pliable'.

References: WP. I 671.

Page(s): 469

Root / lemma: gʷei-1

Meaning: to cry, weep

German meaning: `klagen, jammern'?

Comments: Außerhalb of Germanischen only uncertain Vergleiche; probably onomatopoeic.

Material: Got. qainōn `weep, cry, grieve ', anord. kveina `jammern', ags. cwānian `klagen, sad sein', anord. kveinka `klagen, wehklagen' and with other derivative aisl. st. Verb. kvīða `sich ängstigen', kvīða f. `Angst', kvīði m. ds.; ags. cwīðan, schw. Verb. `klagen, beklagen', as. quīðian `wehklagen';

hieran remind formal lit. gíedu and gíestu, giedóti `singen, krähen', etc, die to the only in den Satem-Sprachen belegten root *gēi- `singen' belong (see there); is the not zusammenstimmenden meaning because of dubious.

Maybe alb. kujë 'wailing', kujtim 'memory (of the dead?)', kujtoj 'remember'

References: WP. I 665 f.

Page(s): 467

Root / lemma: gʷei-2

Meaning: to put together, enclose

German meaning: `zusammendrängen, einschließen, einpferchen'?

Material: Umbr. bio, pälign. Akk. biam `eingefriedeter Bezirk';

anord. kvē f. `corral, pen, fold, narrow eingefriedete Passage', kvīa `einpferchen'.

References: WP. I 666.

Page(s): 467

Root / lemma: gʷei̯ǝ-

Meaning: to prevail, be mighty

German meaning: `überwältigen, Gewalt, gewaltsam niederdrücken '

Material: Old Indian jyā́, jiyā́ f. `Übergewalt' (= gr. βίᾱ), jyā́na-m, jyānī-ḥ `Bedrückung', jyā́yān `mächtiger, überlegener', jyéṣṭha-, jyeṣṭhá- `mächtigst, stärkst'; jáyati (Perf. jigā́ya) `ersiegt, besiegt' (av. Inf. jayāi, Full grade I the root, `to defeat, conquer'), jayiṣnu- ` victorious ', jētár- `ersiegend, besiegend'; jinā́ti (Fut. jyāsyati, Pass, jīyáte, participle jītá-) `überwältigt, oppressed'; jígīṣati `will defeat, conquer, ersiegen' ( : av. jijišaiti `seeks for sich to erlangen, ausfindig to make'), jigyú- ` victorious ';

Old Indian jināti stands for also `um etwas bringen', jyāni-ḥ also ` reduction, loss' and is so zugleich the Fortsetzer the palatal anlaut. root from av. zināt̃ `schädigt', apers. adināt `brachte worum, nahm weg', participle Perf. Pass. dīta-, av. zyānā, zyāni- f. `Schädigung', Inf. zyānāi `to harm', bal. zinaɣ `an sich reißen, hastig ergreifen, with Gewalt wegnehmen' (außerarische equivalent not bekannt);

gr. βίᾱ `force, might' (= Old Indian jiyā́), βιάω, βιάζω `zwinge', βίαιος `gewalttätig', Αντίδιος probably = Αντίβιος; βῑνεῖν `futuere', ζάει βινεῖ Hes. `vergewaltigen' (whereas βῑνεῖν from einem participle *βῑ-νό-ς = Old Indian jī-na-, Gramm., abzuleiten wäre); after Lidén IF. 19, 328 with npers. gāyad `futuit', Inf. gādan, gān, from einer root *gʷāi- or (?) *gʷōi-, die only by latter rudiment with gʷei- as lengthened grade the o-gradation at most theoretisch compatible wäre;

with gʷei̯ǝ- `niederzwingen' shine, appear, seem also following words for `schwächen, enfeeble', Intr. Pass. `zusammengehen, altern, hinschwinden' originally zusammenzugehören:

Old Indian jināti also `altert', jyāni-ḥ `Altersschwäche', ájyāni-ḥ `Unvergänglichkeit', jīna- `aged, old', á-jīta- `unversehrt, unverwelkt', á-jīti-ḥ `Unversehrtheit', jívri- `old, gebrechlich, hilflos', av. jyā-, present jināiti `schwächt', ajyamna- `sich nicht vermindernd, unversieglich', wherefore mhd. verquīnen, preterit quein `hinschwinden', ags. cwīnan, ā-cwīnan, preterit cwān `hinschwinden, abate, kränkeln', extended ags. cwincan, ācwincan ` disappear, abate ' (Kaus. with ablaut neologism ācwencan, engl. quench `löschen'), and with m-forms wfäl. kwīmen `kränkeln', kwīmelig `verweichlicht'.

From dem Germ. shine, appear, seem in beiden Bedeutungsfärbungen anreihbar:

anord. kveita `überwältigen' (d-present); s-extensions mnd. quisten `umkommen lassen, verschwenden', quist `damage, loss', mnl. quisten `terere, atterere, friare', got. qistjan `spoil', ahd. quist f. `Vernichtung', archwistan, firquistan `spoil, destroy', ags. cwíesan `zerquetschen', jüt. kwīs `press, auspressen', nisl. kveisa `Bauchgrimmen' (`*Zwicken'); norw. kveisa `verkümmertes creature', kvisla `hinschwinden'; g-extension (gebrocheneReduplikation?) fries. kwīke, kwikken `zwicken', in the meaning abgeschwächt in preuß. queicheln `hätscheln'.

References: WP. I 666 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300, 694.

Page(s): 469-470

Root / lemma: gʷei̯-3 and gʷei̯ǝ- : gʷ(i)i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯ō- : gʷī-, frequent, often with -u- extended

Meaning: to live

German meaning: `leben'

Material: A. from *gʷei̯ō:

Old Indian jīvātu-ḥ `life' (see under), gáya-ḥ `house, courtyard, Hauswesen' (see under);

av. jiɣaēsa `du sollst leben' (2. Sg. present Med., or themat. 2. Sg. Opt. for *jigāyaēša); jījišǝnti (originally Desiderativ) `sie erquicken, nähren', jaya- m. `Anregung'; gayō m. `life, Lebenszeit, Lebensführung' (= Old Indian gáya-ḥ `house and courtyard, Hauswesen' = russ. goj `peace; salvation!'); av. gaēϑā, apers. gaiϑā `entity, house and courtyard ';

arm. keam `lebe' (*gʷiyā-ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176.

gr. hom. βέομαι `I werde leben' (*βει̯εσομαι; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780, 788¹);

lit. gajùs `light healing'; lit. gyjù, gýti (*gīti-) `aufleben, sich erholen, heil become' (in addition į-gýti- `erlangen', actually `sich hineinleben'), lett. dzît `heal, cure; heil become', gýdau `heal', lett. dziêdêt `heal, cure' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 559), aksl. žiti `leben' (present živǫ see under); in addition aksl. žitь `life' (*gʷītis), pa-žitь `νομή, χόρτος, λειμών';

slav. *gojь `das life' (*gʷoi̯o-s) in aruss. goj `peace', old skr. gôj ds., ačech. hoj `fullness, wealth' (: Old Indian gáya-ḥ), causative slav. *gojiti `leben make', skr. gòjiti `pflegen, mästen', etc;

toch. В śai- `leben', Van Windekens Lexique 127.

*gʷi̯ō- in:

av. -jyāiti- f. (in compounds) `life', jyātuš Gen., jyātum Akk. `life' (in Old Indian wurde these *jyā-tu-ḥ after jīvati to jīvā́tu-ḥ);

ep. ion. ζώω, gort. δώω `lebe' (from *ζω-ι̯ω, idg. *gʷi̯ō-i̯ō), Aor. ἐβίων (*gʷii̯ō-m with vokal. i, das presumably through βιόω gestützt wurde), att. ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ (*ζηι̯ει, idg. *gʷi̯ē-), ζωός `lebendig', ζώη `life', ζῷον `animal'; gr. ὑγιής `fit, healthy' (*su-gʷii̯ēs `wohllebend');

*gʷī- (besides in baltosl. *gīti-, see above) in av. yavaē-jī- `fortwährend lebend', av. jīti- f. `life', Old Indian jīrá- `agile, lively, rash, hasty', av. jīra- `lebhaft from Verstand, sly, cunning'; apr. geits `bread', aksl. žito ` corn, grain '.

*gʷĭ- in kelt. *bitu-, air. bith (Gen. betho), cymr. byd, bret. bed `world';

maybe alb. botë `world'

gall. Bitu-rīges, i.e. `people of Weltkönigs' (compare die similar meaning from av. gaēϑā); besides hochstufiges idg. *gʷeito- in cymr. bwyd `eat', acorn. buit `dish, food', abret. boitolion `esciferis', nbret. boed `nourishment, food'; das disyllabic air. biad, Gen. biid `nourishment, food, dish, food' (altes *biveto-m).

With idg. g-suffix (gʷī̆g-): ahd. quëh and quëk, Gen. quëckes `lebendig', nhd. keck, schweiz. check `strong, tight, firm' (kk from einer form with kw as mhd. quicken `erquicken'), ags. cwicu, cucu `lebendig', anord. kvikr, kykr (Akk. kykkvan) `lebendig', also nhd. Quecke, ags. cwice `Hundegras' (from the außerordentlichen Lebens- and Keimkraft the Pflanze);

lett. dzîga `life' (as dzîve ds.), dzîguôt `leben' (as dzîvuôt ds.).

Lat. vigēre `lebenskräftig sein' from vegēre to separate, seems unberechtigt. Wood KZ. 45, 68 reiht an nord. kvikr etc also viele germ. words for lebhafte Bewegung aller kind of an, so besides anord. kveikja `beleben, kindle, inflame', with other Weiterbildungen ags. cwiferlīce Adv. `keen, eager', engl. quiver `agile, lively, hurtig', fries. kwistern `wedeln, schwänzeln', kwispeln `sich rasch and unruhig hin and her bewegen', schwed. dial. kvīd `throw', jüt. kwīðǝr `alert, awake, smart'.

B. from *gʷi̯ōu-, gʷīu̯-:

with ī: Old Indian jīvá- `lebendig, m. life', apers. jīva-, av. jva- (i.e. jīva-) `lebendig' = lat.vīvus ds., osk. bivus Pl. `vivi', cymr. biw, corn. biw `Hornvieh' (`*Lebendvieh'), lit. gývas, lett. dzîvs, aksl. živъ `lebendig';

with ĭ: gr. βίος `life' (*gʷi-u̯-os), got. qius `lebendig' (gaqiunan `ἀναζῆν'), air, biu, beo, cymr. byw, bret. beo, corn. byw, bew `lebendig' (therefrom kelt. *bivo-tūt-s in air. bethu, Gen. bethad = cymr. bywyd `life');

with k-suffix: lat. vīvāx `lebenskräftig, langlebig', bildungsähnlich with lit. gyvókas `lebendig', entfernter Old Indian jīvaka- ds.;

with t-suffix: 1. with ī: Old Indian jīvita-m ` life, Lebewesen etc', lit. gyvatà `life, Lebensunterhalt, Bauerngut' = lat. vīta `life' (*gʷīu̯otā) and aksl. životъ m. `life', Old Indian jīvatha-ḥ;

2. with ĭ: βιοτή, masc. βίοτος; `Lebensatem etc';

with oi: lit. gaivùs `alert, awake, smart, lebendig';

verbal derivative: Old Indian jī́vati, av. jvaiti (i.e. jīvaiti) `lebt', ap. jīvā `lebe!' = lat.vivō, aksl. živǫ `lebe' (Inf. žiti see above), extended lit. gyvenù `lebe'; Old Indian jinvati, prá-jinōṣi `lebendig sein, sich erregen; anregen, beleben, erquicken'.

References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction⁷ 165, Specht KZ. 62, 111, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 300, 330, 501⁴, 675⁶, Trautmann 75 f.

Page(s): 467-469

Root / lemma: gʷelbh-

Meaning: womb; young of animal

German meaning: `Gebärmutter; Tierjunges'

Material: Old Indian gárbha-ḥ, av. garǝwa- `womb, Leibesfrucht', gǝrǝbuš n. `Tierjunges'; Old Indian sá-garbhya-ḥ `eodem utero natus' (= gr. ἀδελφεός ds.);

gr. δελφύς, -ύος f., dor. δελφύᾱ `Gebärmutter' (see under); *δέλφος n. ds. as base from ἀδελφεός (Hom.) `couterinus, Bruder' (*ἁ-δελφε[σ]-ός), next to which att. ἀδελφός ds.; δέλφαξ m. f. `Ferkel', δελφί̄ς, -ί̄νος m. `Delphin', δολφός ἡ μήτρα Hes.; Specht (Idg. Dekl. 268) reconstructs from gr. ἀδελιφ-ήρ ἀδελφός. Λάκωνες (Hes.) eine originally root *gʷel-;

the -us-stem kehrt again in ahd. kilbur n., chilburra f. `Mutterlamm', ags. cilforlamb ds. (besides vom es-stem ahd. kilbira ds. and - with gradation о after einem o-stem as δολφός, gárbha-ḥ - nhd. Kalb, see above S. 359 under *gel-, *gelebh- `ballen'), die auf rein velaren anlaut weisen (as gall.-lat. galba and got. kil-Þei `womb' etc). Es liegen various, but lautähnliche and hence gegenseitiger Beeinflussung ausgesetzte Sippen before: *gʷelbh-, *gʷerebh-, and from gel- extended bh-forms, die but in Germ. presumably through absorption from gʷelbh-forms deren stem formation and spezifische meaning übernommen haben.

References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295.

Page(s): 473

Root / lemma: gʷel-1

Meaning: to stick; pain, death

German meaning: 1. `stechen'; 2. `(stechender) Schmerz, Qual, Tod'

Material: 1. Gr. δέλλιθες `Wespen', Hes.; βελόνη f. `cusp, peak, needle', ὀξυβελής ὀιστός Hom.; but βέλος n. `Geschoß' probably rather to βάλλω, s. about den sekundären Zusammenschluß with latter family under 2. gʷel- `herabträufeln; throw'; uber ὀβελός, ὀβολός, ark. dor. ὀδελός `cusp, peak, Bratspieß, Münze' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295;

bsl. *geli̯eti `es sticht, schmerzt' in:

lit. gélti `prick', unpers. `schmerzen', gìlti `to schmerzen anfangen', geluõ, geluonìs `sting, prick', Giltinė̃ `Todesgöttin, death', gãlas m. `end, death, bottom, stretch, Stück' and gėlа̀ `pain' (= nhd. Qual), lett. gals `cusp, peak, end, region', dzel̂t `prick'; apr. Akk. gallan, Vok. golis m. `death', gallintwei `slay', ablaut. gulsennin Akk. `pain';

russ.-ksl. želějǫ, želěti `betrauern', ačech. želeti `beklagen', aksl. želja f. `affliction', ablaut. aksl. žalь f. `pain', aruss. žalь ds., russ. žalь f. `Mitleid', dial. `grave, Friedhof', etc;

maybe alb. (*želja) zija `mourning' [common alb. gʷ- > z- phonetic mutation]

die rein physische meaning ` pricking, pointed ' presumably also in arm. ciuɫ `twig, branch, finger' (from e before ɫ), in alb. glisht `finger' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36, 125, whereupon at first from *glen-st-; Brugmann IF. 11, 286 Anm. hatte βλῑμάζω `betaste, befühle' compared), alb. gr. glimp (gjëmp, gjëmbi) `thorn' (*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);

Note:

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: gʷis-ti-s : `finger' derived from Root / lemma: gʷel-1 : `to stick; pain, death'

but mengl. quille, engl. quill `Federkiel, Weberspule, Speiler an einem barrel, vat, cask, sting, prick eines Igels', mhd. kil, nhd. Federkiel (warum wgeschwunden?), westfäl. kwiǝle deriving because of mrhein. Keil `keel, wedge ' (mhd. *kīl) probably eineri-root, whether not folk etymology Entstellungen through influence of mhd. mnd. kīl `wedge' and mhd. kiel `ship' vorliegen.

2. With the meaning `pain - Pein - death':

arm. keɫem `peinige' (Meillet Msl. 8, 165);

air. at-baill `stirbt' (ess + baln- from *gʷl̥̄-n- with infigiertem Objektspronomen `es'; trotzdem barely after Pedersen KG. II 459 as `es, nämlich das Leben, fortwerfen' to ἐκ-βάλλω, da die Bedeut. `die' also außerhalb of Kelt. wiederkehrt; compare also corn. bal `pestis', cymr.aballu (*ad-ballu), ballu `die' (*gʷl̥̄-n-), ad-feilio (*ate-bal- from *gʷ_el-) ds.;

perhaps lat. vallessit `perierit' (setzte, as das kelt. verb, a present *gʷal-nō ahead; different EM² 1129);

ahd. as. quelan, qual `Pein leiden', ags. cwelan `die'; anord. kvelia `peinigen', as.quellian, ahd. quellen ds., ags. cwellan `slay'; anord. kvǫl f. `Pein, agony', ags. civalu `Tötung, gewaltsamer murder'; as. quāla `agony, Marter', ahd. qualā ds., `gewaltsamer death', nhd. Qual (lengthened grade as lit. gėlà, aksl. žalь); ahd., as. qualm `death. Verheerung', ags. cwealm ds., schwed. kvalm `plötzliches Unwohlsein, Übelkeit'; ags. cwield `death' (gʷel-tī-), cwieldtīd `Abendzeit (*end of Tages'), ahd. quiltiwerk `Abendarbeit', anord. kveld n. (*gʷel-tó-) `evening'.

Über `Anlautvarianten' (probably bestenfalls rhyme meaning) s. Siebs KZ. 37, 315, Lewy KZ. 40, 420.

References: WP. I 689 f., Trautmann 83, Vendryes RC 40, 433 ff.

Page(s): 470-471

Root / lemma: gʷel-2, gʷelǝ-, gʷlē-

Meaning: to drip, flow; to throw

German meaning: a) `herabträufeln, überrinnen, quellen'; b) `werfen', presumably to vereinigen under `fallen lassen', intr. `herabfallen'

Comments: after Wackernagel KZ. 67, 159 belong though a) and b) variant Verben an.

Material: a) Old Indian gálati `träufelt herab, fällt herab, verschwindet', galitá-ḥ ` vanished, gewichen', Kaus. gālayati `gießt ab, makes flow, seiht ab'; Old Indian galana- `träufelnd, rinnend' (Lex.), n. `das Träufeln, Rinnen' = ga-rana-m (Gramm.);

gr. βαλανεύς `Bademeister', βαλανεῖον `spa, bath' (> lat. balneum); βλύω, βλύζω `quelle hervor' (formation after φλύω), βλύδιον `humid, wet' Hes., and from the family of βάλλω in similar meaning ἀμβολάδην `aufsprudelnd (vom water)', Δέλλοι `Springquell by Eryke', compare also εἰς ἅλα βάλλειν `münden';

ahd. quellan (quall) `spring up, bubble, to swell' (ll probably from ln), ags. (ge)collen `swollen', ahd. quella, nhd. Quelle, mnd. qualm (`*hervorquellendes' =) `fume, smoke, vapor, smoke', older dän. kval `vapor, haze, mist'; nhd. Qualle, ndl. kwal, kwalle `Meduse'.

In vermittelnder meaning (perhaps from `in sich zusammenfallen') Old Indian glā-ti, glā́yati `fühlt sich erschöpft, is querulous, schwindet', participle glāná-, glāna-m, glāni-ḥ `Erschöpfung, Abnahme', Kaus. glā̆páyati `erschöpfen, jmd. zusetzen; in Verfall kommen lassen'?

b) Av. niɣrāire `sie become herabgeschleudert' (ni-gar-);

gr. βάλλω `werfe, treffe' (*gʷ_eln-ṓ), zero grade ark. ἐσδέλλοντες = ἐκβάλλοντες, ζέλλειν βάλλειν Hes., Aor. βαλεῖν, Perf. βέ-βλη-κα, Aor. ἔβλην `erhielt einen Schuß, wurde getroffen', ἔβλητο, βλητός; βλῆμα `Wurf', βολή, βόλος m. ds., βολίς, -ίδος `Wurfgeschoß', βέλος, βέλε-μνον `Geschoß', ΏΕκατη-βελέ-της;

from dem Kelt. perhaps cymr. blif `catapulta' (*gʷlē-mo-, compare gr. βλῆ-μα); about air. at-baill `stirbt' s. gʷel- `prick';

toch. AB klā- `fall', Van Windekens Lexique 40.

With einer Bedeutungsentwicklung `sich in Geiste auf etwas throw, βάλλεσθαι ἐν θυμῷ, μετὰ φρεοί' places man to βάλλω also (?) die gr. family of βούλομαι `will' (*βολσομαι, Konj. of s-Aor. to βάλλω); βουλή, dor. βωλά: f. `Entschluß, Ratschlag'; but thess. βελλόμενος, dor. δηλ- from *gʷelso-; here also βάλε `walte god!'.

References: WP. I 690 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 284, 693 under Anm. 9.

Page(s): 471-472

Root / lemma: gʷel-3, gʷ_el-, gʷlā-

Meaning: acorn; oak?

German meaning: probably ursprünglich `Eiche'

Comments: only in derivatives with the meaning `Eichel' receive (after Specht Idg. Dekl. 60 f. altes noun gʷel-s, secondary gʷl̥̄-s, Gen. gʷ_el-ós)

Material: Arm. kaɫin, Gen. kaɫnoi `Eichel' (*gʷ_еl(ǝ)-eno-, das ɫ from dem Gen.); kaɫni `oak';

gr. βάλανος m. `Eichel' (gʷ_el-ǝno-);

urbalt. *gīls (*gʷl̥̄-s), Gen. *gīlés, worfrom *gīlii̯ā in lett. (d)zīle, lit. gylė̃, and *gĭlii̯a in lit. gìlė `Eichel', apr. gile `Eichel, oak';

extension -n-d- in:

lat. glāns, glandis f. `Eichel';

lit. giléndra, giléndrė `reiche Ernte an Früchten (originally Eicheln');

russ.-ksl. želudь (slav. *želǫdъ) m. `Eichel', skr. žȅlûd m., russ. žóludь m. ds.

References: WP. I 692, WH. I 604 f., Trautmann 82, Specht KZ. 66, 56, Indog. Dekl. 60 f., 173, 230.

Page(s): 472-473

Root / lemma: gʷem-

See also: see above gʷā-.

Page(s): 473

Root / lemma: gʷer(ǝ)-4

Meaning: to raise the voice; praise

German meaning: `die Stimme erheben', especially `loben, preisen, willkommen heißen', but also `scold, chide; jammern'

Material: Old Indian gr̥ṇā́ti, gr̥ṇītḗ `singt, lobt, preist, kündigt an' (Fut. gariṣyati, Abs. abhigū́rya), sam-giratē `gelobt, verspricht', gurátē `begrüßt', gī́r f., Gen. giráḥ `Lob, Lied', av.gar-, aibi-gǝrǝnte `preisen, lobend einstimmen', garo Gen. f. `Lob, Preis; Loblied' (=Old Indian giráḥ), garah- n. `Lob, Preislied', aibi-jarǝtay- `Preisgesang', aibi-jarǝtar- `Lobpreiser' = Old Indian jaritár- `Anrufer, Sänger, Preiser', av. *ā-gra- `zustimmend' in āgrǝmati- `zustimmenden Sinnes'; Old Indian gūrtí-ḥ f. `Lob' = lat. grātēs Pl. f. ` gratitude ' (in addition grātia `Annehmlichkeit, Wohlgefälligkeit, grace, gratitude '), Old Indian gūrtá-ḥ `willkommen' = lat. grātus `compliant, dankenswert, dankbar'; osk. brateis `gratiae', βρατωμ `mūnus', pälign. bratom;

here gall.-lat. bardus `Barde', air. bard, cymr. bardd ds. (*gʷr̥̄-d(h)o-s);

alb. gërshás, grish `zur Hochzeit einladen';

Maybe alb. geg. gërshanë 'scissors'

lit. giriù, gìrti `praise, laud, rühmen', lett. dzir̃tiês `sich rühmen', apr. girtwei `praise, laud', pogirrien Akk. Sg. `Lob', also lit. gẽras `good' and aksl. granъ (*gornos) `Formel, Vers' (u likewise, see Berneker 332).

With b- extended: lit. ger̃bti `honour', garbė̃ `honour', apr. gerbt, gērbt `speak', gīrbin `number'; anord. karp `Prahlerei' beweist not for ursprüngliches g in this b-extension gʷer-b-, da es from dem gleichbed. garp through hybridization with onomatopoeic words with germ. k- in anlaut reshaped seinwird.

With dh-extension perhaps here (see above gall. bardus) arm. kardam `erhebe die voice', lit. ger̃das `clamor, Botschaft', iš-gir̃sti `to hören bekommen', girdė́ti `hören', gar̃sas ` clangor ', apr. gerdaut `say', lett. dzìrdêt `hören', Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 552 with Lit.

maybe alb. (*gar̃sas) gërthas, thëras `scream' [common alb. -s- > -th- shift] : lit. gar̃sas ` clangor '.

With in malam partem gewendeter meaning:

gr. δειριᾶν λοιδορεῖσθαι. Λάκωνες; δειρεῖοι λοίδοροι. οἱ αὐτοί; δερίαι λοιδορίαι Hes. (i.e. probably δηρ- from *gʷer-s-);

ahd. queran `sigh'.

Compared with den similar onomatopoeic words ger-, ĝā̆r- is not überall eine sichere separation möglich; yet is for die hier under gʷer- vereinigten words the Begriff the gehobenen Äußerung unverkennbar, bis auf die darum not certainly anzugliedernde dh-extension.

References: WP. I 686 f., WH. I 583, 619 f., Trautmann 88 f.

Page(s): 478

Root / lemma: gʷer-1, gʷerǝ-

Meaning: to devour; throat

German meaning: `verschlingen, Schlund'

Material: 1. Old Indian giráti, giláti, gr̥ṇā́ti `verschlingt' (Fut. gariṣyati, participle gīrṇá- `verschlungen'; -gír (in compounds) `verschlingend', -gara- ds. (aja-gara- `Ziegen verschlingend, Boa' :gr. δημο-βόρος, lat. carni-vorus, gr. βορός `gefräßig'), gará-ḥ `Trank', gala-ḥ `throat'(perhaps zur parallel root *g(ʷ)el- `verschlingen'), tuvi-gri-, -gra- `viel verschlingend';

av. jaraiti `schluckt', -gar (in compounds) `verschlingend' (aspō-gar- `horse v.'), f. Pl. `throat, neck ', npers. gulū `throat', av. garǝman- `throat, neck ';

arm. ker `dish, food, Fraß', kur ds. (*gʷ_ur-), eker `aß', kokord `throat' (also krcum `nage'?? Pedersen KZ. 39, 427);

alb. ngranë `gegessen';

gr. βορά f. `Fraß, dish, food' (= lat. *vorā, whereof vorāre), βορός (see above), βιβρώσκω `consume', hom. Opt. Perf. βεβρώθοις; βρῶμα, βρώμη, βρῶσις `dish, food', βρωτήρ `Esser'; βρω- kann also from *gʷr̥̄- originated sein (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 361);

gr. βάραθρον, hom. βέρεθρον, ark. ζέρεθρον, δέρεθρον `gullet';

alb. zorrë ` bowel ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails' (`*Fraß, Geschlinge') from *gʷērnā, in addition zgurdhë (*dz-g^u_orda) ` intestines, entrails', ánger(r), angúrrë (*a-n-gʷ_or-nā) ds., Jokl Mél. Pedersen 139 ff.;

Note:

Probably alb. zorrë `bowel', Pl. ` intestines, entrails' didn’t derive from Root / lemma: gʷer-1, gʷerǝ-

: to devour; throat; but from Root / lemma: ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā : bowels. [common alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation].

lat. vorō, -āre (see above) `verschlingen', vorāgo `gullet', carni-vorus;

air. túarae `dish, food' (*to-gʷr-ii̯ā?), mcymr. breuad `Totenwurm', breuan `Aaskrähe' (urkelt.*brāvato-, *brāvanā after Fick II⁴ 181; *brā = gr. βρω-?);

ahd. querdar `Lockspeise, bait' (*kver-Þra-), nhd. `bait'; aisl. krās f. `Leckerbissen' (*gʷrē-so-);

bsl. *girō and *gerō `schlinge' in:

lit. geriù, gérti, lett. dzeŕu, dzer̂t `drink' (balt. *geri̯ō from bsl. *gerō reshaped), ablaut. lit. gė̃ris m. `Trinken, Trunk' and girà f. `Getränk'; Kaus. lit. gìrdyti, lett. dzir̂dît `tränken';

slav. *žьr-ǫ, žerti in aksl. pоžъro, požrěti, sloven. požrèm, požrẹ́ti, ačech. požru požřieti `verschlingen', besides slav. *žerǫ, žьrati in čech. žeru, žráti `fressen', compare russ. požrátь `auffressen';

bsl. participle Perf. Pass. *gīrta- in lit. gìrtas `betrunken': aksl. požrъtъ `devoratus' (*gr̥̄-to-, compare Old Indian gīrṇá- `verschlungen');

bsl. gurtla- n. `Kropf, throat' in:

apr. gurcle f. `Gurgel', lit. gurklỹs m. `Kropf, Adamsapfel';

slav. *gъrdlo n. in russ.-ksl. grъlo `throat', skr. gȑlo ` neck, Gurgel', poln. gardɫo ds., russ. gorɫo ds., besides slav. *žьrdlo in russ.-ksl. vozopi žerlom `exclamavit voce' and klr. žórlo `Flußbett'; as well as slav. *žerdlo in sloven. žrẹ́lo `Rachen, gullet'; aruss. žerelo `Flußmündung';

balt. -gara- `verschlingend' in lit. pra-garas `abyss, Hölle', lett. pragars `Vielfraß' (compare above Old Indian -gara- `verschlingend', gr. βορός `gefräßig', lat. carni-vorus `fleischfressend').

2. With voller or fractured Red.:

Old Indian gárgara-ḥ `gullet, whirlpool'; Intens. ni-galgalīti, ni-jalgulīti `verschlingt', participle járgurāṇa-;

lat. gurguliō (-ur- as in Balt.-Slav.) `Gurgel, windpipe ', gurges `(gullet =) whirlpool, whirl, tiefes Gewässer', gurgustium (suffix after angustiae) `ärmliches hole as cottage or Kneipe';

ahd. quer(e)kela, querka `Gurgel', anord. kverk (*gʷergā) `Kropf, whereof afries. querka, anord. kyrkia `erwürgen';

lit. gargaliúoju `röchle, gluckse'; after Specht KZ. 59, 110¹ here lit. gvr̃ĩgšti, gvarždė́ti `hoarse sein', lett. gver̂g(z)dêt `creak, schwatzen'; s. above WH. I 628;

3. With formants -u̯ā-:

gr. att. δέρη, ion. δειρή, lesb. δερρᾶ:, δέρα, dor. δήρα ` neck, Nacken' (*gʷer-u̯ā);

due to eines ī-Femininums *gʷ(e)rī: *gʷrīu̯ā ` neck, Schlundgegend' in:

Old Indian grīvā́ f., av. grīvā `Nacken', lett. grīva `Flußmündung; Dreieckland between Flüssen', grĩvis `langes grass';

aksl. griva `Mähne', grivьna `collar, neckband'.

Maybe alb. *griva, krifa ‘mane’.

4. As gh-extension presumably here *gʷrō̆gh-:

in gr. ἔβροξε, Aor. `verschlang', hom. ἀνα-, κατα-βρόξειε, ἀνα-βροχείς, βρόξαι ῥοφῆσαι Hes., βρόχθος m. `gullet, throat';

mhd. krage ` neck, throat, Nacken'; nhd. `Kragen', anord. kragi `Halskragen', mengl. crawe, engl. craw `Kropf the Vögel' (lengthened grade in addition mnd. krōch, krūch `Wirtshaus, Schenke', nhd. Krug in the meaning `Schenke'? meaning as in lat. gurgustium `Kneipe');

air. brāgae ` neck, Nacken' (*gʷr̥̄g-n̥t-), acymr. abal-brouannou `gurgulionibus' (actually `Äpfel of Halses'), mcymr. breuant ` windpipe ' (urkelt. *brāg-); acorn. briansen `guttur', abret. Brehant-Dincat gl. `guttur receptaculi pugnae', maybe from *br̥g-, Pedersen KG. 100.

With nasalization in addition perhaps gr. βρόγχος m., ion. βρογχίη ` windpipe ', βράγχια, βαράγχια ` gill of fish; Luftröhrenäste' seems in Vok. after βραγχάω `bin hoarse', βράγχος ` hoarseness ' reshaped, das with air. brongide `hoarse' (above 103) related, but from βρόγχος to separate is (: ἔβραχε `rasselte, crack, brüllte', Old Indian br̥ṃhati `barrire'? Johansson KZ. 36, 345).

5. With reinem Velar: gr. γέργερος βρόγχος Hes., γαργαρεών `Zäpfchen in Munde', γαργαρίζω `gurgle' (: arm. kerkerim `werde hoarse'?) perhaps through Entlabialisierung after forms mitγυρ- (γοργύρη `unterirdisches jail, Wasserleitung'), yet is altes ger- besides gʷer- because of gel- besides gʷel- an sich unbedenklich.

References: WP. I 682 ff., WH. I 627 f., Trautmann 89 f., 98, Specht KZ. 59, 110, 1.

Page(s): 474-476

Root / lemma: gʷer-2, gʷerǝ-, gʷerǝu-, gʷerī-

Meaning: heavy

German meaning: `schwer'

Material: Old Indian gurú-ḥ ` heavy, wichtig, ehrwürdig' (compounds gárīyān, Sup. gāriṣṭha-ḥ), ágru- `ledig', gru-muṣṭí-ḥ ` heavy handful ', garimā́ `Schwere' (*gʷerǝ-); av. gouru- (in compound) ` heavy '; npers. girān ` heavy ' (*grāna-; reshuffling after *frāna- `full');

gr. βαρύς ` heavy ', βαρύνω `beschwere', βάρος n. `Schwere';

lat. gravis ` heavy, weighty ' (*gʷrǝ-u̯-is);

mir. bair ` heavy ' (?), baire `Kummer (?)', bruth `Gewicht, Masse' (*gʷrutu-), cymr. bryw `strong, strength ' (*bruwo-), mir. bró `bulk, mass';

got. kaúrjōs Nom. Pl. f. ` heavy ', kaúrjan `beschweren';

lit. gùrstu, gùrti `sich lay, place (vom Winde)', lett. gur̃stu, gur̃t `languish; sich lay, place (vom Winde)', gur̃ds `ermüdet, faint, languid' (compare also βαρύς and gravis in the meaning `beschwert, niedergedrückt, faint, languid'), woran with further shifting from `faint, languid, beschwert' to `tame, domesticated, mild' (compare ahd. jāmar `kummervoll' : gr. ἥμερος `tame, domesticated') perhaps:

got. qaírrus `ἤπιος, gentle', qaírrei `Sanftmut', anord. kyrr, kvirr `still, ruhig, friedlich', mhd. kürre, nhd. kirre `tame, domesticated, zutraulich' (*gʷer-ǝrós or -erós, -urós);

lett. grũts ` heavy ' = lat. brūtus (osk.-umbr. loanword) ` heavy, schwerfällig, gefühllos, unvernünftig';

toch. A kra-marts ` heavy ' (?); Van Windekens Lexique 44.

Here further as n- derivatives from gʷerǝ- and gʷerāu-: got. (asilu-) qaírnus `(Esels)mühle' (*gʷerǝnu-), anord. kvern f. (*gʷernā) `Mühlstein, Handmühle', ags. cweorn ds., ahd. quirn, quirna ds.;

zero grade bsl. ū-stem gīrnū- f. `Handmühle' (*ĝʷr̥̄nu-) in:

apr. girnoywis (*girnuwis), lett. dzir̃nus, dzir̃navas; besides lett. dzir̃nas f. Pl. and lit.gìrnos f. Pl.; in addition lit. gerúkštis, lett. dzerûkslis m. `dens molaris';

aksl. žrъnъvi f. Pl. `Mühle', in addition žrъnovь m. `Mühlstein'; sloven. žr̂nǝv f. `Handmühle', poln. żarna N. Pl. ds.; russ. žërnov m. `Mühlstein';

aksl. žrъny `Mühle', and on the other hand Old Indian grā́van- m. `Stein zum Somapressen', arm. erkan `Mühlstein' (*gʷrānā), air. bráu, Gen. broon `Mühlstein, Handmühle', cymr. breuan (from dem stem the Casus obliqui *gʷrāu̯n̥-), acorn. brou, bret. breo (Nominativform *gʷrāu̯ō) `Mühlstein'.

gʷerī̆-: besides Old Indian gárī-yan (?, see above) here:

gr. βρῖθος n. `Wucht, Gewicht, load', βρῑθύς `wuchtig, heavy ', βρί̄θω `bin heavy, belastet, trans. beschwere', probably also βρί̄μη `(wuchtiger) attack, rage, fury, Scheltwort', βρῑμοῦσθαι ` heavy be angry with', ὄβριμος `vast, grand, strong', βριμός μέγας, χαλεπός Hes.; βριαρός `tight, firm, strong', next to which die Kompositionsform *βρι(ι)- in βρι-ήπυος `violent schreiend', Βρι-άρεως (`wer großen Schaden bringt'), βρι-ηρόν μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον Hes. (βρῖ βριαρόν and βρί ἐπι τοῦ μεγάλου perhaps previously from den compounds released, liberated), here with prefix gr. ὑ- (*ud) probably also gr. ὕβρις `Gewalttätigkeit, Frevel, übermütige action', ὕβρις ανήρ `gewalttätiger man, husband' due to the imagining `sich with dem ganzen Gewicht seiner power auf etwas overthrow '; -νδ-present βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν Hes.;

air. brīg ` force, power, Wert', cymr. bri ` stateliness ', corn. bry `Wert';

nhd. Krieg, ahd. krēg `Hartnäckigkeit', mhd. kriec `Anstrengung, fight, struggle', md. mnd. krīgen `sich anstrengen, trachten, fight, bekommen' (*grīgh-, bzw. germ. partly grēigh-)??

lett. grins `cruel, savage, angry, irate', grînums `Härte, Strenge'?

References: WP. I 684 ff., WH. I 117 f., 621, Trautmann 89.

Page(s): 476-477

Root / lemma: gʷer-3, gʷor-

Meaning: mountain

German meaning: `Berg'

Grammatical information: originally inflection gʷores, Gen. gʷ_eros

Material: Old Indian girí-ḥ m. `mountain', av. gairi- ds.;

alb. gur `Felsen, Stein' (gʷ_eri-);

Also alb. (*gʷ_eres) gërxh `rock'

maybe hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur `mountain' and alb. *ḫé-kur, hekur `iron ore, iron' came from the same root, hence Root / lemma: gʷer-3, gʷor- : (mountain) derived from Root / lemma: agro- (egro-?) : [top, first, beginning (point, peak, topmost, uppermost)].

gr. δειρός (Hes.) `hill', ὑψίδειρος `with hohen Klippen', δειράς, kret. δηράς f. `hill, Anhöhe' (*gʷeri̯o-?); in addition βορέᾱς `Nordwind' (to *βόρειος `montanus', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 461 and Anm. 2); βαρύες δένδρα Hes.?;

the thrak. VN ΏΥπερ-βορέοι `die jenseits of Berges Wohnenden' invokes probably das gr. Lw. *βορις;

lit nugarà `back, Bergrücken';

with the Bedeutungsentwicklung `Berg - (Berg)wald - tree': lit. gìrė, girià `wood, forest', lett. dziŕē ds., and apr. garian n. (Akk. garrin) `tree'; further lett. garš `wood, forest', gãršas `swamp, marsh';

aksl. gora `mountain', skr. gòra `mountain, wood, forest', etc

References: WP. I 682, Trautmann 78, Pedersen La cinqunder décl. lat. 37, 66.

Page(s): 477-478

Root / lemma: gʷeru-

Meaning: pole, pike

German meaning: `Stange, Spieß'

Material: Av. grava- `stick, Rohrstab' (to ablaut compare lat. genu: got. kniu);

lat. uerū, -ūs n. `spit, pike'; umbr. berva `uerua', berus `ueribus';

air. bi(u)r n., later f., `spear, javelin, spit, pike', cymr. corn. bret. ber f., m. ds.;

got. qaíru n. `picket, pole, sting, prick';

perhaps as `twig, branch' to gr. βρύω `sprosse, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling ', βρύον n. `Moos, Kätzchen', ἔμβρυον n. `das Neugeborene' and (?) germ. *krūda- (idg. *gʷrū-to-) in ahd. mhd. krūt, asächs. krūd `herb'.

Über lat. bruscum `Schwamm am Ahornbaum' s. WH. I 117.

References: WP. I 689.

Page(s): 479

Root / lemma: gʷes-, zgʷes-

Meaning: to extinguish

German meaning: `erlöschen'

Material: Old Indian jásate, jásyati `is erschöpft', jāsáyati `löscht, erschöpft';

Maybe a truncated form in alb. geg. *jāsáyati, shuejt, shuajta (aor.) ‘to extinguish’ contaminated by Gk. σβέννῡμι `extinguish'.

gr. att. σβέννῡμι `lösche' (for *σβείνυμι), Aor. hom. σβέσ-σαι, ἄσβεστος `unauslöschlich', with σβεσ- after σβοσ- (see under) for lautges. σδεσ-, das in ζείναμεν σβέννυμεν (*zdēn- from *zgʷesn-) Hes. is present; ἔσβην `I erlosch' (from the 2. Sg. é-zgʷēs-s, 1. Pl. é-zgʷēs-me `from which ἔσβης, ἔσβημεν, whereupon also ἔσβην etc because of type ἔβλην and weil also in σβέννυμι the Wurzelausl. s for the Sprachgefühl not mehr vorhanden war); ion. κατασβῶσαι `löschen', from *σβοάσαι from einem present *σβο[σ]άζω, next to which with from dem type ζείναμεν verschlepptem anlaut ζοᾶς σ[ε]βέσεις, ζόασον σ[ε]βέσον Hes.;

lit. gęstù (old gęsu), gesaũ, gèsti `erlöschen, ausgehen', Kausat. gesaũ, gesýti and gesinù, gesìnti `löschen', gesmė̃ `small, eben still glimmendes fire'; lett. dziẽstu (from *genstu), dzisu, dzist (Ablautentgleisung), `erlöschen, kühl become', dzèšu (dzešu), dzèsu (dzesu), dzèst (dzest) `löschen', dzesma (dzèsma) `the kühle breath, breeze am Morgen', dzèstrs `kühl';

abg. Kausat. *gašǫ, *gasiti `erlöschen, ausgehen', in aksl. ugasiti `σβέσαι', ugasnǫti, Aor. ugasъ, and ugasati `σβέννυσθαι'; insecure is, in the case of in addition the changing by ablaut gʷēs- in abg. užasъ, russ. úžas `fright', abg. žasiti `daunt, scare' is present (Pedersen IF. 5, 47; perhaps as *gēd-s-os to indeed nasalized lit. gañdinu-, -inti `daunt, scare', išsi-gąstù, -gandaũ -gą̃sti `frighten, intrans.', ìšgąstis `fright', Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 155). from here kelt. *bās- `die'? (see under gʷem-, gʷā- `gehen, kommen');

doubtful is Verwandtschaft from ahd. quist f. `ruin, Vernichtung' as *gʷes-ti-s `*Erlöschen', whereof got. qistjan, fraqistjan `spoil, trans.', fraqistnan `spoil, intrans.', ahd. firquisten `spoil, trans.'.

References: WP. I 693, Trautmann 86, Feist 388 f.

Page(s): 479-480

Root / lemma: gʷet-1

Meaning: resin

German meaning: `Harz'

Material: Old Indian játu n. `Lack, Gummi';

lat. bitūmen `Erdharz, Erdpech' (osk.-umbr. or kelt. Lw.); betulla `birch' (gall. Lw.), mir. be(i)the (*betu̯i̯ā) `buxus', cymr. bedw (*betu̯ā) `betula', corn. bedewen `populus', bret. bezuen `betula' (benannt, weil `bitumen ex ea Galli excoquunt', Plinius NH. XVI 75);

ags. hwīt cuidu, cweodo, cwudu `mastix', ahd. cuti `gluten', mhd. küte, küt, nhd. kütt, kitt `Kitt'; changing through ablaut anord. kvāða f. `resin', adän. kvade, norw. dial. kvæde `Birkensaft', norw. kôda, kvæda ` beestings '.

References: WP. I 672, WH. I 112.

Page(s): 480

Root / lemma: gʷet-2

Meaning: to speak

German meaning: `reden, sprechen'

Material: Old Indian gadati `sagt' (whether through analog. influence from *gátati)?

sogd. žāyǝm, žam `I say', žut `er sagt' (uriran. *jā̆t-ati);

arm. koč̣em (*gʷot-i̯-) `rufe, name, lade ein', koč `Einladung' (probably nomen post-verbal); got. qiÞan `say, speak, name', anord. kveða ds. and `singen, dichten', ags. cweðan `speak, say, name, order, define', afries. quetha `say, speak, signify', as. queðan, ahd. quedan ds.; aisl. kviðr `Spruch, Gerede', as. quidi st. m. ` discourse, word'; Kausat. aisl. kveðja `begrüßen, address, speak to, arrogate, aufbieten', as. queddian, ahd. chetten `begrüßen' (d. h. `zum discourse bringen'); anord. kvǫÞ `Forderung, Vorladung, Verpflichtung' is to kveða retograd shaped; got. un-qēÞs `unaussprechlich' (compare anord. sam-kvǣðr `übereinstimmend'), sama-qiss f. `Übereinstimmung' (*gʷet-ti-), to ags. ge-cwiss f. `Verschwörung'.

Maybe alb. geg. quej, quejta (aor.) `to name, call'.

References: WP. I 672, Feist 389, G. Morgenstierne NTS. 7, 116 ff.

Page(s): 480-481

Root / lemma: gʷēbh-1 (or gʷābh-?), gʷǝbh-

Meaning: to sink, submerge, plunge

German meaning: `eintauchen, versenken, versinken'

Material: Gr. βάπτω `tauche ein', βαφῆναι, βαφή `das Eintauchen, Färben' (äol. βύπτειν βαπτίζειν Hes. after δύπτω, das selber hybridization from βάπτω with δύω; βιπτάζω reconverted from βαπτίζω);

maked. βαβρήν ` residuum of Öls' Hes.; in the case of also γυβᾳ `taucht' Hes.?

anord. kafa `dive', kvefja (and kefja after dem preterit kōf from *kvōf) trans. ` submerge, ersticken', kvafna intrans. `ersticken', kaf n. `Meerestiefe', then `Untertauchen, Schwimmen under water'; aschwed. kvaf `depth', anord. kvǣfa (idg. ē!), kø̄fa trans. `ersticken', mhd. erqueben,ersticken' (= anord. kvefja).

A perhaps verwandte, but only die meaning `deep' aufweisende root *g(ʷ)embh-, *g(ʷ)m̥bh- shows das Arische (whereas in Old Indian das g the zero grade or o-grade durchgeführt is, compared with av. j the e-grade): Old Indian gabhīrá-, gambhīrá- `deep', gambha-, gámbhan-, gambhára- n. `depth, abyss', gabhá- m. `vulva', gabhi-ṣák AV. Adv. perhaps `deep under or innen', av. jaiwi-vafra-Adj. `with tiefem snow', jafra- `deep', jąfnu-š `Vertiefung, Einsenkung'; compare Frisk nominal formation 30.

Fick places die root *gʷābh- an, was zur assumption zwänge, daß anord. kvǣfa Ablautsneubildung sei.

References: WP. I 674, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 75.

Page(s): 465-466

Root / lemma: gʷēb(h)-2

Meaning: slimy; toad

German meaning: `schleimig, schwabbelig, Quappe, Kröte'

Material: Probably onomatopoeic; yet is with the possibility to reckon, daß ein altes word for frog previously in Germ. in die lautmalende family hineingezogen wurde.

Asächs. quappa, quappia, quappo `Aalquappe' (with by onomatopoeic words frequent Konsonantengemination), out of it mhd. quappe, quape, kobe, nhd. Quappe, holl. kwab(be) `Quappe, Kropf, Wamme', isl kvap, kvapi `Gallert or gallertartige things', schwed. dial. (s)kvabb `somewhat Dickes, Fettes', (s)kvebba `feiste wife, woman', engl. quab `morass', quaver `tremble, vibrieren'. In addition das Verb norw. dial. kvapa `eine Flüssigkeit aussenden', schwed. dial. kvabba, ndd. quabbeln `vor Fettigkeit ziitern';

apr. gabawo ` toad ' (*gʷǝb(h)-);

slav. *gēbā ` toad ': in aksl. žaba, russ. žába, skr. žȁba, etc

maybe alb. zhaba 'toad'

References: WP. I 674, WH. I 121, Trautmann 8.

Page(s): 466

Root / lemma: gʷēi- (or gʷei̯ǝ-): gʷī-

Meaning: skin

German meaning: `Haut, Fell'?

Comments: with formants -no-, -lo-

Material: Old Indian jīna- `lederner Sack', jīla-ḥ `hose'; mir. bīan `skin, fell, fur'; das ir. word could freilich also to bhei- `hit' belong, dessen kelt. Vertreter also die meaning `cut, clip' haben (compare scortum : scheren under likewise) ; see above S. 118.

References: WP. I 666.

Page(s): 469

Root / lemma: gʷē̆nā (*ĝhʷē̆nā)

Meaning: woman, wife, *goddess

German meaning: `Weib, Frau'

Grammatical information: Gen. gʷn-ās and *gʷ_en-ās, also Nom. gʷenǝ-, gʷenī-

Comments:

Root / lemma: gʷē̆nā ` woman, wife, *goddess' could be a truncated Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ- (*ĝhauvana): `to call, *priestess': mnl. godinne, ags. gyden `goddess'

Material: Old Indian gnā (*gʷnā) f. `Götterweib' (to Teil disyllabic *g^anā), Gen. gnā́s-; av. gǝnā, ɣnā `wife, woman, Weib'; Old Indian jáni-ḥ = av. jaini-, npers. zan ds. (Old Indian also jánī); in compounds Old Indian lengthened grade -jāni- = av. jāni- ds.;

arm. kin (*gʷena) `woman', Pl. kanai-k (*gʷ_en-ai + Plur.- ending-k) ; aphryg. βονοκ, nphryg. βανεκος ` woman, wife ' is probably Lw. from äol. Gr.; differently Kleinhans with Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.

gr. γυνή `woman' (*gʷ_unā), Gen. γυναικός, beside böot. βανά̄ (*gʷ_enā), Pl. βανῆκες; *gʷnā-, from it *βνᾱ-, gr. μνᾱ- puts in μνάομαι ` unengaged, free ', in addition μνηστήρ ` suitor ', μνηστύς ` courtship ', μνηστη ἄλοχος ` lawful wife ' (with secondary -σ-);

air. ben (*gʷenā), Gen. Sg. mná (*gʷn-ās), Gen. Pl. ban (*gʷ_en-ōm), ), in the compound ban-(ban-chú ` female dog '); besides bé n. ` woman ' (*gʷen); cymr. ben-yw ` feminine, female ', corn. ben-en ` bride, betrothed woman ';

alb. zonjë ` mistress, wife, woman' (*gʷeniā) ; gheg. grue, tosk. grua `wife, woman' (*gʷn-ōn);

Maybe alb. (*gʷaniā) zana `nymph, goddess', (*gʷoniā) zot m., Pl. zota f. `god' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] : npers. zan, aksl. žena `wife, woman'

Note:

The common balt. - illyr. ĝh- > z-, d- phonetic mutation suggests that the original root was ĝhʷē̆nā > gʷē̆nā.

after Vetter Gl. 23, 204 here messap. benna `Gattin' and (?) lepont. venia (Gl. 15, 12);

got. qino (*gʷen-ōn-) = ags. cwene, ahd. quena, mhd. quene `wife, woman, wife'; besides zero grade mhd. kone, ds., anord. kona (Gen. Pl. kvenna) `wife, woman' (*gʷ_en-on-); lengthened grade got. qēns `wife' (*gʷēni-s = av. jáni-, Old Indian jāni-), anord. kvǣn, kvān, ags. cwēn, asächs. quān ds.;

apr. genna, Vok. genno `wife, woman';

aksl. žena `wife, woman'; ženinъ `weiblich' = got. qineins ds.;

toch. A śäṁ (Pl. śnu) = В śana (Obl. śno) `wife, woman'; Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 37 f.

References: WP. I 681 f., WH. I 112 f., Trautmann 84, Meillet Esquisse 84, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 296, 582 f., Tagliavini L'Albanese di Dalmatia 126.

Page(s): 473-474

Root / lemma: gʷhedh-

Meaning: to beg, wish for

German meaning: `bitten, begehren'

Material: Av. jaiδyemi, apers. jadiyāmiy `I bitte';

gr. Aor. θέσσασθαι (*gʷhedh-s-) `anflehen', participle -θεστός in ἀπόθεστος `verwünscht, verschmäht', πολύθεστος `very ersehnt', Pers.-N. Θεό-θεστος, böot. Θιό-φειστος; πόθος m., ποθή f. `Sehnsucht, desire', ποθέω `ersehne, vermisse painful, verlange';

air. guidiu `bitte' (= ποθέω), Perf. 1. Sg. ro-gād, s-Konj. 1. Pl. gessam (etc); geiss f. `Verwünschung, Tabu' (*gʷhedh-ti-s); guide `prayer' (*gʷhodhiā); foigde `Betteln' (*u̯o-gedi̯ā); cymr. gweddi `prayer' (*u̯o-godīmā);

lit. gedáu-ju, -ti `sich sehnen, sehnsüchtig suchenn, long, want, wollen', gedù (and gedžiù), gedė́ti `sich sehnen; sad sein, grieve '; nasal present pasigendù, -gedaũ, -gèsti `sichsehnen; somewhat vermissen', ablaut. Kausat. gadìnti `spoil, stören', hence secondary the ō-vocalism (instead of uo) from gōdas `Gier, Habsucht; burdock', godùs `habgierig, geizig', godžiúos, godė́tis `begehren, whereupon dürsten, wünschen, begierig sein';

in Slav. with durchgeführter nasalization: aksl. žęždǫ, žędati, ačech. žádati `begehren, wonachdürsten', žęždǫ, žęděti `cupere', žęžda `Durst', poln. žądza `Begehren, Gier, Sehnsucht, Wunsch';

doubtful because of Anlautes anord. geð n. (*gaði̯a-) `sense, mind, character, desire, Lust', geðlauss `charakterlos' perhaps = ahd. getilōs, mhd. getlōs `zügellos, bratty';

man beachte die übereinstimmende Gruppierung θέσσασθαι : ποθέω = ir. gess-am (*gʷhedh-s-o-mos) : guidiu (*gʷhodh-ei̯ō).

References: WP. I 673, Trautmann 84 f., Endzelin Lett. Gr. 577.

Page(s): 488

Root / lemma: gʷheiǝ- : gʷhī-

Meaning: vein, sinew

German meaning: `Ader, Sehne, Band'

Material: Cymr. gi-au Pl. `Nerven, Sehnen';

lit. gijà `Faden in Aufzug eines Gewebes', lett. dzija ` filament', Pl. Garn';

aksl. ži-ca `sinew', russ. dial. žíca `Kammgarn', skr. žȉca ` filament, Draht, cord, Saite'; die bsl.-forms könnten also to gʷii̯ǝ- belong.

gʷhīslo-:

Arm. jil `sinew, cord';

lat. fīlum ` filament ';

maybe alb. fill ‘thread’ [shift LI >LL]

also alb. (*gʷhīslo) glisht ‘finger, thin finger’?

lit. gýsla `vein, sinew, Blattrippe', lett. dzîsla, dzîksla `vein' (die nasalization in žemait. gį́nsla is secondary), apr. pettegislo `Rückenader'; but aksl. žila, russ. žíɫa, skr. žȉla etc `vein, sinew' are neologisms to ži-ca, see above.

References: WP. I 670, 694, WH. I 497 f., Trautmann 87, 90.

Page(s): 489

Root / lemma: gʷhel-

Meaning: to wish

German meaning: `wollen'

Material: Gr. θέλω, ἐ-θέλω (to prefix s. ē̆-, ŏ-Part.) `will, wünsche', changing through ablaut φαλίζει θέλει Hes.; ἐπιζάφελος `violent';

anord. gildra f.; gildri n. `Falle', gilja `allure, entice', aschwed. giæl-skaper `Unzucht';

aksl. želěti, želati, iter. russ.-ksl. žalati `wünschen', aksl. želja `Wunsch, Sehnsucht' (also ` grieve ' and `mourning, grief' durch Anlehnung an žalь `pain' from *gʷel- `prick').

References: WP. I 692.

Page(s): 489

Root / lemma: gʷhemb-

Meaning: to spring, hop

German meaning: `lustig springen, hüpfen'??

Material: Gr. ἀθεμβοῦσα ἀκολασταίνουσα (`ausgelassen') Hes.;

mhd. gampen, gumpen `spring', gampel, gumpel `merry mutwilliges Springen, Possenspiel', gümpel, nhd. Gimpel; with oberdeutscher consonant shift mhd. gampf m. `das Schwanken'; norw. dial. gimpa `wippen, swing', gamp m. `großer schwerfälliger Kerl, plumpes horse'.

A kürzere root form gʷhem- perhaps in aisl. gaman n. `pleasure, joy, Lustigkeit, sensuality, voluptuousness', ahd. gaman n. ds., etc

References: WP. I 678 f.

Page(s): 490

Root / lemma: gʷhen-1

Meaning: to swell, abound

German meaning: `schwellen, strotzen, Fülle'

Material: Old Indian ā-haná- `tumescent, strotzend, luscious', ghaná- `dense, thick', m. `kompakte Masse';

npers. ā-gandan `anfüllen', āganiš `full';

arm. yogn `multum' (Prap. i + *o-gʷhon- or *o-gʷhno-, in prefix o- dem ar. ā-nächststehend);

gr. εὐθενής `rich, in fullness, wealth', Hes. εὐθενέω ` flourish', εὐθένεια `fullness, wealth, blühender Zustand', lengthened grade ion. εὐθηνής `rich, in fullness, wealth', ion. att. εὐθηνέω ` flourish, be in bloom, blossom and power ', εὐθηνία f. `fullness, wealth'; o-grade Πολυφόντης = Πολυκτήτης, Κλεοφόντης, etc, red.-grade φανᾶν θέλειν Hes., probably actually `horny, lustful sein';

lit. ganà `genug', ganė́ti `genügen', gandė́ti `genug haben', lett. gana `genug';

aksl. gonějetъ, goněti `genügen', Denomin. from *gona = lit. ganà;

in the case of here gr. ἄφενος, ἄφνος n. `plentiful Vorrat, Reichtum', ἀφνειός `begütert' (φ and the Vokalvorschlag from the vokallosen form (α)φν- or *sm̥-gʷh(e)n-?), also παρ-θένος `virgin' (leibliche fullness, wealth?)?

References: WP. I 679, WH. I 479; Trautmann 77 f.

Page(s): 491

Root / lemma: gʷhen-2(ǝ)-

Meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: nominal formation: gʷhóno-s `Schlagen', gʷhn̥-tó-s `beaten', gʷhn̥-tí-s and gʷhn̥-ti̯ā (?) `Schlagen', gʷhen-tel- `Schläger', gʷhen-tu̯o-s `occidendus'.

Old Indian hán-ti (newer thematic hanati) `hits, knocks, trifft, erschlägt, tötet', 3. Pl. ghn-ánti, Imp. ja-hí, Opt. han-yāt, ghn-īta, Perf. jaghána; jaghanvā́s, Gen. jaghn-úṣ-aḥ, Pass. hanyáte, participle hatá- `beaten, getötet' (= av. jata-, gr. -φατος), hántva-ḥ `to hit, to slay' (: av. jąϑwa-, aksl. žętva), vr̥tra-hán-, Gen. -ghn-áḥ (= av. vǝrǝϑra-jan-, Gen. -ɣ-nō) `den Widerstand niederschlagend', ghaná- `erschlagend, m. shillelagh, club, mace, joint' (= gr. ἀνδρο-φόνος, lett.gans), saṃ-há-t `Schicht', hatí-ḥ `das Schlagen, blow, knock, Multiplikation' (: gr. διφάσι-ος, av.-jaiti-, anord. guðr, gunnr), hatyā́ (late!) `Tötung' (: ahd. gundea, lit. dial. ginčià), hantár- `wer einen schlägt or tötet' (= aksl. žęteljь); from the heavy basis Old Indian hanitum (late!) and ghāta- `tötend', m. `blow, knock, Tötung, Vernichtung', ghātayati `tötet';

av. jain-ti (= Old Indian hánti-) `er hits, knocks, trifft, tötet', Imp. jaiδi, 1. Sg. Med. ni-ɣne `I schlage nieder', Opt. paiti-ɣnīta (= Old Indian ghnīta) `er möchte kämpfen um', participle jata- (= Old Indianhatá-, see above), jąϑwa- `occidendus', participle Perf. Akt. jaɣnvā̊, npers. ajanam `I erschlug = besiegte', 3. Sg. aja⁽ⁿ⁾; av. jana- `schlagend', jantar- `the hits, knocks, tötet', janti- f. `das Schlagen, Erschlagen', -jaiti- (as 2. compound part) `das Schlagen' (= Old Indian hati-); Vǝrǝϑrajan- `den Widerstand niederschlagend' = Old Indian Vr̥tra-han-;

arm. gan, Gen. gani (*gʷh_e-n) `Schläge, Prügel', ganem `hit, prügle', jin `stick' (*gʷhen-), jnem `I hit' (about *jinem from *gʷhenō = hánati, lit. genù, aksl. ženǫ), jnjem `destroy, clean' (from *gʷheni̯ō = θείνω, lit. geniù);

gr. θείνω (*gʷhen-i̯ō = arm. jnjem `slay, kill', alb. gjanj `jage', lit. geniù `ästle ab') `hit', θενῶ, ἔθεινα; redupl. ἔπεφνον `tötete', πέφαται; -φατός in hom. ἀρηί-φατος (= Old Indian hatá-ḥ), also in δίφατον διφάσιον Hes. i.e. `double' (`Mal' = `blow, knock', also:) δι-φάσι-ος (: Old Indian hatí- s .above); φόνος `murder' (= russ. gon), φονή ds., φονεύς `murderer', ἀνδροφόνος `Männer mordend' (see also Boisacq under φοινός);

alb. gjanj `jage, pursue' (*gʷheni̯ō);

lat. dēfendō, -ere `abwehren, verteidigen', offendere `anstoßen, beleidigen', infensus (participle eines *infendō) `feindlich';

air. gonim `verwunde, slay, kill', Perf. 1. Sg. gegon, 3. Sg. geguin; guin `wound';

anord. guðr, gunnr f. (= Old Indian hati-), as. gūðea, ags. gūÞ (*gunÞjō = Old Indian hatyā́ bis auf den Akzent) `fight, struggle, battle', ahd. gund-fano `Kriegsfahne'; anord. gandr `stick', schweiz. gunten `a kind of wedge'; norw. dial. gana `die Äste an Bäumen abhauen' as lit. genė́ti;

lit. genù (= aksl. ženǫ, Old Indian hánati, arm. jnem) giñti `treibe (cattle auf die Weide)', lett. dzenu-, dzìt ds., heavy basis: geniù (= θείνω) genė́-ti `abästeln' and ginù, gìnti `wehren, schützen' (giñti : gìnti, giñtas : gìntas = Old Indian hatá : ghātá-); to genù Iterat. ganýti `cattle (drive, push =) beware, weiden'; lit. gãnas, let. gans `herdsman, shepherd' (= Old Indian ghaná-), gani m. Pl. `Weide', lengthened grade lit. naktì-gonis m. `Nachtschwärmer'; lit. genỹs, lett. dzenis `Specht', lit. dial. ginčià (= Old Indian hatyā́), giñčas `fight', giñklas m. `weapon' (*gintlas, compare aksl. žęlo from *gindla-), išganùs `heilbringend' (lit. gáinioti is Iterativum to giñti; lett. dzenis `das in the fork the Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz', dzenulis `sting, prick' (compare to meaning under aksl. žęlo `sting, prick');

aksl. ženǫ, gъnati `drive, push' (as lit. genù), Iter. gonjǫ, goniti `drive, push, hunt, chase', whereof again poganjati `verfolgen'; russ. etc gon ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, Jagd' (= φόνος), čech. úhona ` injury, damage', serb. prijègon `fight, struggle' (in addition perhaps klr. honóba `Belästigung, plague', sloven. gonóba `damage, ruin', ugonóba `Vernichtung, Untergang');

aksl. žьnjǫ, žęti (serb. žȅti, also heavy basis) `reap', žętva (serb. žȅtva) f. `harvest' ( : Old Indian hántva-); also žęlo (*žędlo) n. `sting, prick', poln. žądɫo ds., russ. žáɫo `sting, prick, cutting edge eines Messers, einer axe'; slav. *gen-tel- m. `reaper, mower' in aksl. žęteljь (= Old Indian han-tár `wer schlägt, tötet');

hitt. ku-en-zi `tötet' (= Old Indian hánti), 3. Pl. ku-na-an-zi (kunanzi); compare Old Indian ghnánti (*gʷhn-enti).

References: WP. I 679 ff., WH. I 332 f., Trautmann 85 f.

Page(s): 491-493

Root / lemma: gʷher-

Meaning: hot, warm

German meaning: `heiß, warm'

Material: Old Indian háras- n. `blaze, glow' (= gr. θέρος, arm. jer), ghr̥ṇá- m. `blaze, glow, heat' (= lat. fornus, aksl. grъnъ), ghr̥ṇṓti `glüht, shines', gharmá- m. `blaze, glow, heat', av. garǝma- `hot', n. `heat, blaze, glow', apers. in garma-pada- Monatsname, perhaps `*Eintritt the heat' (= lat. formus, dt. warm; apr. gorme);

arm. jer `Wärme, schönes weather; warm', jernum `wärme mich', jerm `warm' (= gr. θερμός; perhaps as *gʷher-mn-os derivative vom men-stem:) jermn Gen. jerman `fever' (also gr. θέρμα f. `Wärme' originally ein neuter?);

thrako-phryg. germo- `warm' (in vielen PN: Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 142 f., 13, 285, 292, 294), kappadok. garmia(s) `Stadtname auf the Peutingerschen Tafel' (a = idg. o);

Gr. θέρος n. `Sommerhitze, harvest', θέρομαι `become hot', θερμός `warm', θέρμασσα `Ofen';

Note:

The shift eĝ(h)- > d- is of illyr. alb. origin, hence Greeks borrowed this cognate from illyr.

also Germ- in illyr. PN, as also probably in originally nordillyr. VN Germani (Pokorny ZceltPh. 21, 103 ff); alb. tosk. zjarr `fire, heat' (rr from rm), gheg. zjarm (: θερμός), ngroh `wärme' (*gʷhrē- as in aksl grěti `warm', lett. grēmens `pyrosis, heartburn'); alb. gatsë `burning coal' (*gʷhorti̯ā?);

Note:

The phonetic shift gʷh > zj took place in alb. alone as a typical alb. phonetic mutation. Hence Slav languages borrowed alb. (Illyrian) cognate in aksl. žeravъ ` blazing ', požarъ `blaze'.

Maybe other alb. cognates: zjej `boil, cook', zi adj., m.`black, burnt', (duplicated zezë adj., f. `black, burnt'.

lat. formus `warm' (Festus), fornus, furnus (*gʷhorno-s), fornāx `Ofen (letzteres auf einem fem. ā-stem beruhend), fornix, -icis `Gewölbe' (*fornicos `die Gestalt eines Ofens habend');

Note:

The shift eĝ(h)- > d- is of illyr. alb. origin, hence the common lat. shift d- > f- testifies a loanword from illyr.

air. fo-geir `erwärmt, erhitzt' etc, bret. gred m. `Wärme, heat; courage ' = mir. grith `sun, heat' (*gʷhr̥tu-s), mir. gorim, guirim `erhitze, erwärme, burn', nir. gor `heat; Brüten; ulcer'; cymr. gori `brood', gor `brood, Eiter', bret. gor `(feu) ardent, furoncle'; air. gorn `fire' (= lat. fornus); against it is ir. gorm `blue' Lw. from cymr. gwrm `dark-(blue)' and dieses samt abr. uurm in Uurm-haelon MN `aux sourcils bruns' from ags. wurma `Purpurfarbe' borrows (Gwynn Hermathena 20, 63ff.); air. goirt `bitter' (`*burning vom taste'), wherefore air. gorte (*gʷhorti̯ā) `hunger';

anord. gǫrr (*garwa-), gerr, gørr (*garwia-) `fertig, willing, ready, vollkommen', ahd. garo `bereitgemacht, fertig', ags. gearu, nhd. gar, anord. gørva, ahd. garawen, mhd. gerwen `fertigmachen, bereiten, rüsten, tan, convert hide into leather', ags. gierwan `prepare, concoct, cook', anord. gerð (*garwiÞō) `das Gären of Bieres' (formal indeed = ahd. garawida `Herrichtung'), mhd. gerwe `yeast, Unreinigkeit', mnd. gere `Gärung, fetidness, Mistpfuhl, smut', geren `ferment, seethe' are rather after Holthausen Wb. of Altwestn. 102 from prefix ga- and *-arwa- > anord. ǫrr `rash, hasty, skilful' (above S. 331) to define;

ags. gyrwe-fenn `morass', gyre ` manure', mnl. gore, göre `smoke, smell, odor', mnd. göre `puddle, slop', norw. dial. gurm `yeast, ordure, Speisebrei', anord. gor n. `the halbverdaute Mageninhalt', gjǫr (*gerva-) ` residuum ', ags. mnd. ahd. gor `crap, muck, manure'; to meaning compare above cymr. gor `Eiter';

here probably anord. gersta `verbittern', mhd. garst, nhd. garstig `spoil';

about got. warmjan `warm' etc see though under u̯er-`cook';

lit. gãras `vapor; starkes desire', lett. gars `vapor, ghost, soul', apr. goro f. `Herd', gorme `heat', lett. gar̂me `Wärme', apr. garewingi Adv. `rutting, in heat', lett. grēmens `pyrosis, heartburn';

aksl. goritъ, gorěti `burn, grějǫ, grěti `warm', žeravъ ` blazing ', požarъ `blaze', grъnъ `Kessel' (= lat. fornus), grъnilо `Ofen', russ. gorn `Herd', poln. garniec `pot, pan'; further aksl. gorьkъ (*gʷhori-ko-) `bitter' (`*burning vom taste'; compare above ir. goirt), but sloven. górǝk also `warm', čech. horký `warm', against it ačech. hořký `bitter'; isoliert skr. gr̂k, f. gŕka `bitter', compare Berneker 232; aksl. gorьjь compounds `bad, schlimmer' (`*brennender, bitter'), gore `wehe!'

gʷhrē̆-ns-o- (due to eines es-stem gʷhre-nes-):

Old Indian ghraṁsá-ḥ m. `Sonnenglut, Sonnenschein, Helle' = bret. groez, grouez (*gʷhrenso-) `Sonnenhitze', cymr. gwres `heat' (to w s. Pedersen KG. I 108, das e through influence of tes ds.); das ī from air. grīs `fire', grīsaid `feuert an, reizt an' probably from *ghrēnso-, in spite of Thurneysen Gr. 130.

References: WP. I 687 ff., WH. I 532 ff., Trautmann 79, 102.

Page(s): 493-495

Root / lemma: gʷhðei(ǝ)-

Meaning: to perish, destroy

German meaning: `hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen', also trans. `vernichten'

Material: Old Indian kṣiṇā́ti, kṣiṇōti ( : gr. *φθινF-ω), kṣáyati `vernichtet, läßt vergehen', participle kṣitá-ḥ `erschöpft' (= gr. φθιτός; śráva-ḥ ákṣitam = gr. κλέος ἄφθιτον `unverwüstlicher fame'), kṣīṇá-ḥ ds., kṣīyátē `schwindet hin, nimmt ein end', kṣayá-ḥ `Abnahme, Untergang' (: gr. φθόη f.), kšití-ḥ `Vergehen, Untergang' (= gr. φθίσις and -?- lat. sitis; compare -tu-stem lat. situs);

prakr. ajjḥitah- (= ἄφθιτος), jhīṇa- (= Old Indian kṣīṇa-);

av. aɣžōnvamnǝm `sich nicht mindernd' (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65¹);

gr. ep. φθί̄νω, att. φθῐνω (*φθίνFω, see above) `destroy', mostly intr. `schwinde hin, gehezugrunde', φθινύ-θω `schwinde hin, make disappear', Fut. φθέισω (att. ἀποφθί̆σω), Aor. ἔφθεισα (att. ἀπέφθῐσα), ἐφθί̆μην, φθί̆μενος `destroy', Pass. `zugrunde gehen', participle Perf. Pass. φθιτός, φθόη `Schwindsucht', φθίσις ds. (see above); about perhaps old double forms, as ψίνεσθαι, ψινάζειν `Blüten or Früchte abfallen lassen, lose', ψίσις ἀπώλεια Hes., under likewise s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.

From dem Lat. probably situs, -ūs `the modrige smut and Schimmel, körperliche Unreinlichkeit and all körperliche and geistige Verrosten' and sitis `Durst' (if actually `*Hinschwinden, Verschmachten').

References: WP. I 505 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.

Page(s): 487

Root / lemma: gʷhðer-

Meaning: to run, flow

German meaning: `rinnen, fließen; zerrinnen, verschwinden', in ar. Kaus. and in gr. i̯o-Verbum trans. `rinnen lassen, zerrinnen lassen', daher gr. `verschwinden lassen, vernichten'

Comments: (or better gʷðer-??)

Material: Old Indian kṣárati ` flows, streams, zerrinnt, verschwindet', kṣara-m `water', kṣārayati `läßt fließen', kṣālayati `wäscht ab' (compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 241); av. ɣžaraiti `streams, wallt auf', ɣžārayeiti `läßt fließen', with vī- `läßt überfließen'; Weiterbildung in ā-ɣžrāδayeiti `läßt aufwallen', vī-ɣžrāδayeiti `läßt apart, überwallen'; reconverted žɣar- in avifra-žɣaraiti ` flows herzu to-';

probably arm. jur, Gen. jroy `water' (*gʷhðōro-);

gr. att. φθείρω (*φθερι̯ω; lesb. φθέρρω, ark. φθήρω), zero grade dor. φθαίρω (*φθαρι̯ω) `richte zugrunde'; in addition also φθείρ `louse' (ψείρει φθείρει Hes. is Folge the spätern spirantischen pronunciation of θ), φθορά̄ `ruin, Vernichtung' and (as Rest the älterenBedeut.) ` intermingling or Verreibung the Farben', also συμφθείρω besides `zugleich or gänzlich zugrunde richten' also `lasse Farben ineinanderfließen', then also `verschmelzen, vermischen überhaupt', συμφθείρεσθαι `zusammenströmen'.

References: WP. I 700, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 714, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.

Page(s): 487-488

Root / lemma: gʷhren-

Meaning: phrenic; soul, mind

German meaning: `Zwerchfell as Sitz of Geistigen, Verstand, Denken'?

Material: Gr. φρήν `Zwerchfell' (Pl. ` intestines, entrails '), `soul, ghost, Verstand, heart', φρονέω `denke', φρόνησις `Denken, Verstand', φροντίς (: aisl. grundr) ` care ', ἄφρων `unverständig, crazy', σώφρων `sensible, wise', εὔφρων `frohen Sinnes, erfreuend, wohlwollend', εὐφραίνω `make glad, erheitere';

aisl. grunr m. ` suspicion ', gruna `beargwöhnen', grundr m. ` contemplation ', grunda `denken'.

References: WP. I 699.

Page(s): 496

Root / lemma: gʷhrē-

Meaning: to smell, scent

German meaning: `riechen, wittern, spüren'

Material: Old Indian jíghrāti, ghrāti `riecht, riecht an etwas, küßt, nimmt wahr', participle ghrātá-, ghrā́ṇa- m. n. `smell, odor, Duft', ghrāṇā f. and ghrāṇa- n. `nose', ghrāti- `Riechen, smell, odor';

gr. ὀσφραίνομαι `smell, wittern, spüren' (< *odes `smell, odor' + *gʷhr-), Aor. att. ὠσφρόμην; ὄσφρησις `Riechen, smell, odor' (: Old Indian ghrāti-);

toch. A krāṁ, В kor `nose'.

References: WP. I 697, WH. I 540.

Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: gʷii̯ā, gʷii̯ós

Meaning: sinew

German meaning: `Sehne, especially Bogensehne'

Material: Old Indian jyā́ `sinew, esp. of Bogens', av. jyā `Bogensehne (in compounds also sinew of Fleisches)';

gr. βιός m. `Bogensehne';

about lit. gijà ` filament ', aksl. ži-ca `sinew' etc see under gʷhei-.

References: WP. I 670, 694, Trautmann 87, 90.

Page(s): 481

Root / lemma: gʷis-ti-s

Meaning: finger

German meaning: `Finger'??

Material: Cymr. bys, acorn. bis, bes, bret. biz `finger', mir. biss ega `icicle'; kelto-germ. PN Bissula `Fingerchen'?;

anord. kvistr m. `twig, branch';

mnd. twist `twig, branch' müßte dabei ein from kvistr miscellaneous word sein, was also bedenklich is, as anord. kvīsl f. `twig, branch, fork, arm of a river ' from ahd. zwisila `gabelförmiger Gegenstand, twig, branch' to separate; see above S. 232.

References: WP. I 694.

Page(s): 481

Root / lemma: gʷīu̯-

Meaning: resin

German meaning: `Harz'

Material: Arm. kiv m., Gen. kvoy `Baumharz, mastix' (*gʷīu̯o-), therefrom kveni `Pechföhre, Lärche';

air. bī f. (?) `tar (*gʷīu̯ī);

russ. živíca, niedersorb. žyvica `resin';

the connection with g(i̯)eu- `chew' is dubious, but not unmöglich.

References: Thurneysen Mél. Pedersen 301 f.

Page(s): 482

Root / lemma: gʷl̥tur(os)

Meaning: vulture

German meaning: `Geier'

Grammatical information: m.

Material: Gr. *βλοσυρός (with äol. λο for λα) `Geier', Hom. βλοσυρ-ώπις `geieräugig', hence Adj. βλοσυρός `with furchtbaren Augen, gräßlich blickend', etc;

lat. voltur (vultur), -uris and volturus `Geier'.

The origin of Root / lemma: gʷl̥tur(os) : (vulture) seems to be the fact that vultures are bald hence the primal root was Root / lemma: bhel-1, balto-slav. also bhelǝ- : shining, white, *bald) suffixed by the IE suffix *-tre, -tur.

References: M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 141 f.

Page(s): 482

Root / lemma: gʷor-gʷ(or)o-

Meaning: dirt, dung

German meaning: `Schmutz, Mist'?

Material: Arm. kork `smut';

gr. βόρβορος `slime, mud, smut, ordure, crap, muck'.

References: WP. I 694.

Page(s): 482

Root / lemma: gʷou-

Meaning: cattle

German meaning: `Rind'

Grammatical information: m. f. Nom. Sg. gʷōus, Gen. gʷous (and gʷou̯os?), Akk. gʷōm, Lok. gʷou̯i

Material: Old Indian gáuḥ m. f. `rother, cattle' (= av. gāuš ds.), Gen. góḥ (= av. gāuš), Dat. gáve (= av. gave), Lok. gávi (= lat. Abl. boue), Akk. gā́m (also 2silb., as av. gąm); Pl. Nom. gā́vaḥ (= av. gā̆vō), Gen. gávām (= av. gavąm), Akk. gā́ḥ (= av. gā̊, idg. *gʷōs, gr. dor. βῶς) ; therefrom gō-pā́-ḥ `herdsman, shepherd', gōpāyáti, gopayati `hütet', etc;

Maybe alb. * głō-pā́-ḥ, łopah, lopë ‘cow’ contaminated by Old Indian gavala-ḥ ` wild buffalo '

arm. kov `cow';

gr. att. βοῦς m. f. `rother, cattle, cow', Akk. βοῦν [both with unechtem ου an Stelle from älterem *βοῦς (with echtem ου), Akk. *βῶν], dor. βῶς, Akk. βῶν, Gen. βο(F)ός, etc; also in βου-λῡτός m. `time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening', βού-τῡρον m. `Butter' (out of it lat. butyrum, nhd. `Butter'), eigentl. `Kuhkäse' (τῡρός `cheese'), further in dem verstärkenden prefix βου- from βού-λῑμος `Heißhunger', etc (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434, 6; 577 β);

lat. bōs, bovis m. f. `rother, cattle' (osk.-umbr. Lw. for lat. *vōs); derivatives vom stem bov- (*gʷou- before vowel) or bū- (*gʷou- before Konsonanz), bū̆b- (redupl. formation): bovīle `Rinderstall', bubīle ds., bovīnus `zum rother, cattle gehörig', būbulus ds. (lautl. identical with gr. βούβαλος `Gazelle', das with Old Indian gavala-ḥ `wild Büffel' not unmittelbar gleichzusetzen is), Bubona `Rindergöttin', etc; umbr. bum `bovem' (*gʷōm), bue `bove', osk. in Búvaianúd, volsk. bim `bovem';

air. bó f. `cow' (from arch. *báu, idg. *gʷōus), Gen. arch. bóu, báu, later báo, bó, in Brit. ersetzt through die derivative acymr. buch, ncymr. buwch, acorn. buch, bret. buc'h `cow' (*boukkā); here the urir. FlN Βοουίνδα (= *Bovovindā), nowadays engl. Boyne, air. Bó(f)ind `die Kuhweiße'; *gʷou-, kelt. *bou- in den compounds gallorom. bō-tege (*gʷou-tegos) `Kuhstall' (M.-L. 1229a), cymr. bugail (*gʷou-kʷoli̯os) `βουκόλος', bret. bugenn `Kuhhaut, Rindsleder', next to which *bovo-tegos in abret. boutig, cymr. beudy `Kuhstall'; mir. búasach `rich (an Kühen)' from buas `Reichtum' (*gʷou̯o-u̯id-to-s `cow-Kenntnis');

ahd. chuo, asächs. aschwed. kō (from dem Akk. *kōn, idg. *gʷōm), ags. afries. cú, aisl. kýr `cow' (*kūz from gʷōus; ags. cū could also = ahd. kuo sein);

lett. gùovs `cow', Demin. guõtin̨a;

slav. *govędo `rother, cattle', aksl. gu-mьno `Tenne', i.e. `place, wo Rinder das corn austreten';

toch. A ko `cow', Pl. kowi, В kau, Pl. Obliq. kewän; A kayurṣ, В kaurṣe `bull' < *gʷou-u̯r̥so-, to Old Indian vŕ̥ṣaṇ- `bull'.

Maybe alb. kau `ox'

compare still die i̯o-derivative Old Indian gávya-, gavyá-, av. gavya- `bovinus', hom. τεσσαράβοιος `vier Rinder wert', arm. kogi `Butter' (*gʷou̯io-), and die zero grade Old Indian śata-gu- `hundert Kühe besitzend' = apers. ϑatagu- `name eines Landes' (originally Volkes, actually `hundert Kühe besitzend'), Old Indian náva-gva, dáśa-gva-, av. aēta(*g)va- EN, i.e. `wer schimmernde Rinder hat'; gr. ἑκατόμ-βη (*-gʷu̯-ā) `sacrifice, oblation from 100 Rindern'; against it is lat. bŭ-bulcus `Ochsentreiber' after sŭ-bulcus `Schweinehirt' from *būbulcus gekürzt; after Specht Indog. Dekl. 234 here anord. kvīgr `Stierkalb', kvīge `young cow' (after Holthausen Wb. of Altwestn. in addition westfäl. quīne, nld. kween ds.) and kussi, kursi `calf', etc

To dem Rindernamen places man die gr. family of βόσκω `weide, füttere', βοσκή, βόσις `Futter, Weide', βοτόν `cattle', βοτάνη `Weidekraut, Futter', βοτήρ, βώτωρ `herdsman, shepherd', βωτιάνειρα `die männernährende', as well as lit. gaujà `herd, Rudel', gujù, gùiti `drive, push', gúotas `herd'; die ältesten Glieder these Reihen mögen perhaps *gʷō[u]-to-m `Rinderherde' and *gʷou̯i̯ō `bin Rinderhirt' gewesen sein? Über gr. πρέσβυς `old' see under per-3.

Vielfach wird borrowing from sumer. gu (older *gud) `bull, rother, cattle' angenommen. Against it Specht Indog. Dekl. 33.

References: WP. 1696 f., WH. I 112, 118, Trautmann 94, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 577, 708.

Page(s): 482-483

Root / lemma: gʷōu-, gʷū-

Meaning: dung, dirt

German meaning: `Mist, Exkremente, Kot, Ekelhaftes'

Comments: in Germ. and esp. in Balt.-Slav. with Bedeutungs-Entw. from `Abscheu, Ekel' to `small, ekelhafte animal, Kriechtiere' and from `verunreinigen, verunstalten' to `vilify, revile, rebuke'.

Material: Old Indian gū-tha-ḥ, -m `Exkremente', av. gū-ϑa- n. `smut, ordure' (only by Gramm. also guváti `cacat', gūnam `cacatum');

arm. ku and koy `crap, muck' (*gʷō̆u-so; ? see under);

lat. būbināre `with dem Monatlichen befoul ' could from älterem *bovinō (with osk.-umbr. b for gʷ) transfigured sein, as bovīle to bubīle;

maked. γοτάν (leg. γοῦταν) ὗν Hes. (?);

slav. *govъno `ordure' in russ.-ksl. govno etc, in ablaut slav. *gavjǫ, *gaviti in russ.-ksl. ogaviti `vexare', serb. gaviti se `sich ekeln' (and changing through ablaut gȕvî mi se `mich ekelt, I muß break, rupture', gȕviti se), čech. o-haviti `verunstalten', ohavný `hideous', russ. dial. gávedь f., `Greuel', klr. hávedńa `Gesindel', čech. havěd' `Geflügel, Gesindel', poln. gawiedź `small Kinder and Haustiere; Geflügel, Läuse; Gesindel, Pöbel'.

dh-extension gʷē[u]dh-, gʷō[u]dh-, gʷūdh-.

Lit. gė́da f. `Schande, Unehre', gė́dingas `schandbar', gė́dinti `beschämen, revile ', apr. gīdan Akk. `Schande';

aksl. gadъ m. `Kriechtier (*ekelhaftes animal); schädliches animal' (*gʷōdh-), ksl. gaždu, gaditi `verabscheuen, rebuke', russ. gáditь `smudge, befoul, spoil', serb. gȁd `Ekel; snake, Gewürm', čech. haditi `vilify, rebuke' (etc, s. Berneker 289);

poln. żadać się `abominari', żadny, żadliwy `ugly, nasty ' (*gʷēdh-); russ. dial. gídkij `ekelhaft', klr. hyd `Abscheuliches, Ekel'; with formants -d(h)a in čech. o-hyzda (*gyz-dā) `Ekel, Abscheu', hyzditi `rebuke, vilify, verwerfen, poln. mdartl. gizd `Ekel, smut, unreiner person' (with other meaning change serb. gízda `pride, Eleganz, jewellery, Anmut' under likewise, s. Berneker 374);

mnd. quād `stercus', ahd. quāt, mhd. quāt, kōt, kāt, nhd. Kot, tirol. kōt `ekelhaftes animal', Pl. köter `allerhand Ungeziefer', mnd. quād, mndl. qwaet, holl. kwaad `mad, wicked, evil, ugly, verderbt', md. quād `mad, wicked, evil, ekel, weak';

maybe alb. (*kōt) kot `waste, useless'

with idg. -ǝu-:

cymr. budr `dirty, filthy', budro `smudge', mir. buadraim `cloudy, bewilder' (compare Pedersen KG. I 112);

ags. cwēad `ordure', afries. quād `evil, bad';

with u from *-ǝu- slovak. ohuda `Scheusal', klr. ohúda `reprimand', aruss. guditi `calumniari, blasphemare, accusare' under likewise;

with -ǝ- as zero grade from -ō[u] or germ. ablaut neologism ndd. quadder `schmutzige Feuchtigkeit, mucus' = mnd. koder `mucus', nhd. dial. koder, Köder `zäher mucus, catarrh', also ndd. quassen (*kwadsōn) `(in Feuchtem) quatschen', quasken, quatsken, nhd. quatschen, engl. quask, squash and perhaps the people's name Quadi;

alb. zī (*gu̯edhíi̯o-), fem. zeze (*gu̯edhi̯ā) `black, unlucky, schlimm', zī f. `mourning, grief, Hungersnot'.

References: WP. I 694 ff., WH. I 118f., Trautmann 81.

Page(s): 483-485

Root / lemma: gʷrebh-

Meaning: embryon, young

German meaning: `Leibesfrucht, Kind, Junges'

Material: Gr. βρέφος n. `Leibesfrucht, Junges', mir. brommach (*gʷrombhākos), aksl. žrěbę `Füllen'.

References: WP. I 689.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gʷreiĝ-

Meaning: to sleep, dream

German meaning: `schlafen, träumen'??

Material: Gr. βρίζω (*βριγι̯ω) ἔβριξα `sleep, bin inactive', ἀβρίξ ἐγρηγόρως Hes.;

russ. grézitь `in sleep talk, fantasize' (barely *grez-, rather *grьz-), grëza `dream, Faseln, alberne discourse '. Sehr doubtful; s. also Berneker 351.

References: WP. I 698.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gʷrendh-

Meaning: to swell; breast

German meaning: `schwellen (physisch, and vor Hochmut); Schwellung, Erhöhung, Brust'

Material: Gr. βρένθος `pride', βρενθύομαι `gebärde mich stolz';

lat. grandis `big, large, großgewachsen, old, convex, elevated' (a = _e or _o);

aksl. grǫdь `breast', slovak. hrud `elevation', poln. old grędzi `breast', grąd `erhöhte place in swamp, marsh, old `island, Werder' (etc).

References: WP. I 699, WH. I 617 f.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gʷretso-

Meaning: thick, big

German meaning: `dick, groß'??

Material: Lat. grossus `thick' pflegt man with mir. cymr. corn. bret. bras `big, large, thick', mir. also `strong', zusammenzubringen. Yet makes the kelt. vocalism Schwierigkeiten, and mir. bres `already' is barely dazuzustellen. from bras rather as *gʷrǝ-sto- to lat. gravis, above S. 476?

References: WP. I 698, WH. I 623.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gʷrēuĝh-, gʷrū̆ĝh-

Meaning: to gnash the teeth; to bite

German meaning: a) `with den Zähnen knirschen', b) `nagen, beißen'

Material: a) gr. βρύ̄χω `knirsche with den Zähnen' (besides through Entgleisung from βρύξω, ἔβρυξᾱ βρύ̄κω) `bite', βρύγδην `biting', βρυγμός `Zähneknirschen', βρῡχετός `cold fever'(`Zähneklappern').

b) air. brōn `Kummer', cymr. brwyn `stechender pain' (urkelt. *brŭgnos);

lit. gráužiu, gráužti `nagen', sugrùžinti `destroy';

aksl. gryzǫ, grysti `nagen' (in other slav. Sprachen also from nagendem Kummer; here probably also sloven. grúže Pl. f. `Krätze').

To gryzǫ probably russ. grustь `Kummer', sloven. grûst `Ekel'.

References: WP. I 697 f., Trautmann 100.

Page(s): 485-486

Root / lemma: ha ha!

Meaning: interjection of laughter

German meaning: Interjektion of Lachens

Material: Old Indian ha ha, gr. ἅ ἅ (ngr. χαχά geschrieben), lat. (ha)hahae, nhd. ha ha, serb. ha ha, russ.cha cha.

References: Hirt Idg. Gr. I 284 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303, WH. I 630, 632; Schwentner Interjektionen 18.

Page(s): 497

Root / lemma: hā̆

Meaning: ha! oh! (surprise)

German meaning: `ha! ach!' Interjektion of Erstaunens, the Erleichterung

Material: In gewissen Interjektionen is probably ein anlautendes h- or a kind of gutturaler Spirans anzunehmen; s. also above S. 293 and under kha kha.

Old Indian ha, gr. ἇ, lat. hā, nhd. ha.

Page(s): 497

Root / lemma: iēlo- : i̯ǝlo-

Meaning: unripe, raw

German meaning: `unreif, roh, unbearbeitet'

Comments: only kelt. and baltoslav.

Material: Gall. -ialo- `Lichtung', often in PN, as Nanto-ialo-, frz. Nanteuil `valley-Lichtung', etc; cymr. ial f. `Lichtung', PN Ial (J. Loth Mabinogion² II 356); an-ial `Einöde';

lett. jêls `unreif, unbearbeitet, raw, wund (from the skin)';

slav. *jalъ and *jalovъ in russ. jáɫyj and jáɫovyj `unfruchtbar, unbearbeitet (vom Lande)', serb. jȁlov `unfruchtbar, gelt', čech. jalový ds., poln. jaɫowizna `leere, wüste place'.

References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262.

Page(s): 504-505

Root / lemma: iē-ro-

German meaning: `Jahr, Sommer'

See also: see above S. 296 f. (ei-).

Page(s): 506

Root / lemma: i̯agh-

Meaning: to chase, wish for

German meaning: `nachjagen, begehren'?

Material: Ahd. jagōn, holl. nhd. jagen, mhd. jaget (*jagōÞ), nhd. Jagd, mnd. holl. jacht, perhaps after Graßmann Wb. 1001 to Old Indian yahú-, yahvá- `rastlos, rash, hasty dahinschießend', yahvī́ ds. (from Flüssen), but sáhasō yahúḥ `son of power ', whereas the concept `kid, child, son' probably from `the muntere, bewegliche' has evolved; jedenfalls entspricht the letzteren Verwendung av. yazuš puϑrō `the jüngste son', yezivī dugǝdrąm `die jüngste the Töchter' (Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1280); Old Indian (pra-)yakṣati `dringt vor, hurries, strebt', yakṣin- perhaps `keen, eager, lebendig' (after Graßmann `verfolgend, rächend'), yakṣya- `rührig, quick, fast züngelnd' (s-formations to vorigen).

By den not ganz geklärten Bedeutungsverhältnissen from yahú-, yahvá- somewhat zweifelhafter rudiment.

References: WP. I 195 f.

Page(s): 502

Root / lemma: i̯ag-

Meaning: to worship

German meaning: `religiös verehren'

Material: Old Indian yájati `venerates with prayer and sacrifice, oblation' (Perf. ījḗ, participle iṣṭá-) = av. yazaite ds. (participle yasta- with lengthened grade after dem present), Old Indian satya-yáj- `veritable anbetend', with zero grade r̥tv-íj `after Vorschrift regelmäßig opfernd' = `Opferpriester', ijya- `to worship, m. Lehrer', ijyā `sacrifice, oblation';

gr. ἅζομαι (*ἅγι̯ομαι) `scheue', ἅγιος `holy, geweiht' (das with it identical Old Indian yájya- `to worship ' wird only from Vopadeva as Gerund. gelehrt, Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9), ἁγίζω `weihe';

Old Indian yajas- n. `worship, veneration' = gr. ἅγος n. `Schuld, Befleckung, sacrifice, oblation', *παναγής `ganz holy';

Old Indian yajñá-ḥ, av. yasna- m. `Gottesverehrung, sacrifice, oblation' (yajñíya-, av. yesnya- `opferwürdig, zum Opfer gehörig'), gr. ἁγνός `holy, rein, lauter';

Meillet (BSL. 21, 126ff., EM² 845) will die gr. words rather with lat. sacer `holy' verbinden;

toch. A yäks- `umarmen' (Van Windekens Lexique 167f.)?

References: WP. I 195, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303.

Page(s): 501-502

Root / lemma: i̯āi

See also: see above S. 285 (e-3)

Page(s): 502

Root / lemma: i̯ā̆m-

Meaning: to dig

German meaning: `graben, aufgraben'

Comments: (or i̯em- : i̯_em- : i̯ōm-)

Material: Gr. ἄμη f. `shovel, hack, mattock, hoe', δι-αμάω `grabe auf, scharre auf', ἐξαμάω, -ομαι `grabe from'; ἀμάρᾱ `ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow', ἀμαρεύω `bewässere';

aksl. jama `pit, pothole' (originally anlaut j- erwiesen through das Abg. and through das dial. russ. ńama, grown from *vъn-jamě, *jamǫ).

References: WP. I 198 f., Berneker 444.

Page(s): 502

Root / lemma: i̯ām

See also: see above S. 285 (e-3)

Page(s): 502

Root / lemma: i̯ā- : i̯ō-

Meaning: to be angry; to be punish

German meaning: `erregt sein', daher `bestrafen, rächen', also `erregt sprechen, beschwören, preisen'

Material: Old Indian ved. yā́-van- `Angreifer, Verfolger', yā-tár- `Rächer', r̥ṇa-yā́-, -yā́-van-, -yāt- `eine Schuld rachend', Old Indian yā-tú- m. `Hexerei, Spuk, Zauberdämon';

    av. yā-tu- m. `Zauberei, Zauberer', yā-sā `Wunsch';

    arm. janam `I strenge mich an' (Meillet Esquisse² 52);

    gr. ζῆλος, dor. ζᾶλος m. `Eifer, Eifersucht, Neid' (: nsloven. jâl), ζητρός `Folterknecht', ζημία, dor. ζᾱμία ` punishment, penance, atonement, loss'; ζωρός `fiery, strong, unvermischt (vom Wein)' (: aksl. jarъ); ablaut. ἐπι-ζαρέω; `stürme an, bedränge'?;

    air. á(i)lid `wünscht eifrig, erbittet, erfleht', cymr. iawl ` command, Lob', iolaf `I praise, preise', eiriolaf (*are-i̯āl-) `I bitte dringlich', abret. 3. Pl. Konj. iolent `precentur';

    slav. *i̯ōra- `violent' in aksl. jarъ `stern, herb', jarostь `rage, fury, Heftigkeit', russ. járyj `jähzornig, gamy, violent, fiery, geschwind', etc; in addition nsloven. jâl `Neid' (: gr. ζῆλος)? Different above Berneker 28.

References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. Morris-Jones, Welsh Gr. 383.

Page(s): 501

Root / lemma: i̯ā-

German meaning: `gehen'

See also: see above S. 296 (ei-).

Page(s): 501

Root / lemma: i̯ebh-

See also: see above S. 298 (eibh-)

Page(s): 503

Root / lemma: i̯eg-

Meaning: ice

German meaning: `Eis'

Comments: only germ. and kelt.

Material: Altnord. jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) `Eisstück', compare schweiz. jäch, gicht (= gejicht) ` hoarfrost, gefrorener Tau auf Bäumen'; demin. formation altnord. jǫkull m. `herabhängender icicle, Gletscher'; ags. gicel(a) m. `icicle, Eisscholle', engl. icicle = ags. īses gicel, anord. ichilla `stiria', ndd. īshekel, jäkel `icicle' (mnd. jokele ds. dürfte from dem Nord. derive); ahd. ihilla (= *jichilla) `stiria';

Maybe alb. (* hekul) akull `ice', later abbreviated (* hekul) hell `icicle', clearly alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.

    mir. aig f. (Gen. ega) `Eis' (*i̯egi-s), cymr. iā m. ds., iaen (*i̯eginā) `glacicula', acorn. iey gl. glaties, iein gl. frigus, mcorn. yeyn, yen `cold', br. ien `cold'.

    Das a in mir. aig is from e before palat. g originated, das a in den brit. forms whereas through den alteration from anlaut. je- to ja- to define; compare under i̯et-;

    about hitt. e-ku-na-š `cold' compare Pedersen Hitt. 171.

References: WP. I 206; Schweiz. Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.

Page(s): 503

Root / lemma: i̯ek-

Meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen', also von feierlicher, bittender Rede

Material:

    Old Indian yā́cati `fleht, fordert', yācñā́ `request'; yācitá-, yā́citum, yācitar-, etc

    lat. iocus `Scherzrede, Scherz'; umbr. iuka, iuku Akk. Pl. n. `preces', osk. iúkleí `inconsecratione';

    ahd. jehan, gehan `say, speak, bekennen', asächs. gehan ds., ahd. jiht (*jeχti-) `Aussage, Bekenntnis', bijiht = nhd. `Beichte', in addition Krankheitsname Gicht (`durch Besprechen verursacht');

    mcymr. ieith, cymr. iaith, bret. iez `language' (*jekti-);

    lit. juõkas, lett. juõks `Scherz' is perhaps lat. Lw. from the Studentensprache, as also nhd. Jux; against it Trautmann 108;

    toch. А В yask- `long, want, beg' (Van Windekens Lexique 165 f.), A yāṣṣuce, В yāṣṣūca `Bettler'.

References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also i̯ǝk- `heal, cure' hierherstellen, but because of air. hīcc (idg. ē) not glaubhaft.

Page(s): 503-504

Root / lemma: i̯em-

Meaning: to hold

German meaning: `halten, zusammenhalten, paaren, bezwingen'

Material: Old Indian yámati `zügelt, lenkt; streckt from, reicht dar', yácchati ds., yatá-ḥ `gehalten', yáma-ḥ m. `rein', yántra- n. `Strang, band, strap'; av. yam-, yasaitē, apers. Imperf. ayasatā, participle av. yata- `hold, stop', yāta- `zugewiesener Anteil, appanage ' (to ā compare die heavy root form Old Indian yámitavai, Bartholomae IF. 11, 141 f.); Old Indian yamá-ḥ m., av. yǝ̄ma- m. `twin'; Old Indian GN Yamá-ḥ `twin, hermaphrodite ' = av. Yimō;

    lat. geminus `zwillingsgeboren, twin; double' hat probably das g- from the root gem- `greifen, zusammenpressen' (above S. 368 f.) bezogen;

    mir. emon m., emuin f. (*emno-, *emnī) `Zwillingspaar', emnaid `verdoppelt';

    perhaps here germ. *ibna- `eben, gleichmäßig', whether from *imná- < *jemnó-, in got. ibns `eben', anord. jafn, jamn, ags. efn, engl. even, asächs. eƀan, ahd. eban `еben'; after Güntert (Weltkönig 337 ff.) here the anord. GN Ymir as ` hermaphrodite ' from germ. *i̯umii̯áz, idg. *i_em(i)i̯ós?

    not certainly is, in the case of here also gr. ἥμερος `tame, domesticated, mild', ἡμερίς, -ίδος `the veredelte Rebstock', ἡμερόω `zahme' (with lengthened grade ē), and as zero grade lat. redimiō `binde um, umwinde, bekränze', as well as infula `priesterliche head fascia' (*im-dhlā??) belong.

    Das with gr. ἥμερος identical ahd. asächs. jāmar, ags. gēomor ` sad ', Subst. ahd. jāmar `Jammer' (originally ostensibly `bedrückt') dürfte though because of anord. amra `jammern', das to emja, ymja `howl' belongs, rather einer Interjektion entsprungen sein. Cymr. afar `affliction, Klage' (mir. amar ds.) kann not j- verloren haben and muß schon deswegen fernbleiben.

References: WP. I 572, WH. I 587, Marstrander Ériu 5, 160.

Page(s): 505

Root / lemma: i̯énǝter-, schwache case i̯_enǝtr- (i̯n̥̄tr-)

Meaning: husband's brother's wife

German meaning: `die Frau of Bruders of Gatten'

Material:

Alb. *dhandar, dhëndër ‘bridegroom, groom, fiance, brother-in-law, son-in-law’ from PIE dha- give, a man who gives his sister’, also alb. Gentius 'Illyrian king', gjini 'relative'

Old Indian yā́tar- ds. (Akzent the starken + vocalism the schwachen case);

    arm. ner, more properly nēr, Gen. niri `die Frauen from Brüdern or desselben Mannes' (zur basic form suppositions by Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet BSL. 30, CR. 90, lastly Cuny Recherches 66 f.);

    phryg. Akk. ιανατερα;

    gr. ἐνάτηρ `die Frau of Bruders of Gatten' (ion. Psilose), Hom. εἰνατέρες, -έρων (εἰ- verbalism the metr. lengthening for ἐν-), inschr. (kleinas.-gr.) ἐνατρί;

    lat. janitrīcēs (extension from *ianiter after dem Fem. the nouns agentis auf -īc-) `die Ehefrauen from Brüdern' (das i derives from *ianiter);

    alit. *jéntė, -ers ds. (gentė, žentė through hybridization with gentìs `kinsman, relative', žéntas `son-in-law'), lett. ìetere, iẽtal'a and kurisch jentere ds.;

    aksl. *jętry (ending after svekry), russ.-ksl. jatry ds., serb. jêtrva ds.

References: WP. I 207 f., WH. I 668, Trautmann 107 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 568.

Page(s): 505-506

Root / lemma: i̯es-

Meaning: to foam, boil

German meaning: `wallen, schäumen', von kochendem Wasser

Material: Old Indian *yásati, yásyati `sprudelt, siedet; müht sich ab', yayastu `soll verbrühen'; with ā- `sich anstrengen' (ā-yas-ta- `angefacht, angestrengt, ermüdet, erschlafft', ā-yās-ayati `strengt an, ermüdet, afflicts'), prá-yasta- `überwallend', Intens. i-yas-yatē `erschlafft, schwindet hin', redupl. yeṣati (*i̯e-i̯s-) `wallt, sprudelt', av. yaēšyeiti `siedet (intr.)';

    gr. ζέω (= yásati) `cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.)', ζέσσε, ζεστός, ζέσμα and geneuert = renamed, has changed?? ζέμα `Absud', ζόη τὸ ἐπάνω τοῦ μέλιτος (Gischt, scum, froth, foam) Hes.;

    gallo-rom. i̯estā `scum, froth, foam' (v. Wartburg), cymr. ias f., Pl. iasau `Sieden, Schaumen, Kochen'; air. ess m. (older n., from *i̯estu) `waterfall'; bret. gòi `ferment, seethe' perhaps abstracted from gòell `yeast' (*upo-i̯es-lo-);

    ahd. jesan `ferment, seethe, schäumen' = schwed. mdartl. esa (as) `ferment, seethe', norw. æse, schwed. mdartl. äsa (*jēsian) ds., norw. mdartl. asa (*jasàn; preterit ōs) `flare up, foam, ferment, seethe, roar, storm, rasen', esja (*jasjan) `ferment, seethe', anord. ø̄sa (*jōsjan) `in heftige Bewegung place', compare norw. mdartl. `das Brausen, Unruhe in animals and people', anord. jǫstr, Gen. jastar m. (at first from *estuz, *estauz, older jes-) and jastr n. (at first from *estra) `yeast', ags. giest (engl. yeast) `scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast', mnd. gest `yeast', mhd. jest, gest m. `scum, froth, foam', nhd. Gest and Gischt `scum, froth, foam, yeast';

    toch. A yäs- `simmer, seethe, boil'.

References: WP. I 208. O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 144 f.

Page(s): 506

Root / lemma: i̯et-

Meaning: to set out for; to strive

German meaning: `worauf losgehen, streben, eifrig angehen'

Material: Old Indian yátati, -te after Pet. Wb. `schließt an, fügt aneinander; strebt whereupon', after Geldner Ved. stem 3, 11 ff. (doubt by Sommer Gr. Lautst. 157) `kommt gleich, is ebenbürtig, eifert after, wetteifert; is eifersüchtig, beneidet, streitet; drängt sich vor, squalls, storms, sputet sich, hurries, marschiert', Kaus. yātáyati `verbündet, vereinigt; zieht zur Verantwortung, belangt, ahndet', yáti- m. `Asket' (`*Streber'), yatúna- `strebsam', yatná- m. `Bestrebung, Bemühung, Anstrengung, toil', av. yateiti, yatayeiti ` places sich in Bewegung (Perf. in Gange sein), rührt sich, is emsig, bemüht sich eifrig', with frā- `kommt heran; geht jemanden um etwas an', Kaus. yātayeiti `bringt zur Verwendung, betreibt, befaßt sich wherewith, befleißigt sich';

    cymr. add-iad `Sehnsucht', gall. Ad-ietu-mārus, Ad-iatunnus, Ad-ietuanus (: Old Indian yatú-na-), nasalized (compare with Nasalsuffix Old Indian yat-ná-) cymr. add-iant `Sehnsucht', ir. ēt (nir. éad) `Eifer, Eifersucht', gall. Iantu-māros, Ientu-māros (= ir. ētmar `eifersüchtig'); air. ītu, Akk. ītith, nir. íota `Durst' maybe from lengthened grade *i̯ētu-tut-s;

maybe alb. eth-e, ethe ‘fever, desire’, *et-, et-je ‘thirst’, et-ur ‘thirsty’

    perhaps here toch. A yat- `erreichen, erlangen', present Med. yatatär, В yototär, Schulze-Sieg Toch. Gr. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Toch. 221; also AB yāt- `fähig sein, order' (Van Windekens aaO.)?

References: WP. I 197.

Page(s): 506-507

Root / lemma: i̯eu-dh-

Meaning: to move swiftly, to fight

German meaning: `in heftiger Bewegung sein, kämpfen'

Material: Old Indian ud-yōdhati `wallt auf (vom water); fährt zornig auf', Kaus. yōdháyati `verwickelt in fight, struggle', yúdhyati, yōdhati `fights', yúdh- m. `Kämpfer', f. `fight, struggle, battle', yudhmá-ḥ ` warlike ', m. `Kämpfer', yṓdhīyas- `streitbarer, better kämpfend'; Pali yū̆hati `fights';

    av. yūiδyeinti `sie kämpfen', yūiδišta- `the am besten kämpft';

    gr. hom. ὑσμῖνι Dat., ὑσμί̄νη `Treffen, battle, Kampfgetümmel' (*i̯udh-s-mīn-, derivative from einem *i̯udh-s-mó-s, compare Old Indian yudhmá-ḥ);

    lat. jubeō, -ēre (= lit. judė́ti), jussī (alt. iousī), jussum eig. `*in Bewegung place, aufrütteln', hence `jemanden etwas heißen, order'; juba f. `Mähne' (`*die sich schüttelnde, wallende') ; (about jubar, -ăris `morning star, strahlendes light' see WH. I 724);

    acymr. acorn. abret. Jud- `fight, struggle' (*i̯oudho-), `Kämpfer' (*i̯oudhi̯os), in MN as acymr. Jud-gual, abret. Iud-uual `fight, struggle-gewaltiger'; dieses Jud- (= iuð-) wird later in anlaut mehrsilbiger Namen mcymr. to Id- (= īð-), in allen other position to ud (= ǖð), so acymr. Mor-iud `Meereskämpfer' to mcymr. Mor-uð, selbständig cymr. udd `master, mister' (*i̯oudhi̯os);

    lit. judù, -ė́ti `sich bebend, zitternd bewegen, quarrel, squabble', jundù jùsti `in zitternde Bewegung, in Aufruhr geraten', alit. judùs `zanksüchtig', judra `whirlwind';

    changing through ablaut lit. jaudà f. `Verlockung, seduction ', whereof jáudinti `jemands ferventness, passion erwecken, jemanden verführen', refl. `aufgeregt sein, sich erregen', lett. jaũda `fortune, power ', jaũdât `die nötige power haben';

    poln. judzić `to etwas Bösem bereden, stir, tease, irritate, aufwiegeln' (: Old Indian yōdháyati); perhaps aksl. ojьminъ, Pl. ojьmi `warrior' (= Old Indian yudhmá-ḥ with prefix o-); also bulg. juda `Nymphe';

    toch. A yutk- `besorgt sein'.

References: WP. I 203 f., WH. I 724 f., Trautmann 109.

Page(s): 511-512

Root / lemma: i̯euĝ-

Meaning: to wave, unsteady

German meaning: `aufregen, unruhig'

Material: Av. yaozaiti `regt sich auf (vom water, from unruhigen Ländern)', yaōšti- `Rührigkeit, Regsamkeit';

    arm. yuzem `rege auf' is iran. Lw.;

    got. jiuka `rage, fury, fight', jiukan `fight', mhd. jouchen, jöuchen `drive, push, hunt, chase' and ags. gēocor `full of hardship', gēocre Adv. `stern';

    toch. A yok-, А В yuk- `defeat, conquer'.

References: WP. I 203, Feist 301 b.

Page(s): 512

Root / lemma: i̯eu-1

Meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)

German meaning: `vermengen, bei der Speisezubereitung'

Comments: (: i̯ēu-, i̯ō[u]-; i̯u-, i̯ū-; letzteres due to the Dehnstufen or from einer heavy basis *i̯eu̯ǝ-), originally probably `in Bewegung place'; s. i̯eu-dh-.

Material: Old Indian yā́uti, yuváti `vermengt', ud-ā-yāuti `rührt auf', pra-yāuti `rührt um', yū̆tí- f. `Mischung', ā-yávana- n. `Rührlöffel';

    lit. jaunù, joviaũ, jaũti `heißes Wasser darüber gießen', lett. jàut `dough einrühren, mix', javs `Gemengsel from Viehfutter', lit. jõvalas `Schweinefutter, grape marc ';

    gr. ζῦθος, ζύθος `ägyptisches Gerstenbier'??;

    alb.-tosk. gjär `soup' (*i̯ō-no-), geg. gjanë `smut, pond, pool, watering-place ';

Note:

Maybe alb. cognate derived from Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : `juice; liquid, *rain, soup' not from Root / lemma: i̯eu-1 : `to mix (of meal preparation)' because of the common alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation.

    ablauteud gallorom. iutta from gall. *i̯u-tā, mlat. iotta `broth', mcymr. iwt, ncymr. uwd, iwd m., acorn. abret. iot, nbret. ioud, iod `porridge, mash'; air. íth `porridge, mash, broth' hat das ī probably from íth `fat' bezogen (Thurneysen Gr. 39).

    s-stem i̯ō̆(u)s-, i̯ūs- `broth':

    Old Indian yūṣ (only Nom.), yūṣá-, уuṣa- m. n. `broth', lat. iūs, iūris `broth, soup', lit. júšė (*i̯ūsii̯ā) `schlechte soup from sourdough with Wasser durchgerührt', apr. juse `broth, meat broth', aksl. jucha (*i̯ousā) `broth, soup' (nhd. Jauche from dem Westslav.); in addition die to-derivative nschwed. ōst (*i̯ūsto), anord. ostr (secondary ō) `cheese' and finn.-urnord. juusto, nschwed. dial.ūst ds.;

    perhaps in addition gr. ζύ̄μη ` sourdough' (*i̯ūsmā or i̯ūmā) and ζωμός `broth, soup'(*i̯ō[u]smos or *i̯ō[u]mos).

References: WP. I 199, WH. I 734, Trautmann 110.

Page(s): 507

Root / lemma: i̯eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ-, i̯eu̯-g-

Meaning: to tie together, yoke

German meaning: `verbinden'

Comments: probably as 1. i̯eu- `vermengen' from `in Bewegung place' evolved; s. also i̯eu-dh- and i̯eu-ni-.

Material: Old Indian yáuti, yuváti `bindet an, schirrt an' (also `vermengt'), participle yutá-, yū̆tí- f. `connection' (and `Mischung'), ni-yút- f. `row, Gespann', yūthá- m. ` association, troop, multitude, crowd', yōtra- n. `rope, cable', yūna- n. `band, strap, cord', avayava- m. `Glied, part'; av. yav- `sich wherewith beschäftigen' (present yavayeiti, Inf. yūtō, yūta), yaona- n. `Beschäftigung', yav- (yu-) Adj. ` holding, stehend to jemanden' = Old Indian yú- `Geselle, fellow ' (see Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1264 f., wo also about yáv- `duration');

    lett. Pl. jũtis `Gelenk (*connection), Scheideweg', lit. jáutis m. `ox' (`*the vor den Wagen gespannte, jūmentum'; balt. heavy root); here also lett. jumis `Doppelfrucht, Felddämon', jùmt `(Dach) cover' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 177ff.). Fraglich arm. yaud `connection' because of vocalism (iran. Lw.?).

    Perhaps here lat. juvāre `unterstützen, help; ergötzen'; probably with Old Indian yu-yṓ-ti `hält fern, separates from, bewahrt vor, wehrt; hält sich fern, wird apart, separated', ví-yavanta `abwehrend' to einer eigenen family zusammenzuschließen, with the as g-derivative also ags. géoc `help, consolation, certainty ', géocian `preserve, protect, retten' compatible is; see under i̯eu-4.

    Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places juvāre to Old Indian ávati, whereat above S. 77; against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f.

    i̯u-go-m `Joch':

    Old Indian yugá- n. `Joch; pair' (also `gender, sex, Generation') =

    gr. ζυγόν `Joch' =

    lat. jugum ds. (see also WH. I 728 f. about umbr. Iguvium) =

    got. asächs. juk n., ags. geoc, anord. ok `Joch', ahd. juch, joch `Joch; also so viel Land, as man with einem Ochsengespann an einem Tage pflügen kann';

    lit. (with n after jùngiu) jùngas `Joch';

    aksl. igo (Gen. iga) `Joch' (es-stem), čech. jho ds. (slav. *jьgo from *jъ́go, see also Berneker 421 f.; in addition aruss. оbьžа `ein Landmaß; so viel, as ein Mann with einem Pferde pflügt' from *in the case of-jъgjā, nowadays obža and obga- d. j. *in the case of-jъga- `Deichselarme of Hakenpflugs'; ksl. Pl. ižesa, sloven. Gen. ižêsa with Nachwirkung of idg. stem *i̯eugos-, see under);

    cymr. iau f., acymr. iou, acorn. ieu, bret. ieo, geo `Joch', kazelyé, kazelgé `Knechtschaft' = mcymr. kesseyl-yeu `axillary yoke' (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); gall. PN Ver-iugo-dumnus; see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen IA. 26, 26 zweifelt an the affiliation of ir. and Urverwandtschaft of brit. words; doubtful is also die Beurteilung from ir. cuing `Joch'; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing (*i̯ungis) through influence the Präpos. com-; dazumcymr. kyn-iwng ` association ' (Loth RC 38, 160);

    arm. luc `Joch' zeugt not for originally anlaut li̯- the root; influence of lucanem `spanne from';

    hitt. i-ú-ga-an (yugan) `Joch';

    toch. A yokäm f. `door, gate' (Old Indian Lw.?).

    Ohne geschichtlichen connection untereinander are Old Indian yugalá- n. `pair', lat. jugulum (Demin.) `Jochbein, Schlüsselbein', jugulae `Sterngürtel of Orion', and gr. ζεύγλη `Schlingeim Joch'; with hitt. yugas `jährig', dāyugas ` biennial ' compare lit. dveigỹs ` biennial ' (treigỹs `dreijährig', etc), above S. 229, 230.

    i̯eu-gos- es-stem:

    gr. τὸ ζεῦγος `Gespann', Pl. ζεύγεα = lat. jūgera (*i̯ougesa), wherefore ein neuer Sg. jūgerum `ein Morgen Landes' = mhd. jiuch n. `Morgen Landes', compare also above ksl. ižesa, further perhaps (das freilich late) ἀζυγής `unverbunden, unvermählt', as well as lat. iouxmenta, iūmentum (see S. 510); zero grade (as ἀζυγής, das but from ζυγόν from neologism sein kann) probably got. jukuzi f. `Joch, Knechtschaft', compared with ags. gycer `Joch' (*jukizi-), with u the 2. syllable through assimilation?

    Verbalstamm i̯eu-g-:

    Old Indian yunákti (3. Pl. yuñjánti = lat. jungunt), yuñjati `schirrt an, spannt an, connects', compare full grade yōjayati (*jeugei̯eti) `fügt together'; av. yaoj-, yuj- `anspannen, anschirren; wherewith vertraut make, einer thing teilhaftig machen';

    gr. ζεύγνῡμι `schirre an, verbinde', ζεῦξαι ζυγῆναι;

    lat. jungō, -ere, -nxi, -nctus `verbinden';
    full grade ahd. untar-jauhta `subjugavi';

    lit. jùngiu, jùngti `verbinden, ins Joch spannen'; participle Old Indian yuktá-, av. yuxta-, with dem präs. -n- lat. junctus, ags. geoht, iukt n. `Joch', lit. jùngtas, with the (as in present from ζεῦξαι, ζευκτήρ etc stammenden) lengthened grade ζευκτός;

    root nouns i̯ug- in:

    Old Indian yúj- ` fellow, comrade; geschirrt, bespannt with', ayúj- `ohne Genossen, not in pairs, by pairs' = gr. ἄζυξ `not gejocht', σύζυξ `zusammengekoppelt, vereint', lat. conjux `Gatte, Gattin'; Superl. *i̯ugistos in lat. juxtā `dense besides' (*jugistā, scil. viā `auf dem nächst verbindenden Wege'); in den starken Kas. analogisches Old Indian yúñj-, lat. conjunx.

    Additional derivatives in:

    Old Indian уṓgа- m. `das Anschirren, connection'; уṓgya- m. ` draft animal ', compare anord. eykr ` draft animal, horse' (germ. *jaukiz, compare also Kaus. *jaukian `anschirren' vorausgesetzt through anord. eykt f. `Arbeitszeit between den Mahlzeiten' from *jaukiÞō) = lat. jūgis `perpetual; beständig flowing ' (besides iūges, -ĕtis `angespannt'); Old Indian yṓjana- n. `ein Wegmaß', av. yujasti- f. ds.; Old Indian yukti- f. `das Anschirren', gr. ζεῦξις `das Anschirren, Verbinden', lat. juncti-m, juncti-ō, compare vom es-stem av. yaōxšti- `Fertigkeit, Fähigkeit, adroitness '; Old Indian yōktár- `Anschirrer', yṓktra- n. `Strang, Gurt', av. yaōxǝδra- n. `kriegerische Anspannung, Unternehmung, attack', gr. ζευκτῆρες `Jochriemen', lat. junctor, junctūra; Old Indian yugmán- `gepaart', gr. ζεῦγμa `Zusammenjochung, Joch', lat. jug(u)mentum `Pfosten, crossbar, crossbeam', due to of es-stem in addition alat. iouxmenta, klass. iūmentum `Gespann'.

    Perhaps with i̯eu̯- related are also die Sippen i̯eu̯(e)s- ` statute ' as `Verbindlichkeit, bond, Fug' and i̯ōs- `gürten' as *i̯ō[u]s-.

References: WP. I 201 f., WH. I 261, 726 ff., Trautmann 109 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 70 ff., 109, Renou BSL. 41, 18 ff.

Page(s): 508-510

Root / lemma: i̯eu-3

Meaning: young

German meaning: `jung'

Material: Old Indian yúvan- (yúvā, Gen. yū́naḥ) ` young; youngling ', f. yūnī, compounds Sup. yávīyas-, yáviṣṭa-ḥ; av. yvan-, yavan- (beides for yuvan- geschrieben), Gen. yūnō ` youngling ';

    lat. juvenis ` young; youngling, virgin' (to -ven- instead of -vin- compare EM² 509) instead of *i̯uu̯ō due to the old conservative case Gen. juven-is, Dat. -ī, Akk. -em etc; jūnī-x `young cow' lat.-c-extension besides Old Indian yūnī, against it compounds jūnior with jungem jūn- (through lat. Entw. from *juvenios); umbr. iouies `juvenibus, militibus', Akk. Pl. jovie (ein vom compounds rückgebildetes *joviē-s `troop, multitude, crowd the juniores'?);

    air. ōa `jünger', ōam `jüngst', mcymr. ieu (ncymr. iau) `jünger', ieuaf (so also ncymr.) `jüngst', bret. iaou `jünger', next to which the Positiv air. ōac (arch. oëc), mir. ōc, cymr. ieuanc, bret. iaouank, acorn. iouenc, mcorn. yowynk ` young ', gall. Jovinc-illus, -a (idg. *i̯uu̯n̥k̂ós, see under), after dem compounds-Sup. to kelt. *i̯eu̯-, *i̯ou̯n̥ko- unvocalized;

    lit. jáunas, lett. jaûns; abg. junъ ` young ' (-no-stem instead of -n-stem after *seno-s `old'; i̯uu̯eno- after dem Kompar. reconverted to *i̯eu̯eno-, bsl. *i̯ōuno-).

   derivatives vom stem *i̯uu̯en-:

    i̯uu̯n̥k̂ó-s: Old Indian yuvaśá-ḥ, yuvaká-ḥ `jugendlich', lat. juvencus, -a `young bull, young cow, Junges', umbr. iveka, iuenga `juvenca', got. juggs, aisl. ungr, ahd. jung, ags. geong ` young ' (urg. *jūngaz from *juwungáz; in addition ein neuer compounds *jū́nhizan- in:) got. jūhiza, aisl. ø̄re `jünger' (compare also aisl. ø̄ska `Jugend' from *jū[n]hiskōn-).

    i̯uu̯ent-, i̯uu̯n̥t-: Old Indian yúvant-, f. yuvatí-ḥ ` young; virgin'; ahd. jugund, as. juguð, ags. geoguð (g instead of w after *duʒunÞi- `Tugend, skillfulness '), got. junda `Jugend' (*i̯uu̯n̥tā); lat. juventūs, -tūtis `Jugend' (jūventta = got. junda?) = air. ōetiu, ōitiu, Gen. -ted `Jugend' (*i̯ou̯n̥tūt-s, reshaped from i̯uu̯n̥tūt-, see above to ōac).

    A s-extension probably in Old Indian yṓṣā, Gen. *yōṣṇáh, N. Pl. yóṣūḥ, yṓṣaṇaḥ `young, zum Liebesgenuß geeignetes Weib, Gattin'; for lat. Jūnō, if die goddess eig. `die jugendliche' stands for, is from dem in jūnīx, jūnior present stem i̯ūn- derived; different Leumann-Stolz⁵ 239.

Maybe alb. *yąng-, vągel, vogël (diminutive) ‘young’, voc ‘young boy’

References: WP. I 200 f., WH. I 735 f.

Page(s): 510-511

Root / lemma: i̯eu-4

Meaning: to separate; to hold off

German meaning: `trennen, fernhalten'

Comments: see above S. 508; after Renou (mündl.) is die Old Indian root yu- `separate' with yu- `verbinden' identical and jene meaning from dem compounds with ápa- and ví- übernommen.

Page(s): 511

Root / lemma: i̯eu-ni- or i̯ou-ni-

Meaning: the right way

German meaning: etwa `angewiesene Stätte, richtiger Weg'

Material: Old Indian yṓni- m. `Aufenthaltsort', f. `womb', av. Akk. Sg. yaonǝm `way' (probably from yaonim, see Wackernagel KZ. 46, 266); in addition Old Indian syoná- `behaglich' from *su-yoná-, Wackernagel KZ. 61, 203f.;

    air. úain f. `Gelegenheit (i.e. more properly place = richtige time), Muße, time'.

References: WP. I 204;

See also: probably to i̯eu-1 `in Bewegung place'.

Page(s): 512

Root / lemma: i̯eu̯o-

Meaning: corn; barley

German meaning: `Getreide', vor allem `Gerste'

Material: Old Indian yáva- m. ` corn, grain; barley, millet, sorghum' = av. yava- m. ` corn, grain ', npers. jav `barley' (= lit. javaĩ); Old Indian yavya- m. `Fruchtvorrat' (: lit. jáuja `barn'); yavasá- n. `grass, Futter', av. yavaŋha- n. `Weide'; av. yǝvīn- m. `Getreidefeld';

    hom. att. ζειαί f. Pl. `Spelt', hom. ζείδωρος ` corn hervorbringend' (for *ζεFεδωρος), φυσί-ζοος (αἶα) ` corn hervorbringend' (: i̯eu̯o-s = εὔ-φρων : φρήν);

    lit. jãvas m. `species of grain', javaĩ Pl. ` corn, grain ', jáuja `barn'.

References: WP. I 202 f., Trautmann 107.

Page(s): 512

Root / lemma: i̯eu̯os-

Meaning: norm, right

German meaning: etwa `Satzung, Fug'

Comments: perhaps as `Verbindlichkeit' to *i̯eu-2 `verbinden'

Material: Old Indian yōḥ n. `salvation!' (only in connection with śáṃ; zur form s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1234); av. yaožda-δāiti `makes bright, purifies, cleans rituell';

    lat. iūs ` statute, Verordnung, right' (alat. ious from *i̯ou̯os, compare:) iūstus (alat. iovestōd) `gerecht'; jūrō, -āre `swear, vow' (alat. probably in iouesat Duenos-Inschr.), about jūrgō, iniūria; pe(r)ierāre, ējerāre, dēierāre (tiefstufiges i̯ŭsā-) s. WH. I 732 ff., EM² 506 ff.; about jūdex `judge' see above S. 188, WH. I 726;

    air. huisse `gerecht' (*i̯us-ti̯os).

References: WP. I 203, WH. I 733 f., 870.

Page(s): 512

Root / lemma: i̯ēgʷā

Meaning: force

German meaning: `Kraft, Jugendkraft'

Material: Gr. ἥβη `Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit', ἡβάω `bin nubile, marriageable', ἡβάσκω `become m.', ἔφ-ηβος ` youngling ' (compare ἐπ-άργυρος);

    lit. nuo-, pa-jėgà ` power, Vermogen', jėgiù, jė̃gti `vermögen, stark sein', lett. jẽga `Verstand', jẽgt `fassen, verstehen'; in the case of here das isolierte russ. dial. jáglyj `violent; keen, eager; geschwind'? (see Berneker 443).

    Doubtful is die Deutung from gr. ἁβρός `tender, fine, luscious' from *i̯ǝgʷ-rós `in Jugendkraft strotzend', also, in the case of lat. Iegius, osk. Ieíis (with ē?) hierhergehören.

References: WP. I 206 f., Trautmann 107.

Page(s): 503

Root / lemma: i̯ēk- : i̯ǝk-

Meaning: to heal

German meaning: `heilen'?

Material: Gr. ἄκος n. `remedy', ἀκέομαι `heal', delph. ἐφακει̃σθαι, ἀκέστωρ (as epithet Apollos, `physician, medicine man, Retter', ἀκεστήρ `Heiler, physician, medicine man', episch-ionische Psilose), in att. Prosa selten gebrauchte words;

    air. hīcc (*i̯ēkko-) `healing, Zahlung', cymr. iach `fit, healthy', corn. yagh, bret. iac'h ds. (*i̯ǝkko-), with unklarer Konsonantenverdopplung.

References: WP. I 195, WH. I 716, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303;

See also: see above i̯ek- `speak'.

Page(s): 504

Root / lemma: i̯ē̆kʷ-r̥(t-), Gen. i̯ekʷ-n-és

Meaning: liver

German meaning: `Leber'

Material: Old Indian yákr̥t, Gen. yaknáḥ `Leber'; pers. jigar (*yakar-), afghan. yī̆na (obl. *yaxna-); lengthened grade (?) av. yākarǝ (after W. Krause KZ. 56, 304 ff. perhaps also av. *ha-yākana-, compare anord. lifre m. `the zur selben Leber Gehörige, Bruder', lifra f. `Schwester') =

    gr. ἧπαρ, -ατος (*-n̥-tos);

    lat. jecur, -oris and -inoris (proves altes *jecinis; amalgamation of r-and n-Stammes);

    balt. *i̯eknā f. in lit. jãknos, old jeknos, jekanas, lett. aknas, aknis f. Pl. apr. iagno (Hs. lagno) f.

    After Pedersen KG. I 129 here mir. i(u)chair (*ikuri-) f., Gen. i(u)chrach `Fischrogen' and ksl. ikra, russ. ikra, osorb. jikro, jikno ds., das further with slav. ikra `Scholle' and ikra `calf' (and dessen balt. equivalent or rather Lehnformen, apr. yceroy, lett. ikrs, alit. Gen. ikrū) under einer basic meaning `clump, Anschwellung' identical is. Also idg. *i̯ekʷr̥t could auf derselben outlook based on.

    Schwierig is das perhaps tabuistisch entstellte arm. leard, Gen. lerdi `Leber' (compare lastly Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belong anord. lifr f. `Leber', ags. lifer, engl.liver, ahd. libera, lebara to gr. λιπαρός `fat', indem das originally epithet the (gemästeten) Leber also das old word for Leber verdrängt hat, as lat. jecur ficātum to ital. fegato etc geführt hat.

    A proto idg. basic form *li̯ekʷr̥t scheint mir to gewagt.

References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 518, Benveniste Origines I 8f.

Page(s): 504

Root / lemma: i̯ē- : i̯ǝ-, with -k- extended i̯ēk-, i̯ǝk-

Meaning: to throw; to do

German meaning: `werfen, machen, tun'

Material: Gr. ἵημι (Inf. ἱέναι, Fut. ἥσω, Aor. ἕ-ηκα, ἧκα) `put in Bewegung, werfe, sende' (*i̯i-i̯ē-mi); ἧμα n. `Wurf';

    lat. iaciō, iēci, iactum, iacere `werfe, schleudere; streue from, verbreite';

    hitt. i-ja-mi `I make', pí-ja-mi `schicke hin', u-i-ja-mi `schicke her'; here luw. a-i-ja-ru (from *i-ja-ru?) `soll gemacht become'?;

    toch. A ya- `make', suppliert through y-pa-, in preterit through yām-, das in В in ganzen paradigm durchgeführt worden is; after Van Windekens (Lexique 167) here also А В yäk- `neglect'?

    Pedersen places also here gr. ἰάπτω `sende, schicke'.

    Gegen derivation from gr. ἵημι from *si-sē-mi with guten Gründen WH. I 667, EM 468. Zweifelnd Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 741. Frisk (Eranos 41, 49 f.) entscheidet sich because of arm. himn ` foundation ' (`*das Geworfene?' = lat. sēmen) for *si-sē-mi.

References: WP. I 199, II 460, WH. I 667, Pedersen Hitt. 129, 198, Toch. 166, 191, Lykisch under Hitt. 30.

Page(s): 502

Root / lemma: i̯oi-ni-

Meaning: bulrush

German meaning: `Binse'

Material: Lat. iuncus ` bulrush' (*i̯oini-ko-s) belongs to mir. aín ` bulrush' (*i̯oini-), Gen. aíne; about lat. iūniperus `Wacholderstrauch' s. WH. I 731, 870 and Leumann Gl. 27, 74;

    aisl. einir, schwed. en ` juniper ', ndd. ēn(e)ke ds. whether from *jainia-, wodurch the Bedeutungswechsel Binse : juniper (see above) as old gesichert würde. Yet is then by mnd. eynholz and nhd. Einbeerbaum (from aisl. eini-ber `Wacholderbeere') influence of ein `ein' anzunehmen.

References: WP. I 208f., Kluge¹¹ 126.

Page(s): 513

Root / lemma: i̯ork-

Meaning: a kind of roebuck

German meaning: `Tier from the Gruppe the Rehe'

Material: Gr. ζόρξ, ζορκάς, with folk etymology connection an δέρκομαι mostly δόρξ, δορκός; δορκάς f., δόρκος m. `roe deer, Gazelle';

    gallo-rom. *i̯orkos `roe deer', cymr. iwrch `caprea mas', corn. yorch, bret. iourc'h `roe deer' (presumably from dem Keltischen derive die späteren occasional forms ἴορκος, ἴορκες, ἴυρκες by Opp. and Hes.); gall. FN Jurca.

References: WP. I 209; M.-L. 9678.

Page(s): 513

Root / lemma: i̯ou, i̯u

German meaning: `schon'

See also: see above S. 285 (e-3, etc.)

Page(s): 513

Root / lemma: i̯o-

German meaning: Relativstamm

See also: see above S. 283 (e-3, etc.)

Page(s): 513

Root / lemma: i̯ō[u]s- : i̯ūs-

Meaning: belt; to begird

German meaning: `gürten'

Comments: (presumably to i̯eu-2)

Material: Av. yā̊ŋhayeiti (mostly with aiwi-) `gürtet', participle yāsta- `gegürtet', yāh n. `Gürtelschnur';

    gr. ζώννvμι `gürte', ζωστός (= av. yāsta-, lit. júostas) `gegürtet', ζωστήρ `Gürtel', ζῶμα ds. (*ζωσ-μα compare lit. juosmuõ `Gurt'), ζώνη ds. (*ζωσ-νᾱ, compare russ.-ksl. pojasnь ds.);ζούσθω ζωννύσθω Hes. perhaps thessal. = *ζώσθω?

    alb. n-gjehs `I gürte';

    lit. júosiu, júosti `gürten', júostas `gegürtet', júosta `Gürtel' besides pa-jūsė́ti `gürten' (ablaut ōu : ū);

    aksl. pojaśǫ, -jasati `gürten', pojasъ `Gürtel' (etc, see Berneker 449).

References: WP. I 209, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108 f.

Page(s): 513

Root / lemma: i̯u-1

Meaning: you (pl.)

German meaning: `ihr'

Grammatical information: originally only Nom.; case obliqui vom stem u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s- (from *i̯u̯es, *i̯u̯os?)

Material: 1. Old Indian yuvám `ihr' Du., yūyám Pl., av. yūžǝm, gathav. yūš;

    arm. nachwirkend in den with je- anlaut. case e.g. Dat. jez (e after mez `nobis', k`ez `tibi');

    got. jūs `ihr' Pl. otherwise after `wir' (see u̯e-) reshaped aisl. ér, ags. gē, as. gī̆, ge, ahd. ir; Du. got. *ju-t (: lit. jù-du), otherwise after `wir' reshaped aisl. it, ags. as. git;

    lit. jū́s, lett. jũs, pr. ioūs, iaūs `ihr' Pl., lit. jù-du `ihr both'; apr. iouson, lit.jū́sų, lett. jũsu `euer'.

    u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s-: Old Indian vaḥ, av. vā̊ enkl. for Akk. Gen. Dat. Pl., Dual. Old Indian vām; vom Akk. *us-sme (= lesb. ὔμμε) from with Übernahme of nominativischen i̯- Old Indian yuṣmā́n Akk. (etc), av. Abl. yūšmat̃;

    gr. lesb. ὔμμε (*us-sm-), dor. ὑμέ Akk., out of it nom. lesb. ὔμμες, dor. ὑμές, as well as att. ὑμεῖς etc;

    alb. ju `ihr' from *u = Old Indian vaḥ with hiatustilgendem j-;

    lat. vōs (= av. Akk. Pl. vā̊?), pälign. vus `vos' and `vobis', lat. vester, umbr. uestra `vestrā';

    apr. wans Akk.; aksl. Nom. Akk. Pl. vy, Gen. Pl. vasъ, Dat. Pl. vamъ, Instr. Pl. vami;

    hitt. šu-(um-)me-es (sumes) from *usme (compare Pedersen Hitt. 75 f);

    toch. A yas, В yes (das y from the 1. Pl.).

    Besides with anlaut su̯ : air. sī, sissi `ihr' (uai-b `from euch' under likewise from *ō-su̯ī), cymr. etc chwi `ihr' (das -ī < -*oi vom Nom. Pl. the o-stem?); ir. far n. `euer', indala-sār `the eine from euch beiden', sethar `euer' (compare Thurneysen Gr. p. 449), and with anlaut esu̯- got. izwis `euch', izwara `euer', aisl. yðr, yðuar ds., wgerm. without s (i.e. probably with s- reduction) ahd. iuwih `euch' (Akk.), iuwēr `euer' etc; perhaps is also gr. σφώ `ihr both' after dem Reflexivum, wo *σFε- through σφε- abgelöst wurde, an die place eines älteren *σFω getreten.

References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 600 f.

Page(s): 513-514

Root / lemma: i̯ū̆ 2

Meaning: exclamatory interjection

German meaning: Ausruf, especially Jauchzen

Material: Gr. ἰαυοῖ `juche!' (ἰαῦ, ἰύ:), ἰύ: `Interjektion the amazement'; with silbischem, to Teil langem i- (ī̆u-) reiht sich an ἰ̄υγή `Jubel- or Wehgeschrei', ἰυγμός ds., ἰ̄ύζω (Fut. ἰύξω) `cry' (Lit. by Bezzenberger BB. 27, 164 f., the also auf lit. ývas `Nachteule', apr. ywo-garge, Eulenbaum' and auf das n-present ἰνύεται κλαίει, ὀδύρεται Hes. verweist); not here, but to au1 (above S. 71) belongs ἀῡτή `shriek', da older inschr. ἀFῡτά;

    lat. jūbilō `jauchze, jodle' (perhaps *i̯ūd-dhǝ-lō `make jū') ; in addition iugō, -ere `shout, call the Gabelweihe';

    mir. ilach (*ii̯uluko-) `Siegesjubel';

    mhd. jū, jūch `Ausruf the pleasure, joy' (similarly jō beim From- and shout), therefrom mhd. jūwen, jūwezen `ju rufen, jubeln', jūchezen, nhd. jauchzen, juchzen, mhd. jōlen, jodeln, nhd. johlen, jodeln, also anord. ȳla, engl. yowl `howl' from *jūljan;

    serb. jȕ, íjù, ijuju `juchhe!';

    lit. ývas `Nachteule' see above.

References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff.

Page(s): 514

Root / lemma: īli-

Meaning: groin, intestines

German meaning: `Weichen, Eingeweide, Geschlechtsteile'?

Material: Gr. ἴλια μόρια γυναικεῖα; ἴλιον τὸ τἡς γυναικὸς ἐφήβαιον δηλοῖ. καὶ κόσμιον γυναικεῖον παρὰ Κῴοις Hes. (presumably ἰ-, compare:)

    lat. īlia, -um `die Weichen, the lower abdomen' (Sg. īlium Gl., īle `the genitals' by Catull hergestellt); or ἴλια lat. Lw.?

    in the case of here cymr. il `Gärung' (*swelling?), gall. PN Ilio-mārus `with großen Weichen' and die schott. island air. Īle, gäl. İle, engl. Islay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)?

    Perhaps here slav. *jelito (from *jilito?) etc `Weichen, Darm, testicles' (t-forms as in lanita `cheek', isto `kidney', lysto `calf', usta `mouth') in wruss. jal'ity `testicles', serb. old jelito `botulus, botellus', čak. olìto `intestinum, farcimen', poln. jelito `Darm', dial. `Wurst', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', russ. litónьja `dritter Magen by Wiederkäuern, Blättermagen' (apr. laitian n. `Wurst' probably from einem apoln. *lito?).



References: WP. I 163 f., WH. I 673 f.

Page(s): 499

Root / lemma: īl-, īlu-

Meaning: dirt; black

German meaning: `Schlamm' and `schwarz' (= `schmutzig'? or umgekehrt `Schlamm, Moor' as das `Dunkle'?)

Material: Gr. ἰλύ̄ς, -ύος f. `slime, mud, ordure', εἰλύ (i.e. ἰλύ) μέλαν Hes.;

    lett. īls `stockfinster' (*īlus);

    aksl. ilъ `lutum', russ. iɫ, Gen. íɫa `slime, mud', čech. jíl `slime, mud, Lehm, clay', poln. iɫ, jeɫ `Letten, clay', wherefore perhaps the name of in Schlamm lebenden Weißfisches (Squalius vulgaris), russ. jeléc, Gen. jelcá, čech. jelec, jilec, poln. jelec, nsorb. jalica (to Anlautswechsel compare under īli- `Weichen').



References: WP. I 163, Trautmann 103.

Page(s): 499

Root / lemma: *ati-, ateli-, -o-

Meaning: a kind of fish

German meaning: Fischname?

Material: Gr. ἐτελίς `Goldbrassen' (kann from *ἀτελίς assimilated sein), lat. attilus `ein störähnlicher großer Fisch in Po' (probably gall. or ligur.: Holder Altcelt. Sprachsch. s. v., M.-L. 766; different Hirt IF. 37, 222); alit. atìs, lit.õtas, lett. ãte `Steinbutte'.

References: WP. I 44, WH. I 78.

Page(s): 70

Root / lemma: *dǝĝh-mó-

Meaning: slant

German meaning: `schief'

Material: Old Indian jihmá- ` slantwise, slant, skew (urar. *žižhmá- assim. from *dižhmá-), gr. δοχμός, δόχμιος `slant, skew (assim. from *δαχμός?).

References: WP. I 769, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 302 g, 327.

Page(s): 181

Root / lemma: (*gʷhēi- :) gʷhǝi-, gʷhǝid- : gʷhīd-

Meaning: bright, shining

German meaning: `hell, leuchtend'

Material: Gr. φαιδρός `clear, bright, hellglänzend, luminous; cheerful, vergnügt' (= lit. giẽdras), next to which φαιδι- in φαίδιμος `gleaming, stately'; φαιός `schummerig, dämmerig, bräunlich, gray' (basic form *φαι-Fός or -σός); φαικός λαμπρός Hes.;

    lit. giẽdras, gaidrùs `cheerful, clear, bright' (therefrom giedrà, gaidrà f. `schönes weather '), lett. dziedrs `azurblau', changing through ablaut dzīdrums `Klarheit'; lit. gaĩsas (*gʷhǝid-so-s), gaisa `Lichtschein am sky, heaven', lett. gàiss m. `Luft, weather', gaišs (*gaisus) `clear, bright', gàisma f. `light', lit. gaĩsras m. `Lichtschein am sky, heaven, Feuersbrunst; rage, fury', gaĩzdras m. `Lichtschein am sky, heaven'; probably also apr. gaylis `white'.

References: WP. I 665, Trautmann 75.

Page(s): 488-489

Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k-

Meaning: ash tree

German meaning: `Esche'

Material: Lat. ornus `wilde Bergesche' (*os-en-os); cymr. acorn. onn-en, bret. ounn-enn `ash tree', cymr. Pl. onn, ynn (urkelt. *onnā < *osnā); air. (h)uinnius, Dat. uinnsinn (*onn-is-ō) ds.; lit. úosis f., m., lett. uôsis m., apr. woasis (*ōsi-s; in addition illyr.-pannon. VN Osi, PN Osones);

Comments:

This illyr. cognate bears the hallmark of a satem langue when illyr. dialects seem mostly kentum.

alb. ah `beech' (*oskā)?; (rather inaccurate etymology because of alb. ahi, ahu `beech' -i, -u m. endings: illyr.-pannon. VN Osi.)

Note:

Common lat. sn > rn rhotacism has taken place. While alb. clearly derived from illyr.-pannon. VN Osi, PN Osones; common alb. shift is sk > h but always at the beggning of a word: like (*sk̂ii̯-ā) hia f. `shadow' : gr. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ā) `shadow' while in the middle of a word alb. s > h is universal like in:

Old Indian śváśura-, av. x ̌asura- `father-in-law' : alb. vjehërr ` father-in-law ', vjéherrë ` mother-in-law ' hence illyr.-pannon. VN Osi : alb. ahi, ahu `beech'.

[the common alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- Meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law shift s > h in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr ` father-in-law ') not sk > h which is common at the beginning of the word alb. hē, hie `Schatten' (*sk̂ii̯ā) See Root / lemma: sk̂āi-, sk̂ǝi- : sk̂ī- Meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow]. Because illyr. (and its offspring alb.) shows satem and centum characteristics it could be the oldest IE tongue. Illyr. similarly to alb. preferred truncated form illyr.-pannon. VN Osi against its older illyr.-pannon. PN Osones which is another sound proof alb. descendant of illyr.

slav. *jasenь (*jasenъ) m. in serb. jȁsên, russ. jásenь;

    with k-extension: arm. hac̣i `ash tree'; gr. ὀξύη `beech, spear shaft' (*ὀσκ[ε]σ-?); ligur. PN ᾽Οσκέλα `Eschenwald' (?); aisl. askr m. `ash tree, spear, javelin, ship', ags. æsc (germ. *askiz), ahd. asc `ash tree';

    compare tscherem. oško `ash tree'.

References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 223, Trautmann 203, Specht Idg. Dekl. 59.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: (*(s)pen-2), (s)pon-, (s)pondho-

Meaning: a kind of wooden vessel (pail)

German meaning: `Holzeimer', also gelegentlich von anderen Holzgeräten

Comments: related with sphē-, sphǝ- `langes, flaches bit of wood' (compare dessen -no-derivative nhd. Span).

Material: Arm. p`and `vessel' (*phondho-); lat. sponda `Bettstelle'; mir. sonn m. `Pfosten, Pfeiler', sonnaid `stößt, presses', cymr. ffon f. `stick' (*spondhā); aisl. spann n. `Eimer' (dän. spand `Eimer'), mnd. span, -nnes `Holzeimer', fat-span ` wooden Henkelgefäß' (germ. *spanna-, perhaps o-Ableit. eines en-stem *spanan-, or from *spondh-no- or *spon-u̯o-); aksl. spǫdъ `modius';

    e-forms fehlen; ndl. spinde `Speisekammer', nhd. Spind `Schrank' derive from mlat. *(dis)penda (Frings, Germania Romana 146).

References: WP. II 662, WH. II 578.

Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg- (nas. spreng-)

Meaning: to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle

German meaning: `zucken, schnellen' and `streuen, sprinkle, spritzen'

Comments: g-extension to sp(h)er-

Material: A. With onomatopoeic word formation:

    Old Indian sphū́rjati, sphūrjáyati (`bricht hervor, kommt zum Vorschein' and) `prasselt, knattert, dröhnt'; sphū́rja-, sphū́rjaka- m. `eine bestimmte plant'; onomatopoeic word formation also gr. σφαραγέομαι `strotzen (from vollen Eutern' and) ` crackle, hiss, with lautem Knalle zerplatzen';

    lit. sprãga, -ė́ti ` crackle, crack, creak', Kausat. sprãginti ` crackle make, roast'; ablaut. sprógti `platzen'; lett. sprâgt and sprêgt `break, crack', spruogt `bud', lit. spùrga f. `Hopfenblüte', lett. spurdzes f. Pl. ds.; spurgt `spray'; proto slav.. *pragnǫ, *pragnǫti in čech. prahnouti ` wilt, schmachten', PN Praha `gerodete place'; Kausat. slov. prážiti `schmoren', ablaut. serb. pȑžiti `roast' (proto slav.. *prъžiti);

maybe alb. (*prážiti) përzhit `burn'

    В. alb., germ. and kelt. vom Sprechen: alb. shpreh `I spreche from' (*spreg-sk-); but cymr. ffraeth (*spr_eĝh-to-) `quick, fast, willing, ready', bret. fraez, freaz `distinct', corn. freth `agile, lively' belong to sperĝh- S. 998; cymr. ffreg `gossip' hat unklares -g (from *-k); ags. sprecan, as. sprekan, ahd. sprehhan `speak', ags. sprǣc, as. sprāca, ahd. sprāhha `language' (besides forms without r unklarer Geschichte: ahd. spehhan, ags. specan `speak', spǣc ` discourse ', engl. to speak, speech, mhd. spaht `gossip, lauter Gesang', spehhen `babble'); in allgemeinerer onomatopoeic word formation aisl. spraka ` crackle, patter ' (spraki `rumor'), dän. sprage `crack, creak, knistern'.

    C. In other meaning:

    Old Indian sphū́rjati `bricht hervor, kommt zum Vorschein' (see above); parāgas `Blütenstaub';

    av. sparǝga- `scion, shoot' (`from den Widerhaken unterhalb the Pfeilspitze'), frasparǝɣa- `sprout, twig, branch';

    gr. σφαραγέομαι `strotzend voll sein, from Eutern', σπαργάω `strotzen (from juice, sap, milk), vonBegierde, ferventness, passion geschwellt sein', σπαργαί ὀργαί ὁρμαί Hes., σποργαί ἐρεθισμοὶ εἰς τὸτεκεῖν Hes., ἀσπάραγος, ἀσφάραγος `young Trieb; Spargel';

    lat. spargō, -ere `strew, distribute, hinstreuen, sprinkle, spray';

    mnd. sparken `Funken sprühen, sparkle, glitter', ags. spearcian ds. (engl. sparkle), spircan `Funken sprühen, spray', mnd. sparke, ags. spearca (engl. spark) `spark', nasalized mnd. spranken `sparkle, glitter', mnl. spranke `spark, das Aussprühen, smaller Fleck';

    aisl. sparkr `agile, lively, rührig', aisl. sprǣkr, norw. sprǣk, schwed. dial. spräker `agile, lively', also `radiating, gleaming', dän. dial. spræg `hochmütig, prahlend' (*sprēgi-); engl. sprinkle ` sprinkle, sprinkle, sprühen', schwed. dial. spräkkel `Fleck' (`*Spritzer'), spräckla `dieMasern', norw. and nisl. sprekla, mhd. spreckel `(skin)-fleck', nasal. mhd. sprinkel, sprenkel `Sprenkel, Fleck'; r-lose forms are mnd. spinkel = sprinkel, mnl. spekelen `sprinkle', nl. spikkel `Fleck, Sprenkel', ags. specca ds., lit. spúogas `Fleck, Punkt'; - without anl. s, and gleichzeitig as variant besides *perk̂-, *prek̂- ` dappled ' (see 820 f.): aisl. freknōttr `sommersprossig', norw. and nisl. frekna `Sommersprosse', engl. freak `gestreift make';

    ags. spræc n. `scion, shoot, twig, branch', spranca m. ds. (sprincel `basket-snare'); auf the meaning ` crackle, knistern, break, crack' based on norw. sprek `dry deadwood', aisl. sprek `morsches wood', ahd. sprahhula `splinter, chaff', mnd. sprok, sprokkel `deadwood'; holl. sprokkig ` brittle ', sprokkeln `break, crack', norw. dial. sproka, sprokka `Sprung, cleft, fissure', ags. forspiercan `dry, dehydrate, desiccate'; mnl. sporkel `Februar' (probably vom Knospensprießen, compare engl. spring `Frühling'), nd.sprickel `deadwood, trockener twig, branch';

    compare also ags. spracen `Erle', norw. sprake ` juniper ', ahd. sporah, spurcha ds., also (`zuckend, schnellend, elastisch') ahd. houue-spranca `locusta (Heuhüpfer)', as. sprinco ds., mnd.spranke, sprinke, sprenkel ds.; mhd. sprinke `Vogelfalle', nd. nhd. Sprenkel ds.; nd. sprenkel `Klemmholz';

    ahd. springa `pedica', older nhd. Sprengel `Vogelfalle', engl. springe, springle `Vogelschlinge' are from springen beeinflußt;

    lett. spir̃gt `fresh become, erstarken', spir̃g(t)s `fresh, alert, awake, smart, fit, healthy'; spir̃gsti (pirgsti) `glowing coals under the ash'; spir̃gulis `splinter' (`*Weggespritztes'); spridzinât `umherspritzen, schnellen', spridzîgs `rash, hasty, alert, awake, smart'; spur̃guls `small, munteres kid, child', spę̄rgans ` brittle, alert, awake, smart'; lit. sprõgis, lett. spradzis `Erdfloh';

    D. without anlaut s- compare still: Old Indian parjánya- `Regenwolke (spritzend, besprengend); the rain- and Gewittergott' (see above S. 819, 823); air. arg `drip', mcymr. eiry, cymr. eira `snow', acorn. irch, ncorn. er, bret. erc'h ds. (*pargo-, *pargi̯o-); probably also aksl. prъga `neuer Kornansatz of Weizens', russ. pergá `Blütenstaub' under likewise; aksl. is-prъgnǫti `herausspringen', poln. pierzgnąć `break, crack, aufspringen (skin)'; nas. abg. vъs-pręgnǫti `hervorsprießen', prǫgъ ` locust, grasshopper '; as `schnellend' aksl. prǫglo `tendicula, Sprenkel', russ. prúga, pružina `Springfeder', u-prúgij `elastisch schnellend, prall', also die family proto slav.. *pręgǫ `spanne, spanne an', prǫgъ `Joch', poln. poprąg `Gurt' etc

References: WP. II 672 ff., WH. II 566 f., Trautmann 276 f., 278 f., Vasmer 2, 337, 450.

Page(s): 996-998

Root / lemma: *u̯ep-1 : u̯ō̆p- : up-

Meaning: water

German meaning: `Wasser'

Material: Old Indian vāpī- f. `länglicher pond, pool'; die above S. 52 erwähnten vorkelt. FlN with -up- auf kelt. bottom, wherefore still Uxantia (*upsantiā) `Ousance' (Orléans), the ligur. PN Vappincum `Gap'; lit. ùpė `river' (barely to ap-); apr. wupyan `cloud'; aksl. vapa `sea' (*u̯ōpa; barely after W. Schulze, Kl. Schr. 115² to aruss. vapь `paint, color' usw); hitt. u̯appu- `Flußufer, Wadi'.

References: Trautmann 11, 342, Vasmer 1, 168 f., Krahe BzNF 5, 98 ff.

Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: kadh-

Meaning: to guard; to cover

German meaning: `hüten, schützend bedecken'

Material: Lat. cassis, -idis `Helm' (if echtlat., s. WH. I 177, then from *kadh-tis); perhaps mir. cais `love', mis-cuis `hate' (*kadh-ti-s);

    ags. hædre `sorglich, ängstlich'; ahd. huota f. `die Hut, Obhut, Bewachung', ags. hōd, afries. hōde `Obhut', whereof ahd. huoten, ags. hēdan `look after, watch over, keep, guard, watch'; ahd. huot m. `the Hut, Haube, Helm', ags. hōd m. `Kappe'; aisl. hǫttr and hattr, ags. hætt, engl. hat `the Hut' (*had-tu-), aisl. hetta `Каppе' (*hattjōn-); Kluge under Hut, Zupitza Gutt. 206 f.; ags. heden `dress' = aisl. heðinn `Pelzrock' (*haðina-).

Maybe alb. kas-, kasolle (diminituve) ‘hut’

References: WP. I 341 f., WH. I 177.

Page(s): 516

Root / lemma: kaghlo-

Meaning: small round stone

German meaning: `kleiner runder Stein, Kiesel'; germ. `Hagel'

Material: Gr. κάχληξ, -ηκος `Stein, Kiesel', Abl. from *κάχλος =

    ahd. hagal, ags. hagol, hægel m. anord. hagl n. `hail'.

References: WP. I 338.

Page(s): 518

Root / lemma: kagh- : kogh-

Meaning: to sew, plait, etc.

German meaning: `fassen, einfassen; geflochtene Hürde, Flechtwerk'

Material: Lat. caulae (*caholae) `Schafhürden, Einfriedigungen um Tempel and Altäre', wherefore (dial. Entwicklung) cōlum `Seihkorb, Seihgefäß, Fischreuse' (all from Flechtwerk), cōlō, -āre `durchseihen, läutern'; ablaut. lat. cohum, after Paul. Diac. `lorum, quo temo buris cum iugo colligatur, a cohibendo dictum' as ` holder, Umfassung', in addition incohō, -āre `fange an', eigentl. `anleegen, anschirren' (word the Bauernsprache);

    here osk. κα, ας `incipias', kahad `capiat': umbr. 3. Pl. Konj. Perf. kukēhē(n)s `occupaverint' = lat. capere : cēpi (see under S. 527 f.); umbr. cehefi `captus sit' is Konj. Pass. of f-Perfekts (E. Fraenkel, Fil. Biedr. Rāksti 1940, 8 f.);

maybe alb. (*cēpi) qep ‘sew’.

    gall. (5. Jh., Zimmer KZ. 32, 237 f.) caii `cancelli' Gl., caio `breialo sive bigardio' Nom. Gall. (out of it frz. quai, afrz. chai `Flußdamm'); abret. caiou Pl. `munimenta', cymr. cae ` paddock ' and `collar, neckband', corn. kē ` paddock ', mbret. kae `thorn hedge, fence'; derived cymr. caü `einhegen', bret. kea `einen Hag machen'; perhaps cymr. caen f. `Bedeckung, skin' (*kagh-nā) Vendryes WuS. 12, 242; out of it borrows mir. caín `Oberfläche'); cymr. cael `das Erlangen' (*kagh-lā), see above S. 408; ablaut. in bret. mor-go (*mon-go, to *mon- ` neck ') `Halsring the Pferde', whether -go from *kogho- (after V. Henry, Lexique, though to cymr. caw `band, strap'), and cymr.myn-ci ds., whether from *-cei, idg. *koghi̯o-; out of it mir. muince `collar, neckband';

    ahd. hag `Hecke, paddock ', ags. haga m. `Hecke, garden', engl. haw, asächs. hago, aisl. hagi `Weideplatz'; ags. hæg n. ` paddock, Grundstück', engl. hay, ags. hecg f. `Hecke', engl. hedge, ahd. heckia, heggia `Hecke', to aisl. hegg-r `Ahlkirsche' (*hagjō; out of it frz. haie ds.); derivatives: ags. hagu-rūn `charm, spell', hegi-tisse, ahd. haga-zussa `Нехе'; aisl. hegna `einhegen, schützen', to ahd. hagan `briar', PN Hagano, anord. Hǫgni, etc

References: WP. I 337 f., WH. I 187 f., 243 f., 631, Loth RC 45, 198 f.

Page(s): 518

Root / lemma: kaĝo- or koĝo-, -ā-

Meaning: goat

German meaning: `Ziege'

Comments: only slav. and germ.

Material: Abg. koza `goat', kozъlъ `he-goat' (lett. kaza `goat' from dem Russ.), therefrom abgel. koža `skin' (*kozjā, originally `* goatskin ', as ksl. (j)azno `skin, leather': lit. ožỹs `he-goat');

    auf die meaning `(Ziegen)fell as Überwurf' goes probably also got. hakuls `mantle', aisl. hǫkoll ds. (fem. hekla `mantle with Kapuze'), ags. hacele, afries. hezil (*hakil), ahd. hachul m. ds. back; with lengthened grade probably ags. hēcen, mnd. hōken, mndl. hoekijn `young goat, kid' (*hōkīna-).

    Meillet Ét. 246 reminds an *aĝos `goat(nbock)' (above S. 6 f.) as ` rhyme word ', was for kaĝo- with a spräche. The geringe Verbreitung of words erklärt sich from the Menge with it in Wettbewerb stehender Ziegennamen, s. in addition Lidén Arm. stem 13 f.

Maybe alb. kedhi, keci 'yound goat, kid'.

References: WP. I 336 f., Feist 238 f.

Page(s): 517-518

Root / lemma: kai-ko-

Meaning: one-eyed

German meaning: `einäugig; with nur einem geraden Auge, schielend' (in Lat. out of it `blind')

Material: Old Indian kēkara- `schielend';

    lat. caecus `blind, lichtlos', air. caech `einäugig, schielend, blind', cymr. coeg `vacuus, deficiens', coegddall `einäugig', acorn. cuic `luscus vel monophthalmus', got. haihs `einäugig'; mir. leth-chaech `schielend' (*halb-einäugig);

    perhaps here gr. καικίας Nordostwind' as `*the dunkle' (Güntert, Kalypso 67⁶, compare aquilo : aquilus above S. 23; against it Fick GGA. 1894, 238: vom Κάικος, einem river the Äolis, herkommend);

    lit. kéikti `fluchen', eigentl. `bösen Blick throw' (*kēikmi : *kaikmés).

    Because of the basic meaning `einäugig' compare *kai- `allein'.

References: WP. I 328, WH. I 129.

Page(s): 519-520

Root / lemma: kaik̂- or koik̂-

Meaning: to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair

German meaning: `kratzen, kämmen'

Material: Old Indian kéśa- m. `Haupthaar', kēśín- mähnig' (as aksl. kosa `hair' : česati `comb' from *kes- `scratch, scrape, comb');

    lit. kaĩšti `scrape, rub, smooth', iškaĩšti `Glas, wood under likewise innen glatt machen', kaĩštuvas `Glättinstrument the Böttcher', apr. coysnis `comb', coestue `comb, bristle brush';

    abg. cěsta `way, road' as `geglätteter way'.

maybe alb. *cěsta qeth, qetha (aorist) ‘to cut hair of the head’, also alb. *koik̂-, koka ‘head, *hair of the head’.

References: WP. I 328, Trautrnann 113.

Page(s): 520

Root / lemma: kai-1, kai-u̯o-, kai-u̯elo-

Meaning: alone

German meaning: `allein'

Material: Old Indian kḗvala-ḥ `jemandem exclusively eigen', hence `allein' and `whole, vollständig';

    lat. caelebs, -ibis `unvermählt, ehelos', probably from *kaiu̯elo-lib(h)-s `allein lebend', to got. liban `leben' etc; compare lett. kaîls `bare, kinderlos'.

References: WP. I 326, WH. I 130, 455;

See also: compare also kai-ko-, kai-lo-.

Page(s): 519

Root / lemma: kai-lo- (kai-lu-)

Meaning: bright; safe, healthy

German meaning: `heil, unversehrt, also von guter Vorbedeutung'

Material: Cymr. coel f. `omen, sign', acymr. Pl. coilou `auspiciis', abret. coel `(h)aruspicem', leg. `(h)aruspicium', acymr. coiliaucc, acorn. chuillioc `augur' (air. cēl `augurium' brit.Lw.);

    got. hails, aisl. heill, ahd. heil `fit, healthy, whole', ags. hāl, engl. whole `whole', ahd. heil n. `das salvation, luck', ags. hǣl `günstiges omen, sign, luck, Gesundheit', aisl. heil (*heilz, s-stem) n. f. `good Vorbedeutung, luck', ahd. heilisōn `emblem, landmark, mark observe', ags. hālsian `(mad, wicked, evil Geister) beschwören', aisl. heilsa `begrüßen' (compare also got. hails!, ags. wes hāl! as Gruß), ags. hālettan, ahd. heilazzen `begrüßen', ahd. (etc) heilag `holy'; ags. hālan Pl. ` placenta, afterbirth ' = norw. heile ds.;

    apr. kailūstiskan Akk. Sg. `Gesundheit' (derivative from *kailūsta-s Adj., dieses from *kailu-s), kails! - pats kails! `Heil! - selbst Heil!', Trinkgruß;

    abg. cělъ `heil, fit, healthy; whole, unversehrt', cěljǫ, cěliti `heal, cure', cělujǫ, cělovati `grüßen', then also `kiss'.



References: WH. I 130, Trautmann 112, Lidén KZ. 61, 25 f.

See also: Perhaps to kai- `allein', above S. 519.

Page(s): 520

Root / lemma: kais-

Meaning: hair

German meaning: `Haar'

Material: Old Indian kēsara- m. n. hair, Mähne' (s instead of ṣ from einer form *kēsra-, e.g. Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 232); compare above kéśa- under kaik̂-;

    lat. caesariēs `Haupthaar' (Rhotazismus unterblieben zur Vermeidung zweier r);

    about toch. A śiśäk, В ṣecake `Löwe' s. Van Windekens Lexique 120 f., E. Schwentner IF. 57, 59, Pedersen Toch. 247.

References: WP. I 329 f., WH. I 133.

Page(s): 520

Root / lemma: kaito-

Meaning: forest

German meaning: `Wald, unbebauter Landstrich'

Comments: (kelt. and germ.)

Material: Acymr. coit, ncymr. coed `wood, forest', acorn. cuit, mcorn. coys, cos ds., bret. coet, coat `wood, forest, Gehölz', gall. PN Καιτό-βριξ, Cēto-briga, Eto-cētum under likewise (die spätere rom. pronunciation -zētum lies den nhd. place names auf -scheid am linken Rheinufer the basic);

    got. haiÞi f., aisl. heiðr, ags. hǣð, engl. heath, ahd. heida f. Heidekraut', mhd. heide f. `Heide'; besides ags. *hāð, engl. dial. hoath; urgerm. *haiÞanas `steppenbewohnend, wild', probably Lehnübersetzung from lat. pāgānus (: pāgus `land'), in addition got. haiÞnō f. Heidin', aisl. heiðinn, ags. hǣðen, engl. heathen, asächs. hēthin, ahd. heidan, heidin, heidanisk `heidnisch'; different W. Schulze Kl. Schriften 521 ff.

    about lat. būcētum `cow-heard' s. WH. I 120, Vendryes RC 48, 398.

References: WP. I 328 f., Feist 237 f.

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kaiu̯r̥-t, kaiu̯n̥-t

Meaning: hole, ravine

German meaning: `Grube, Kluft'

Material: Old Indian kḗvaṭa- m. `pit, pothole';

    gr. καίατα ὀρύγματα Hes., hom. καιατόεσσα (Λακεδαίμων; so for überliefertes κητώεσσα herzustellen) `klüftereich', καιάδας Erdschlund in Sparta (δ as in δεκάδ- : lit. dẽšimt-).

References: WP. I 327, Specht Idg. Dekl. 25.

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kai 2

Meaning: and

German meaning: `and'?

Material: The Gleichung gr. καὶ `and, also': aksl. cě in a cě, cě i `καίτοι, καίπερ, εἴπερ' (compare die still unclear forms ark. kypr. κας, kypr. κα) is very doubtful; denn cě is probably as `*as = as also, as probably' at first with lit. kaĩ, lett. kâ, kaî, apr. kai `as, as' vom Pron. stem kʷo-, to verbinden, during καὶ barely from kʷ- (infolge proklitischer position?) could have evolved; not to lat. ceu `as' (*kai u̯e barely with ē from ai as prehendō after Wackernagel and Niedermann IA. 18, 76).

References: WP. I 327, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 567², Trautmann 112, Endzelin Lett. Gr. p. 474, WH. I 209.

Page(s): 519

Root / lemma: kakka-

Meaning: to defecate

German meaning: `cacāre'

Comments: babble-word the Kindersprache

Material: Arm. k`akor `crap, muck', gr. κακκάω cacō', κάκκη Menschenkot', lat. cacō, -āre, mir. caccaim `caco', cacc `ordure', cymr. cach, bret. cac`h, corn. caugh ds., russ. etc kákatь `defecate', nhd. kacken;

    in addition perhaps as Kinderwort - compare nhd. gegga `fie' - also gr. κακός evil, bad'; neuphryg. κακουν evil, harm', after Friedrich (Eberts Reallexikon I 139) gr. Lw.; barely here Κακασβος, kleinas. Reitergott (in Lykien), compare above S. 309.

Also alb. kaka `ordure'

References: WP. I 336.

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kal-1

Meaning: hard; blister

German meaning: `hart'

Material: Old Indian kíṇa- m. `weal, callus' (mind. from *kr̥ṇa-s); about Old Indian kaṭhina-, kaṭhora- see under kar-3;

    lat. callum n., callus m. `verbärtete dicke skin, weal, callus' (in addition calleō, -ere `dickhäutig sein; gewitzigt sein', callidus `sly, cunning');

    alb. a-kul `Eis';

    air. mir. calath, calad `hard', cymr. caled ds., gall. VN Caleti, Caletes; in addition gallo-rom.*cali̯o-, *cali̯au̯o- `Stein' (M.-L. 1519a), as well as gall.-lat. callio-marcus `Huflattich' (for*callio marci `testiculus equi'), epo-calium (leg. -callium), ebul-calium (for *epālo-callium, to mcymr. ebawl, bret. ebol `Füllen') ds., to cymr. caill, bret. kell f. `testicle' (Dual *kalnai);

    ksl. kaliti `abkühlen, härten (glühendes iron)', serb. prìkala ` hoarfrost '.

References: WP. I 357, WH. I 139 ff.; 388.

See also: Zusamenhang with kel- `hit' wäre möglich.

Page(s): 523-524

Root / lemma: kal-2, kali-, kalu-

Meaning: handsome; healthy

German meaning: `schön, gesund'

Material: Old Indian kalyá- `fit, healthy, rüstig', kalyā́ṇa- `beautiful, heilsam' (-āṇa- = *ālno- to gr. ὠλένη, ὠλλόν, above S. 308 f.); gr. *καλλο- = Old Indian kalya- (?) as base from καλλίων, κάλλιστος `schöner, schönst', κάλλος n. `beauty'. καλλύ̄νω `make beautiful', ion. καλλονή `beauty', καλλι- as 1.composition part; besides with formants -u- böot. καλFός = hom. κᾱλός, att. etc κᾰλός `beautiful'; in addition as Spottname καλλίᾱς `ape' and perhaps κάλλαιον n. (mostly Pl.) `Hahnenkamm'.

    i-stem anord. halr (*hali-) `man, husband, master, mister' (poet.), ags. hæle(ð) `man, husband', asächs. helið, ahd. helíd `man, husband, Kämpfer, Held', aschwed. hälith, besides u-stem anord. hǫldr `free Bauer, man, husband' (*haluÞ).

References: WP. I 356, 443, Specht Idg. Dekl. 128, 195; Seiler, The primären gr. Steigerungsformen 68 ff.

Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kalni-

Meaning: narrow passage

German meaning: `enger Durchgang, enger Pfad'?

Material: Lat. callis `Bergpfad, Waldweg, Gebirgstrift';

    bulgar. klánik `room between Herd and wall', serb. klánac, Gen. klánca `Engpaß', sloven. klánǝc `Hohlweg, Gebirgsweg, Rinnsal eines Baches, Dorfgasse', čech. klanec `Bergsattel, Paß'.

References: WP. I 356 f., WH. I 140 f.

Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kamb-

German meaning: `krümmen'

See also: see under (s)kamb-

Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: kam-er-

Meaning: to bend, curve

German meaning: `wölben, biegen'

Material: Old Indian kmárati (only Dhātup.) `is krumm';

    av. kamarā f. `Gürtel' (and `*Gewölbe');

    gr. κμέλεθρον `Stubendecke, Dach, house' (probably dissim. from *κμερεθρον), καμάρα `Gewölbe, Himmelbett; bedeckter Wagen' (to Solmsens BPhW. 1906, 852 f. assumption karischer origin, κάμαρα λέγεται τὰ ἀσφαλῆ, s. Boisacq 402 Anm.; lat. Lw. camera, camara `gewölbte cover, Zimmerwölbung'); at most κάμῑνος `Ofen' (freilich Kulturwort, das gewandert sein could);

    lat. camur(us), -a, -um `gewölbt, gekrümmt' (dial.), genuine lat. camerus.

References: WP. I 349 f., WH. I 146 f., 149 f., 306, Feist 6, 256;

See also: s. also kam-p-.

Page(s): 524-525

Root / lemma: kam-p-

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Old Indian kapanā́ `Wurm, caterpillar, inchworm' (*km̥p_enā), kampate `zittert', if originally `krümmt sich' (doubtful); ablaut. kumpa- (uncovered) `lahm an the Hand';

    doubtful Old Indian kapaṭa- n. `deceit, Hinterlist' (wäre *km̥p-).

    gr. καμπή `bend', κάμπτω `krümme, biege', καμπύλος, καμψός `gekrümmt'; κάμπη `caterpillar, inchworm'; pannon. PN Campona;

maybe alb. *kamba, këmba ‘leg, bent leg’. Probably the Illyrian cognate spread into gr. and lat. also engl. jamb n. Also jambe. me. [(O)Fr. jambe leg, vertical support, f. Proto-Romance (whence late L gamba hoof) f. gr. καμπή.] The characteristic alb. M > MB allophones at the end of the word prove the Illyrian origin of the gr. and lat. cognates.

    lat. campus `field' (originally `bend, Einbuchtung, lowland, depression', as lit. lankà `valley, meadow' to leñkti `bend');

    got. hamfs `verstümmelt', ags. hōf `an den Händen gelähmt', asächs. hāf, ahd. hamf `verstümmelt, gelähmt';

    lit. kam̃pas `point, edge, Winkel', lett. kampis `Krummholz'; reduced grade (with idg. _u = _e in dunkler Umgebung) lit. kum̃pti ` crook oneself ', kum̃pas `krumm', lett. kùmpt `krum, buckelig become', apr. etkūmps Adv. `against'; in addition probably lit. kùmstė `fist' as *kùmp-stė `die Zusammenkrümmung the Finger';

    perhaps poln. kępa `bush, with Buschwerk bewachsene Flußinsel', aksl. kąpina `ἡ βάτος, rubus', russ. kupiná `shrubbery, bush, Strauß, fascicle, sheaf ';

    Idg. kamp- is möglicherweise eine extension from *kam- `bend, wölben' (see also die similar root (s)kamb- from gr. σκαμβός, gall. Cambio-dūnum etc); yet compare also die nasallose gleichbed. family of Old Indian cāpa- m. n. `bow', capalá- `unstet, fluctuating ', npers. čap `link', i.e. `*krumm'; Endzelin KZ. 44, 63 reminds for *capala- also an lett. kaparuôtiês `zappeln', k`eparât `zappeln, sich mühsam forthelfen', lit. kãpanotis `liegend sich aufzuhelfen suchen' or `mühsam gehen'.

Comments:

It seems that Root / lemma: ĝhengh- : (to march, step) and Root / lemma: kam-p- : (to bend) have contaminated each other.

Diese im Griechischen probably ausgebildete Wortsippe, die auf einem ablautlosen Verbalstamm καμπ- aufgebaut is, whereof das primäre Verbalnomen καμπ-ή (with καμπ-ύλος?) and das likewise primäre κάμπ-τω with κάμψαι usw., hat in anderen Sprachen verstreute nominal Vertreter, z. T. in übertragenen meaning and somit nicht immer ganz einwandfrei: lett. kampis `Krummholz, Kesselhaken', lit. kam̃pas `Winkel, point, edge, border, verborgener place', also `Krummholz am Kummet', wherewith likewise lat. campus `field' (eig. `bend, lowland, depression'?) as also ein german. Adj. `verstümmelt, gelähmt', z. B. got. hamfs, phonetically übereinstimmen; besides steht with auslautendem -b (compare to σκαμβός) ein keltischer adjective `krumm', air. camm usw. (from *cambo-; in addition after Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 3, 231 der stream, brook- and place name Kobenz < *Kambantia); compare furthermore Campona PN in Pannonia. - Hinzu kommen im Baltischen zahlreiche words for `krumm usw.' with u-Vokal, lit. kum̃pas `gekrümmt, krumm', lett. kùmpt `krumm become, verschrumpfen' under a. m., die eine reduzierte vowel gradation contain können, but gleichzeitig einen volkstümlichen Charakter haben and deshalb only with reservation hier einzureihen are. Dasselbe gilt perhaps in still höherem Maße from ein paar aind. Wörtern: kumpa- `lahm an der Hand' (Lex.) and, because of der meaning, aind. kampate `tremble'; compare Mayrhofer Wb. s.vv. Additional forms with reicher Lit. by WP. 1, 350f., Pok. 525, W.-Hofmann s. campus, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. kam̃pas. - From κάμψαι derives lat. campsāre `umsegeln, abbiegen' (whereof span. cansar usw., Rice Lang. 19, 154ff.); from καμπή lat.-rom. camba, gamba (in addition Fohalle Mélanges Vendryes 157ff., Kretschmer Glotta 16, 166f.) and alb. kāmbë `leg, foot' (Mann Lang. 17, 19 and 26, 380); from καμπύλος osman. kambur `Buckel, buckelig' > ngr. καβούρης (Maidhof Glotta 10, 10); in byz. γαμματίζω = κάμπτω, -ομαι vermutet Amantos (s. Kretschmer Glotta 16, 179) ein noun *γάμμα, *κάμμα.

References: WP. I 346, 350 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 116.

Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: kand-, skand- and (Old Indian) (s)kend-

Meaning: to glow; bright

German meaning: `leuchten, glühen, hell'

Material: Old Indian candati `shines', Intens. participle cáni-ścadat `überaus gleaming' (*skn̥d-), candrá- (ścandrá-, EN Hári-ścandra-) `luminous, gleaming, glühend; m. moon', candana- m. n. `Sandelholz (incense ');

    gr. κάνδαρος ἄνθραξ Hes.;

    alb. geg. hânë, tosk. hënë `moon' (*skandnā);

This assumption seems suspicious since alb. N > ND and never vice versa. Actually alb. cognate seems to have derived from gr. cognate as in alb. (*σελάννα) hana ` moon ' similar to alb. (*ἠέλιος, sūli-) hül, ül ` star, planet, *sun ' [the shift S > H];

alb. and gr. prove that from Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun) derived Root / lemma: su̯el-2 : (to smoulder, burn, moon).

Probably (illyr.) alb. hâna ` moon ' could be the origin of Root / lemma: kand-, skand- and (Old Indian) (s)kend- : (to glow; bright) since alb. n > nd - a mutation attested in other IE languages.

    lat. candeō, -ēre `gleam, shimmer, bright glow', transitive *candō, -ere in accendō, inceendō `zünde an', candidus `blinding, dazzling white, gleaming', candor `blinding, dazzling weiße paint, color, Lichtglanz', candēla, candēlābrum `candlestick, flambeaux' (out of it cymr. etc cannwyll ds.), cicindēla `Leuchtkäferchen, Öllampe', cicendula `Lämpchen' (redupl. *ce-cand-);

    cymr. cann `white, bright', mbret. cann `Vollmond', abret. cant `canus'; borrowing from candidus nimmt Pedersen KG. I 190 an (compare lat. splendidus > bret. splann), but cymr. cannaid `luminous; sun, moon' and zahlreiche derivatives lassen perhaps ein genuine kelt.*kando- as möglich appear, whereas belongs the FlN Kander (Baden, Switzerland) to nichtidg. gand- `wüst liegendes land', Bertoldi BSL 30, 111 and Anm. 2.

It seems that the name for the moon passed from PIE to Altaic languages through celt.- illyr.:

Protoform: *ā́ńu

Meaning: moon; (moon cycle), year

Turkic protoform: *āń

Mongolian protoform: *oj

Tungus protoform: *ańŋa

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 283, Дыбо 11, Мудрак Дисс. 70, Лексика 77. A Western isogloss.

The initial root must have been lat. annus `year, *moon year' from Root / lemma: at- : `to go; year'

References: WP. I 352, WH. I 151 f.

Page(s): 526

Root / lemma: kan-tho-

Meaning: angle, curve

German meaning: `Ecke, Biegung'

Comments: probably from kam-tho- to kam-p- `bend'

Material: Gr. κανθός `Augenwinkel'; in the meaning `Radreifen' meaning-Lw. from lat. cantus;

    lat. cantus `eiserner Radreifen' is again Lw. from:

    gall. (also gallo-rom.) *cantos `eiserner Reifen, edge, point, edge', cymr. cant (hence ceiniog `Penny') ds., bret. kant `Kreis', air. cétad `(round) seat' from *kanto-sedo-, mir. cét `round Steinpfeiler'; derivatives: gall. cantalon, probably `Pfeiler', cantena, καντενα dss.?; also gall.cando-soccus `Rebsenker', lies canto-soccus (to gall. succo- `Schweineschnauze, Pflugschar'; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.);

    abret. int coucant `vollständig'; mcymr. yn geugant ds. (eigentl. `very skillful ' from *kou̯o-kantos to keu- `worauf achten', lat. caveō); to kant `Kreis' > `vollkommen' compare acymr. lloergant `voller moon';

    cymr. cant `troop, multitude, crowd', in addition mir. céte (*kanti̯ā) `congregation, meeting', probably as *` a division of 100' identical with cymr. cant `100' above S. 92;

    slav. *kǫtъ m. `Winkel' in russ.-ksl. kutъ etc

maybe alb. *kǫt, kënd ‘angle’.

References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f., Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45, 331 ff.

Page(s): 526-527

Root / lemma: kan-

Meaning: to sing, sound

German meaning: `singen, klingen, also von anderen Geräuschen'

Material: Gr. κανά(σσω), Aor. κανάξαι `with noise fließen or schütten', καναχή `Getön, noise', καναχέω, καναχίζω `schalle, töne' (compare στενάχω, στοναχή : στένω), ἠι-κανός `rooster, cock' (`in the Morgenfrühe krähend'); κόναβος `noise'?

    lat. canō, -ere `singen, erklingen, erklingen lassen', canōrus `wohlklingend' (compare sonōrus), carmen `Gesang' (*canmen), umbr. kanetu `canito', procanurent `praececinerint', ař-kani `*accinium, cantus flaminis'; perhaps also lat. cicōnia `Storch' (out of it probably synkopiert praen. cōnea; compare zur vowel gradation ahd. huon, russ. kánja);

maybe alb. geg. *kánja, kanga ‘song’

    air. canim `I singe', cymr. canu, bret. cana `singen', mir. cētal n., cymr. cathl f. `Gesang', bret. kentel f. `lec̨on' (*kan-tlo-m, previously brit. to Fem. geworden, s. Pedersen KG. II 66); lengthened grade mcymr. g(w)o-gawn `illustrious', cymr. go-goniant `fame';

    got. hana, ahd. etc hano `rooster, cock', fem. ahd. henīn, Gen. -nna (*hanen-i, -i̯ās), henna (*han[e]n-ī, -i̯ās) and anord. h&ø̄na `Henne' (*hōnjōn), Pl. hø̄nsn (hø̄ns, hø̄sn) `Hühner', ahd. huon `Huhn' (germ. s-stem *hōniz);

    perhaps (Berneker 483 zw.) russ. (etc) kánja, kanjúk `Milan, consecration, through sein Geschrei lästiger Raubvogel' (: cicōnia);

    toch. A kan `Melodie, Rhythmus'.

References: WP. I 351, WH. I 154 f., 212 f.

Page(s): 525-526

Root / lemma: kapro-

Meaning: goat

German meaning: `Ziegenbock, Bock', presumably allgemeiner `male animal'

Material: Old Indian kápr̥th- m., kapr̥thá- m. `penis';

maybe truncated alb. (*kápr̥th-), kar ‘penis’ also in Gypsy kar ‘penis’

    gr. κάπρος `boar', also σῦς κάπρος;

    lat. caper, caprī `he-goat, billy goat ' (in addition ein neugebildetes Fem. capra `goat' as well as due to of Adj. *capreus `αἴγειος: caprea `roe deer', capreolus `Rehbock'), umbr. kabru, kaprum `caprum', cabriner `caprīnī';

maybe alb. (*capreolus) kaproll ‘roebuck’ [common alb. shift lu > ll]

    gall. *cabros ` he-goat; billy goat ' reconstructs Bertoldi (RC 47, 184 ff.) from gallo-rom. *cabrostos `Geißblatt, Liguster';

    anord. hafr `he-goat', ags. hæfer ds. (figurative `Krabbe', as frz. chevrette), nhd. Habergeiß (vom meckernden Brunstlaute of Vogels);

    urkelt. *gabros ` he-goat; billy goat ', *gabrā `goat', gall. PN Gabro-magos (Noricum) `Bocksfeld', Γαβρῆτα ὕλη `Böhmerwald' (illyr.?), air. gabor, cymr. gafr m. ` he-goat; billy goat ', f. `goat', air. also `mare', etc, haben das g- perhaps from einer equivalent from idg. ghaido- (above S. 409) bezogen.

    To germ. hafra- ` he-goat; billy goat ' seems as `Bockskorn' das word Hafer to belong, da this originally nur as Viehfutter gebaut wurde: anord. hafri m., as. haƀoro, ahd. habaro, nhd. Haber, Hafer. Ein miscellaneous word is agutn. hagre, schwed. norw. dial. hagre, finn. Lw. kakra `Hafer'; es belongs after Falk-Torp aaO. as behaartes, i.e. begranntes grass to norw. dial. hagr n. ` coarse Roßhaar', perhaps gleichzeitig to mir. coirce, cymr. ceirch, bret. kerc'h `Hafer', if diese through dissimilation from *korkri̯o-.

References: WP. I 347 f., WH. I 157 f.

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kap-ut, -(ē̆)lo-

Meaning: head; pan, etc.

German meaning: `Kopf; Pfanne am Schenkel; Kniescheibe'

Comments: originally perhaps `Schalenförmiges', see under

Material: Old Indian kapúcchala- n. (from *kaput-) `Haar am Hinterkopf, Schopf, bowl';

    lat. caput, -itis `head, Haupt'; bi-caps ` bicipital ';

    anord. hǫfuð n. `Haupt'; in Germ. besides got. haubiÞ `Haupt, head', anord. haufuð, ags. hēafod, ahd. houbit, nhd. Haupt through amalgamation with einem to Old Indian kakúbh- f. `cusp, peak, acme, apex ', ahd. hūba `Haube' etc (compare keu-2) respective words; kret. κύφερον ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν Hes.

    With l-suffixes: Old Indian kapā́la- n. `bowl, cranium, cranium, Pfanne am Schenkel, schalen- or scherbenförmiger bone', pehl. kapārak (Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 144) `vessel', kapōlī `Kniescheibe', kapōla- m. `cheek';

    ags. hafola `head'.

    Fraglich is affiliation from lat. capillus `hair, esp. Haupthaar', see WH. I 158.

References: WP. I 346 f., WH. I 158, 163 f.

Page(s): 529-530

Root / lemma: kap-

Meaning: to grab

German meaning: `fassen'

Comments: (Varianten s. am Schlusse); vielfach in words for Gefäße

Material: Old Indian kapaṭī `two handful ' (ṭ mind. for t), apers. ἡ καπίθη `δύο χοίνικες'; with idg. e npers. časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan `greifen, packen';

    gr. καπέτις `ein Hohlmaß', κάπη `crib', καπά̄νη ds., thess. `the Wagenkasten', κάπτω `schnappe, schlucke', κώπη `handle, grasp';

    alb. kap `ergreife, fasse', kapasë `Ölgefäß', kam `habeo' (*kapmi or *kab(h)mi- zur root form *kabh- to nhd. haben);

    lat. capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus `take', au-ceps, -cupāre `Vogelfanger, Vögel fangen', parti-ceps `teilnehmend', capāx `fassungsfähig, tauglich', capēdo, -inis `einfaches tönernes vessel in Opfergebrauch; Trinkgefäß', capulus `barrow, bier, later coffin' and `handle, grasp, Handhabe', capula `Schöpfgefäß' (capulāre `from einem vessel ins other schöpfen'), caputrum `Schlinge zum Fassen eines Gegenstandes; esp. Halfter' (but capis, -idis `Henkelschale', umbr. kapiře `capide', osk. καπιδιτομ `ollarium' maybe from gr. σκαφίς with s-drop in allen drei ital. Sprachen; certainly is capisterium Lw. from σκαφιστήριον); capsa ` receptacle, Kapsel, Kasten', capsus `the Wagenkasten; cage for wilde animal' (out of it gr. κάψα, κάμψα);

    lat. captus, -a = air. cacht `Dienerin, Sklavin', cymr. caeth `slave', acorn. caid `captivus', nbret. keaz ` unlucky, arm', gall. Moeni-captus `slave of Mains', mir. cachtaim `take gefangen' = lat. captāre `to ergreifen suchen' (zufällig also = asächs. haftōn `haften'); ir. cúan (*kapno-) `(See-)Hafen';

    got. -hafts (= lat. captus, ir. cacht) `behaftet with', anord. haptr `captus', hapt n. `manacle', ags. hæft m. `Gefangener, slave, band, strap, manacle', n. `Heft, handle, grasp', as. haft `vinctus', ahd. haft ` bound, gefangen, behaftet with', m. n. `Haft, manacle', whereof anord. hefti n. `Heft, Handhabe', ahd. hefti n. `Heft, handle, grasp' and got. haftjan `befestigen', anord. hefta `bind, hinder', ags. hæftan, as. heftan, ahd. heften `bind, verhaften'; nhd. haschen (*hafskōn) = schwed. dial. haska `nachlaufen, um einzuholen';

    got. hafjan (= lat. capiō) `heben', anord. hefja (hafða), as. hebbian, ags. hebban, ahd. heffen, heven, mhd. nhd. heben (schweiz. only `hold, stop'); in addition (compare zur form lat. habēre) got. haban, -aida `hold, stop, haben', anord. hafa (hafða), as. hebbian, ags. habban, ahd. habēn `haben';

    anord. -haf n. `Hebung', ags. hæf n., mnd. haf `sea' (ndd. Haff), mhd. hap, -bes `Меег, Hafen'; anord. hǫfn f. `Hafen (portus)', ags. hæfen(e) f., mnd. havene, mhd. habene f. ds. (nhd.Hafen from dem Ndd.; compare ir. cuan); ahd. havan m. `pot, pan, Küchengeschirr', nhd. Hafen; anord. hǫfugr, ags. hefig, as. heƀig, ahd. hebīc, -g ` heavy ' (actually `somewhat enthaltend'); ags.hefe, hæfe m., ahd. heve, hepfo, nhd. Hefe (`was den Teig hebt'); isl. norw. dial. havald n. `band, strap', ags. hefeld, mnd. hevelte (*hafaðla-; ahd. haba, nhd. Handhabe;

    anord. hāfr m. `Fischhamen, Reuse' (ē as in lat. cēpī);

    anord. hōf n. `das rechte Maß or relationship', hø̄fa `zielen, passen, sich schicken', got. gahōbains `Enthaltsamkeit', ags. behōfian `bedürfen', ahd. bihuobida `praesumtio', mhd. behuof m. ` business, Zweck, benefit, advantage', nhd. Behuf;

    [anord. haukr (*hǫƀukr), ags. heafoc ` hawk' (out of it mcymr. hebawc, and from diesem air. sebocc `Falke'), as. haƀuk- in EN, ahd. habuh ` hawk' from germ. *haƀuka- (finn. Lw. havukka), are probably better with russ. (etc) kóbec, poln. kobuz `Namen from Falkenarten' to compare;]

    with the meaning from gr. κάπτω and germ. pp as intens. Kons.-Gemination (due to the root form auf p or bh or b) nhd. (actually ndd.) happen, hapsen `verschlingen'. holl. happen `schnappen' under likewise;

    lit. kúopa 1. `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off', 2. `Lösegeld for gepfändetes cattle' (= gr. κώπη); lett. kàmpju, kàmpt `ergreifen, fassen';

    about den Troernamen Κάπυς, lat. capys, capus `Falke' (illyr.?) s. Bonfante REtIE 2, 113.

    Der vocalism is fast absolutely a, also in Old Indian kapaṭī (das as isoliertes word not probably a as Entgleisung for i = ǝ haben kann); besides occasional ē (cēpi, hāfr) and ō (κώnη, lit. kúopa, presumably also germ. hōf-), die barely as Normalstufen (ē: ō: ǝ) einzureihen are (Konstatierung by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). Dasselbe Vokalverhältnis between osk. hafiest : hipid, lit. gabénti : preterit atgė́bau, got. gabei : anord. gǣfr; hinsichtlich of Konsonantismus shows sich in Wurzelanl. and -auslaut Schwanken between Tenuis, voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, was from Nachahmung of Schnapplautes (kap, ghap, ghabh etc) and Nachahmung of raschen Zugreifens through diesen sound (`schnapp') to define is. Darüber ausführlich Collitz preterit 85 ff., K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 224-237; s. also above S. 407ff.; different EM³ 173.

References: WP. I 342 ff., WH. I 159 f., 169.

Page(s): 527-528

Root / lemma: kar-1

Meaning: to scold, punish

German meaning: `schmähen, strafen'

Material: Gr. κάρνη ζημία, αὐτόκαρνος αὐτοζήμιος Hes.;

    lat. carinō, -āre `höhnen, spotten' (probably ă);

    air. caire f. `reprimand', acymr. cared `nequitiae', cymr. caredd `fault, error', corn. cara `rebuke', mbret. carez `reprimand' (*kr̥i̯ā);

    ahd. harawēn, mhd. herwen `verspotten', ags. hierwan ` despise, verspotten', anord. herfiligr `verächtlich, erniedrigend', mhd. here, herwer `herb', finn. Lw. karvas `amarus'; zero grade ags. gehornian `beleidigen';

    lett. karināt `banter, stir, tease, irritate'; ablaut. ostlit. kìrinti ds.;

    aksl. korъ, u-korъ `contumelia', u-koriti `vilify, scold', po-koriti `unterwerfen', čech. po-kora `Demut', po-korný `demütig', ablaut. serb.-ksl. kara f. `fight', čech. kára `Vorwurf, punishment ', etc;

maybe alb. korit 'make ashamed'

    perhaps here toch. A kärn-, В karn- `torment, smite'.

References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places die bsl. words to idg. kori̯o-, see there.

Page(s): 530

Root / lemma: kar-2, karǝ-

Meaning: to praise, glorify

German meaning: `laut preisen, rühmen'

Comments: also (still) allgemeinere onomatopoeic words as viele other, die connection from k and r enthaltende roots

Material: Old Indian carkarti `erwähnt rühmend' (Aor. ákārīt), carkr̥tí- `fame, Preis', karkarí-, karkarī́ `eineArt Laute', kīrtí- f. `fame, knowledge' (thereafter with ī also kīrí-, kīrín- `Sänger'); kārú- `Sänger, Dichter' (: κήρυξ);

    gr. καρκαίρω `erdröhne', κήρῡξ, dor. κά̄ρῡξ `Herold';

    anord. herma (*harmjan) `berichten, melden', hrōðr m. `fame, Lob', ags. hrōðor m. `pleasure, joy', hrēð (*hrōÞi-) `fame', ahd. (h)rōd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in EN), got. hrōÞeigs `ruhmreich', anord. hrōsa `rühmen' (*hrōÞ-s-ōn); ahd. (h)ruom, as. hrōm `fame, Lob, honour', in addition ags. brēme `illustrious' (*bihrōmi-);

maybe alb. mbrëmbje 'evening, dark' common alb. b > mb phonetic mutation.

    perhaps as b-extension: got. hrōps `clamor', ahd. ruof `shout, call', as. ags. hrōpan, ahd. (h)ruofan `rufen, cry', ahd. (h)ruoft, mhd. gerüefte, geruofte n. `shout, call, shriek', mnd. ruchte, rochte n. `shout, call, shriek, rumor', nhd. (from dem Ndd.) Gerücht;

    lit. kar̃das `Echo', alit. ap-kerdžiu `I verkünde', apr. kirdīt `hören'.

References: WP. I 353 f.

Page(s): 530-531

Root / lemma: kar-3, redupl. karkar-

Meaning: hard

German meaning: under likewise `hart'

Material: Old Indian karkara- `rough, hard' = gr. κάρκαροι τραχεῖς Hes., Old Indian karkaśa- `rough, hard' (also karaka- m., `hail'?); presumably gr. κρανα[F]ός `hard, rough, felsig'.

    In addition probably die words for `Krebs': Old Indian karkaṭa- m. `Krebs' (karkin- `Krebs as Sternbild', Lw. from gr. καρκίνος), karka-ḥ m. `Krabbe';

    gr. καρκίνος ds., lat. cancer, -crī ds. (dissim. from *carcro-, perhaps already idg., compare Old Indian kaŋkaṭa- m. `Panzer' from *kaŋkr̥ta-);

    daß aksl. rakъ `Krebs' from *krakъ dissim. sei, is möglich; die Ähnlichkeit with norw. (etc) ræke `cапcег squilla, Garnele' places borrowing of norw. words ahead;

    further words for hard Schale, Nuß: gr. κάρυον `Nuß', καρύα f. `Nußbaum'; lat. carīna f. `Nußschale, Schiffskiel, ship' (maybe from dem Gr. after Keller Volkset. 279, in welchem Falle καρύινος die wellspring is); cymr. ceri (*carīso-) `Obstkern'.

    With t-suffixes: got. hardus `hard, stern', anord. harðr `hard', ags. heard `hard, strong, valiant', as. hard, ahd. hart, herti `hard, tight, firm, heavy ', Adv. anord. harða, ags. hearde, ahd. harto, mnd. harde `very, besonders' (compare gr. κάρτα), urgerm. *harðú- from idg. *kar-tú-; due to einer idg. extension *kre-t-, *kr̥t- äol. (Gramm.) κρέτος, next to which with dem vocalism of Adj. att. κράτος, ep. ion. κάρτος ` strength, power ', hom. κρατύς `strong' Komparat. ion. κρέσσων, att.κρείττων, Superl. κράτιστος, ep. κάρτιστος, Adv. κάρτα `strong', κρατερός, καρτερός `strong, tight, firm, violent' (etc); remains far off Old Indian krátu-, av. xratuš `geistige power '.

    Old Indian kaṭhiná-, káṭhora- `hard, tight, firm, steif' kann also with idg. l to cymr. caled, mir. calad `hard', gall. -caletos belong (see kal- `hard').

    Because of the Existenz eines weitverbreiteten iber.-mediterr. *carra `Stein, Steinhaufe' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v.) is die affiliation folgender words dubious, die partly here or to (s)ker- `cut, clip' belong, partly nichtidg. origin sein können:

    air. carrac f. (nir. carraig) `Felsen, Klippe' and crec f. ds., Gen. craice, creice, mir. also Nom. craic (nir. craig) f. ds., Gen. creca, derive alle from dem Brit., also mir. crach `rough' (= schorfig); to acymr. carrecc, cymr. carreg f. `Stein, Felsen' (*karrikā), bret. karreg, corn. carrek ds., compare cymr. carrog `stream, brook' (*karrākā), eig. `Steinbach' = mir. carrach `schorfig' and gallo-rom. *cracos `Stein' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v), acymr. creik, cymr. craig f. (*krakī) `Felsen', bret. krag `Sandstein', cymr. crach `scurf' = bret. (Vannes) krah `smaller hill, cusp, peak' (*krak-, *krakk-, perhaps through metathesis from *kar-k-) etc Grundformen are voridg.*karr- or idg. *(s)kr̥-s- (ergäbe kelt. carr-), bzw. *kar-k-; also zweidentig ital.-venezian. (ven.) scaranto, caranto `steiniger Bergbach' and ven. PN Scarantia > Scharnitz (Tirol), Carantania `Kärnten', etc;

    likewise germ. *har(u)gaz `Steinhaufen, sacrificial altar ' in anord. hǫrgr `Steinhaufen', ags. hearg m. `heidnischer Tempel', ahd. harg `Hain, Tempel' (finn. Lw. karko `Holzstoß, Stapel', harkko `clump, heap'), perhaps also to air. cymr. bret. corn `Steinhügel, Steingrab', and ahd. hart `Bergwald', ags. harað, -eð ds.; barely here as `Waldbewohner' the altgerm. VN Χαροῦδες, Harudes, ags. Hæreðas, aisl. Hǫrdar; rather to air. caur, cur `Held' (*karut-s).

References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ. 48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.

Page(s): 531-532

Root / lemma: kars-

Meaning: to scratch, rub

German meaning: `kratzen, striegeln, krämpeln'

Material: Old Indian kaṣati `reibt, schabt, kratzt' (mind. from *kr̥ṣati), unclear kaṣāya- `herb, bitter, sharp' etc (also kuṣṭha- n. ` leprosy ', mind. from *kr̥ṣṭha-?);

    lat. carrō, ere `(wool) krämpeln', carduus `thistle' (due to from *carridus `kratzend');

Maybe alb. *carrō, ere, kore `scab'

    lit. karšiù, kar̃šti `comb, striegeln, krämpeln', lett. kā̀ršu, kā̀rst `wool comb';

    abg. krasta (*kor-stā), russ. korósta f., skr. krȁsta `Krätze, Grind';

    mnd. harst `Rechen, Harke', probably also mnd. nhd. harsch `hard, rough', nhd. verharschen `Schorf bilden, by Wunden', mdartl. harsch `Schneekruste', mhd. harsten, verharsten `rough, hard become'; with germ. ablaut neologism and anlaut. s- from the Wurzelsker- here also andd. ofskerran starkes Verb `abkratzen', ahd. scerran, mhd. scherren starkes Verb `scratch, scrape, scrape', Intensivbildung *skarzōn in norw. skarra `einen scharrenden sound hervorbringen', mnd. mhd. scharren `scratch, scrape, scratch', schwed. skorra, mnd. schurren `einen scharrenden sound give'.

Maybe alb. (*schurren) shkurre `thorny bush'

    Der root vowel is a; the Intonationsunterschied zw. Lit. and Slav. bleibt still to define.

References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.

Page(s): 532-533

Root / lemma: kat-1

Meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net

German meaning: `flechtend zusammendrehen, to Ketten, Stricken, Hürdengeflecht'

Material: Lat. catēna `Kette' (*cates-nā), cassis, -is `Jägergarn, Netz' (because of catēna rather = *kat-s-is as *kat-ti-s; perhaps also casa `primitive cottage' (originally from leichtem netting; probably dial. from *cati̯ā, as osk. Bansae from Bantiae);

    perhaps here caterva f. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe' (*kates-ou̯ā), umbr. kateramu, caterahamo `catervamini, congregamini', yet see under under ket-1.

    cymr. cader `fortress' (only in PN), air. cathir `town, city';

Maybe alb. (*cader) kodër `heap, hill (fortified hill)' [common alb. a > o shift]

    perhaps aisl. hadda f. `ring, Henkel, Bügel' (*haÞiÞōn: catēna; recht doubtful), probably ags. heaðor n. `Einschließung, jail ';

maybe alb. kotec `cell, nest' –ec diminutive ending in alb.

    ksl. kotьcь `cella, nest', russ. kotý Pl. `Fischwehr, Fischzaun', skr. kôt, (dial.) kòtac `smaller Stall'; dial. `kind of fishing' etc and bulg. kótara, kótora, kótor ` hurdle ', skr. kȍtar `fence', kȍtār `Gebiet, limit, boundary' (`*from Zäunen'), sloven. kotár `Bezirk' (see Berneker 386, 588);

References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.

Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: kat-2

Meaning: to bear young; animal cub

German meaning: `Junge werfen; Tier junges'

Material: Lat. catulus ` a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp. young dog or cat]', umbr. katel, Gen. katles `catulus';

Maybe alb. kotele `young cat' [common alb. a > o shift] Also [OE catt masc. (= ON kottr), catte fem. (= OFris., MDu. katte, Du. kat, OHG kazza, G katze), reinforced in ME by AN, ONFr. cat var. of (O)Fr. chat f. late L cattus.] from there poln. kot `cat', germ. Kater `tomcat'.

Again alb. kotem `rest (like a cat)'

    aisl. haðna f. `young goat', mhd. hatele, nhd.-schweiz. hatle `goat';

    slav. kotiti sę (russ. kotítьsja etc) `Junge throw', dial. kótьka `lamb', skr. kot `brood', poln. wy-kot `young goat, kid' etc (see Berneker 589 f.).

References: WT. I 338 f., WH. I 183.

Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: kau-l-, ku-l-

Meaning: hollow; bone

German meaning: `hohl; Hohlstengel; Röhrenknochen'

Material: Gr. καυλός m. `Stengel; Federkiel, Schaft'; lat. caulis (cōlis, caulus) `Stengel, Stiel an Pflanzen'; mir. cuaille `picket, pole' (*kaulīni̯o-); lit. káulas m. `bone' (glottal stop secondary), lett. kaũls `Stengel, bone', apr. caulan n. `bone, leg'.

    zero grade: Old Indian kúlyam n. `bone', kulyā́ f. `stream, brook, ditch, trench, channel, canal'; anord. holr `hollow', ahd. ags. hol ds., got. ushulōn `hollow out'.

References: WP. I 332, WH. I 188 f., Trautmann 122; compare under 2. keu-.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: kaus-

Meaning: to draw lots

German meaning: `das Los ziehen'?

Material: Gr. καῦνος `lot, fate' (*καυσ-νος); ksl. kъšь m. `lot, fate'; kъšiti sę `losen', prěkъšiti `in dice game gewinnen'.

References: WP. I 332, Berneker 672.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: kau-

Meaning: to put down, discourage

German meaning: `erniedrigen, demütigen'

Material: Gr. καυνός κακός (σκληρός, in latter meaning to καίω, Schulze KZ. 29 270 Anm. 1) Hes. and καυρός (or καῦρος) κακός, also καυαρόν κακόν Hes.;

    got. hauns `niedrig, demütig' (haunjan `erniedrigen'), ahd. hōni `verachtet, woeful, wretched, miserable, niedrig' (hōnen `vilify, scold, höhnen'), ags. hēan `niedrig, woeful, wretched, miserable, erbärmlich' (hȳnan `vilify, scold'), ahd. hōnida, as. hōnða `Schande', afries. hānethe ` accusation ', ahd. hōna `Hohn';

    anord. hāð (*hawiÞa-) n. ` derision ', mhd. hūren `kauern';

    lett. kàuns m. `Schmach, Schande, the genitals', kàunêtiês `sich schämen, stupid sein', kàunîgs ` shamefaced, verschämt, stupid ';

    lit. kūviúos, kūvė́tis `sich schämen'.

References: WP. I 330, Feist 249 f., Trautmann 122.

Page(s): 535

Root / lemma: kā̆d-

Meaning: to harm, rob, chase

German meaning: `schädigen, berauben, verfolgen'

Material: Old Indian kadana- n. `Vernichtung', cakāda (doubtful, in the case of not cakāra?) kadanam `habe eine Vernichtung angerichtet';

    gr. hom. κεκαδών `beraubend', Fut. κεκαδήσει `wird berauben', κεκαδῆσαι βλάψαι, κακῶσαι, στερῆσαι Hes., in medial-pass. meaning hom. κεκάδονto `sie wichen', ἐκεκήδει (Konjektur) ὑπε(κε)χωρήκει Hes., ἀποκαδέω ἀσθενέω Hes.; κάδυρος κάπρος ἄνορχις Hes.

References: WP. I 341, WH. I 128; compare under k̂ād-.

Page(s): 516

Root / lemma: kāi-d-4, kāi-t-

German meaning: `hell, leuchtend'

See also: see under (s)kāi-d-, (s)kāi-t-.

Page(s): 519

Root / lemma: kā̆i-3, kī̆-

Meaning: heat

German meaning: `Hitze'

Material: Ahd. hei `arid', gihei n. `heat, aridity ', arheigētun `verdorrten', got. Dat. Pl. haizam `den Fackeln' (es-stem *hai̯-iz-).

    With -d-extension: ahd. heiz, as. hēt, ags. hāt, aisl. heitr `hot' (whereof ahd. nhd. heizen, ags. hǣtan, aisl. heita ds.); got. heito f. `fever'; ahd. hizza `heat', (*hitjō) as. hittia, ags. hitt f., aisl. hiti m. ds.

    With -t-extension: lit. kaistù, kaitaũ, kaĩsti `hot become', kaitrà `Feuerglut', kaitrùs `heat giving', prãkaitas m. `Schweiß', lett. kàistu, kàitu, kàist `hot become, burn' under likewise, figurative lett. kaĩtinát `anger, stir, tease, irritate' (kaĩte `damage, affliction, Gebrechen, plague', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 135), apr. ankaitītai `Angefochtene';

    aisl. hāss (*hairsa- from *hais-ra-), ags. hās (*haisa-), engl. hoarse (from mengl. hōs +coarse), as. hēs, ahd. heisi `hoarse' (unclear is, in the case of here from *kirsem alb. kirrem `werde hoarse'?).

References: WP. I 326 f., Trautmann 113.

Page(s): 519

Root / lemma: kāi-t-

German meaning: `hell'

See also: see under under skāi-t-

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kāk-

Meaning: to croak

German meaning: Nachahmung of Krächzens

Material: Old Indian kāka- m. `crow', kākāla-, kākola- m. raven'; lett. kāk'is `jackdaw' (also apr. koce ds., if so for kote to amend); to lett. FlN Kak'upe, lit. FlN Kakupis (compare Κακύπαρις, FlN in Sizilien?)? Different about die balt. words Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 190.

References: WP. I 335.

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kā̆l-3 (kō̆l-?)

Meaning: prison

German meaning: `Gefängnis, gefangen (sein)'?

Material: Old Indian kārā ` jail '; lit. kaliù, kalė́ti `in jail sitzen', kalinė̃, kalė́jimas ` jail ', kalinỹs `Gefangener'.

References: WP. I 356.

Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kā̆m-

German meaning: `begehren'

See also: see above S. 515 kā-.

Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: kā̆pho- or k̂ō̆pho-

Meaning: hoof

German meaning: `Huf'

Material: Old Indian śaphá- m. `Huf, Klaue', av. safa- m. `Huf of Pferdes';

    aisl. hōfr, ags. hōf, ahd. huof `Huf'.

References: WP. I 346, Specht Idg. Dekl. 253.

Page(s): 530

Root / lemma: kā̆po-

Meaning: things that float in water

German meaning: `vom Wasser Fortgeschwemmtes'

Material: Old Indian śā́pa- m. `was running Wasser with sich führt, drift, trailing, Geflößtes', śāpēṭa- m. `angeschwemmtes reed under likewise'; lit. šãpai `verstreute Halme, Rückstand, den eine Überschwemmung auf den Feldern zurückläßt', šãpas `Halm, straw, bough'.

References: WP. I 345, Specht Idg. Dekl. 27.

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kāp-, kǝp-

Meaning: a piece of land

German meaning: `Stück Land, Grundstück'

Material: Gr. κῆπος, dor. κᾶπος `garden', Hes. κάπυς κῆπος (kret. `unbearbeitetes Grundstück', s. Gl. 3, 303); ahd. huoba, as. hōƀa `Stück Land', nhd. Hufe, Hube; alb. kopshtë `garden'.

References: WP. I 345, Specht Idg. Dekl. 27, the here ahd. habaro etc `Hafer' stellen will.

See also: S. under under kapro-.

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kār-

Meaning: wax

German meaning: `Wachs'

Material: Gr. κηρός `Wachs', κηρίον `Wabe, Wabenhonig' kann, although dor. κᾱρός not genügend gesichert is, außerhalb of lon.-Att. Lehnform from this Dialektgruppe sein, welchenfalls lat. cēra as gr. Lw. gesichert wäre;

    lit. korỹs `Wabenhonig, Honigscheibe the Bienen', lett. kâres Nom. Pl. ds.;

    poln. skarzyk `the Vorstoß in beehive'.

References: WP. I 355, WH. I 202, Specht Idg. Dekl. 52.

Page(s): 532

Root / lemma: kā̆u(ǝ)lā : kūlā

Meaning: abscess, boil

German meaning: `Geschwulst; especially Leibschaden, Leistenbruch'

Material: Gr. ion. κήλη, att. κά̄λη `swelling, lump, growth, esp. Leibschaden', βουβωνοκήλη `Leistenbruch' underlikewise; καλάζει ὀγκοῦται. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes., κάλαμα ὄγκος Hes. (vokalisch very difficult, hard; ion. κήλη from *κᾱF-ελ-ᾱ, att. ach. κά̄λ-η, -ᾱ from κᾰF-ελ-ᾱ?);

    anord. haull, ags. hēala, ahd. hōla f. `Leistenbruch' (*kāu[ǝ]lā, at most *kǝu̯[ǝ]lā);

    zero grade ksl. kyla `ds.'; russ. kilá `ds.; Knorren am tree', serb. kȉla ds.; lit. dial. kúle f. `Auswuchs, Knorren'.

References: WP. I 333, Trautmann 144.

Page(s): 536-537

Root / lemma: kāu-, kǝu-

Meaning: to hit, cut

German meaning: `hauen, schlagen'

Material: Lat. (with präsensbildendem d) cūdō, -ere `hit, knock, stomp, prägen' (prrobably for *caudō after den viel häufigeren compound; compare) caudex, cōdex `tree truck, clot, chunk; to Schreibtafeln gespaltenes Holz, Notizbuch', cōdicillus `Scheitholz', caudica `from einem tree truck made barge', incūs, -ūdis f. `Amboß'; toch. A koot-, В kaut- `split';

    ahd. houwan (hīo), ags. hēawan (hēow), aisl. hǫggua (hiō) `hew, hit (hieb)' (in addition as `to Hauendes' got. etc hawi `hay');

    lit. káuju, kóviau, káuti (*kāu̯i̯ō) `hit, schmieden; fight', kovà `fight, struggle', lett. nuò-kaût `slay, kill', kava `blow, knock, Schicht' (*kǝu-), lit. kújis `hammer' = apr. cugis ds. (abg. kyjь ds.; lit. kúgis is from kújis after kúgis `Heuhaufen' reshaped);

    abg. kovǫ (later ksl. kujǫ) kovati `schmieden' (= ahd. houwu), serb. kȕjēm (dial. kòvēm) kòvati `schmieden, prägen; (ein horse) beschlagen', ksl. kyjь `hammer' (*kū-i̯o-), russ. kuznь `Schmiedearbeit', zero grade abg. kьznь `artifice' (`Ränke schmieden') etc; toch. A ko-, В kau- `slay'.

References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.

Page(s): 535

Root / lemma: kā̆u-, kē̆u-, kū-

Meaning: to howl

German meaning: ,heulen'

Comments: onomatopoeic words, partly with anlaut. k, partly with k̂.

Material: Old Indian kā́uti `schreit', Intens. kōkūyate `schreit, sounds, seufzt' (Gramm.), kṓka- m. `Eule, dog'? (`schreiend; heulend'); kokila- `Kuckuck';

    arm. k`uk` `στεναγμός' (: lit. kaũkti, Meillet Msl. 12, 214; die Nichtverwandlung of 2. k to s after u is in onomatopoeic words not Einwand);

    gr. κω-κύ̄-ω `cry, wehklage' (dissim. from *κῡ-κύ̄-ω), κώκῡμα ` lamentation '; καύᾱξ, -ᾱκος, ion. -ηξ, hom. κήξ, -κός f., κῆυξ, -ῡκος `eine Möwenart'; with fractured Red. (as Old Indian kṓka-, lit. kaũkti, šaũkti, slav. kukati etc) καυκαλίας, καυκίαλος, καυκιάλης bird name (Hes.);

    but mcymr. cuan, cymr. cwan, abret. couann, nbret. kaouan, dial. cavan, kohan, kouhen ds.(Ernault RC 36, 206³) are probably onomatopoetische neologisms;

    lat. (gall.) cavannus `Nachteule' (Anthol. lat.);

    ahd. hūwo `Eule', hūwila, hiuwula `Nachteule', ahd. hiuwilōn `jubeln', mhd. hiuweln, hiulen `howl, cry', mnd. hūlen, mengl. hūlen, engl. howl;

    lit. (see above) kaukiù, kaũkti, lett. kàukt `howl, from Hunden or Wölfen', lit. sukùkti `ds., aufheulen', kaukalė `a kind of Wasservogel', lett. kaũka `Sturmwind';

    lit. kóvas m. `jackdaw', kóva f. `Saatkrähe' (*kāu̯ā = poln. kawa);

    russ. kávka `frog', dial. `jackdaw', kávatь `stark cough', klr. (etc) kávka `jackdaw', kavčáty `kreischen'; ablaut. (*kēu-) bulg. čávka, serb. čâvka, čech. čavka `jackdaw'; aksl. kuja-jǫ, -ti `murmur'; russ. kúkatь `murmur, mucksen', serb. kȕkati `wehklagen' etc

maybe alb. çavka, çafka `heron'

    With -b-, -b(h)o-: Old Indian kúkkubha- m. `wild rooster, cock, Fasan', gr. κουκούφας `Vogelart' (late, kaumecht gr.); schallnachahmend are: κίκυβος probably `Nachteule' (besides κικκάβη, κίκυμος (out of it lat.cicuma), κικυμίς ds., κικκαβαῦ `deren shriek'), lat. cucubiō, -īre vom shriek the Nachteule ((Thomas Stud. 39 nimmt Hiat füllendes b an); also die b(h)-`Suffixe' the vorgenannten könnten so aufgekommen sein.

    With -ĝ-: Old Indian kū́jati `knurrt, brummt, murmelt'; norw. hauke `johlen, rufen'.

    With -p-: got. hiufan `wehklagen', anord. hjūfra ds., ags. hēofan ds., as. hiovan, ahd.hiofan, hioban ds.

    With -r-: Old Indian cákōra- m. `a kind of Rebhuhn'; lat. caurīre `cry, vom brünstigen Panther'; aksl. kurъ `rooster, cock', ksl. kurica `Henne';

    With anlaut. palatal:

    Old Indian śúka- m. `Papagei'; arm. sag `Gans' (*k̂au̯ā) = aksl. sova `Eule' (: kelt. cavannus); lit. šaukiù, šaũkti `cry, loud rufen, name'; russ. syčь `Zwergeule, Sperlingseule', čech. sýc `Eule' (*k̂ūk-ti-); doubtful aksl. šumъ `noise' (*k̂ē̆u-mo-s? Brugmann II² 1, 247).

    compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (hier about die neologism ahd. kaha `jackdaw' etc; compare lit. kóvas etc ds.).

References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.

Page(s): 535-536

Root / lemma: kā-

Meaning: to like, wish

German meaning: `gern haben, begehren'

Material: Old Indian kā́yamāna- `gern habend' (ā-kāyíya- `begehrenswert' with from diesem i̯o-present verschlepptem-y-), Perf. cakḗ `sich woran erfreuen, lieben, begehren', -kāti- (in compound) `heischend, verlangend'; av. kā- `whereupon long, want' (kayā 1. Sg., kāta-; čakuše);

    -mo-stem Old Indian kā́ma- m. `Begehren, Wunsch, love', av. apers. kāma- m. `desire, Wunsch';

    kā̆m- in Old Indian kāmáyati, Part. Perf. Med. cakamāná-; kamra- `reizend, beautiful', kamana- `begierig, lüstern'; lit. kamaros `Geilheit' and lett. kãmêt `hungern'.

    ro-stem: lat. cārus `lieb, wert, teuer (also vom Preise)'; got. hors (*hōra-) `Ehebrecher, Hurer', aisl. hōrr ds., hōr n. `Buhlerei, Unzucht', ags. hōr n. ds., ahd. huor n. ds., ahd. huora (and huorra from *hōriōn-) `Hure', ags. hōre, aisl. hōra- (*hōrōn-) ds.; lett. kārs `lüstern, begehrlich' (kāruôt `begehren, long, want');

    reduced grade gall. Carant-us, -illus etc, abrit. Carant-īnus, -orius, air. caraim `liebe', carae `friend'; cymr. corn. bret. car `friend' (*kǝ-rānt-s), cymr. caraf `I liebe'; about (gall.?) caris(s)a s. WH. I 169; toch. Akk. Sg. A krant, В krent `good' (= kelt. carant-).

    Beruht ar. kan- (Old Indian Perf. cākana, Aor. akāniṣam, av. čakana), can- (Old Indian caniṣṭám; Old Indian cánas- n. `Gefallen, Befriedigung', av. čanah-, činah- `desire, Heischen') `befriedigt sein, Gefallen finden', av. činman- n. `Begehren, Trachten' auf einem idg. -(e)nes-stem k-e-nes-? The forms cani-, kani- können also secondary sein as kami-ṣyate, -tar- besides kāma- (if Stokes KZ. 40, 246 with right mir. cin, Gen. cena `love, affection ' as *kenu- vergliche, wäre k-en- : kā-as ks-en- : kes- under likewise to beurteilen).

    Old Indian cā́ru- `pleasant, willkommen, mellifluous', cāyamāna- begehrlich', nicāyya- ds., cāyú- `begehrend', with previously ind. replacement from k through c after dem concurrent from kan- and can- (see above).

References: WP. I 325 f., WH. I 169, 175, 885, 886, Pedersen Toch. 109, 234.

Page(s): 515

Root / lemma: kā̆, ke, kom

Meaning: a kind of particle (all right?)

German meaning: Partikel, perhaps etwa `probably!'

Material: Old Indian kám hinter Dativen from Personen (as Dat. commodi; so also once av. kąm) and from Abstrakten (as finaler Dativ), also beim Imper., after the particles nú, sú, hí, and in indik. Hauptsätzen;

    aksl. kъ(n) with Dat. `to'.

    Nasallos gr. κᾱ, κε (κεν kann ν ἐφελκυστικόν haben) perhaps `probably', Modalpartikel, slav. -ka (-ko, -ku, -ki, -kъ, -če, -či, -ču), Anhängepartikel esp. by Pron., beim Imper. and by Adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and Nominalkompos. (e.g. russ. kó-vorotъ `Halswirbel, Genick');

    lit. -ki (perhaps originally ke), -k beim Imper. (e.g. dúo-ki, -k `gib!').

References: WP. I 326, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 568, Trautmann 111f.

Page(s): 515-516

Root / lemma: ked-

Meaning: to smoke, fume

German meaning: `rauchen, rußen'

Material: Old Indian kadrú- `brown', perhaps also kadamba- m. `Nauclea cadamba, ein tree with orangefarbenen Blüten' and kādamba- m. `eine Gansart with dunkelgrauen Flügeln';

    aksl. kadilo ` incense ', kaditi `räuchern', russ. čad `haze, mist', serb. čad `caligo', čaditi `rußig become' (etc, s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps apr. accodis (*at-codis) `Rauchloch, through das the Rauch herauszieht';

    as `Räucherhölzer' are anzureihen (?):

    gr. κέδρος ` juniper; later: Pinus cedrus', κεδρίς `Wacholderbeere; fruit the Zeder'; lit. kadagỹs, apr. kadegis ` juniper ' (from estn. kadakas borrows?).

References: WP. I 384 f., Trautmann 112, Specht Idg. Dekl. 147.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: keg-, keng- and kek-, kenk-

Meaning: hook, grappling hook. handle

German meaning: `Pflock zum Aufhängen, Haken, Henkel'; also `spitz sein'

Comments: compare das similar k̂ak-, k̂ank-; and k̂enk-, k̂onk-

Material: Npers. čang `Klaue, fist' (*kengo-);

    mir. ail-cheng f. `Rechen, Waffengestell' (: lit. kéngė, see under);

    germ. *hakan-, *hōka-, *hēkan- m. `Haken' in: aisl. PN Haki m. `Haken', haka f. `chin', ags. haca m. `bar, bolt', hæcce f. `Krummstab'; aisl. hākr m. `Frechling', ahd. hāko, hāggo `Haken', ags. hōc m. `Haken', mnd. hok, huk m. `Winkel, point, edge, Vorgebirge', aisl. høkja f. (*hōkiōn-) `Krücke', høkill m. `Hinterbug'; with intensive Gemination: ags. haccian `hacken', mnd., mhd. hacken ds., and die j-Verba: ags. ofhæccan `amputare', ahd. hecchen `bite, prick', mhd. hecken `hew, hit, prick'; nasalized mnd. hank `Henkel' (out of it aisl. hǫnk m., hanki f. `Henkel'), ndl. honk, ostfries. hunk `picket, pole, Pfosten';

    germ. *hakilō f. `Hechel' (from den gekrümmten Eisenzähnen) in: asächs. hekilon `hecheln', engl. hatchel, mhd. hechel `Hechel', norw. hekla `Hechel, Stoppel';

    germ. *hakuda- m. `Hecht' (after den spitzen teeth) in ags. hacod; *hakida in ags. hacid m., ahd. hachit, hechit, mnd. heket `Hecht';

    lit. kéngė f. `Haken, Klinke';

    slav. *kogъtь m. in russ. kógotь `Klaue, gekrümmte Eisenspitze', osorb. kocht `thorn, sting, prick' (: germ. *hakuda-);

    perhaps here, as `auf einen Haken hinaufhängen, as with einem Haken scratch, scrape, stir, tease, irritate': bulg. káčъ, káč(u)vam `erhebe, erhöhe, hänge', za-káčъ, -káčam `hänge, fasse, necke', serb. zàkačiti `anhaken', sloven. káčiti `banter, anger' (Berneker 465 f.).

References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307, Trautmann 112, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 182 f., Petersson, Heterokl. 91 f.; Stokes BB. 25, 252.

Page(s): 537-538

Root / lemma: keid-

Meaning: to fall

German meaning: `fallen'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Cymr. cwyddo, di-gwyddo `fall, sich ereignen', cwydd `fall', bret. koezaff `fall', di-gouezout `sich ereignen';

    aisl. hitta á `meet', hitta í `hineingeraten', dan. hitte paa `auf etwas verfallen', schwed. hitta `find', mengl. (from dem Nord.) hittan `auf etwas treffen, find', engl. hit (originally `auf etwas fall, verfallen'?).

References: WP. I 364.

Page(s): 542

Root / lemma: keis-

Meaning: arm; thigh

German meaning: `Arm, Schenkel etc' (?)

Material: Old Indian kiṣku- `Vorderarm';

    ndl. hijse, hijs f. `Muskel, Lendenstück, club, mace, joint', limb. hies `Kniekehle';

    lit. kiš-kà `Kniekehle'; lett. cis-ka `Lende, Schenkel, hip, haunch'.

References: WP. I 365, E. Lewy PBrB. 32, 140.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: keku-

Meaning: a kind of stick or cudgel

German meaning: etwa `keulenförmiger Stock, Stock with hammerartigem Quergriff'?

Material: Av. čakuš- n. `Wurfhammer, Wurfaxt', npers. čakuš `hammer';

    apr. queke `stecle', i.e. `Tannen- or Fichtenast as Zaunstab', lett. čaka `cudgel, club with Knorren as handle, grasp'; compare but Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 401.

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: kek̂-

Meaning: weasel

German meaning: `Wiesel, Iltis' (?)

Material: Old Indian kaśa- m. kaśīkā́ f. `weasel'; but with anlaut. Pal. lit. šẽškas `polecat', lett. sesks ds. Is balt. ś- through progress. Assim. from *keškas to define, whereas die Nachholung of in anlaut verdrängten k- in ending the 1. syllable through den anlaut k- the 2. syllable verhindert wurde? Different about lit. šẽškaš W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630.

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: kelg-

Meaning: to wind; windings, intrigue

German meaning: `sich winden; Windung, Ränke'

Material: Mir. celg f. `artifice, betrayal ' (out of it cymr. celg `Verhehlen');

    arm. keɫck` `Heuchelei' is in Konsonantismus unclear;

    changing through ablaut ags. hylc `Krümmung, convolution ' and slav. *čъlgati in poln. czoɫgać się `kriechen, glide, slide, sich schleppen'.

References: WP. I 447.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: kel-1, kelǝ-

Meaning: to tower, be high; hill; *projection, protrusion

German meaning: `ragen, hoch (heben)'

Material: Gr. κολωνός, κολώνη `hill', κολοφών m. ` acme, apex, cusp, peak' instead of *κολαφών due to eines *kolṇ-bho-s);

    lat. ante-, ex-, prae-cellō, -ere `hervorragen' (*cel-d-ō with präsensbildendem -d-), participle celsus `high'; collis `hill' (*kl̥n-is or *koln-is); columen, newer culmen ` acme, apex, Höhepunkt' (*kelomn̥ `elevation'), columna ` column ' (*kelomnā `die ragende');

    mir. coll `Haupt, guide, leader' (*kolnos); gall. celicnon `tower' (out of it got. kelikn `Söller');

    gallorom. calma `ödes Land' is probably vorkelt.;

maybe alb. (*culmen) kulm `ridge, peak'.

    ags. hyll m. f., engl. hill `hill' (*hulnis, idg. *kḷnis); as. holm `hill', nhd. Holm, ags. holm `island, Meereswoge, (hohe) sea', aisl. holmr, holmi `small island' (*kḷmo-);

maybe alb. (*holm) kolmë `fat, big, huge'

maybe alb. (*hill-arya), Illyria `hilly land', (*Hilion), Ilion `city built on a hill'), also gr. Olymp-us (*holum) `mountain in Northern Greece, home of the gods' [common illyr. alb. m > mp phonetic mutation.]

    lit. keliù, kélti (heavy basis) `heben, emporheben, bear, carry, übers Wasser befördern', lett. ceĺt `heben', lit. iškéltas .convex, elevated', kálnas, lett. kal̂ns `mountain', compare lit. kalvà f. `smaller hill', lett. kalva `hill, Flußinsel'; in addition lit. kìlti `sich erheben, aufsetigen', iškilùs `high', kilmė̃ f. `Abkunft, gender, sex', kìltis and kiltìs f., lett. cil̂ts f. `gender, sex'; lett. kal'a f. `Hebel'; lit. kélnas m. `Fähre, barge', lit. kélta f., kéltas m. = kéltuvas m. `Fähre'; lett. cel̂tava f. `small Fähre';

    slav. *cьlnъ m. in skr. čûn (Gen. čûna), `barge', čech. člun, russ. čoɫn `boat, Weberschifflein';

    abg. čelo `forehead', russ. čeló `forehead, Haupt, cusp, peak' etc, russ.-ksl. čelesьnъ `praecipuus' (originally -es-stem).

maybe alb. (*čelo) çaloj `walk with a limp (*waving like a boat)', çalë `lame'

It seems that Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : (knee, joint) derived from *koln : (to tower, be high; hill, project). Proto-Slavic form: kolě̀no (knee) [see ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : (knee, joint)]

References: WP. I 433 ff., WH. I 197, 245, 249 f., 855, Trautmann 125 f.

Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: kel-2

Meaning: to stick; sting

German meaning: `stechen'

Material: Old Indian kaṭambá- m. `Pfeil' (*kol-to-);

    mir. cuilenn, cymr. celyn, corn. kelin, m. bret. quelenn `Stechpalme, Mäusedorn, Walddistel' (kelt. *kolino-);

    ahd. hulis, huls ds., nhd. Hulst, mndl. mnd. huls ds. (ndl. hulst), ags. hole(g)n, engl. holly and holm-oak, mengl. also hulvir, anord. hulfr ds.;

    aksl. klasъ `Ähre' (`die Stechende'), russ. kólos = alb. kall ds., kashtë (*kallshtë), Jokl IF. 36, 124, `straw, chaff' (-s-forms then as in huls);

    alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) rë-kuall `thistle' (*për-kēl `Durchstich, sting, prick').

    g(h)-extension in mir. colg `sword, awn the barley, sting, prick', acymr. colginn `aristam', ncymr. cola `awn', col `cusp, peak, awn', colyn `sting, prick', cal, cala, caly `penis', bret. kalc'h ds. Auf Grund keltischer forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer KZ. 38, 100f. also eine gleichbed. root kʷel- `stecken, dig' an: cymr. palu `dig', pal, corn. bret. pal `spade' (from lat. pāla? freilich doubtful because of ligur. pala `grave', cymr. paladr `hastile', also `balk, beam, ray').

    kol-no-s in Old Indian kāṇá-ḥ `durchstochen, durchlöchert, einäugig' (*kolno-; to ā compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 168) = air. (acymr.?) coll `luscum, einäugig', mir. (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated) goll `blind'; changing through ablaut gr. κελλάς μονόφθαλμος Hes.

References: WP. I 435.

See also: s. kel-3 and skel- `cut, clip'

Page(s): 545

Root / lemma: kel-3, kelǝ-, klā- extended klād-

Meaning: to hit, cut down

German meaning: `schlagen, hauen'

Comments: separation from kel- `prick' and from skel- `cut, clip' is barely durchführbar; beachte esp. slav. *kólti `prick' = balt. kalti `hit'.

Material: Gr. κελεός (*κελεFός) `Grünspecht' (as δρυκολάπτης); κελέις ἀξίνη Hes.; κελοί `ξύλα' after Hesee under κελέοντας; δίκελλα `zweizinkige hack, mattock, hoe'; compare σκαλίς `hack, mattock, hoe' under skel- `cut, clip';κόλος `verstümmelt, ungehörnt', κόλ-ουρος `with gestutztem Schwanze', κολάζω `verstümmle, hindere; züchtige', κολούω `verstümmle; hemme'; κολετρᾶν `tread';

    with formants -bo-: κολοβός `verstümmelt' (compare also die root form *k(e)lemb-);

    with formants -bho-: κόλαφος `slap in the face, box on the ear, Backenstreich', therefrom derived κολάπτω `behaue, behacke',

    from the heavy basis κλά̆ω `break' (κλά̆σω, ἔκλᾰσα, ἀποκλάς, κλαστός), κλάσις `das Brechen, Beschneiden the Zweige', κλάσμα `piece, fragment', κλῆμα n. `twig, branch; vine-layer, -rebe', Demin. κληματίς esp. Pl. `deadwood'; κλῆρος, dor. κλᾶρος m. `Holzstückchen as lot, fate, lot, fate, Anteil' (= air. clār, cymr. clawr `board, Tafel', bret. kleur `Gabelbaum am Wagen');

    κλών, κλωνός m. `sprout, Trieb, Reis', κλώνακα ῥάβδον Hes., κλῶναξ κλάδος Hes. (nähere Verwandtschaft with: aisl. hlunnr `Rollwalzen for Fahrzeuge', hlu(m)mr `the obere dicke Teil of Ruders' from *hlunma-?) - κλῶμαξ, -ακος m. `Steinhaufen, Felsen';

    lat. calamitas `damage' (from *calamo- from *calimo-, idg. *k_ele-mo- `beaten'), in addition incolumis `unversehrt'; further from *kel-nō : percellō, -culi `schlage to Boden, shatter', se procellere `sich hinwerfen', procella f. `heftiger storm', recellō `schnelle back'; not *kel-dō because of gall. GN Su-cellus `good Schläger';

    air. clār etc see above S. 545;

    lit. kalù, kálti, lett. kal'u, kalu, kal̃t `hit, schmieden', lit. pãkalas `Sensenkeil', príe-, prei-kãlas `Ambos', apr. kalo-peilis `Hackmesser', lit. káltas `chisel', apr. calte `Mark (Münze)', i.e. `geschlagenes = geprägtes Geld', lit. kálvis ` smith ', causative lit. káldinti `schmieden (lassen)', lett. kal̃dît ds.; lit. kuliù, kùlti `dreschen', lett. kul'u, kũlu, kul̃t `hit, thrash, dreschen'; lit. kélmas `Baumstumpf', kann also `geschnitten, split' sein;

    abg. etc koljǫ klati `prick, schlachten' (abg. also `sacrifice'), russ. kolótь `prick, schlachten; split, hacken'; abg. kolъ `peg, plug', russ. koɫ, Gen. koɫá ` shaft, pole, picket, pole', ablaut.*kъlъ in klr. koɫ (Gen. kɫa) `Eckzahn, Hauzahn', sloven. kɛ̀l (Gen. klà); čech. klanice ` shaft, pole', poln. kɫonica `Seitenholz am Wagen' (auf participle *kolno- to klati beruhend); serb. kláto `kind of Halsjoch for Schweine', čech. klát `Baumstumpf, clot, chunk, club, cudgel' (= lit. káltas see above); ksl. pro-klė́ju, -klěti `germinate', russ. (etcc) klin `wedge' (formation as mlinъ to meljǫ); doubtful slav.*kolt-jǫ, -iti in abg. klaštǫ, klatiti `move, shake, bump, poke', russ. koločú, kolotít `hit, knock; chatter' etc; in the case of in addition zero grade r. koltátьsja `sich bewegen, wobble, sway'?

    d-extension kelǝd-, klād-:

    Gr. κλαδαρός (*klǝd_eros) `frail, breakable; abgelebt', κλαδάσαι σεῖσαι Hes., ablaut. καλαδία ῥυκάνη Hes., κλάδος m. `twig, branch', conservative d-stem *κλάς, κλάδεσι etc ds., κλαδών, -ονος Hes. ds., κλαστάζω `beschneide den Weinstock';

    lat. clādēs f. ` injury; damage, mischief, Niederlage';

    mir. claidim `grabe' (with ad- `verfolgen, hunt, chase, fischen' etc), cymr. claddu, bret. claza `dig', mir. clad, cymr. cladd `ditch, trench, channel'; lengthened grade cymr. clawdd, corn. claud `ditch, trench, channel', bret. kleuz `ditch, trench, channel, Hecke' (*klādo-); cymr. cleddyf `sword', bret. klézé `sword, blade' (cleddyf diss. from *cleðyð, kelt. *kladi̯os), ir. claideb is Lw. from dem Cymr., lat. gladius from dem Kelt.;

    mir. caill (Gen. caille) `wood, forest', cymr. celli `wood, forest', corn. kelli `nemus' (kelt. *kaldī);

    air. cymr. coll, bret. koll `ruin, damage'; mir. cellach `war, fight' and die with it related aisl. hildr f. `fight, struggle, Kampfgöttin', as. ags. hild `fight, struggle, war, fight', ahd. hiltia, hilta `fight, struggle' haben idg. -dh- and probably `hit, dreinhauen' as basic meaning;

    got. halts, aisl. haltr, ags. healt, ahd. halz `lahm' (= air. coll; basic meaning ` broken '), perhaps at first from gebrochenen Gliedmaßen;

    aisl. ags. holt, ahd. holz `wood, wood, forest' (= κλάδος), in addition aisl. hjalt n. ` sword clutch ', ags. hilt f. ds., ahd. helza ` sword clutch, Heft', as. helta `Handgriff am Ruder';

    abg. klada `balk, beam, Block', russ. kolóda `HoIzblock, clot, chunk, tree truck, from einem stem abgehauenes Stück' etc; ksl. kladivo `hammer' (ursl. *klād-: lat. clādēs).

    Labial extension:

    klomb(h)o- in: gr. κλαμβός `verstümmelt', ags. laempi-halt, lamp-healt `hinkend' (Specht Idg. Dekl. 262); compare lit. klumbas `lahm'.

References: WP. I 436 ff., WH. I 135 f., 225 f., 691, Specht Idg. Dekl. 130 f., 262, 322, Trautmann 114 f.

Page(s): 545-547

Root / lemma: kel-4 and kāl-

Meaning: a kind of dark/light spot

German meaning: in den Worten for helle and dunkle Flecken, graue and schwärzliche Farbentöne

Comments: compare also k̂er-3 and kers-1.

Material: I. Old Indian kalaŋka- m. `Fleck, Rost', kalana- n. `Fleck, smut', káluṣa- `dirty, filthy, black', kalmaṣa- m. `Fleck, smut', kalmā́ṣa- `varicolored, dappled '; with formants -ko-: karka- `white', m. `Schimmel', karkī vaśā `weiße cow', karkā `weiße mare' (Persson Beitr. 169), kalká- m. `ordure, filth ', cāṣa- m. `the blaue Holzhäher' (*kel-so-);

    npers. čarma `Schimmel', kurd. čerme `white' (: schweiz. helm);

    gr. κελαινός `black', κιλλός `gray', κίλλος `Esel' and `Zikade' (vowel as in πιλνός besides πελιός; -λλ- from -λν-?); very probably κόλυμβος (*kolu-mbhos) `Taucher (Vogelart)', whereof κολυμβάω `tauche', from the dunklen Farbe genannt; here also κίλλ-ουρος `Bachstelze' Hes.;

    lat. columba f., -us m. `Taube(r)' from *kol-on-bho- or *kolu-mbho-, then identical with κόλυμβος; to -mb- from -mbh- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333;

    nhd. schweiz. helm `weißer Fleck beim Vieh auf the forehead', helme `name einer Kuh with weißgeflecktem Kopf', schwed. dial. hjälm `blässiger ox or blässiges horse' (compare to m-forms Old Indian kalmaṣa-); probably mhd. hilwe f. `fine fog', bair. gehilb `fog, Herdrauch' (-w- in relationship to u from Old Indian káluṣa-ḥ), wherefore ahd. huliwa `uligo, sordes limi velaquae', mhd. hülwe `puddle, slop, pool, Sumpflache' in ablaut steht;

    here (from den schwarzen Beeren) also ahd. holuntar, holantar `elder', aschwed. hylle ds.; s. Berneker 473 m. Lit., the also for russ. kalína `Viburnum opulus' affiliation to kalъ (see under) erwägt.

    II. root form kāl- : kǝl- (with unclear relationship to kel-):

    Gr. κηλί̄ς, -ῖδος (dor. κᾱλί̄ς) `Fleck', κηλιδόω `sully, bedraggle ', κηλήνη μέλαινα Hes., κηλάς νεφέλη ἄνυδρος καὶ χειμερινη ἡμέρα καὶ αἴξ, ἥτις κατὰ τὸ μέτωπον σημεῖον ἔχειτυλοειδές Hes.;

    lat. cālidus, callidus (Gl.) `weißstirnig *(from horses)' = umbr. kaleřuf (buf) `callidos (boves)'; lat. cālīgo f. `fog, darkness ';

    air. caile, mir. gaile `Fleck';

    lit. kalýbas, kalývas `weißhalsig';

    aksl. kalъ `πηλός, ordure' with den meaning `swamp, marsh, morass, with ordure smudge'; in addition (after the paint, color) russ. kalína `Viburnum opulus', as also sloven. kalina `puddle, slop' and russ. kalú-ga `morass', kalú-ža `puddle'.

References: WP. I 440 ff., WH. I 139 f., 249, Specht Idg. Dekl. 118, 140, 143³, Trautmann 113 f., Petersson Heterokl. 146 f.

Page(s): 547-548

Root / lemma: kel-5

Meaning: to drive, force to move quickly

German meaning: `treiben, to schneller Bewegung antreiben'

Material: Old Indian kā̆láyati `treibt, carries, nimmt wahr, hält';

    alb. geg. qil, sizil. qel `bring, bear', shqiltsë `rennet, i.e. co-agulum', probably also kal `stifte, stelle an' (Jokl IF. 30, 198);

    gr. κέλλω `treibe (das ship ans Land); lande' (present only by Gramm. and in ὀ-κέλλω trans. `treibe das ship ans Land; strande, scheitere'; otherwise only Aor. Fut. ἔκελσα, κέλσω), κέλης, -ητος `Renner (horse); schnellsegelndes ship'; κλόνος `heftige movement', κλονέω `vor sich her drive, push' (compare θρ-όνος, χρ-όνος; Boisacq s. v. m. Lit.); perhaps (Persson Beitr. 179) κολεῖν ἐλθεῖν undκολέα, κολία `kind of Tanz' Hes.;

    lat. celer `quick, fast, rash, hasty' (as κέλης), celeber, -bris, -bre `betrieben, befahren (via), belebt (locus, oppidum), frequent, often, gefeiert' (*kele-dhlo-, -dhli-);

    as t-present got. haldan `Vieh weiden' (to a-Vok. s. Brugmann IF. 32, 181), ahd. haltan `beware, guard, hold, stop', as. haldan, ags. healdan, aisl. halda, aschwed. halla (*halÞan) `hold, stop', mnd. hilde, hille `rash, hasty, keen, eager'.

References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;

See also: probably identical with kel-6; s. also keleu- `wandern'.

Page(s): 548

Root / lemma: kel-6, k(_e)lē-, k(_e)lā- or kl̥̄-?

Meaning: to call, cry

German meaning: `rufen, schreien, lärmen, klingen'

Material: Old Indian uṣā-kala- m. `rooster, cock' (`ἠι-κανός'), kalādhika-, kalāvika- ds., kala-víŋka- `sparrow', kala- `leise tönend, undeutlich vernehmbar', kalakala- m. `verworrenes clamor, noise';

    gr. καλέω (instead of *κάλω) `rufe, name, rufe herbei' (äol. κάλημι), Futur. καλέσω, att. καλῶ, Perf. κέκληκα, κλητός; ἐπίκλησις `epithet', κλῆσις `shout, call, Einladung, Vorladung', κλητής, κ(α)λήτwρ `Rufer', ὀμοκλή `shout' (to 1. Glied see under omǝ-); κικλήσκω (or κικλῄσκω) `rufe an, flehe', κληΐζω, κλῄζω `name' (*κλη-Fε-ς-ίζω?); zero grade κελ(α)- in κέλομαι `treibe an (through shout)', hom. Aor. (ἐ)κέκλετο, dor. κέντο = (ἔ)κελτο; [about κελεύω see under k̂leu-]; κελαρύζω `rausche, riesle (water under likewise)', κέλωρ φωνή Hes.; extension κέλαδος `Getöse, din, fuss, noise', κελάδων, κελαδεινός ` roaring ', κελαδέω `tose; lasse (einen Gesang) erklingen';

    umbr. kařitu, kařetu, carsitu `calato, appellato' (*kalētōd); daß ein entsprechendes lat.*caleō einst in the Ausrufungsformel the Kalenderdaten Dies te quinque, bzw. septem, calo, Iuno Covella gestanden habe and daß calendae `the erste day of Monats' from diesem Ausrufen benannt sei, is probably (Salonius Z. röm. Dat. 1 ff.);

    lat. calō, -āre `Ausrufen, Zusamenrufen' (: lett. kal'uôt), calātor `Rufer, Ausrufer', nōmen-clator `Namennenner' (from nōmen calāre rückgebildet), calābra (curia) `die zum Ausrufen the Kalenderdaten bestimmte Kurie', perhaps concilium `Zusamenkunft, congregation, meeting, association from Dingen, geschlechtliche connection' (*cón-caliom), con-ciliāre `vereinigen, verbinden, gewinnen etc', clāmō, -āre `rufen' (compare ahd. hlamōn etc), clāmor `shriek', clārus `lauttönend, fernhin schallend; illustrious; clear, bright', umbr. anglar Nom. Pl., anglaf Akk. Pl. `oscines' (*an-klā `avis inclamans'); lat. classis `Aufgebot: Heer, fleet; Klasse, dividing off, partitioning off' (*klad-ti-: κέλαδος?);

    air. cailech, ogam Gen. caliācī, cymr. ceiliog, corn. chelioc `rooster, cock' (*kaljākos);

    ags. hlōwan `rugire, boare', ahd. (h)lōian, (h)luoen, mhd. lüejen `roar, bellow'; ags. hlētan `grunt'; ahd. hluoticla `latratus'; with lengthened grade the ersten syllable ahd. hel `loud, tönend' (nhd. hell `gleaming'), hëllan `ertönen', mhd. hal `echo, clangor ', anord. hjala `schwatzen', hjal n. `gossip', hjaldr `Gespräch, Kampfgetöse, fight, struggle'; afries. halia `herbeiholen, heimführen, take', ags. geholian `bekommen', asächs. halōn `berufen, herbeibringen', ahd. halōn and ablaut. holōn, holēn `rufen, get, fetch', ndd. halen `pull, drag'.

    lett. kal'uôt `schwatzen' (kalada `clamor, din, fuss, noise' is russ. Lw.), lit. kalbà `language', apr. kaltzā, kelsāi `sie lauten' (lit. *kalsóti); redupl. lit. kañkalas (*kalkalas) `bell', aksl. klakolъ, russ. kólokolъ `bell', kolokólitь `läuten, klingen; babble, klatschen', Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 115.

    hitt. ša-ra-a kal-li-iš-ta (sarā kallesta) `rief (lockte) herauf'.

    extension *k(e)lem- (compare lat. clā-m-āre): Old Indian krándati `schreit, bellow, roar, wiehert' (*klem-d-?); ags. hlimman, hlymman `klingen, sound, clink, sough, rustle, roar, bellow', hlimme `reißender stream', hlemm (*hlammi) ` clangor ', ahd. (h)limmen `drone, grumble, howl', anord. hlymja `klingen, crack, creak, rant, roister', ahd. hlamōn `sough, rustle, bawl, blaster';

    *k(e)len- in ags. hlyn(n) ` clangor, din, fuss, noise, reißender stream', hlynnan, hlynian `hallen', hlynsian ds., hlynrian `donnern', gehlyn, asächs. gihlunn `Getöse';

    Similar to skel-, (s)kʷel- (s-Dublette besides kel-):

    1. skel-: aisl. skjalla st. V. `sound, klingen, loud hit' = ags. sciellan `sound, sound, clink', ahd. scellan `sound, sound, clink, klingen, rant, roister', nhd. verschollen `verklungen'; Kaus.-Iter. aisl. skella `knallen, rant, roister, scold, chide, loud lachen', mhd. schellen schw. V. `ertönen lassen, shatter ', nhd. zerschellen; t- or dh-present afries. skelda `scold, chide, rebuke, loud define', ahd. sceltan `scold, chide, vilify, scold, revile, rebuke'; aisl. skǫll f. `Hohn, din, fuss, noise', skellr (*skalli-z) ` clangor, Knall' = ahd. scal (-ll-) ` clangor, row'; aisl. skjallr `lauttönend' = ags. sciell, ndl. schel `widerhallend, schrill'; ahd. scella `bell'; with einfachem l (das -ll- the vorgenannten based on auf einem n-present *skel-nō) aisl. skal n. `din, fuss, noise', skjal n. `Geplauder';

    lit. skãliju, -yti `fortgesetzt bark, bay, anschlagen' (vom Jagdhund), whereof skalìkas `ein fortgesetzt bellender Jagdhund (see under because of gr. σκύλαξ); apr. scalenix `Vorstehhund' derives from poln. skolić `as ein Hund whimper '; lett. skal'š `klingend, helltönend'; with (b)h-extension (as lit. kalbà) lit. skélb-iu, -ti `ein rumor verbreiten';

    čech. skoliti `belfern', poln. skolić, skulíć `as ein Hund whimper '.

    2. (s)kʷel-: aisl. skval n. `unnützes gossip, Wortschwall', skvala `loud talk, rufen', skvaldr n. `lautes discourse '; without s- aisl. hvellr `helltönend';

   the changing by ablaut skʷ_el- perhaps in gr. σκύλαξ young dog, dog; young Tier', also κύλλα σκύλαξ. ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes. (-λλ- probably kurznamenartige Kons.- lengthening), as from *skel- das above genannte lit. skalìkas, and from kel- from: lit. kãlė, kalė̃ `bitch', alb. këlüsh `cub, esp. young dog', mir. cuilēn, cymr. colwyn, acorn. coloin, bret. kolen `young dog', (kelt. *koli-gno-); diese Namen for young animal, esp. Hunde, wären also vom Kläffen or Winseln genommen. Immerhin but könnten σκύλαξ, κύλλα as (s)k_ol-, also as idg. or gr. Reduktionsformen (influence of κύων?) unmittelbar with kelt. *koligno-, lit. kãlė, alb. këlüsh zusammengehören.

References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.;

See also: probably identical with kel-5.

Page(s): 548-550

Root / lemma: kel-7 (kol-, k_ol-)

Meaning: goblet

German meaning: `Becher'

Comments: with k̂-suffix

Material: Old Indian kaláśa-ḥ m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl' (*kolek̂o-, -ok̂o-);

    gr. κύλιξ, -ικος `Becher' (*k_eli-k);

    = lat. calix, -icis m. `deep bowl, Becher, Kelch' (from calix derives ahd. chelih, nhd. Kelch), wherefore perhaps with beweglichem s umbr. skalc̨e-ta, scalse-to `ex patera', scalsie `in patera'; lat. culigna `smaller Kelch' from gr. κυλίχνη (*κυλικ-σνᾱ) ds.;

    das s- also in nhd. Schale (das to (s)kel- `cut, clip') and in gr. σκάλλιον, σκαλίς ds. Hes., das probably ebendahin.

    In addition gr. κάλυξ, -υκος f. `Fruchtkelch, Samenkelch' and perhaps Old Indian kalikā f. `bud' (in Gutt. of suffixes from kaláśa-ḥ different).

References: WP. I 442, WH. I 138 f.

Page(s): 550-551

Root / lemma: kel-7

German meaning: `schneiden'; `schuldig sein'; `austrocknen'; `biegen'

See also: see under (s)kel-

Page(s): 551

Root / lemma: kelp-, kl̥p-

Meaning: jar, cauldron

German meaning: `Krug, Topf'

Material: Gr. κάλπις, -ιδος, κάλπη f. `crock, pitcher; Aschenurne';

    lat. calpar, -āris ` wine cask ' (*calp-āli-, probably lat. Weiterbildung of gr. κάλπᾱ);

    air. cilornn, cilurnn `urna' (*kelpurno-), cymr. celwrn `Milcheimer', bret. kelorn `Kübel', brit. PN Celurnum.

References: WP. I 447, WH. I 142.

Page(s): 555

Root / lemma: kemero-, komero-, k_emero-

Meaning: name of a plant

German meaning: Pflanzenname

Material: Ahd. hemera (*hamirō) `Nieswurz', nhd. dial. hemern ds.;

    r.-ksl. čemerъ ` poison ' (originally the Nieswurz), russ. čemeríca f. `Nieswurz' (etc s. Berneker 142 f.);

    lit. kemerai Pl. `Alpkraut, Wasserdost'; presumably gr. κάμαρος `Delphinium', κάμμαρον, κάμμορον (latter Schreibung after hom. κάμμορος ` unlucky '?) `aconitum' and Old Indian kamala- n. `Lotus' (wäre bis aufs Geschlecht = ahd. hemera; also in the Blütenform similarly), camarika-m. `Bauhinia variegata'.

References: WP. I 390, Trautmann 126.

Page(s): 558

Root / lemma: kemǝ-, komǝ-, kmā-

Meaning: piece

German meaning: `Bissen'?

Material: Gr. ἄκμηνος `ohne Imbiß, hungrig', ἄκμᾱ (äol.) νηστεία, ἔνδεια Hes.; zero grade κομῶσα γέμουσα Hes.?

    lett. kumuôss `morsel, mouthful' (-um-Reduktionsstufe; the ending -uoss from -ansas perhaps through hybridization with einem *kan[d]s-as = aksl. kąsъ `Stück, morsel, mouthful'? compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. II 313);

    ndd. ham, hamm `bite, morsel, mouthful, Stück, cut'.

References: WP. I 389.

Page(s): 557-558

Root / lemma: kem-1

Meaning: to press, squeeze

German meaning: `zusammendrücken, -pressen, hindern'

Material: Arm. k`amel `to press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow';

    anord. hemja (hamda) `curb, restrain, hemen', hemill `Beinfessel', hamla f. `Ruderband', mhd. hemmen and hamen `hinder, hemmen', sal-fränk. chamian `klemmen, press', afries. hemma `hinder', nhd. dial. ham, hamen `Kummet' (compare das maybe from einem got. *hamands `hemmend' borrowed slav. *chomǫtъ, russ. etc chomútъ `Kummet'); mnd. ham, ags. hamm `eingefriedigtes Stück Land', ndd. hamme `umzäuntes field', ags. engl. hem(m) `edge, hem', engl. to hem (in) `to hem, gird, border, umgeben';

    anord. hafna `aufgeben, ablassen from' (`*gehemmt sein'), causative hefna `rächen'; with Labial mengl. hamperen, engl. to hamper `hinder, belästigen' (: apr. kūmpinna `hindert', kumpint `verrücken');

    bsl. *kama- m. `clump' in lett. kams m. `clump', in addition lit. kamúoti `zusamenpressen, stopfen', kãmanos `lederner bridle, rein', kẽmuras `Traube', kamíenas m. `stem', lett. kamuot `torment, smite, plague', lit. kamuolỹs, lett. kamuolis `Knäuel'; ablaut. lett. cęmu(o)rs m. `Traube', extended lit.kemšù, kim̃šti `stopfen', lett. ḱemsu, ḱimst (lit. Lw.) `ds.', also `fressen', lit. kamšà `Dam';

    russ. kom `clump', komítь `zusamenballen', serb. kȍm `Weintreber' (`was from den gepreßten Trauben bleibt'); in addition russ. kómelь m. `thick end eines Balkens', poln. komel m. `Knorren' (*kamli̯a-), russ. komúlja f. `clump', serb. kȍmina f. `Weintreber'; in ablaut slav. *kъmy, Gen. *kъmene m. in čech. kmen `stem'; as `gedrückt sein' presumably also slav. *čьmain serb. čáma `Langeweile', čȁmati `with displeasure wait, hold on'; aksl. čęstъ `dense' (= lit. kim̃štas `gestopft').

    Doubtful is Perssons (Beitr. 159) apposition from gr. κώμῡς, -ῡθος `bundle; place, wo das reed with den roots dense verwachsen steht' (`*Geballtes, clump'), κῶμος `Schwarm, feast and lärmender Umzug, Festaufzug to Ehren of Dionysios'; gr. κημός (*kāmos because of lat. Lw. cāmus) `muzzle' is in vocalism not compatible.

References: WP. I 388 f., Trautmann 115, 126.

Page(s): 555

Root / lemma: kem-2

Meaning: to buzz

German meaning: `summen'

Material: Old Indian camara- m. `bos grunniens';

    mhd. nhd. hummen, nhd. hummeln, holl. hommelen `buzz', mengl. hummen, engl. hum ds., norw. humre `leise wiehern'; in addition originally probably also ahd. humbal, mhd. humbel, hummel m. `bumblebee', mnd. hummel f., engl. humble-bее, norw. mdartl. humla f. ds.;

    lit. kìmstu, kìmti `hoarse become', kìminti `die voice dull machen', kimùs `hoarse, dumpflautend', kamãnė `Erdbiene', kamìnė `Feldbiene', lett. kamines f. pl. `Erdbienen, Hummeln', apr. camus `bumblebee';

    slav. *čьmelь (ablautgleich with Hummel) in russ. dial. čmelь usw, `bumblebee, Erdbiene'; ksl. russ. komár etc ` mosquito ' (ablautgleich with lit. kamãnė).

References: WP. I 389, Trautmann 115 f.

Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: keng-, kenk-

See also: see above under keg-.

Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-1

Meaning: to bind, girdle

German meaning: `gürten, umbinden, anbinden'

Material: Old Indian káñcatē (Dhatup.) `binds', kañcuka- m. `Panzer, Wams, Mieder', kāñcī f. `Gürtel';

    gr. κιγκλίς `Gitter' (to ι from ε s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), κάκαλα n. Pl. `Mauern' (*kn̥k-), ποδο-κάκ(κ)η `Holz zum Festlegen the Füße';

    lat. cingō, -ere `gürten, gürtelartig umgeben', umbr. s̀ihitu `cinctos', perhaps also c̨ihc̨eřa `cancellos' (*kinkedā-); lat. -g for c Entgleisung due to the doppeldeutigencinxi, cinctum after Präsentien as clingō, mingō; WH. I 217 places here kelt. cing- `schreiten' (different above S. 439), whether originally `*sich in Kreise wenden'; die Variation of Auslauts wäreallerdings leichter verständlich, as die S. 439 angenommene Anlautsvariation; still different about kelt. cing- Kuiper Nasalpräs. 168 f.;

    lit. kinkaũ, -ýti `Pferde anschirren'.

    A unnasalierte root form *kek- seeks man in Old Indian kaca- m. `Haupthaar (`*Zusammengebundenes'?); scar, band, strap' and lat. cicātrīx `scar, scratch ' (due to eines *cicāre from *cecāre `zusammenbinden, vernarben')?

References: WP. I 400 f., WH. I 211, 216 f.

Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-2

Meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)

German meaning: `brennen (dörren), weh tun; also especially von brennendem Durst and Hunger'

Material: Old Indian kāŋkṣati `begehrt' (`burning verlangen'), kákatē (Dhatup.) `dürstet';

    gr. κέγκει πεινᾳ (after Aor. *κακεῖν entstand ein neues present *κάγκω, compare:) καγκομένης ξηρᾶς τῷ φόβῳ Hes., hom. πολυκαγκής (δίψα) `very brennend', κάγκανος `arid', καγκαίνει θάλπει, ξηραίνει Hes., καγκαλέα κατακεκαυμένα Hes.; κακιθής ἄτροφος ἄμπελος; κακιθές λιμηρές; κακιθά λιμηρά Hes. (in the ending vermutete Schulze Kl. Schr. 329 *aidh- `burn');

    got. hūhrus, with gramm. variation anord. hungr, ags. hungor, ahd. hungar (*kn̥kru-) `hunger' (= gr. κακ-); ablaut. anord. hā `plague, torment, smite' (*hanhōn');

    lit. kankà `pain, agony', kankìnti `peinigen', keñkti `harm'.

References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 42.

Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-3

Meaning: knee-cup, heel

German meaning: `Kniekehle or Ferse'

Material: Old Indian kaŋkāla- m. n. `bone, Gerippe';

    anord. hā (*hanha-) in hā-mōt m. `Sprunggelenk, Fersengelenk', hā-sin f. `Kniesehne of Hinterbeins by animals, Fersensehne beim people', ags. hōh-sinu f., afries. hō-sene `Fersensehne', ags. hōh `Ferse' (*hanha-), anord. hǣll `Ferse' (*hanhila-), ags. hēla m. `Ferse';

    lit. kenklė̃ `Kniekehle', kìnka `ds., Hachse', lett. cinksla `sinew in the Kniebeuge'.

References: WP. I 401.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: ken-1

Meaning: to press, pinch, etc.

German meaning: as basis for extensions the meaning `zusamendrücken, kneifen, zusamenknicken; Zusamengedrücktes, Geballtes'

Comments: meaning-Umfang as by gen-.

Material: knek- (only german.):

    aisl. hnakki, hnakkr m. `Nacken' (norw. nakk also `Berggipfel, Kuppe'), ahd. hnac, -ckes `Nacken, acme, apex ', bair. nacken `bone', changing through ablaut ags. hnecca `Nacken, Hinterkopf', mnd. necke ds., mhd. genicke `Genick'; with the meaning `knicken' here isl. hnakki `Anker', norw. nakke `smaller eiserner Haken', nøkia `crook, bend', mengl. nōk, engl. nook `Winkel, point, edge' (aisl. hnekkja `zurücktreiben, hemmen', actually ` to press together '?).

    knes- perhaps in ahd. hnel, mhd. nel(le) `cusp, peak, acme, apex, Scheitel', ahd. hnol ` acme, apex ', ags. hnoll `Scheitel' (*hnezlá-, hnuzlá-?) and lett. knese `club, cudgel'.

    A i-basis in kneigʷh-, knei-b- `neigen'? (see there).

    u-basis kneu- and extensions:

    mir. cnū, Gen. cnō (*knūs, *knuu̯os), cymr. cneuen, Pl. cnau, mcorn. knyfan, mbret. knoen `Nuß', gall. *knou̯ā; derived mir. cnuas `Nüsse; harvest'; with d-suffix aisl. hnot, ags. hnutu, ahd. (h)nuz `Nuß'; with k-suffix lat. nux, -cis `Nuß' (`Nuß' also actually `Kügelchen, clots '); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.

    kneu-b-: lit. kniùbti `sich bücken', lett. kn̨ubt `einbiegen';

    nisl. hnypra sig saman `sich zusammenkauern', hnypur `kauernde position '.

    kneu-d-: norw. nut `Knorren in wood, Bergspitze', aisl. hnūtr m., hnūta f. `swelling, lump, growth, Knöchel', schweiz. nossen m. `Felszacke, protrusion'.

    kneu-g-, -k-:

    air. cnocc, nir. cnoc (*knukkos), cymr. cnwch (and as Lw. from dem Ir. also cnwc) (ablaut.cnuch `joint, coitus'), abret. cnoch `tumulus';

    aisl. hnūka `sich zusammenkrümmen', hnokinn `gekrümmt', hnykill `swelling, lump, growth, Knoten', norw. nykkja `bend, crook (e.g. einen Eisennagel); hervorragen', nisl. hnjūkr, hnūkr `round Berggipfel', norw. dial. nykkla n. `Knäuel', nisl. hnokki m., norw. nokka f. `smaller Eisenhaken', ags. hnocc `penis' (engl. nock ` incision ' is schwed. Lw.), mndl. nocke ` incision in einer Pfeilspitze', ndd. nock, nocke `hervorstehendes end from etwas', ags. ge(*h)nycned `gerunzelt', nhd. dial. nock, nocken `smaller hill; Mehlkloß' (also aisl. hnykkia `an sich reißen', perhaps from ` to press together '?); besides nock steht nhd. dial. knock `hill' (also in ganzen übrigen germ. Sprachraum), das above S. 372 Mitte to erwähnen gewesen wäre (compare also anord.knjūkr, knykill besides hnjūkr, hnykill), but also sekundäre germ. neologism to nock sein could, and das kn- perhaps from words, as Knollen, Knopf, Knorren, Knoten, Knüppel etc bezogen haben kann; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;

    compare lett. knaũk'is `toddler; Querholz am langen Sensenstiel' and gr. κνυζόν ἀέρα ἐπινέφελον, κνυζώσω συσπάσω Hes.; toch. A k`ñuk `Genick'.

    kneu-p-: lett. kńūpt `zusammengekrümmt liegen', lit. kniū́poti ds.;

    aisl. hnūfa `abstumpfen, stutzen'.

    kneu-t-: aisl. hnoða n. `Knäuel'.

    kondo- `Geballtes':

    Old Indian kanda- m. `tuber, bulb', kandúka- m. `Spielball', kanduka- n. `pillow, cushion';

    gr. κόνδοι κεραῖαι. ἀστράγαλοι Hes., κόνδυλος `Knochengelenk the Finger, toggle, fist, slap in the face, box on the ear, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb of Zahnfleisches', κονδύλωμα `swelling, lump, growth';

    lit. kánduolas m. `Kern'.

References: WP. I 390 ff., WH. II 191 f., J. Loth RC. 40, 366.

Page(s): 558-559

Root / lemma: ken-2, kenǝ-, keni-, kenu-;

Meaning: to rub, scrape off; ashes

German meaning: `kratzen, schaben, reiben'

Comments: various with conservative extensions

Material: I. Leichte basis: Gr. κόνις, -ιος f. `dust, ash' (-is-stem, compare κονίσσαλος `cloud of dust', κεκόνισ-ται Theokr., κονί̄ω `bestäube' from *κονισ-ι̯ω, hom. κονίη `dust, sand, ash' from κονισᾱ); ἀκονῑτί `unbesiegbar' (Jüthner Gl. 29, 76);

Maybe zero grade lat. cinis -eris m. f. `ashes' < arm. ačiun `ash'; alb. (*aski) hi `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].

Note:

Root / lemma: ken-2, kenǝ-, keni-, kenu- : `to rub, scrape off; ashes' must have come from zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)- : `to burn' into ā̆sk-en with the suffix -en. This assumption is proved by alb. geg. (*askini) hini `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].

    ablaut. with lat. cinis, -eris f. m. `ash' (from *cenis), Dimin. cinis-culus (κόνις, cinis are probably originally ein neutr. is-stem gewesen, and haben erst einzelsprachlich because of Nom. auf -is Geschlechtswechsel erlitten).

    II. Schwere basis kenǝ-, knē-: att. κνῆν, 3. Sg. present κνῇ, later κνή-θω `schabe, scratch; itch', κνηθμός, κνησμός, κνησμόνη `das itchiness', κνῆσις `das Reiben, scratch; itchiness', κνῆσμα `Abschabsel', κνηστήρ `Schabmesser', κνῆστις `Schabeisen' and `backbone, spine' and `Brennessel'; att. Κονίσαλος `demon of Geschlechtstriebes' (auf ein ar. *knāth- same Geltung will Güntert KZ. 45, 200 av. xnaąϑaitī `name einer Pairika' zurückführen).

    Ahd. nuoen, mhd. nüejen `durch Schaben glätten, genau zusammenfügen', ahd. hnuo, nuoa `Fuge, Nut', as. hnōa `Fuge, Nut, schmale Ritze', mhd. nuot `Zusammenfügung zweier Bretter, Fuge', nhd. Nut, Nute.

    Mir. cnáïm `consume, nage'; ēcna `Verzehren' (Stokes KZ. 41, 385) is quite doubtful;

    mir. cnāim m. `bone' (*knō-mi-s `Benagtes'), cymr. cnaw, Pl. cnofein.

    1. d-extension k_enēd-, kenǝ-d-:

    gr. κνώδων, -οντος Pl. `die den sword clutch gegen die blade abgrenzenden Zähne or Haken', Sg. `sword', κνώδαξ, -ᾱκος m. `Achsenzapfen' (`*tooth'), κνώδαλον `(bissiges =) wild, gefährliches animal' (seit Hom.), zero grade κναδάλλεται κνήθεται Hes., with _e the ersten syllable (as κίναιδος, κινώπετον, see under) κίναδος sizil. `Fuchs', att. as swearword, by Hes., θηρίον, ὄφις';

    lit. kándu, ką́sti (*konǝd-) `bite', kándis `Milbe', kañdis `morsel, mouthful' (secondary Schleifton) ką́snis `morsel, mouthful', lett. kuôžu, kuôdu, kuôst `bite, sharp sein, divide' (after Persson Beitr. 808 also kńadas `Nachbleibsel beim Getreidereinigen; Reizen, Necken, with secondary Mouillierung);

    ksl. kusъ `frustum', serb. kus `morsel, mouthful, Stück', ksl. kusaju, kusati, serb. kûsām, kúsati (etc) `bite' (schleiftonig as from leichter root form); abg. čęstь `part' (*kn̥d-ti-); without s-extension poln. kądek `morsel, mouthful, Stück, gobbet '.

    2. Labial extensions:

    k_enē-p-: gr. κνώψ, -πός `bissiges animal', κνωπεύς ἄρκτος Hes.; κῐνώπετον (*k_enōp-) `animal, esp. Schlangen and anderes giftiges Gewürm'.

    k_enē-bh-, kenǝ-bh-:

    gr. κνήφη `Krätze, Räude', with anlaut. s- σκνήφη Hes. `Brennessel'; κνάπτω (γνάπτω) `scratch, kratze auf, drum; tumble; tear, rend, mangle, rend, lacerate', κνάφος `Weberkarde, wherewith the Walker das Tuch aufkratzt; Marterwerkzeug', κναφεύς `fuller, Tuchscherer', κνάφαλον (κνέφαλλον Eur., γνόφαλλον Alkaios) `abgekratzte Wollflocken; pillow, cushion' (die Auffassung from κναφ- as hybridization from κνεφ- and καφ- =κn̥φ- is unwahrscheinlich, s. Persson Beitr. 139);

    gall. GN Cnabetius (: run. Gen. Hnab[ī]das), air. cnai `vellus' (from dem Cymr.), cymr. cnaif `Fließ', cneifio `tondere', ncorn. (?) kneu, bret. kreoñ, Vannes kaneo `Fließ'; different J. Loth RC 43, 408 f.;

    run. Gen. Hnab(i)das (idg. *knǝbhetós `verstümmelt'), aisl. hnafa, preterit hnōf `cut, clip', hnefi m. `fist, sword', mhd. neve `fist', PN ags. Hnæf, ahd. Hnabi; geminated aschwed. nappa `kneifen, to pick to pieces ' and die j-Verba aisl. hneppa `kneifen, klemmen, press', ags. (once)hnæppan `hit, gegen etwas bump, poke';

   remain far off though ags. hnappian ` drowse ', ahd. hnaffezen ds., nhd. dial. na(p)fezen ds. (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 183);

    lit. kniebiù, kniẽbti `leise kneifen'; lett. knā̀b-ju, -u, -t `picken, pluck', Itter. knābāt; lit. knab-ù, -ė́ti `schälen (Kartoffeln under likewise)', knabùs `langfingerig, diebisch, skilful', knabénti, knebénti `(auf)picken', knimbù, -aũ, knìbti `pluck, klauben', lett. knibêt, knibinât Iter. `klauben' (-ni- kann zero grade to -nĕ- sein); in the case of die consecutive words previously from knib- gefolgerten ablaut after the i-row haben or partly old Reste the i-variant kenei-bh- are, is not certainly; lit. knỹburiuoti `with irgendeiner Hand- or Fingerarbeit beschäftigt sein', lett. kniêb-ju, -u, -t `zwicken', Iter. knaibît.

    3. s-extension kene-s-, k(e)nē-s-:

    Old Indian redupl. ki-knasa- m. `parts of zerriebenen Korns, Schrot, Grieß';

    gr. κνέωρος, -ον `Nesselart' (probably from *κνη[σ]ορος);

    got. hnasqus `soft, fine' (from Kleidern; originally either `durch Reiben or Knistern soft gemacht' or `soft as gekratzte wool'), ags. hnesce `tender, soft, weak', ahd. [h]nascōn `naschen (*abknipsen), Leckerbissen genießen'; lett. knùosti, knuost `with dem bill, beak, neb in Gefieder rupfen'. compare from the i-basis kenei-s-: lit. knisù etc, see under.

    III. i-basis keni-, k_enǝ-i:

    1. base of -w-stem gr. κόνις, lat. cinis, see above; gr. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, δια-κναίω `zerschabe, grind, pulverize, reibe auf under likewise' (seems *knǝi̯-ṓ with after ἔκναι-σα, κναί-σω bewahrtem i); in addition gr. κίναιδος `unzüchtig', actually `pruriens', grown from einem Adv. auf -δόν as βάδος `Marsch' from βαδόν Adv.

    2. Dental extensions:

    k(e)nē̆i-d-:

    gr. κνίζω (Fut. κνί̆δω) `schabe, scratch, reiae' (*κνιδι̯ω), κνισμός `itchiness, Sinnenkitzel', κνίσμα `das Abgeschabte, Abgekniffene, shred, gobbet '; κνί̄δη `Brennessel';

    mir. cned `wound' (*knidā), in addition ir. cymr. cnes `skin' (*knid-tā);

    aisl. hnīta (hneit) `an etwas anstoßen', hneita (*hnaitjan) `bump, poke, beleidigen', hnita, -aða `nieten', ags. hnītan `bump, poke, sticken', hnitol (mnd. netel) `stößig, cornipetus', gehnǣst n. `Zusammenstoß, fight, struggle', as. of-hnītan `tear away';

    lett. kniẽdêt `nieten' (as aisl. hnita); lett. knidêt `jucken, kriechen, sich bewegen'; besides from einer root form auf t: lett. knìest, 3. present knìeš preterit knìete `jucken', kniẽtêt ds.

    Under the imagining of kratzenden, stechenden Geruches are anreihbar: hom. κνί̄ση `Opferduft, Fettdampf, fume, smoke' (*κνῑδ-σ-ᾱ, compare lat. lixa : liquor, lit. tamsà : Old Indian tamas-; in die ă-Dekl. übergeführt att. κνῖσᾰ);

    lat. nīdor (*cnīdōs) m. `Bratenduft, vapor, vapor, fume, smoke';

    aisl. hniss n. `smell, odor, ekelhafter Geschmack beim food, eating' (: hnīta; compare got. stigqan `bump, poke': ags. ahd. stincan `stink').

    3. Labial extensions:

    gr. κνί̄ψ, Akk. Pl. κνῖπας `an ant kind, die Honig or Feigen annagt; under the Rinde lebendes insect', with anlaut. s- σκνί̄ψ `smaller Holzwurm', κνῑπός, σκνῑπός `knauserig', σκνί̄πτω, σκενί̄πτω, οκηνί̄πτω `kneife'; κνίφεα κνίδας Hes., κνίφων (see in addition also *gen-, gneibh- ` to press together ');

    mndl. nipen st. and schw. V. (ndl. nijpen) `kneifen, press, anrühren, greifen', mengl. nīpin `press' (germ. -p[p]-, compare:) aisl. hnippa `bump, poke, stecken', hnippask `quarrel, squabble', mengl. nippen `kneifen, klemmen', engl. nip, nd. ndl. nippen `nippen', nhd. bair. nipfen, nipfeln `nippen'; nd. nibbelen `abbeißen'; perhaps lit. knimbù under likewise (see above under kenē-bh-), if with old i-vocalism.

    4. s-extension: lit. knisù, knìsti `wühlen, dig', lett. knisis, knislis `small mosquito '.

    IV. u-basis kenu-, kneu-:

    1. Gr. κνό(F)ος, κνοῦς `das knarrende Reiben of Rades in the Radachse; Larm the Füße beim Marschieren', κνύ̄ω `scratch light', κνῦμα `the scratch, light Anpochen', κνύος n. `Krätze', κνύ ἐλάχιστον Hes.;

    aisl. hnøggva, hnǫgg (and weak hnyggja) `bump, poke' (originally `rub, scratch, scrape') = ahd. hniuwan, mhd. niuwen `zerstoßen, zerquetschen' (ags. hnygelan, Plur. `Abschnitzel' from *hnuvilan-?); further with the meaning ` penurious ' (compare schäbig : schaben) aisl. hnøggr `concise, penurious, economical ', ags. hnēaw ` penurious, knauserig', mnd. nouwe `eng, schmal, concise, gering, genau', mhd. nou, nouwe `eng, genau, painstaking ', nhd. genau;

    lett. knūdu and knūstu, Inf. knūt and knūst, preterit knūdu `jucken' (d(h)- and st-present, compare with wurzelhaft behandeltem -d- also knudêt ds.); poln. knować ` dismember, ästeln', knowie `Strohsplitter'? (see also Brückner KZ. 45, 313 because of slav. *kъnъ `stem', *kъńiga `book', whereat different Berneker 663, 664).

    2. Dental extensions:

    With d: gr. κνῦζα, κνῦσα `Krätze', κνυζοῦμαι `kratze mich'; about κόνυζα see under; ags. hnot `abgeschabt, naked, bald, bleak, kurzgeschoren'.

    With dh: gr. κνύθος ἄκανθα μικρά Hes., κνυθόν σμικρόν Hes.;

    aisl. hnjōða, hnauð `bump, poke, hit, nieten', ahd. pi-hnēotan `befestigen', mhd. niet m. f. `breit geschlagener nail, Niet', nieten `nieten'; aisl. hnyðia `tool zum Schlagen or Klopfen';

    norw. dial. nuddast `abgestumpft become' (with s- schwed. mdartl. snudda `gentle touch', Falk-Torp under nudd); ahd. hnotōn `shake', mhd. notten `sich hin and her bewegen', mengl. nodden, engl. nod `nicken'; aisl. hnoss f. `Kleinоd' (`gehämmert'), ags. hnossian `knock'. Über lett. knudêt etc see above 1.

    With t: presumably got. hnuÞō, hnutō `σκόλοψ', aisl. hnūðr ` shaft, pole, picket, pole', lett. knute, knutele `dünne shaft, pole' (or Lw. from nhd. Knüttel?).

    3. g-extensions: gr. κόνυζα, σκόνυζα, κνῦζα ` strong-smelling plant, Erigeron viscosumL.' (if -ζ- from -γι̯- ; also -δι̯- is gleich möglich; zur Geruchsbed. compare above κνῖσα, nīdor); aisl. hnykr (*hnuki-) ` fetidness ' (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr, nykr ds., wobl late Anlautswechselformen).

    4. Labial extensions:

    With idg. b: got. dis-hniupan `tear', dishnupnan `zerrissen become', aschwed. niupa `kneifen', ags. ā-hnēopan `abpflücken'; with intensive Kons.-Doppelung norw. mdartl. nuppa `pluck', ags. hnoppian `pluck', dän. mnd. noppe `Wollflocke, tuft of wool, Hechelhede';

    with idg. bh: aisl. hnȳfill `kurzes, abgestumpftes horn, lamb with solchen Hörnern', ndd. nobbe, nubbe `Wollflocke', mhd. noppe, поp `Tuchflocke' (rather Lw. from mnd. noppe).

    5. s-extension: lett. knaũsis `small mosquito ' (as knisis, k̨nislis from the i-basis).

References: WP. I 392 ff., WH. I 217 f., II 166 f.

Page(s): 559-563

Root / lemma: ken-3

Meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young

German meaning: `frisch hervorkommen (perhaps actually: sprießen), entspringen, anfangen; also von Tierjungen and Kindern'

Material: Old Indian kanī́na- ` young ', compounds Sup. kánīyas-, kániṣṭha-, kaniṣṭhá-; kanyā̀, Gen. Pl. kanī́nām (older n-stem) `girl', av. kaine, kainī-, kainīn- ds.;

    gr. καινός `neu, unerhört';

    lat. recens `fresh, young, neu', actually `gerade vom Ursprung, the birth her';

    mir. cinim `entspringe', ciniud `gender, sex, Stam'; air. cenēl `gender, sex', acymr. cenetl, ncymr. `gender, sex, Nation'; perhaps also acymr. mcymr. cein, ncymr. cain, mbret. quen, air. - from dem Brit. - caín `beautiful' (: gr. καινός `beautiful' = ` young '?); genuine ir. is căin (*k_eni-) ds.;

    mir. cano, cana `Wolfsjunges', cymr. cenau `young dog or wolf' (*k_enǝu̯ō: ken-);

    gall. Cintus, Cintugnātos (`Primigenitus'), air. cētne, cēt- `erster', cymr. etc cyn(t) ` previous, before, rather', cyntaf `the erste';

    burgund. hendinos `king'; strittig got. hindumists `äußerster, hinterster', ahd. hintana, hintar `hinter', ags. hindema `the letzte' (`novissimus');

    aksl. vъ-, na-čьną, -čęti `begin', začęti `ds.; empfangen (vom Weibe)', konъ `Anfang', konьcь `end', aksl. čędo `kid, child' (if not Lw. from nhd. Kind; s. Berneker 154); with beweglichems- osorb. ščeńo `das letztgeborene kid, child', russ. ščenók `young dog', aksl. štenę `catulus'.

References: WP. I 397 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 112 f.

Page(s): 563-564

Root / lemma: ken-4

Meaning: to strain, strive

German meaning: `sich mühen, eifrig streben, sich sputen'

Material: Gr. κονεῖν ἐπείγεσθαι, ἐνεργεῖν, κόνει σπεῦδε, τρέχε, κοναρώτερον δραστικώτερον Hes., κονηταί θεράποντες, ἀγκόνους διακόνους, δούλους Hes., διά̄κονος, ion. διήκονος `servant, Aufwärter', ἐγκονέω `eile, verlege mich auf etwas', ἐγ-κονίς `Dienerin';

    lat. cōnor, -āri `sich körperlich anstrengen, den Versuch machen';

    urkelt. *kān- (idg. *kōn-) `vollbringen' in mcymr. digoni `make', dichawn, digawn, cymr. dichon, digon `kann', digon `genug', acymr. MN Guoccawn, mcymr. gochawn, gogawn ` distinguished ', abr. MN Uuocon.

References: WP. I 398 f., WH. I 262.

Page(s): 564

Root / lemma: kenth(o)-

Meaning: rag, cloth

Comments: also ket(h)-?

Material:

Old Indian kanthā ` repaired dress '; poor. k 'ot' anak ` dress, cover ';

    gr. κέντρων ` skirt from rags, Flickpoem ' is Bedeutungslehnw. from the Lat .;

    lat. cent ō ` from cloth zusammengenähtes dress or cover, patch work ';

    without nasal ahd. hadara f. ` Cloth, rags ' (*ha Þ r ō, idg. *kotr ā), nhd. Quarrel; in addition with l derivative mhd. Hadel, ablaut. nhd. dial. Hudel, of it work sloppily 'smudge'.

Old Indian kanthā `geflicktes dress'; arm. k`ot`anak `dress, cover';

    gr. κέντρων `Rock from rag, Flickpoem' is Bedeutungslehnw. from dem Lat.;

    lat. centō `from rag zusammengenähtes dress or cover, Flickwerk';

    without nasal ahd. hadara f. `rag, clout' (*haÞrō, idg. *kotrā), nhd. Hadern; in addition with l-derivative mhd. Hadel, ablaut. nhd. dial. Hudel, therefrom hudeln `schmieren'.

Maybe alb. geg. (*hadara) çandra `supporting beam for the wall or fence'.

References: WP. I 402 f., WH. I 200.

Page(s): 567

Root / lemma: kerd-1

Meaning: to girdle

German meaning: `gürten'

Comments: only kelt. and slav.

Material: Air. fo-cridigedar `accingat', cri(u)ss `Gürtel' (*kr̥d-su-), mir. fo-chrus `Gürtung', cymr. crys `Gürtel, Hemd', gwregys (fur *gwe-grys from *gwo-grys) `Gürtel', acorn. kreis `Hemd', grugis `Gürtel', bret. krez `Hemd', gouriz `Gürtel';

    russ. čéres (besides čérez, das z through influence the preposition črěz hat) `Geldgurt', klr. čéres `lederner, wide Gürtel, Geldkatze', poln. trzos `Geldgurt, Geldkatze';

    perhaps eine extension from (s)ker- `turn'.

References: WP. I 423, Berneker 148.

Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: kerd-2

Meaning: talent, craft; talented

German meaning: etwa `handwerksmäßig geschickt, klug berechnend'

Material: Gr. κέρδος n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage', κερδίων `nützlicher, ersprießlicher', κέρδιστος `the Verschlagenste (Hom.); ersprießlichst', κερδαλεός `gewinnend, nützlich, cunning', κερδαλέη, κερδώ `Fuchs', κερδαίνω `gewinne'; from gr. *κέρδων derives lat. cerdō `gemeiner Handwerksmann';

    air. cerd f. `Kunst, Handwerk; Künstler, Dichter'; cymr. cerdd f. `Kunst, Poesie';

    aisl. epithet horti m. `smart' (?), horskr ds., ags. asächs. ahd. horsc ds. (*hort-ska-).

References: WP. I 423.

Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: (kerem-), krem- (: krom-) and kerm-

Meaning: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree

German meaning: 1. `Zwiebel- and Knoblaucharten'; 2. `Eberesche under likewise'

Comments: (esp. with s-forms); anlaut k-, vereinzelt k̂-

Material: Gr. κρέμυον Hes., otherwise (through Assimil. out of it) κρόμυον `Zwiebelart' (*kremusom);

    mir. crim, Gen. crema, cymr. (reduced grade) craf `Knoblauch';

    ags. hramsan, engl. ramsons `Waldknoblauch', norw. schwed. dän. rams ds., mnd. ramese, remese ds., ahd. ramusia, nhd. (bair.) rams `ds.' (Allium ursinum L.);

    lit. kermùšė f. `wild Knoblauch';

    slav. *čermъša, *čermucha in russ. čeremšá, čeremíca, čerëmuška `Bärenlauch, Allium ursinum', poln. trzemucha ds., with Pal. skr. srȉjemuś m. -ša f. uud srȉjemuž, -ža `kind of wildwachsendes Gemüse';; in addition die Bezeichnung of `Prunus padus' (likewise strong-smelling plant);

    lit. šermùkšnis m. šermùkšlė, šermùkšnė f. `Eberesche', lett. sę̄rmūkslis etc ds., with other Gutturalreihe lett. cērmauksis etc, ds.;

    russ. čerëmcha, čerëma, čerëmucha `Faulbaum, Ahlkirsche, Prunus padus', klr. čerém-cha, -ucha ds., sloven. črệm-ha, -sa (and with palatal) srẹ&̂m-ša, -sa ds., poln. trzemcha, čech. třemcha, nowadays střemcha ds.,

    perhaps here the venet. PN Cremōna.

References: WP. I 426 f., Trautmann 128 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 168.

Page(s): 580-581

Root / lemma: ker(ǝ)-3

Meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen, glühen, heizen'

Material: Old Indian kūḍayāti `sengt' (*kr̥̄-d-, i.e. *k_erǝ-d-); nasalized kuṇḍatē `burns'; about kuṣāku-, kaṣā́ku- see under;

    dubious lat. carbō, -ōnis m. `coal' (idg. *k_er-dhō?), from Specht Idg. Dekl. 266 zur Farbwurzel ker- (*k_er-bhō?) gestellt;

    got. haúri n. `coal', aisl. hyrr m. `fire' (*hurja-, idg. *k_er-i̯o-);

    ahd. herd, as. herth, ags. heorð `Herd'; ahd. harsta `frixura', gahurstit `frixus', mnd. harst `Rost (zum Braten)', ags. hierstan `roast', hierstepanne `Bratpfanne';

    lit. kuriù, kùrti `heizen', kūrénti `fortgesetzt heizen', kùrstyti `schüren', lett. kur'u (kurstu), kurt, frequent. kur̃stît, kurinât `heizen', aksl. kurjǫ, kuriti sę `smoke', kurenьje `Kohlenfeuer' etc; balt. kūr-, slav. kur-, müßten by this Deutung Ablautsneubildungen to *kŭr from einer idg. Red.-grade _o sein; eine other Deutung under (s)ker- `cut, clip';

    lett. cęri `Glutsteine', cęras `Inbrunst', cerêt `lieben, sehnen, hoffen'; russ. čeren `Salzpfanne the Salzsiedereien', klr. čereń `bottom of Back- and Kochofens, Feuerherd', poln. trzon `Herd';

    lit. kárštas `hot', kar̃štis `heat', lett. kar̂sts `hot', kar̂sêt `erhitzen', (*kor-s-); wherefore as `stormy, hot tempered' also lit. ker̃štas `rage, fury', kerùs, kerìngas `zornvoll', kir̃šti `zornig become'; probably to Old Indian kuṣāku- ` burning; fire, sun' and kaṣāku- `fire, sun' (both mind. from *kr̥šāku-; compare arm. xaršem `cook, burn' from intensivem *khr̥s-); compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 375, II 164.

    A verwandte root form krā-s- as `Feuerglanz, blaze, glow', from which partly `red', partly `luminous, bright, beautiful', in aksl. krasa `venustas, pulchritudo', russ. krasá `beauty, Zierde, jewellery', aksl. krasьnъ `beautiful, pleasant, white gekleidet', russ. krásnyj `red, beautiful', čech. krásný `beautiful', old also `licht, gleaming' and `reddish' (etc); lett. krāsus `beautiful' is russ. Lw.

Maybe alb. kreshnik `noble man, lord'

    Ein from ker- erweitertes *k(e)r-em- seeks man in lat. cremō, -āre `verbrennen (tr.)', umbr. krematra Pl. *crematra `kind of vessel zum Braten of Fleisches, Braten';

    in addition as `Decoct' also cremor `the from aufgeweichten Getreidekörnern or otherwise from Pflanzen gewonnene juice, sap, porridge, mash'; further gall. κόρμα, κοῦρμι, air. coirm n., mcymr. cwrwf, acorn. coref, coruf `beer', wherefore perhaps Old Indian karam-b(h)á- m. `Grütze, porridge, mash', kulmāṣa- m. `sour mucus from Früchten, sour Reisschleim'; compare further toch. В kark-, kärk- `fry, roast'.

References: WP. I 418 f., WH. I 165 f., 287 f.

Page(s): 571-572

Root / lemma: kerǝp-, krēp-

Meaning: cloth, leather; shoe

German meaning: `Zeug- or Lederlappen; especially Schuh'

Material: Lat. carpisculum `kind of Schuhwerk' (previously by Vopiscus and fremder origin verdächtig as das similar carpatinus from gr. καρβάτινος `from leather', καρβατίνη `Lederschuh');

    air. cairem `Schuhmacher' (*kariamos, idg. *k_er[ǝ]p-), cymr. crydd ds. (*cerýdd, kelt.*karíjos), acorn. chereor, bret. kere, kereour ds.;

    aisl. hriflingr, ags. hrifeling `Schuh';

    lit. kùrpė, lett. kur̃pe, apr. kurpe `Schuh' (*kūrpi̯ā, idg. *k_orǝp-);

    aksl. krъpa `textura, rag', is-krъpiti, -ati `ausflicken', bulg. kъ́rpa `rag, kerchief, cloth; Flicken', serb. kȑpa `Fleck, Stuck canvas, fabric'; with the meaning `Schuh', serb. kȑplje `snowshoe', poln. kierpce `kind of Beschuhung', čech. krpec `Bastschuh';

    with Full grade the 2. syllable κρηπίς, -ῖδος `Schuh; Fundament eines Baues' (lat. Lw. crĕpĭda).

    Daß kerǝp- extension from (s)ker(e)- `cut, clip' sei, is probably.

References: WP. I 425, WH. I 172, Trautmann 146.

Page(s): 581

Root / lemma: (kerk̂-:) kork̂- : kr̥k̂-

Meaning: to wrinkle, become thin

German meaning: `einschrumpfen, magern'

Comments: (or at most kark̂- : kr̥k̂-)

Material: Old Indian kr̥śá- `abgemagert, hager, weak', kŕ̥śyati `magert ab', av. kǝrǝsa- `mager';

    lat. cracentēs, leg. gracentēs `graciles' to gracilis `mager, schlank, arid', dissim. from *cracilis;

    aisl. horr (*hurha-) `Magerkeit';

    lit. karšė́ti, intensiv kárštu, káršti `old become', iškáršąs `vor Alter hinfällig', káršė `Altersschwäche', lett. nuo-kārst `veralten, reif become';

    klr. kors `ausgerodete Striche Landes', skr. kȑšljav `in Wachstum zurückgeblieben', sloven. kr̀š m. `shrub, bush', čech. krs `Zwergbaum', krs-ati, -nouti ` abate ', poln. dial. karślak `niedriger, gekrümmter tree, firewood'.

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.

Page(s): 581

Root / lemma: ker-1, kor-, kr-

Meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc.)

German meaning: `Schallnachahmung for heisere, rauhe Töne, solche Tierstimmen and die sie ausstoßenden Tiere'

Comments: anlaut mostly k-, seltener k̂- also with beweglichem s- : (s)ker-.

Material: I. Old Indian karaṭa- m. `crow' (?), karāyikā `a kind of Kranich'.

    Gr. κόραξ, -ακος m. `raven', κοράκιον `bill, beak, neb of Raben' (*kor-n̥-k-, compare lat. cor-n-īx), σκορακίζω `behandele schimpflich (from ἐς κόρακας βάλλειν under likewise), κορώνη `crow', κόραφος ποιὸς ὄρνις Hes. (*kor-n̥-bhos); κορκορυγή `Kollern in Leibe';

    lat. corvus `raven', cornīx, -īcis `crow', umbr. curnāco `cornicem' (-īk- besides -āk-); Specht, Idg. Dekl. 118, 161 places whereas corvus and cornīx zur Farbwurzel ker-;

    čech. krákorati `gackern' (*kor-kor-, compare κορκορυγή), serb. krakoriti `gracillare', klr. kerekoríty `kollern, girren'.

    see also kar- `loud preisen'.

    1. Dental extensions:

    Älter dän. skrade `rattle, clash, röcheln', schwed. mdartl. skrata `sound', norw. mdartl. skrata `gackern, scold, chide, loud lachen', skratla `rattle, clash', schwed. skratta `lachen', dän. skratte `einen gesprungenen Ton give'.

    2. guttural extensions:

    A. Auf -k- (gebrochene Red.): kerk-, krek-, krok-:

    Old Indian kr̥kara-, krakara-, kr̥kaṇa- m. `a kind of Rebhuhn', kŕ̥ka-vāku- m. `rooster, cock', kr̥kaṣā, kr̥kālikā `bird name'; av. kahrkatāt- f. `rooster, cock', npers. kärk `Huhn', av. kahrkāsa- m. `Geier, actually Hähneesser'; Old Indian karkati (uncovered) `lacht', krákṣamāṇa-, -krakṣa-, -krakṣinn- perhaps `knarrend';

    arm. perhaps as neologism karkač̣ `Rauschen, noise', karkačem `excessive lachen, roar';

    gr. κέρκαξ ἱέραξ Hes., κερκάς κρεξ τὸ ὄρνεον Hes., κερκιθαλίς ἐρωδιός Hes., κερκίς ...εἶδος ὄρνῑθος Hes., κέρκνος ἱέραξ, ἤ ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κέρκος ... ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κίρκος `ἱέραξ', κορκόρας ὄρνις. Περγαιοῖ Hes., κρέξ `eine Vogelart', κέρχνος m. ` hoarseness ' (if from *κερκ-σνος), κέρχνη, κερχνηίς f. `Turmfalke';

    lat. crōciō, -īre and crōcō, -āre `krächzen' (: ir. crāin, lit. krokiù, lett. krācu, slav. krakati, compare with -g: gr. κρώζω, anord. hrókr);

    mir. crāin, Gen. crāna `sow' (`grunzend'; urkelt. *krākni-); cercc `Henne' (but cymr. ysgrechf. `shriek' from ags. *scrǣc `clamor'; mir. scrēch `shriek' from anord. skrǽkr); abret. corcid, nbret. kerc'heiz, cymr. crychydd `Reiher', ir. corr (*kork-so-) `Kranich';

    apr. kerko f. `Taucher (bird)', lett. ḱḕrcu, ḱḕrt `gackern, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make', lit. karkiù, kar̃kti ` burr, krächzen, gackern', lit. kirkiù, kir̃kti `kreischen (from the Bruthenne)'; lit. krẽkinuos, -intis `rutting, in heat sein (vom sswine)', lett. krecêt `hoarse become'; apr. kracto (lies kracco) `Schwarzspecht', lit. krãkė ds., lit. kr(i)okiù, kr(i)õkti `röcheln, grunt' (: lat. crōciō etc), kr(i)oklỹs `waterfall', lett. krā̀cu, krā̀kt `krächzen, schnarchen, röcheln, bawl, blaster'; lit. kurkiù, kur̃kti `quarren', lett. kùrcu, kùrkt `quarren' (: aksl. krъknǫti; changing through ablaut with lit. kvar̃kti?); compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;

    aksl. krъknǫti `krächzen' (etc); russ.-ksl. krečetъ `Zikade', russ. krëk `Aufstehnen', krečet `Jagdfalke', serb. krȅka `clamor the Hühner or Frösche' (etc), čech. škřek `clamor', osorb. škŕekava `Eichelhäher'; russ. krochálь `Tauchergans', bulg. krókon `raven', serb. krȍčēm, kròkati `krächzen' (etc); russ.-ksl. (etc) kraču, krakati ds.; in addition slovz. krẽk (*krakъ) m. `raven'.

   Nasalized: ags. hringan `sound, clink, rattle, clash, clatter', engl. to ring `lauten, klingen', anord. hrang n. `din, fuss, noise', hringia `läuten', lit. krankiù, krañkti `krächzen, röcheln', krankščiù, krañks̀ti ds., russ. krjákatь `crack, creak, groan, burr, krächzen'; toch. В kraṅko rooster, cock; Old Indian kruṅ, kruñca-, krāuñca m. `Brachvogel'.

    With anl. k̂-: Old Indian śāri- f. `ein bird', sārikā `die indische Elster'; arm. sareak `Star'; lit. šárka, apr. sarke `Elster', russ. soróka, čech. straka, serb. srȁka `Elster'; besides aksl. svraka, serb. svrȁka ds., see under.

    With anlaut. k̂u̯-: alb. sorrë (*k̂u̯ērnā) `crow' (Jokl, Mél. Pedersen 146);

    aksl. soraka, serb. svrȁka `Elster'.

    B. Auf -g-:

    Old Indian kharjati `knarrt', khargálā `ein certain Nachtvogel (Eule?)';

    gr. κρώζω `krächze', κράζω, ἔκραγον, κέκρᾱγα `krächzen (vom Raben), cry'; κάραγὺς ὁ τραχὸς ψόφος οἷον πριόνων Hes.;

    anord. hrōkr, ags. hrōc, ahd. hruoh `crow'; ndd. harken, dän. harke `sich räuspern', schweiz. harchlen `röcheln', anord. hark, skark `din, fuss, noise', herkir, skerkir `fire' (`*knisternd'), anord. harka `rant, roister', ndd. harken `scratch, scratch, scrape', harke `Rechen', nhd. Lw. Harke; to Old Indian kharju- m. (uncovered) `the itchiness, scratch ', khr̥gala- m. `Krücke' (?);

    ahd. rachisōn `sich räuspern', ags. hraca m., hracu f. `throat', ahd. rahho `Rachen', ags. hrǣca m. `das Räuspern; saliva', hrǣcan `sich räuspern, spucken', anord. hrāka m. `saliva'; anord. skrǣkr m. `shriek' (*skrēki-), skrǣkja, skrǣkta `cry', skrǫk n. Pl. `lie, falsity', skrǫkva `erdichten, erlügen';

    lit. kregždė̃ `swallow', krėgė́ti `grunt', krogiù `röchle, grunze'.

    3. Labial extensions:

    A. With -p-: Old Indian kŕ̥patē, Aor. akrapiṣṭa `jammern';

    kr̥cchrá- `schlimm'; n. `need', mind. from *kr̥psra-;

    npers. särfāk ` clangor ', surf (iran. *sǝrǝfa-) `Husten';

    lat. crepō, -ās and -is, -āre `knattern, knistern, crack, creak', crepundia, -ōrum `Klappern as Kinderspielzeug, Kastagnetten' (after M. Leumann, Gnomon 9, 240, rather Etruscan); EM³268;

    anord. hrafn `raven', urnord. HrabnaR, ags. hræfn `raven', ahd. hraban, hram `raven' (mhd. also rappe), as. naht-ram `Nachteule';

    With s-: anord. skrafa `schwatzen', skraf (and skrap see under) n. `gossip'; anord. skarfr `Seerabe', ags. skræf ds., ahd. scarba, scarva f., scarbo m. ds., nhd. Scharbe; bret. scrav `Meervogel' is germ. Lw.;

    lett. krepēt, krēpēt `dirty, filthy become', krẽpât `zähen mucus auswerfen' (from `*räuspern'), lit. skreplénti ds., lett. krẽpalas Pl., lit. skrepliaĩ Pl. `Schleimauswurf, aksl. kroplją, kropiti ` besprinkle, sprinkle' etc, russ. kropotátь `drone, grumble, mürrisch sein, sich sorgen' etc

    With -b-: anord. skrap `das Rascheln, gossip', skrapa `rustle, babble'; lit. skrebė́ti `rustle', aksl. skrobotъ `noise'. Nasalized gr. κρέμβαλα `Kastagnetten'.

    II. i-basis (s)(k)erei-:

    Air. scret f., nir. scread `shriek' from *skri-zd(h)ā; compare Persson Beitr. I 348;

    with s-: bret. screo (*skriu̯ā) `kreischender Meervogel';

    ahd. as. scrīan `cry', ahd. screi n. `shriek', ndd. schrēwen, ndl. schreeuwen `cry' (*skraiwian), wfläm. schreemen, engl. scream ds. (*skraimian);

    without s-: anord. hreimr `clamor', anord. hrīna `cry' (vom Schweine); compare lett. krī̆na `sow' (also ir. crāin ds. : lat. crōcio) and piem. crin (ligur.?) `swine'.

    guttural extensions:

    A. With -k-: gr. κρίκε `(das Joch) knarrte, kreischte'; lit. krykščiù, krỹkšti `kreischen', kriksėti `quaken';

    aksl. krikъ `clamor', kričati `cry';

    anord. hegri, ags. hrāgra, ahd. heigaro and (h)reigaro, mhd. heiger and reiger, nhd. Reiher (*kroikro-, *krikro-), partly with diss. Schwunde of ersten r;

    cymr. cryg `hoarse', fem. creg, therefrom creg-yr `Reiher';

    eine various Lautnachahmung is bulg. cъ́rkam `zwitschere, zirpe; cry, spritze' (etc s. Berneker 132);

    B. With -g-: gr. κρῑγή `das Schwirren; Knirschen (the Zähne)', κριγή ἡ γλαῦξ Hes., κρίζω, κρίξαι, κέκρῑγα `kreischen, growl ', böot. κριδδέμεν (δδ = γ) `γελᾶν';

    cymr. cre (*krigā), dychre (*dī-eks-krigā) `clamor'; derived crë-ydd, crë-yr `Reiher';

    anord. hrīka `knirschen', hrikta `kreischen';

    with s-: anord. skrīkia `Vogelschrei', as verb `chirp, twitter', ags. scrīc `Würger', norw. skrīka, skreik `cry', as. skrikōn ds., an. skrǣkr `shriek';

    late neologism: nhd. Krickente, schwed. krickand, krikka ds., ndl. kriek, krekel `Grille, Heimchen', frz. criquet ds., ndl. kricken, kreken `Zirpen (from the Grille)', mengl. creken `creak', engl. creak ds., frz. criquer ds.;

    with s-: aksl. skrъgati (i.e. skrъg-) `knirschen', skrъžьtъ (i.e. skrьž-) `Geknirsche'.

    III. u-basis (s)k(o)reu-, (s)k(o)rau-:

    1. Lat. corvus (see above S. 567); mir. crū `raven' (*krou̯os); ndd. schrauen, schraulen, norw. skryla, ryla `cry', norw. dial. skrynia `clatter, noise make, bright klingen; cough'; anord. skraumi ` bawler, crier, Hanswurst'; nordfries. skrummel `Getöse, noise, rumor', nhd. schrummeln `donnern', anord. skrum `gossip; lit. kriunù, -ė́ti `cough, stöhnen'; perhaps also toch. В keru `drum'.

    2. Dental extensions:

    With -d-:

    Anord. hrjóta `roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble', ags. hrūtan `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', ahd. rūzan, rūzōn `rattle, clash, schnarchen, buzz'; compare ags. hrot m. `dicke Flüssigkeit, mucus', etc under S. 537;

    mnd. schrūten `schnarchen, wheeze, prusten', wfäl. Schrute `Truthenne', schwed. skryta `brag, boast', dial. `schnarchen', norw. dial. skrȳta `pant, sniff, snort, prusten', skrota (*skrutōn) `brag, boast' (perhaps also anord. skraut n. `Pracht, jewellery', skreyta `adorn', if actually `brag, boast', compare norw. skrøyta `adorn, praise, laud, brag, boast', røyta ds.).

    With idg. -t-: anord. hryðja f. `Spucknapf', isl. hroði `saliva', norw. dial. ryda, skryda f. `mucus in Halse'.

    3. guttural extensions:

    With -k-: lit. krauklỹs `crow', kraukiù, kraũkti `krächzen', ablaut. kriūk-iù, -ti `grunt', krùkė `Gegrunze'; lett. kraûklis m. `raven', kraũḱis `Saatkrähe', kraukât `cough, mucus auswerfen (vom cattle)'; kraũka f. `Schleimauswurf';

    aksl. krukъ `raven' (usw);

    isl. hrygla `Rasseln in the throat', mhd. rü(c)heln, nhd. röcheln, norw. rugde `Waldschnepfe'; in addition probably ags. hrog ` nasal mucus ';

    with Geminata -kk-: dän. skrukke `glucksen', skrokke `chat, prate', next to which older dän. krokke `rufen, from Hühnern', mnd. krochen `grunt; hoarse cry (vom Raben)'.

    With -k̂-: Old Indian krṓśati, av. xraosaiti `kreischt, schreit', Old Indian krōśa-, klṓśa- m. `shriek, Rufweite', (: ags. hrēam `Notruf' from *hrauhma), npers. xurōs `rooster, cock'; s. W. Schulze Kl. Schr.166.

    With -g-: gr. κραυγή `clamor', κραυγός δρυκολάπτου εἶδος (`kind of Specht') Hes.; got. hruk Akk. `das Krähen', hrukjan `krähen'.

References: WP. I 413ff., WH. I 275 f., 290, 291 f., 293, Trautmann 128, 139 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 130 f.

Page(s): 567-571

Root / lemma: ker-2

German meaning: `schneiden'

See also: see under (s)ker- .

Page(s): 571

Root / lemma: ker-4

Meaning: cherry

German meaning: in Worten for `Kornelkirsche, Kirsche'

Material: Gr. κράνος m. f. = lat. cornus (*kr̥nos) `Kornelkirschbaum', κράνον = lat. cornum `Kornelkirsche', lit. *kirnas as base from Kirnis `deus cerasorum'; in addition probably gr. κέρασος `Kirschbaum' (out of it lat. cerasus), perhaps thrakisch-phryg. word.

   Contrariness of phonetically Übereinstimmung remain far off the meaning because of: lit. kìrna f. `Strauchband from Weiden', kirnis `swamp, marsh', apr. kirno f. `shrub, bush', ablaut. lit. kẽras `hoher, verwitterter Baumstumpf; Staude', kerė́ti `in die Äste schießen', lett. cęrs `shrub, bush, knorrige Baumwurzel', apr. ker-berse `Wirsenholz' (perhaps `Strauchbirke'), with formants -ba, lit. kìrba (out of it lett. ḱirba) `swamp, marsh, morass'; russ.-ksl. kъrjь, russ. korь `root', čech. keř `shrub, bush', o-grade aksl. (usw) korenь, Gen. -ene (en-stem) `root'; samt russ. čéren, čerenók `Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp eines Messers; Pfropfreis' etc (see Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker- `cut, clip'.

References: WP. I 411 f., WH. I 221 f., 276 f.

Page(s): 572-573

Root / lemma: (ker-5?), kō̆r-

Meaning: to hang

German meaning: `hangen, hängen'

Material: Lit. kariù, kárti `with einem Strick erhängen', lett. kar'u, kãrt `hängen', lit. pakara `Kleiderständer, peg, plug zum Kleideraufhängen', lett. pakars `Haken zum Aufhängen', apr. paccaris `strap', lit. pakorė̃ `Galgen'; perhaps also lit. prã-kartas `crib', apr. pracartis `trough', if originally `vorgehängter Futtersack';

    in addition perhaps as extension *krem(ǝ)- in gr. κρεμάννυμι `hänge', older κρίμνημι ds. (besides κρήμνημι, s. Specht KZ 59, 97), κρέμαμαι `hange', κρεμάθρᾱ `Hängematte', zero grade κρημνός `slope'.

References: WP. I 412.

Page(s): 573

Root / lemma: ker-5

German meaning: `springen, drehen'

See also: see under (s)ker-.

Page(s): 574

Root / lemma: kerm-

Meaning: to be tired, rest

German meaning: `ermüden, rasten, schlafen'?

Material: Ahd. mhd. hirmen, mndl. hermen `ruhen, rasten'; lit. kirmy-jù, kirmýti, kirmė́ti `anfaulen, faul become' (beeinflußt from kirmìs `Wurm'?).

References: WP. I 426.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: ker-6 and k̂er-

Meaning: dark colour; dirt, etc.

German meaning: Farbwurzel for dunkle, schmutzige and graue Farbentöne

Comments: often extended with -i and -u; s. the extensions kerb(h)- and kers-.

Material: Old Indian karaṭa- ` oxblood, indigo ' (?), kuruṅgá-, kuluṅgá- m. `Antilope', kirmira- `varicolored', kárīṣa- n. `Auswurf, manure', kardama- m. `slime, mud, smut, manure'; kalka- m. `ordure, filth ', karka- `white' (: mir. corcach); npers. cardeh `schwärzlich', kari, karah `smut', pehl. karic `crap, muck'; gr. κόρυζα `catarrh, Rotz', κορύναι μύξαι Hes., καρυμόν μέλαν Hes., κροῦμαι μύξαι Hes.;

    about lat. carbō ' burning or burnt wood' see above under 3. ker-;

    mir. corcach f. `swamp, marsh' (: Old Indian kalka-, karka-, see above);

    ahd. horo, Gen. horawes, mhd. hor, hurwe `ordure, smut' (*kr̥-u-); ags. horh, Gen. horwes, ahd. horg `dirty, filthy' (*kr̥-k-u̯-o); aisl. horr m. ` nasal mucus, snot, smut'; ags. hrot m. `Rotz', ahd. hroz ds., asächs. hrottag `snotty'; ahd. ruoz, rouz, mhd. ruoz, ruost, asächs. hrot `smut'; ags. hrum m. `smut', asächs. hrum, mhd. PN Rum-olt;

    with palatal in anlaut:

    arm. saṙn, Gen. saṙin `Eis', saṙnum `gefriere';

    ven.-illyr. PN Carmō (Steiermark, Austrian province), rätoroman. carmún `weasel'; see under k̂or-men-;

    alb. thjer-më `gray', per-thjerm ` lazuline' (*k̂er-u̯o- with secondary -më); i surmë `ashen' (*k̂_or-mo-); s. Jokl Mél. Pedersen 153 ff.;

    aisl. hjarn n. `frozen snow' (: arm. saṙn, slav. *sernъ); ahd. hornunc, nhd. Hornung `Februar'; ahd. harmo m. `ermine' (: ven.-illyr. carmō);

    lit. šir̃vas `gray, greyish-blue' (*k̂r̥-u̯o-s), šir̃mas ds. (*k̂r̥-mo-s), lett. sirms `gray' (compare Old Indian śyā-má- `black, dark' besides śyā-vá- ds.); lit. šir̃vis `(*gray) hare'; in addition lit. šarmà f. ` hoarfrost', lett. sarma, serma ds., lit. šarmuõ, šermuõ `(*gray) ermine' (:ahd. harmo, ven.-illyr. carmō); šarmuonỹs m. `(*gray) weasel', with ablaut ostlit. širmuonė̃lis ds., lett. sermulis m. `(*gray) ermine';

    proto slav.. *sernъ in russ.-ksl. srěnъ `ποικίλος', aruss. serenyj `white' (from horses) and as m. sloven. srė̂n, srė̂nj `hoarfrost, frozen Schneerinde', russ. serën `frozen snow', poln. szron (older srzon) ` hoarfrost (: aisl. hjarn);

    lit. šer̃kšnas (besides šer̃kštas) `weißgrau, mouldy', šer̃knas m. ` hoarfrost ', ablaut. šir̃kšnas ` hoarfrost ' and širsňija širšnyti ` cover itself with white frost '; lett. serns, serksns m., also sersni m. Plur., sersna f. ` hoarfrost ' and serstu laiks `time, da the Schnee trägt'.

Note:

maybe (*hurwe) Hrv > Hrwat `dark people' = Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from lit. sarma `gray, white weasel' [common PIE b > w mutation].

It is interesting that the etymology of the name of the Croats (root: Hrv) is also unknown. Some suggest that the names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots are distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv). However, it is not known whether this is merely coincidental or indicative of a common origin.

References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht Idg. Dekl. 118 f., 179, 199, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1.

Page(s): 573-574

Root / lemma: kerno-

Meaning: jaw

German meaning: `Kinnbacken'

Comments: only kelt. and slav.; compare ker-2.

Material: Cymr. cern `Kinnbacken', bret. kern `Mühltrichter, Scheitel, Tonsur'. mir. cern `point, edge, Winkel' (es lies die imagining of Knicks am Kinnbacken vor);

    slav. *černъ in: abg. črěnovьnaja `μύλαι', r.-ksl. črěnovъnъ (zubъ), črěnovítьcь `μύλη' `dens molaris', slovak. čren `Kinnbacken' etc

    After Būga RFV. 67, 234 to lett. cęruo-k(s)lis `Backenzahn', Old Indian carvati `chew'.

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht Idg. Dekl. 141, 169.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: kers-

Meaning: a kind of colour (black)

German meaning: in Worten for Farben, especially dunkle, schmutzige

Comments: and probably also bloßes ker-; compare also kel-4 and ker-6.

Material: Old Indian kr̥ṣṇá- `black' = apr. kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = abg. črъnъ, russ. čërenъ, skr. cr̂n etc `black' (*čьrxnъ, *čьrsnъ); without -no-forms lit. kéršas `black and white mottled, speckled, *tabby', kéršė `bunte cow', kéršis `schwarzbunter ox', keršulis `Ringeltaube'; karšìs f. `Brassen, lead (Fisch)', kiršlỹs m. `ash'; die Intonation from kéršas paßt but not zum Old Indian;

    schwed. norw. harr `Äsche' (*harzu-); ags. heard-hara, heardra- m., nhd. holl. harder, herder `sea-ash'.

References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.

Page(s): 583

Root / lemma: kert-, kerǝt-, krāt-

Meaning: to turn, roll, wind

German meaning: `drehen, zusammendrehen', vielfach vom Biegen and Verflechten von Ästen to Flechtwerk; `fest zusammengedreht = kompakt, massiv, Knorren'

Comments: extension from ker-7, S. 574; see under (s)ker-3.

Material: Air. kr̥ṇátti `dreht den Faden, spinnt', karttar- `the Spinner', cr̥táti `binds, heftet together', kaṭa- m. `netting, Matte' (mind. for *kr̥ta-), probably also kuṭí-, kuṭī f. `cottage' (*kr̥tī̆), kuḍya- n. (*kr̥tya-) `(*geflochtene) wall', pāli koccha- `Flechtwerk' (Old Indian *kr̥tsa-); Old Indian kr̥tsná- `vollständig, whole' (compare lat. crassus, slav. *čьrstvъ);

    gr. κάρταλ(λ)ος m. `basket', κροτώνη `Astknorren' (*κρατώνᾱ); with u-colored Reduktionsstufe κύρτος, κύρτη `Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, cage', κυρτία `Flechtwerk';

    alb. kjerthull `Kreis, Garnwinde, Haspel' (: mir. ceirtle see under);

maybe alb. *kjerth, kredh ‘dive, roll in water’

    lat. crātis `Flechtwerk from Ästen or Ruten, hurdle, Rost, Faschinen', crātēs dentatae `Eggen', crātiō, -īre `harrow' (*k_erǝti-, or *krāti-, compare lett. krâtińš, lit. krõtai); crassus `thick, strong, coarse'; probably cartilāgo `gristle' (probably k_er[ǝ]t-, compare palma : παλάμη);

    mir. ceirtle f. `Knäuel' (*kerteli̯ā); cert f. `scrap, shred, Kleinigkeit';

    got. haúrds (*kr̥tis) `door', anord. hurð ds., as. hurth `netting', ahd. hurd, Pl. hurdi ds., nhd. `Hürde = hurdle ', ags. hyrdel and (old) hyrÞil `Flechtwerk';

maybe alb. kurth 'trap, (net)'

    doubtful (*kert-s-to-, *kr̥t-s-ti-?) as. harst m. `Flechtwerk, Rost', harsta `Rost'; mnd. harst ds., `deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost' (whereof mnd. harsten, ahd. hersten, ags. hierstan `roast'), norw. dial. rust `Gehölz', ags. hyrst m. `wood, forest', mnd. horst, hurst `shrubbery, bush', ahd. horst, hurst m. `shrubbery, bush', nhd. Horst `Raubvogelnest';

    apr. corto ` paddock '; nasalized (as slav. krę[t]nąti) perhaps lett. krìetns (wäre lit.*kreñtnas) `proficient, valiant' (if originally as much as russ. krutъ, see under);

    lit. krañtas `steiles bank, border, shore'; compare klr. krutýj `gewunden, upright, schroff', krúča `steiles bank, border, shore' (Trautmann 142);

    r.-ksl. črьstvъ, čьrstvъ `tight, firm; lauter, genuine', russ. čerstvъ `hard, dry; fühllos; altbacken', serb. čvr̂st `tight, firm, hard; vollfleischig' etc (*kr̥t-tu̯-os);

    nasalized slav. *krętati, *krę[t]nąti, russ. kŕátatь, kŕánutь `from the Stelle bewegen, umwerfen; touch', sloven. krę́tati `wenden, lenken, turn, rücken' etc, changing through ablaut *krǫtъ in russ.-ksl. krutъ `tortus, immitis', russ. krutъ `drall; jäh, upright (see above to lit. krañtas); thick eingekocht; cold; hard, stern', serb. krût `violent', poln. kręty `drall; gewunden, krumm; gedreht, gekräuselt', ksl. krąštǫ, krątiti sę `torqueri', russ. krutítь `turn, winden, whirl, schnüren' etc, sloven. krotíca `Knoten in Gespinst', čech. krutína `ds.; convolution:Wiege', poln. skrętka `Weidenseil';

    after Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. here toch. В kerccīye `palace'.

References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.

Page(s): 584-585

Root / lemma: kes-

Meaning: to scratch, itch

German meaning: `kratzen, kämmen'

Material: Gr. κεσκέον (zur form κεσκίον s. Boisacq) ` oakum ' (*kes-kes-);

    mir. cīr f. `comb' (*kēs-rā);

    anord. haddr m. `Kopfhaar the Frau' (*hazda-z); ags. heord f. `hair' (*hezdā), in addition heordan Pl. ` oakum ', engl. hards, mnd. herde `Flachsfaser'; hēde, mnd. hēde, heide (ndl. nhd. Hede) ` oakum ';

    lit. kasà ` braid, plait, pigtail ', kasaũ, -ýti `fortgesetzt gelinde scraatch, scrape', kasù, kàsti `umgraben', lett. kast `harken', kasît `scrape, scratch, harken, scratch, scrape', in addition kasa f., kasus m. kašḱis m., `Krätze'; apr. kexti f. `Zopfhaar, (entw. from einem participle *kestas or einem *koz-dho- = germ. *hazda-);

maybe alb. (*češ) qeth `dress hair' [common alb. s > th shift], (*kasît) kosit `harvest the crops'

    aksl. češǫ, česati `comb; stripe, abstreifen (e.g. Beeren)', bulg. (etc) čéšel `comb', čech. pa-čes m. `Hede, oakum ', russ. čëska `Hede, oakum ', češujá `dandruff', česotka `Krätze'; ksl. kosa `hair', russ. (etc) kosá `lichen, pigtail ', ksl. kosmъ `hair'; aksl. kosnąti `touch, anrühren', kasati sę `touch' (from `pluck'), serb. kȍsīm, -iti `lacerare, vellere' probably iterative to česati; čech. (etc) kochati `ergötzen, caress, lieben' (to kosnąti as `liebkosend, zärtlich touch', perhaps `krauen'; compare Berneker 152, 491, 538, 580 ff.).

   Root extensions:

    ks-en- in gr. ξαίνω (*ksn̥i̯ō) `scratch, comb; drum; tumble, prügle', ξάνιον `comb zum Wollekrempeln', ξάσμα `gekrempelte wool', ἐπίξηνον `clot, chunk, Haublock';

    lat. sentis (*ksen-tis) `briar', sentus `horridus' (by Prudentius `dornig');

    ks-n-eu- in:

    Old Indian kṣṇāuti `schleift, wetzt, reibt', kṣṇṓtra- n. `grindstone, whetstone', participle kṣṇutá- av. hu-xšnuta- `good geschärft';

    lat. novācula `Schermesser, razor' (due to eines Verbums *novāre from *ksneu̯ā-);

    anord. snøggr `kurzgeschoren', snoðenn `naked, bald, bleak geschoren'; snauðr `unverhüllt, arm', ags.besnyððan `mug, rob', mhd. besnoten `spärlich, arm', snæde `gering, weak', nhd. schnöde.

    ks-es- in: gr. ξέω (*ks-es-ō), Aor. ξέσσαι `scrape, smooth', ξεστός `geschabt';

    ks-eu- in:

    Old Indian kṣurá- m. `Schermesser, Dornpflanze'; npers. šor `salzig', kurd. śūr ds.;

    gr. ξύ̄ω `schabe, rub, glätte', participle ξυστός `geschabt, geglättet', -όν `(geglätteter) spear shaft', ξύσμα `Abschabsel', ξύστρα `Striegel', ξυστήρ `Schabeisen', ξυρόν (: Old Indian kṣurá-) `Schermesser', ξυρόν τομόν, ἰσχνόν, ὀξύ Hes.; ξόανον (*ks-ou̯-_enom) `all Geschnitzte', esp. `Götterbild';

    gr. ξώστρα ψηκτρίς, ψήκτρια Hes. (`Striegel'), rather with ksō[u]- here, as with *ksōs- zur root form ks-es-;

    here probably with metathesis balt. *skuu̯ō `rasiere' in lett. skuvu, skũt, lit. skutù, skùsti ds.

References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht Idg. Dekl. 239, 250, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 85¹.

Page(s): 585-586

Root / lemma: keuǝd-, kū̆d-

Meaning: to cry

German meaning: `schreien; anschreien, schelten, höhnen, spotten'

Material: Old Indian kutsáyati `schmäht, tadelt', kutsā `Schmähung, reprimand', npers. nikūhīdan `rebuke, vilify, scold';

    gr. κυδάζω, -ομαι `schmähe, beschimpfe', κυδάγχας μάxας, λοιδορίας Hes., κυδαγχόμενα λοιδορούμενα Hes.; from einem stem κυδοι- : κυδοιμός `Schlachtlärm, -getümmel', κυδοιμεῖν `din, fuss, noise `Tumult cause', κυδοι-δοπᾶν ds.;

maybe alb. huta `owl, crying owl'

    agutn. huta `herbeirufen', norw. dial. huta `cry, rant, roister, einen Hund drohend anschreien, verächtlich behandeln' (mengl. hūten, hōten, nengl. to hoot `cry, jucheien' from anord. hōta `threaten'); ags. hūsc (*kūd-sko-)_,ahd. as. hosc (*kŭd-sko-) `Schmähung, derision, Hohn', ags.hosp `Schande, Schmach, insult', hyspan `spotten' (with -sp-suffix), mhd. hiuze ` cheeky, alert, awake, smart', hiuzen `sich erfrechen' (`*herausfordernd cry'), gehiuze, gehūze `Larm, clamor, derision, Hohn', hiuzen, hūzen `zur Verfolgung rufen' (in addition die Interj. hussa?);

    with anlaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreien under likewise?) perhaps mengl. schūten `vociferari', engl. to shout `loud cry, rufen, jauchzen', aisl. skūta, skūti ` derision, Stichelei';

    abg. kuždǫ, kuditi `zugrunde richten', ksl. also `vilify, scold, rebuke', russ. prokúditь `schlechte Streiche make, Schabernack play', kúdь f. `Schwarzkunst', skr. kudīm, -íti `rebuke, slander', poln. dial. prze-, przy-kudzić `spoil, langweilen'.

References: WP. I 378 f.

Page(s): 595-596

Root / lemma: keu-1, skeu-, lengthened grade kēu-

Meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear

German meaning: `worauf achten (beobachten, schauen)', dann `hören, fühlen, merken'

Comments: heavy basis kou̯ǝ-; s-extension keu-s-; about forms with anlaut. s- s. am Schlusse; kou̯o-s `sorgsam'; d-extension kēud-: kūd- in kēudos : kūdos `fame'.

Material: 1. Old Indian kaví- `smart, wise; Seher, Dichter', kavārí- `eigennützig; penurious ', á-kava- `not geizig'; ā-kúvatē `beabsichtigt', ā-kūta- n., ā-kūti- f. ` intention';

    av. čǝvīšī 1. Sg. Med. Aor. `I erhoffte, versah mich';

    gr. κοέω `merke, hear' (Denomin. from *kou̯os; = lat. caveō); *κοFος steckt in ion.-att. ἀνακῶς ἔχειν ` care bear, carry'; dor. ἐκοᾶμες ἠκούσαμεν Hes.; κοίης, κοιόλης ἱερεύς; κοῖον, κώιον ἐνέχυρον; κοῦα, κῶα ἐνέχυρα Hes.; maked. κοῖος `number'; PN Λᾱο-κό(F)ων, Λᾱο-κόωσα, etc; κῦδος n. `fame' (see under to slav. čudo);

    from the basis keu-s-: ἀκούω `hear' (*ἀκουσι̯ω), ἀκοή, hom. ἀκουή `Gehör' (*ἀκουσά̄), ὑπήκοος `gehorsam, untertan', lak. ἐπά̄κοος `Zeuge', ἀκεύει τηρεῖ Hes., gort. ἀκεύοντος (with old e-Vok., during ἀκούω from *ἀκουσά: abhängt); about κῦδος see under;

    ἀκούω etc at first with got. hausjan etc, see under, related; ἀ- is barely = n̥ `ἐν', but = ἁ- (*hα-κουhι̯ω, *hα-κευhω) through Hauchdissimilation, or idg. sm̥- `together'; different above S. 18, whereas ἀκεύω ablaut neologism sein müßte or fernzuhalten wäre, was wenig probably is;

    lat. caveō, -ere `sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen' (*covḗre, Denom. from *kou̯os), cautus `vorsichtig', umbr. kutef probably `*cautens', `vorsichtig';

    got. hausjan, aisl. heyra, ags. hīeran, as. hōrian, ahd. hōr(r)en `hören' (see above); lengthened gradees *kēu- in ags. hāwian `see, show';

    lett. kavēt (: lat. cavēre) `zaudern, hesitate';

    wruss. s-kumá-ju, -ć `verstehen', čech. koumati, s-koumati `merken, gewahr become' (denominative eines (s)kou-mo-, -mā); abg. čujǫ, čuti `fühlen, merken', serb. čȕjēm čȕti `hören, fühlen' (etc; *kēu-);

    abg. čudo, -ese `wonder, miracle', čuditi sę `sich wundern' (*kēu-dos, changing through ablaut with:)

    gr. κῦδος `fame, honour', κύ̄διστος `ruhmreichst', actually `whereof man hört';

    serb. čúvati `beware, guard'; ursl. *čevǫ, *čeviti in ačech. vš-čieviti, na-vš-čieviti, nowadays navštíviti `besuchen'.

    keu-s- in russ. dial. čúchatь `wahrnehmen, hören', sloven. čûha-m, -ti `spüren, ahnen', čech. čich `sense, mind, Witterung, spoor'; compare above to ἀκούω.

    2. With anlautendem s-:

    miran. śkōh, np. šikōh, šukōh (uriran. *skau̯aϑa-) `Pracht, glory, magnificence, Majestät, stateliness '; arm. c̣uc̣anem `lasse schauen, points, shows, evinces', c̣oyc `das Zeigen, Schau' (skeu-sk̂ō);

    gr. θυοσκόος `Opferschauer';

    got. us-skaws `(*ausschauend =) besonnen', ags. scēawian, as. skauwōn, ahd. scouwōn `see, show'; aisl. skygn ` seeing ', skygginn `clear, bright' (*skuvvini-), whereof skygna `spähen'; got. skauns `beautiful' (ibna-skauns `from gleicher Gestalt'), ahd. scōni ds., aisl. skjōni, as. skōni `gleaming, beautiful', ags. scīenc ds. (actually `conspicuous'); tiefstufiges *sku-ni- in aisl. skyn f. n. `order, Bescheid, discernment', skynja `untersuchen, verstehen'; aisl. skoða `spähen';

    apr. au-schaudītwei `trust'.

References: WP. I 368 ff., WH. I 186 f., Trautmann 132.

Page(s): 587-588

Root / lemma: keu-2, keu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: often with labialen or gutturalen extensions: `biegen' in verschiedenen Sonderungen as `in Gelenk biegen, Gelenk, sich bücken, sich drehen'; `Einbiegung, Einwölbung, Höhlung'; `Ausbiegung, Buckel, round Haufen'

Comments: Zahlreiche parallel formation from the root geu- see there, compare esp. die Gegenüberstellungen by Persson Beitr. 100 f., 104 Anm. 1. - Über den Versuch einer Vermittlung with (s)keu- `bedecken' see there.

Material: The einf. root in Old Indian kora- m. `bewegliches Gelenk'; av. fra-, apa-kava- `vorn, hinten buckelig'; klr. kúlity `sich zusammenziehen, before coldness', poln. kulić `zusammenziehen, crook'.

    Ebenso is die Vorgeschichte from lett. kuza `Kropf' under likewise because of Reimverhältnisses to guza etc not certainly to beurteilen, see under geu- `bend' above S. 395.

    Under einer Anlautvariante kh will Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here stellen Old Indian khōlaka- `Ameisenhaufe' (also lit. kūlỹs `Bund straw'), zuversichtlicher arm. xoyl, Gen. xuli `struma, scrofula', russ. šuljata `testicles', serb. šúljevi `goldene vein'.

    A. Dentalerweiterung (redupl.) ka-ku-d-: Old Indian kakúd- `Kuppe, acme, apex ', kākúd- `Mundhöhle, Gaumen', kakúdmant- `with einem Gipfel or Höcker versehen'; lat. cacūmen `cusp, peak, acme, apex ' (die men-Weiterbildung probably after acūmen), basic meaning `Wölbung'; auf ein germ. *hagu = Old Indian kakúd- one introduces also afries. heila `head' back (*hagila-, with Suffixwechsel for hagu-la-); compare also Old Indian kakúbh- ` acme, apex ' under `Labial extensions'.

    B. guttural extensions.

    B. I. keu-g-:

    aisl. hūka `kauern, hocken' (hūkta, st. participle hokinn), hoka, hokra `kriechen', høykiask `sink down, zusammenkriechen', mhd. hūchen `kauern, sich ducken', nhd. hocken; schweiz. hock m. `heap', tirol. hocken m. `heap of hay', with anlaut. s- mhd. schoche m. `aufgeschichteter heap of hay under likewise', (with kk:) asächs. skok m. `60 piece', mhd. schoc(kes) `heap tussock, Anzahl from 60 piece', mengl. shock `heap Garben (12 - 16)'; about Schoch s. lastly Sommer `Zum Zahlwort', S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bayr. Akad. 1950, Heft 7;

    lit. káugė, ablaut. kiū́gis `Heuhaufe', apr. kugis `Knauf am sword clutch ', lit. kaugurė̃ `smaller steiler hill', lett. kàudze `heap, barn, haystack' (and skaudze).

    B. II. keu-k-:

    Old Indian kucáti, kuñcatē `zieht sich together, krümmt sich', kuñcikā `Schlüssel', kuca- m. ` female breast', kōcayati `zieht together', kōca- m. `das Einschrumpfen', npers. kōž `gekrummt, buckelig';

    air. cūar `krumm' (*kukro-);

    mhd. hocker, hogger, hoger `Buckel, Höcker'; got. hauhs, aisl. hōr, hār, ags. hēah, as. ahd. hōh `high' (`*aufgewölbt'); aisl. haugr, mhd. houc `hill', got. hiuhma `heap; bulk, mass', hūhjan `haufen, gather, collect', nhd. (md.) Hügel;

    lit. kaũkas `swelling, blister, Eitergeschwür', kaũkos Pl. f. `Drüsen', kaũkas `fairy demon, ghost, zwerghafter ghost', apr. cawx `devil', lit. kaukarà `hill', kukulỹs `Mehlkloß', kùkis `Misthaken', lett. kukurs, kukū̀ms `Höcker, swelling, blister', kūki's `Zwerg; Zaunkönig', kūkša `eine vom Alter Gebeugte', russ.-ksl. kukonosъ `krummnasig';

    russ. kúka `fist', bulg. kúka `Haken, Krücke', skr. kȕka `Haken', kȕkonosast `hakennasig', kùkara `Haken by the Pflugdeichsel', ȍkuka, ȍkuč f. ` convolution of a Flusses'; skr. čúčīm, čúčati `hocken, kauern', sloven. čučím, čúčati and kučím, kúčati ds.; russ. dial. kúčeri Pl. f., klr. kučery Pl. m. `Locken'; with einer meaning `heap' russ. kúča `heap', dial. `haystack', kúčkatь `zusammenballen, häufen', kúčki `die Plejaden', čech. kuče `Masse', poln. kuczki Pl. `small heap'. Abg. kъkъnjь `Unterschenkel'.

    C. Labial extensions.

    C. I. keu-b-:

    a. In Anwendung auf Biegungen am Körper, sich in Gelenk biegen:

    gr. κύβος `cavity before the hip, haunch beim Vieh; Wirbelknochen - dice, cube' (out of it lat. cubus; κύβωλον `elbow' Poll. either from κύβος with Suff. -ωλο- or reshuffling from κύβιτον ds. - from lat. cubitum - under Einwirkung from ὠλένη);

    lat. cubitum n., -us m. elbow' (out of it gr. κύβιτον ds.);cubō, -āre `liegen' (fal. cupa, i.e. cuba[t], besides loferta ders. Inschr., proves ital. b; also pälign. incubat), lat. (ac-, in-)cumbō, -ere `sich lay, place' (originally `sich zum Liegen niederbucken'), sabin. cumba `lectica';

    cymr. gogof `cave' (derivative mcymr. guocobauc), bret. kougoñ ds. (*upo-kubā);

    got. hups m. (stem hupi-), ags. hype m., ahd. huf f. `hip, haunch'; aisl. hopa, ags. on-hupian `zurückweichen', ags. (fen-, mōr-)hop n. `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole' (as `Lager, cavity');

    intensives j-verb is ndd. hüppen, nhd. hüpfen, mhd. hüpfen, hupfen, hopfen; ō-verb with Geminata: aisl. hoppa, ags. hoppian, hoppettan, nhd. hopsen; geminierte voiced-nonaspirated in schwed. dial. hobba, hubba `bump, poke', nhd. dial. hoppen `hüpfen', engl. hobble `hinken' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174 f.).

    b. With not aufs Biegen of Körpers gewendeten meaning:

    Old Indian kubra- n. `cavity in the earth, pit, pothole; Ohrring'; gr. κύβος ... Πάφιοι δε τὸ τρυβλίον Hes.;

    [but ags. hōpig `in hills and hollows', hōp m. `Reifen', engl. hoop, ndl. hoep `ring, Reifen', aisl. hōp n. `Bucht' to lit. kabė̃ `Haken'?];

    ags. hēap m. f., as. hōp, ahd. houf `heap; troop, multitude, crowd', mnd. hūpe, ahd. hūfo, nhd. Haufe (also), mhd. hūste (see above under keu-p-).

    С. II. keu-bh- (einschließlich from words, die bh or b contain können).

    Old Indian kubhanyú- perhaps `sich drehend, tanzend';

    redupl. Old Indian kakúbh- f. `Kuppe, acme, apex ', kakubhá- `hervor-, emporragend' (previously after kakúd- reshaped?);

    in final sound doppeldeutig bakhi (pāmird.) kubūn ` wooden drinking bowl' (: poln. kubek `Becher', gr. κύβος `τρυβλίον', nas. gr. κύμβος etc; Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. 59);

    gr. κῡφός `gebückt, gekrümmt', κῦφος n. `Buckel', κύ̄φω `biege vorwärts, krümme', probably also κύπτω `beuge mich, ducke mich', κυπτός `demütig', κύβδα `geduckt' (originally Labial not objektiv feststellbar); κύφερον ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν Κρῆτες Hes.; maybe from the language nördlicher (thrak., maked.) Gaukler derive hence probably κύβη `κεφαλή' EM., κύβηβος `ὁκατακύψας' EM., κυβηβᾶν `κυρίως τὸ ἐπὶ την κεφαλην ῥίπτειν' EM., `from fury ergriffen sein' Hes. Poll., as well as κυβιστάω `schlage einen Purzelbaum, stürze kopfüber';

    to einer the Labial extensions in the meaning from κύπτη τρώγλη under likewise probably κυψέλη `Kasten, hutch; Bienenzelle; Ohröffnung', κύψελος `die in Erdlöchern nistende Uferschwalbe';

    ahd. hūba, as. hūva, ags. hūfe, aisl. hūfa Haube, Kappe';

    russ. kubarь `Brummkreisel', kúbaremъ `kopfüber', kubécъ `Brummkreisel', kúbélъ mdartl. ` wooden ball zum Spielen', kúbokъ `Becher, Pokal', klr. kub `from Holz ausgehöhltes Geschirr', kúbok ` paten, hauchiges vessel, small Geschirr', poln. kubek `Becher, Schoppen, Obertasse'.

    C. III. keu-p-:

    a. Old Indian kū́pa- m. `pit, pothole, cave';

    gr. κύπη τρώγλη Hes. (ῡ?), κύπαι εἶδός τι νεώς, καὶ αἱ ἐξ ὕλης καὶ χόρτου οἰκήσεις; κύπελλον `Becher', κύπρος m. `Getreidemaß';

    lat. cūpa f. ` cask, butt ', roman. also `Wanne' (besides gloss. and roman. cŭppa `Becher' seems late short form with Konsonantenverdopplung besides κύπελλον to sein); about Lehnformen from dem Lat. and Rom. orientiert Berneker 645 f.;

    aisl. hūfr m. `Schiffsrumpf', ags. hȳf `beehive'; here (or zur root form auf -bh- or -b-) probably also ags. gehopp`folliculus', hoppe f. ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble, Kapsel', mengl. hoppe `Samenkapsel of Flachses';

    at most slav. *kъpъ, čech. kep `vulva', poln. kiep `ds.; fool, Taugenichts' (Berneker 664 f. zw.).

    b. Bedeutungsgruppe `Wölbung after above, heap under likewise':

    Apers. kaufa- `mountain', av. kaofa- `ds.; Kamelbuckel', npers. kōh `mountain' (place -ph- ahead);

    alb. (südtosk.) kjipī́ `heap' (*kūp-íjā);

    mir. cūan f. `Trupp, heap' (*koup-nā);

    ahd. hovar `Buckel' (: lit. kuprà), ags. hofer m. ds., ahd. hubil `hill', as. huvil ds. (therefrom nhd. hobeln as `die Unebenheiten entfernen'); perhaps ahd. hūfila, hiufila `cheek', nhd. schweiz. hüfelin `under den Augen liegender Teil the cheek'; norw. hov n. `Anhöhe, smaller hill', aisl. hof n. `Tempel', ags. hof n. paddock, house, Tempel', as. hof, ahd. hof m. `umschlossener room beim Haus, courtyard, blessing' (originally from the Lage auf Anhöhen); mhd. hūste `auf dem Felde zusammengestellter Getreidehaufen, Hauste' (: lit. kùpstas); *hūfsto is ablautgleich with ahd. hūfo and seems as dieses probably rather to keu-b- to belong (see there); wird also with russ. kustъ `bush, shrub, bush, Staude', klr. kust `shrub, bush, Staude' connected;

    lit. kaũpas `heap' = abg. kupъ ds. (serb. kȕp freilich with other Intonation as kaũpas; s. Berneker 646); lit. kaupiù, kaũpti `häufeln', kupiù, kùpti `auf einen heap lay, place, sort, order, arrange', kuprà `Höcker', kùpstas `hill', kùpeta `Heuhaufen', kùpinas `gehäuft', lett. kupt `sich ballen', kupenis `Schneehaufen', kuprs `Höcker';

    with lengthened grade *kō[u]p-: lit. kuopiù, kuõpti `häufeln (corn, grain)', lett. kuops `heap', kuopiná ` fascicle, sheaf ';

    russ. (Berneker 646) kuprъ, kúper `Steißbein, Bürzel', poln. kuper `Bürzel, buttocks '.

    D. Nasalized kum-bh-, mostly kum-b- :

    Old Indian kumba- m. `das dicke end (eines Knochens)'; kumbha- m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher', Du. `die beiden Erhöhungen auf the forehead of Elefanten' = av. xumba- m. `pot, pan; Vertiefung', npers. xumb, xum `pot, pan, crock, pitcher' (diese with anlaut. Tenuis asp.);

    gr. κύμβη `Becken, bowl, barge', κύμβος, κυμβίον `vessel', mostly Pl. `cymbalum, Becken' (after Banateanu REtIE. 1, 120 from semit. qubbāh; Van Windekens Lexique 48 compares toch. A kumpäc `drum');

    κύμβη `head, κύφη' EM., Suid., hom. κύμβαχος `cusp, peak eines Helmes' (compare κύμβη), s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 231 ff.;

    lat. (with präsentischer nasalization) -cumbō (see above S. 590);

    mir. comm `vessel'; cummal `Becher, bowl', cymr. cwmm `valley' (m.), bret. komm `trough' (m.); from urbrit. *kumbos derive ags. cumb `valley', engl. coomb, combe `Talmulde', whereas is gall.-rom.cumba `valley, trough' Fem.; from dem Frz. derives bret. komb `valley'; compare die unnas. Gefäßbezeichnungen pam. kubun, poln. kubek, also gr. κύβος `τρύβλιον';

    aisl. aptr-huppr, norw. mdartl. hupp and hump `die Weichen beim Vieh', nhd. humpeln, mnd. humpelen `hinken' and in not speziell auf das Biegen of Körpers gewendeter meaning:

    norw. hump m. `Unebenheit, Knorren (ndd. Lw.), engl. hump `Buckel', ndd. humpe f. `thick piece', humpel `niedriger Erdhügel', ndl. homp `thick Stück bread'; perhaps nhd. (ndd.) Humpen (compare κύμβος).

References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.

Page(s): 588-592

Root / lemma: (keu̯ǝp-:) ku̯ēp-, ku̯ǝp-, kū̆p- next to which occasional keu̯(e)p-, k(e)u̯ep-

Meaning: to smoke; to boil; to cook

German meaning: `rauchen, wallen, kochen; also seelisch in Aufruhr, in heftiger Bewegung sein'

Comments: From ku̯- plural bloßes k- probably through previously proto idg. simplification

Material: Old Indian kúpyati (= lat. cupiō) `gerät in Wallung, zürnt', kṓpa- m. `Aufwallung, rage, fury', kōpáyati `erschüttert, angers'; cṓpati `bewegt sich, rührt sich'; kapi- (uncovered) `Weihrauch', wherefore as `* smoke-color ' kapilá-, kapiśá- `bräunlich, reddish', also kapí- m. `ape';

    alb. kapitem `atme heavy ' (as lit. kūpúoti);

    gr. καπνός `smoke', hom. ἀπὸ δε ψυχην ἐκάππυσεν `hauchte from' : κάπυς uud κάπος πνεῦμα Hes., κέκηφε τέθνηκε Hes., κεκαφηότα Hom. `aushauchend'; zur dissimilation from *ku̯ap-no-s to καπνός compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302;

    lat. cupiō, -ere `begehren' (= Old Indian kúpyati), cuppēdo = `cupīdo', also cuppēs `lüstern, esp. auf Leckereien', cuppēdium `Näscherei, Leckerbissen'; umbr. Cubrar `Bonae', sabin. cuprum `bonum' (`*erwünscht, begehrenswert' with passivischem forms -ro- as clārus etc); vapor `haze, mist, vapor, vapor', old uapōs (*ku̯apōs);

maybe alb. * cuprum, bakër ‘bronxe???’

    air. ad-cobra `wünscht' (*-kuprāt), Verbaln. accobor (*ad-kupro-) `Wunsch', Thurneysen Gr. 139;

    got. afƕapjan (*ku̯ǝb- besides sonstigem *ku̯ǝp-) `ersticken, auslöschen', afƕapnan `erlöschen' (: ἀπο-καπύω), mhd. verwepfen `kahmig become, vom Wein', nisl. hvap `dropsical flesh';

    lit. kvãpas m. `breath, breeze, haze, mist, Wohlgeruch' (: lat. vapor), kvepiù, -ė́ti `duften' (-ĕ- kann balt. ablaut neologism sein), kvėpiù, kvė̃pti `breathe', lett. kvêpt `qualmen', kvêpes Pl. `breath, breeze, fume, smoke, smut', kvêpêt `räuchern', changing through ablaut lit. kūpúoti ` heavy breathe', lett. kûpêt `smoke; steam, stäuben', kupināties `aufgehen (vom dough)', kupt `ferment, seethe', apr. kupsins `fog' (derivative from einem es-stem as lat. vapor);

    aksl. kypljǫ, kypěti `boil, überlaufen', kyprъ `locker, porös', čech. kyprý old `strebsam, emsig, fresh'; klr. kvápyty śa `sich sputen, hurry'; with (idg.) geschwundenem u̯ russ. kópotь (*koput-) f. `fine smut, dust', koptítь `with smoke black make, räuchern'; perhaps aksl. koprъ `dill' (riechende plant; s. Berneker 564).

References: WP. I 379 f., WH. I 312 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 596-597

Root / lemma: kēi-

Meaning: to move

German meaning: `in Bewegung setzen, in Bewegung sein'

Comments: (: kǝi- : kī̆-); eu-basis (partly with n-Infix) kī-(n-)eu-; heavy basis kiǝ- (: kiē-?)

Material: Gr. κίω `gehe weg, fahre' is late neologism to Aor. ἔκιον; Imper. κίε, participle κιών;

    hom. Präteritum μετ-εκί̄αθε, -θον (ī metr. lengthening) `folgte after, durchstreifte', κίατο ἐκινεῖτο Hes. (heavy root); όνο-κίνδιος, -κίνδας `Eseltreiber', κίνδαξ `movable, nimble, εὐκίνητος' (compare zur formation ἀλίνδω, κυλίνδω);

    from kī-n-eu-: gr. κί̄νυμαι `werde bewegt, erschüttert, go', κῑνύσσομαι `schwanke hinund her', κῑνέω `put in Bewegung, treibe' (*κῑνέF-ω);

    alb. qoj `wecke, erwecke' (*kiēni̯ō), c̨oj `schicken, senden' (*ds-kój), cys, cyt `reize, necke' (*ter-ki̯u-t-i̯ō), syei, syen (*ki̯u-n-i̯ō) `bestürmen, anfallen' (Jokl Mél. Pedersen 149 f.);

    lat. cieō, ciēre (secondary ciō, cīre) `in Bewegung place, rege make, herbeirufen' (ciēre = idg. ki(i̯)ē-??), citus `quick, fast', citō, -āre `in Bewegung place, kommen lassen, vorladen', solli-citus `whole, stark bewegt, beunruhigt, in Angst and danger', cunctus (*con-citos) `gesamt, sämtlich'.

    extensions from the einfachen root form kei- from:

    With d (d-present?): perhaps ir. cid- e.g. in cisse `invecta', Pass. Konj. as-cesar gl. `exseri' (etc, Pedersen KG. II 490 f.), very probably got. haitan, ahd. heizan, ags. hātan, as. hētan, anord. heita `heißen (= antreiben), order, anrufen, name'; compare osset. sīdin `rufen'.

    With l(o)-formants: Auf *kē̆i-lo-s `moves, wippend' kann based on: lit. kíelė, kýlė, lett. ciẽlawa, apr. kylo `Bachstelze', ačech. čilý `agile, lively'; lat. cillō, -ere `move' is perhaps only Grammatikererfindung.

    With s: Old Indian cḗṣṭati `bewegt die Glieder, is in Bewegung', cēṣṭa- n., cēṣṭā `movement, Gebärde'.

    root form ki̯-eu- without nasal infix:

    Old Indian cyávatē `regt sich, geht fort', av. š(y)avaite ` places sich in Gang, Marsch', apers. ašiyavam `marschierte', Old Indian cyautná- n. `Unternehmung, Bemühung', av. šyaoϑna- n. `Tun, Handeln, Wirken', šyaoman- n. `feat, dead, act, work';

    arm. č̣u (= Old Indian cyuti-) `Aufbruch', č̣vem `I breche auf, fare, journey ab', Aor. (to present ert`am) č̣ogay `I ging' (*ki̯ou-):

    gr. σεύω `put in rasche, heftige movement', Med. `eile, bin erregt' (σεύεται = cyavatē; the diphthong kann after den außerpräs. forms and after unthemat. σεῦται festgehalten sein), hom. ἔσσυτο `eilte', participle Perf. ἐσσυμένος, ἐπί-σσυτος `herandrängend, daherstürmend' (= Old Indian cyutá- `getrieben', compare av. fra-šūta- `in Gang gekommen'), παν-συδίῃ `in haste, hurry'; att. σοῦμαι `bewege mich rash, hasty or violent' (*σοFόομαι), σύει (Bacchyl.) `treibt', ἐσσοημένον τεθορυβημένον, ὁρμημένον Hes., hom. λᾱο-σσόος `die Völker zum Kampfe antreibend'; att. τευμῶμαι `betreibe' (compare av. šyaoman-); τευτάζω `beschäftige mich anhaltend with etwas'; eine Dehnstufenbildung as Old Indian cyautná-, but with geschwundenem u, is das probably here gehörige σῶτρον `das wooden wheel', ἐπίσσωτρον `Radreifen'.

References: WP. I 361 ff., WH. I 213 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679, 686, 745.

Page(s): 538-539

Root / lemma: kēl-, kōl-, kǝl-

Meaning: to deceive, enthrall, etc.

German meaning: `betören, vorspiegeln, schmeicheln, betrügen'

Material: Gr. att. κηλέω (urgr. η) `bezaubern, betören', κηληθμός ` enthrallment ', κηληδόνες Pl. f. `bezaubernde creature ';

    lat. calvor, -ī and calviō, -īre `Ränke schmieden, hintergehen, deceive ', calumnia `false accusation, deceit, slander, Ränke' (*calvomniā), very probably also cavilla (*calvilla) `Neckerei, Stichelei, Trotzelei', cavillor, -ārī `banter, bewitzeln, behöhnen'; das -v- is unclear;

    got. hōlōn, afhōlōn `slander', anord. hōl n. `Lob, Prahlerei', hø̄la `preisen, brag, boast', ags. hōl n. ` slander ', hōlian `slander', hōlunga, hōlinga `vergebens, grundlos', hēlan `slander', ahd. huolen `cheat, deceive'.

    Sollte Perssons (Beitr. 148) Heranziehung from gr. κόλαξ `Schmeichler' zutreffen (?), wäre die root as kurzvokalisch must be assumed, hence gr. κηλ- and germ. hōl- Dehnstufen, lat. cal- Reduktionsstufe.

References: WP. I 446, WH. I 143, 187; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 125.

Page(s): 551

Root / lemma: kē̆t-, kot-

Meaning: dwelling space

German meaning: `Wohnraum' (originally `Erdloch as Wohngrube'?)

Material: Av. kata- m. `Kammer, Vorratskammer, Keller od. likewise' (: got. hēÞjō), npers. kad `house', from which finn. kota; but about anord. kot `schlechte cottage', kytja `cottage', ags. cot `cottage, Kammer' etc see above S. 393 f.;

    got. hēÞjō `Kammer';

    ksl. kotьcь `cella, nest' etc; whether `Wohngrube, hole in the earth' die original meaning, würden sich anreihen lassen:

maybe alb. kotec `animal shelter' (contaminated by Slavic lang.), also alb. (*kotu-) katua `stable, basement, cellar', nasalized katun, katund `house, village' [common alb. shift n > nd] not from ital. cantone `corner'.

    gr. κοτύλη, κότυλος `Hohlung', further `hohles vessel, bowl, Becher';

    lat. catīnus `eine Schüssel zum Speisenauftragen' (Demin. catillus, out of it got. katils, dt. Kessel, out of it again abg. kotъlъ, lit. kãtilas) = ags. heden `Kochgeschirr'.

References: WP. I 383 f., WH. I 176, 182.

Page(s): 586-587

Root / lemma: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)-

Meaning: to acquire, possess

German meaning: `erwerben, Verfügung and Gewalt worüber bekommen'

Material: Old Indian kṣáyati `besitzt, beherrscht' (*kÞǝi̯-éti) = av. xšayati `hat power, force, might, herrscht, verfügt worüber, besitzt', xšayō `power'; Old Indian kṣatrá- n. `Herrschaft', av. ap. kšaϑra- n. `Herrschaft, Reich; Herrschergewalt' (urar. neologism to kṣayati), apers. xšāyaϑiya- `in Besitz the Herrschergewalt, king' (npers. šāh), Xšayāršan- `Xerxes' (xšaya-aršan- `Helden beherrschend');

    gr. κτάομαι `erwerbe' (= kṣayati), Perf. κέκτημαι `besitze', κτέανον (with unclear ε) ` appanage, property, fortune', poet. κτέαρ, Dat. Pl. κτεάτεσσιν ds., κτῆμα n. `Erwerb, appanage, property', κτῆνος n., Pl. ` appanage, fortune', Sg. `das einzelne Stück Vieh'; with the same Anlautverhältnis as between κτείνω: gort. κατασκένῃ also att. Φιλο-σκήτ[ης] = -κτήτης; through hybridization from ἔγ-κτησις and ἔμ-πασις (: πᾶμα) dial. ἔγκτᾶσις `Landerwerb'.

References: WP. I 504, BSL. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325 f., 519⁶.

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: kha kha!

Meaning: interjection of laughter

German meaning: Interjektion of Lachens

Comments: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism

Material: Old Indian kákhati (Gramm.) `lacht'; arm. xaxank `Gelächter', gr. καχάζω (from *χαχάζω) `lache loud'; lat.cachinnō, -āre `hellauf lachen', cachinnus `Gelächter'; ahd. kachazzen, kichazzen, ags. ceahhettan `loud lachen'; aksl. etc chochotati ds.; compare lit. kikénti, kiknóti `kichern'.

    Similar to onomatopoeic words kāk- `auslachen' in gr. κηκάζω `schmähe'; ahd. huohōn `spotten, höhnen', as. hōhi-līk `lächerlich'; with germ. -k-: ags. hocor n. ` derision '.

    -------------------------------- >

    ^*) The by WP. I 341, 348 f., 399 angeführten roots khād- `bite', khābh- : khōbh- `feeble', khenǝ `dig' are not as idg. to prove, ebensowenig das from Specht (Idg. Dekl. 263, Anm. 4) angesetzte khā-mo- `krumm'; die from ihm (see 256) angeführten Old Indian Beispielekhalati-, kharva-, khara-, khaṇḍa-, khora- are sämtlich nichtidg. origin. Old Indian khādati `zerbeißt, chews', npers. xāyad ds., könnten to arm. xacanem `bite' belong, but also with secondary expressive Aspiration as *kn̥̄d- to lit. kándu `bite' (somewhat different above S. 560). Zur gleichen root ken- (above 559 ff.) could Old Indian khánati `gräbt', Inf. kháni-tum, participle khātá- (*khn̥̄-to-) belong, samt den neologisms khá- n. `cave', ā-khú- `Maulwurf', khā- `stream, brook'= av. Nom. Akk. Pl. xā̊ ds.; Old Indian khaní- `wühlend', f. `Mauseloch' = av. kani- `ditch, trench, channel'; av. apers.kann- `dig' (k- from kh- from den compounds with us-, ham-). Der anlaut from gr. κᾱφά̄ν, κηφήν `drone', κωφός `dull, deaf' is doubtful, also the from ksl. chabiti `spoil', chabenъ ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', as also the from ksl. chomǫ-tъ `Kummet', from Specht to lat. hāmus (*khā-mo-) `Haken', gr. χαμός `gekrümmt' (and χαβός ds.) gestellt (different above S. 555). For Problem the Tenues Aspiratae, die partly gewiß as secondary expressive aufzufassen are, compare Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Arsskr. 1936: 2, S. 38 ff., Specht Idg. Dekl. 251 ff. For slav. anlautenden ch- compare V. Machek Slavia 16 (1938), 161 ff. and J. J. Mikkola Urslav. Gramm. 174 ff.

    Zahlreiche Old Indian words nichtidg. origin with anlaut. kh-, darunter die above erwähnten, by Kuiper, Proto-Munda 47 ff.

References: WP. I 336, WH. I 126. compare above S. 497 ha ha.

Page(s): 634

Root / lemma: kik-

Meaning: jay

German meaning: `Häher'

Comments: onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indian kiki-, kikidīví- m. `blauer Holzhäher' (k not to c zur Festhaltung the onomatopoeic word Schallnachahmung);

    gr. κίσσα, att. κίττα (*κικι̯-α) `Häher';

    ags. higora m., higore f. `picus (Elster or Holzhäher)', mnd. heger n. `Häher', ahd. hehara `Häher'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: kistā

Meaning: a kind of basket-work

German meaning: `geflochtener Behälter'?

Material: Gr. κίστη `Kisten, Kasten' (out of it lat. cista, cisterna);

    = air. cess f. `basket, hurdle ' (compare ro-cess `wurde geflochten'), cisse `geflochten' (compare but Pedersen KG. II 491).

References: WP. I 452.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klau-

Meaning: to weep

German meaning: `weinen'

Comments: only gr. and alb.

Material: Gr. κλαίω (ion.), κλάω (att.) `weine' (*κλαF-ι̯ω : κλαύσομαι, ἔκλαυσα, κλαυτός and κλαυστός): alb. klanj, kanj `weine' (*klauni̯ō).

References: WP. I 490; compare 6. kel-.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klādhrā

Meaning: alder

German meaning: `Erle'

Material: Gr. κλήθρα `Erle, Betula alnus L.', nhd. dial. (Zillertal) lutter, ludere, ludern (Schmeller I² 1542) `Alpenerle, Betula nana L.'.

References: WP. I 490.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klā-

Meaning: to heap up, to put

German meaning: `breit hinlegen, darauflegen'

Material: Lit. klóju, klóti `hinbreiten, breit hinlegen', lett. klâju, klât ds., lit. klõtas `das Pflaster in Hofe', ùžklodas `Bettdecke', paklõdė `Bettlaken' (-d- from einem d- or dh-present as:)

    abg. kladǫ, klasti `laden, lay, place' (etc, in addition also russ. kladú `verschneide');

    t-present (partly perhaps also original to-nouns) in got. afhlaÞan `überbürden', aisl. hlaða, ags. as. hladan, ahd. hladan (participle gihlatan) `aufschichten, laden'; aisl. hlað `Pflaster in Hofe, Stapel, heap', ags. hlæd n. `Erdaufwurf, heap', hlædel `Schöpflöffel', and full grade (compare lit. klõtas) nisl. hlóð Nom. Pl. `Herd' as well as ags. hlōð f. `booty; bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd', anfränk. hlōtha `booty', mhd. luot, md. lūt `load, big, giant bulk, mass, Rotte'.

    -to- or -sto-, -sti-noun to *hlaÞan is aisl. hlass n. `load, cargo', agst. hlæst n., ahd. last, Pl. lesti f. `load'.

    Sonderstellung from ags. hlóð f. `Raub, booty', hlóðere `Räuber' (: ahd. landēri `latro', aisl. hlenni `Räuber, thief', hlanna `rob', germ. *hlanÞ-); da also mhd. luot, md. lūt, die not from *hlanÞ- to derive are, die meaning `Rotte' haben, is only for the Ags. Zusammenfließen zweier different words zuzugeben.

References: WP. I 489, Trautmann 135 f.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: kleik̂-

Meaning: to press, squeeze

German meaning: `(schmerzhaft) drücken, quetschen, klemmen, zwicken'

Material: Old Indian kliśṇā́ti `afflicts, belästigt', klíśyatē `wird afflicted, leidet', klḗśa- m. `pain, affliction, Beschwerde', saṁ-kliś- `squeeze';

    lit. klìšė f. `Krebsschere' (therefrom probably also klìšas `schiefbeinig'), kleišiúoti `with krummen Füßen laufen';

    slav. *kliša and *klěša `pliers, Schere' (from bsl. *kleiši̯ā- and *klaiši̯ā-) steckt in poln. kliszawy and klr. *klíšavyj `krummbeinig'; besides r.-ksl. klěšča `pliers', sloven. klẹ́šče, klr. kliščí f. Pl. ds. (from bsl. *klaišti̯ā-);

    ksl. klěšta `pliers', klěštiti `premere', abg. sъ-klěštati sę `cruciari', russ. dial. klestítь (= klěstítь) `press, pressen, klemmen' etc

References: WP. I 492, Trautmann 137.

Page(s): 602

Root / lemma: klem-, klēm-, kl_em-

Meaning: weak, ailing, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff, matt, siech'

Comments: (barely better as klēm- : klǝm- must be assumed)

Material: Das Old Indian bietet on the one hand klā́myati, klā́mati `wird müde, erschlafft', on the other hand śrā́myati `wird müde, müht sich ab, kasteit sich', śrāntá- `ermüdet, abgearbeitet', śráma- m. `Ermüdung, Müdigkeit, Erschöpfung'; śramaṇá- `sich kasteiend, Bettelmönch' is about die ostasiat. Sprachen as Schamane `Zauberer' after Europa gekommen (idg. Reihenwechsel?; also die Doppeldeutigkeit the Liquida erschwert das judgement; from kerm- `exhaust' jedenfalls wenigstens through die Vokalstellunggeschieden);

    gr. κλαμαράν πλαδαράν, ἀσθενῆ Hes.;

    air. clam `Aussätziger', cymr. acorn. claf, mbret. claff, nbret. klañv, klañ `krank'.

References: WP. I 498.

Page(s): 602-603

Root / lemma: kleng- and klenk-

Meaning: to bend, wind

German meaning: `biegen, winden, zusammendrehen'

Material: 1. Lat. clingō, -ere `cingō or clūdō' (Paul. ex Festo 49 L., Glossen);

    aisl. hlykkr `Krümmung', hlekkr `ring' (*hlanki-, =) ags. hlence `Glied or ring in einer Kette'; ahd. (h)lanca `hip, haunch' (`Einbiegung' or `place, wo man sich abbiegt'), mhd. lanke `hip, haunch, Seite, Lende, Weiche', mhd. gelenke `bend', nhd. gelenk Subst., gelenk `pliable', mhd. lenken `bend', nhd. lenken `leiten', ags. hlanc `schlank, thin' (eigentl. `pliable'), gehlencan `flax, wattle, braid', also ags. hlinc `slope, hill'; toch. В kleŋke `Befestigung';

    2. with auslaut. Tenuis:

    bsl. *klenki̯ō `humpele' in: lit. klénkti `quick, fast gehen', lett. klencêt `humpeln', aksl. klęčǫ, klęčati, klr. kljačú, kljačáty, skr. klȅknem, klȅći `knien', sloven. klę́cati `hinken', etc

References: WP. I 498 f., WH. I 233 f., Trautmann 136.

See also: compare die Reimwurzeln lenk- `bend', sleng-, slenk- `winden, turn', skreng(h)-, skrenk- ds.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: kleno-

Meaning: maple

German meaning: `Ahorn'

Comments: partly with still unsettled i, ei

Material: Maked. κλινότροχον (see G. Meyer IF. 1, 325 f.) `Ahornart', gr. γλεῖνον (Lw.);

    mnd. lönenholt `Ahornholz'; ndd. löne, läne in pomm.-rüg. lön etc `Ahorn' (*hluni-z; from dem Nd. nhd. Lehne, Lenne `Spitzahorn') = aisl. hlynr (hlunr), dän. løn, schwed. lönn `Ahorn', ags. hlyn ds. (probably better as hlīn); besides ahd. mhd. līn-, līm-boum, nhd.Leim-, Lein-baum, -ahorn;

    lit. (with quite unclear v) klẽvas `Ahorn';

    russ. klënъ `Ahorn', serb. klȅn and kljȅn `Feldahorn', kūn (*klъnъ) `kind of tree' etc

References: WP. I 498, Trautmann 136.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: klep-

Meaning: wet

German meaning: `feucht'??

Material: Gr. κλέπας νοτερόν, πηλῶδες, ἤ δασύ, ἤ ὑγρόν Hes.;

    air. cluain `meadow' (k̂lop-ni-, also k̂leu-ni- möglich);

    lit. šlampù, šlapti `damp become', šlapumà `nasse Stelle auf dem Felde', šlãpias `damp', lett. slapêt `damp make';

References: WP. I 497, Trautmann 306.

See also: s. still under k̂leu- `spülen'.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: klēg-, klōg-, klǝg-, klang-; kleg-; klōg-; kleig-; kleik-

Meaning: to cry; to sound

German meaning: `schreien, klingen'

Comments: various extensions of Schallwortes kel-6 `rufen'

Material: 1. Gr. κλαγγή f. `KIang, Getöse, woozy din, fuss, noise', κλάζω `klingen, sound, esp. from wirrem Getös; erschallen lassen' (*κλαγγι̯ω; κλάγξω, ἔκλαγον, κέκλαγγα, κεκληγώς); vollstuf. κλώζω (κλωγι̯ω) `schnalze, cry', κλωγμός `Glucken';

    lat. clangō, -ere `clash (Trompete); cry, krächze (from birds)', clangor `Vogelschrei';

    aisl. hlakka (= lat. clangō) `cry (Adler), jauchzen'; ags. hlacerian `verspotten'; afries. hlakkia `lachen';

    lit. klagė́ti, lett. kladzêt `gackern'; with ē̆: lett. klę̃gât `cry', lit. klegė́ti `loud lachen';

    ĭ-forms: lit. suklìgo `er schrie auf', lett. klidzêt `cry as ein hawk', klìedzu, klìegt, Iter. klaĩgât `cry' (Leskien Abl. 275, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 231 f.).

    ŭ-form: lit. klugė́ti `glucksen';

    2. with auslautender Tenuis:

    gr. κλώσσω `glucke' (late, perhaps rather back-formation from κλωγμός);

    mir. clocc m., cymr. etc cloch f. `bell'; die wellspring from nhd. Glocke etc is mlat.-rom.clocca `bell';

    got. hlahjan (hlōh), ahd. (etc) lahhēn, lahhan `lachen', hlahtar n. `Lachen, Gelächter', ags. hleahtor `Gelächter, jubilation, Lust', afries. hlackia `lachen', Kaus. aisl. hlø̄gia `zum Lachenbringen', got. ufhlōhjan `auflachen make'; aisl. hlǣja `lachen', ags. hliehhan ds.;

    russ.-ksl. klegъtati, klekъtati `cry, esp. vom Adler', abg. klьčьtъ `Zähneklappern' (etc, s. Berneker 511), abg. klokoštǫ, -otati `glucken, gackern' (etc, Berneker 521).

    ī̆-forms: ags. hlīgan `to give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to', hlīsa, hligsa `account, shout, call, fame', mndl. līen bе-līen, līhen `say, melden', ndl. belijden, afries. hlīa `melden, bekennen';

    lit. klinkù klìkti `sudden pfeifend aufkreischen'; ablaut. klykiù, klỹkti `kreischen';

    russ.-ksl. kliknuti `aufschreien', Iterat. aksl. klicati `cry, rufen', klikъ `clamor' (etc, Berneker 519).

    Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with anlaut. g-: lat. glōciō, -īre `glucken', mhd. klukkenn, ags. cloccian ds.; aisl. klaka `babble', engl. clack `Rasseln, Klappern; Mühglöckchen', mhd. Klechel, Kleckel `Glockenschwengel'; with anlaut. k-: ksl. klъcati `knock', lit. klukšė́ti `glucken'; Reimworte bietet die onomatopoeic words ker-1 S. 567 f.

References: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136.

Page(s): 599-600

Root / lemma: klēp-

Meaning: to hold in the arms, in one's lap

German meaning: `with den Armen and in Schoß zusammenhalten'?

Material: Mhd. lāfter `Klafter', lett. klèpis `lap, Schoßvoll', lit. klėbỹs `Armweite, Klafter, Armvoll' (b perhaps after glėbỹs `Armvoll').

    Anlautvariante besides lit. glėbỹs, nhd. Klafter? (see above S. 359 under gel- `ballen'). - Ahd. halftra `Halfter', lit. kìlpa `Schlinge, Steighügel' (Persson) see under skel- `split'.

References: WP. I 498, Būga Kalba ir s. I 71, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 224.

Page(s): 604

Root / lemma: klēu- (also klĕu-?) and klāu-

Meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc.

German meaning: perhaps actually `Haken, krummes Holz or Astgabel, Pflöckchen', verbal einerseits `anhaken (sich anklammern), hemmen, also von hinkendem Gauge', andrerseits `durch einen vorgesteckten Haken, Riegel, ein Pflöckchen verschließen'

Material: Gr. ion. κληΐς -ῖδος, altatt. κλῄς, att. κλείς, dor. κλᾱΐς, -ΐδος `Schlüssel' (also `bar, bolt; hakenförmige Öse; Ruderdolle')., dor. sekund. κλᾳξ, epidaur. Gen. κλαικος ds., κληΐω (ion.), κλῄω (altatt.), κλείω (att.) `verschließe with einem balk, beam, einem bar, bolt, einem Schlüssel', κλήιθρον (ion.), κλῇθρον (altatt.), κλεῖθρον (att.) `Verschluß';

    lat. clāvis `Schlüssel', Demin. clāviculae `Wickelranken of Weins', clāvus `nail (zum nageln): Steuerruder, Ruderpflock', claudō, -ere `shut, sperren' (*klāu̯i-dō, with präsensbildendem d); in addition probably claudus `lahm, hinkend' (to clūdus, clōdus s. WH. I 231), claudeō, -ēre `hinken'.

    air. clō, Pl. clōi `nail'; unclear mcymr. clo m. `bar, bolt, Verschluß', Pl. cloeu `clavi', mbret. clou `ferrement' (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);

    from dem Germ. probably here (with beweglichem s-) ahd. sliozan, mnd. slūten, afries. slūta `shut', ahd. sluzzil, asächs. slutil `Schlüssel', ahd. sloz n. `Schloß' (sl- from skl-); compare mengl. slote = nd. slaten `bar, bolt', mnd. slēt from *sleuta- `biegsame shaft, pole', if from `Pflöckchen, Aststück'.

    Ohne s- perhaps anord. hljōta strong. V. `losen, receive', ags. hlēotan, as. hliotan `losen, erlosen', ahd. hliozan `losen, wahrsagen, conjure, perform magic', got. hlauts `lot, fate, Erbschaft', aisl. hlautr `lot, fate', ahd. hlōz n., as. hlōt `lot, fate, zugeteiltes right or property', aisl. hlutr `lot, fate, Anteil, thing, thing', ahd. (h)luz `as lot, fate zugefallener Anteil, Landanteil', afries. ags. hlot n. `lot, fate', ndl. lot ds.;

    lett. kĺũt `become, succeed, erlangen', kĺũtas `fate, destiny', lit. nekliūtas `Mißgeschick, mischief ' and lit. kliudýti `anhaken make'; if die germ. family related is, is rather from `Pflöckchen, Aststück as Losstäbchen' auszugehen;

    lit. kliūvù, kliū́ti `anhaken, hangenbleiben', kliū́tìs, kliū́tė ` hindrance ', kliáutė ` hindrance, Gebrechen', pasikliáu-ju, -ti `trust auf' (`*sich woran klammern'), lett. kĺūstu, kĺũt `(hangenbleiben), (whereto) gelangen, become', kĺaustîtiês `hangenbleiben', kĺūm-s, -a, -e ` hindrance '; Kausat. with -d-: lit. kliudaũ, -ýti `anhaken make', kliauddaũ, -ýti `hinder', kliaudà `körperliches Gebrechen' (see above to lat. claudus), lett. kĺũdît Iter. to kĺũt (see above);

    with k-forms aksl. ključь `Haken, Schlüssel', ključ-ǫ, -iti `zusammenschließen'; russ. kljuká `Krücke, Krummstab, Ofenkrücke', serb. kljȕka `Haken, Schlüssel, Klammer', aksl. ključ-im, -iti `bend, crook', also ksl. kljuka `artifice, deceit' under likewise, and as `anhaken = sich zusammenfügen, passen, sich ereignen' abg. kĺučiti sę `passen, zusammentreffen' under likewise; probably also serb. kljȕna `kind of Haken, Krampe', kljûn `somewhat Gebogenes, Krummes'.

References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231, Trautmann 137 f.

Page(s): 604-605

Root / lemma: knei-gʷh-, knei-b-

Meaning: to incline, bend

German meaning: `neigen, sich biegen'

Material: Lat. cōniveō, -ē̆re, -nīvī and -nīxī `sich zusammenneigen, sich shut (claustra, lineae); esp. die Augen to press together, ein Auge zudrücken, nachsichtig sein', as *con-cnī(g)ueō to nictō, -āre `wink, zublinzeln, nicken'', nītor, -ī, nīsus and nīxus (gnixus Festus) `sich stemmen, prop, support; sich worauf verlassen; sich in die Höhe stemmen, klettern'; umbr. conegos, kunikaz `conixus' (gleichsam *conigātus: -g- probably analogical form after Verben auf -g);

    got. hneiwan, hnaiw `sich neigen', hnaiws `demütig, niedrig' (`*gebückt'), aisl. knīga `sich neigen, sinken', as. ags. hnīgan ds. (ags. hnāg `gebeugt, verächtlich'), ahd. hnīgan `neigen'; ahd. hnëgēn `geneigt sein', ags. hnigian (see in addition Schulze Kl. Schr. 599 f.); Kaus. ahd. hneicken `neigen', aisl. hneigja `neigen, beugen, sich verneigen vor'; denominative (from hnaiws) got.hnaiwjan `erniedrigen', ags. hnǣgan `demütigen'; ahd. nicken `bend, sich beugen, nicken'.

    Besides idg. knei-b- in aisl. hnīpa (*hnīpēn, -ōn) `den Kopf hängen lassen, mißmutig sein', hnī̆pinn `mißmutig', gnīpa f. (*ga-hnīpōn-) `überhängender Felsen', ags. hnipian `den Kopf hängen lassen, mißmutig sein'; got. *ga(h)nipnan ` sad sein'; lit. knimbù, knìbti `zusammenknicken'.

References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 64, 183.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: kneug-

Meaning: expr. root

German meaning: `Schallwort?'

Material: Gr. κνυζᾶν, -εῖν ` growl (from Hunden), wimmern (from children)': lit. kniaũkti `miauen'. Probably nur zufällige Ähnlichkeit.

References: WP. I 476.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: knid-, k̂nid-, sknid-

Meaning: louse, nit

German meaning: `Laus, Ei der Laus, Nisse'

Comments: often tabuistisch transfigured; compare above S. 437 ghnīdā ds.

Material: Arm. anic `louse' (*nid-s);

    alb. thënī́ `louse' (*k̂(ë)nid-);

    gr. κονίς, -ίδος f. (*knid-s), probably an κόνις `dust' angeglichen;

    mir. sned f. `Nisse', kymr. Pl. nedd, nkorn. neð, bret. nez ds. (*s(k)nidā);

    ags. hnitu f., ahd. (h)niz, nhd. Nisse `Ei the louse' (*knidā).

    Könnte to (s)ken- `scratch, scrape' belong, as ghnīdā to ghen- ds.

References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 44, Trautmann 93.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: ko ko, kak(k)-, ku(r)kur-

Meaning: expr. sounds of a hen or cock

German meaning: under likewise as Nachahmung of Naturlautes the Hühner; words ohne nachweisbare ältere Geschichte

Material: I. Gr. κακκάβη f., κακκαβίς f. `Rebhuhn', κακκαβίζειν vom Naturlaut the Rebhühner (also das borrowed lat. cacabāre), κακκάζειν `gackern';

    lat. cacillāre `gackern (from the Henne)';

    ndd. kakkeln `gackern', nl. kokkelen `kollern (vom rooster, cock)', next to which ahd. gackizōn `gackern (from the ein Ei legenden Henne)', nhd. gackern, dial. gaggezen, nhd. Gockel (see also under ghegh-).

    II. Lat. coco coco `Naturlaut the Hühner' (Petron 59, 2), franz. coq `rooster, cock', dän. kok, schwed. mdartl. kokk `rooster, cock', anord. (afrz. Lw.) kokr, ags. cocc, nl. old cocke ds.; aksl. kokotъ `rooster, cock', kokošъ `Henne', russ. kokotátь `gackern' etc

    III. Old Indian kurkuṭa-, kukkuṭa- m. `rooster, cock', kukkubha- m. (mind. for *kurkubha-) `Fasan'; lat. cūcurriō, -īre `kollern' (vom rooster, cock), cūcuru Interjektion; nhd. kikeriki (older kükerukü, kükerlüküh), md. kuckern, kockern, köcken `krähen'; lit. kakarýkū `kikeriki', klruss. etc kukuríku ds., serb. kukùriječēm-, -ijèkati, russ. kukorékatь etc `krähen', gr. κουρίζω ds.

    IV. Gr. κίκιρρος, κικκός `rooster, cock' Hes.; osk. cicirrus, Cognomen of Messius, probably `Kampfhahn'.

References: WP. I 455 f., WH. I 126, 212, 242, 300.

Page(s): 611

Root / lemma: kob-

Meaning: to fare well, be successful

German meaning: `sich gut fügen, passen, gelingen'

Material: Air. cob n. `victory', gall. Ver-cobius, *Cobo-nertos > Cobnertos MN, Cobrūnus, -rūnius MN (also ins Slav. gewandert as Kobrynъ, whereof the Stadtname russ. Коbrynь, poln. Kobryń in Gouv. Grodno);

    ags. gehæp ` fitting', nas. schwed. hampa sig `sich ereignen' = norw. heppa ds., heppen `lucky, günstig', aisl. happ n. `luck' (engl. hap ` chance, luck ', to happen `sich ereignen', happy `lucky' from dem Nord.);

    abg. kobь f. `τύχη, Genius, Schutzgeist', ksl. kobь `οἰωνοσκοπία, augurium', russ. old kobь `Wahrsagung, Vorahnung after dem Vogelflug or Begegnung', nowadays dial. `Greuel, Scheusal', skr. kôb `good Vorbedeutung, Glückwunsch; Vorahnung, mad, wicked, evil Vorahnung', etc

References: WP. I 457 f.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: koi-lo-

Meaning: naked; miserable

German meaning: `kümmerlich, nackt'

Comments: only kelt. and balt.

Material: Air. cōil, cōel `thin, schmal', cymr. corn. cul `macilentus, macer';

    lett. kaîls `naked, naked, bald, bleak, bare', kaîli ĺaudis `Ehepaar ohne Kinder' (could also to kai- `allein' belong).

References: WP. I 326, 455, WH. I 130.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: kois-

Meaning: to care for, cure

German meaning: `sorgen'?

Material: Lat. cūra ` care ', cūrō, -āre `care for, worry', alat. <coiravit etc, pal. coisatens `curaverunt', umbr. kuratu `curato';

    in addition at most got. ushaista `dürftig' as `vernachlässigt'?

    Here perhaps die gall. PN Koisis, Coisa.

References: WP. I 455, WH. I 314, 859.

Page(s): 611

Root / lemma: koi-, ku̯ī-

Meaning: squeaking noise

German meaning: Nachahmung of Quietschlautes; einzelsprachliche Lautnachmungen

Material: Gr. κοΐζειν `quieken as ein Spanferkel', nhd. quieken, quieksen, quietschen, lit. kvỹkti, russ. kvičátь `quieken, chirp, twitter, whimper ' etc

References: WP. I 455, Berneker 656 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: kok̂sā

Meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc.)

German meaning: `Körperteilbenennung'

Comments: (Aryan also *kok̂so-s)

Material: Old Indian kákṣā f., kakṣa- m. `Achselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde', av. kaša- m. `Achsel' (proves -k̂s-);

    lat. coxa f. `hip, haunch';

    air. coss f. `foot', abrit. Αργεντό-κοξος perhaps `Weißfuß' (but cymr. cоеs `leg' is from dem Lat. borrows);

    ahd. hāhsina `Kniebug of Hinterbeins', mhd. hehse, nhd. Hächse, Hesse bair. Haxn.

Maybe alb. *koksa, koka ‘head’, koskë, kockë ‘bone, leg bone’ shows the link between Root / lemma: kok̂sā : [a part of body (foot, hip. etc.)] and Root / lemma: kost- : (leg; bone).

References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.

Page(s): 611

Root / lemma: kol(ē̆)i̯-

Meaning: glue

German meaning: `Leim'

Material: Gr. κόλλᾰ `Leim' (*κόλι̯α);

    mndl. mnd. helen `kleben' (*haljan);

    aksl. klějь, klejь `Leim' (proto slav.. forms *kъlějь, kъlьjь, kъĺe, s. Berneker 659 f.); lit. klejaĩ `Leim' is Lw. from dem Slav.; slav. -ъl- Reduktionsstufe to -ol-.

References: WP. I 464, Trautmann 144 f.

Page(s): 612

Root / lemma: kolǝ- : klō-

Meaning: to spin

German meaning: `spinnen'?

Material: Gr. κλώθω, κλώσκω `spinne', κλωθώ eig. `die Spinnerin', κλωστήρ, -ῆρος ` filament, Spindel';

    lat. colus, -ūs or -ī `Spinnrocken'.

    Gegen connection from colus with kʷel- `sich drehend herumbewegen' speaks, daß the Rocken sich not dreht.

    Formell kann κλώθω ein dh-present from einer heavy basis kolǝ- : klō- sein (*klō-dh-ō or k_olǝ-dhō); Verwandtschaft at first with κάλαθος `basket' (`*netting') wäre denkbar.

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 250.

Page(s): 611-612

Root / lemma: koli-

German meaning: `junger Hund, Tierjunges'

See also: s. S. 550 under kel- `rufen'

Page(s): 612

Root / lemma: kom

Meaning: by, beside, at, with

German meaning: Adverb (prefix and preposition or Postpos.) `so an etwas entlang, daß Berührung with it stattfindet; besides, bei, with'

Material: Gr. κοινός `gemeinsam' from *κομ-ι̯ό-ς (*-i̯ó-s `gehend');

    ligur. FlN Com-beranea, ven. PN Com-petalis, hispan. PN Com-plūtum, Com-pleutica (ligur.? veneto-illyr.?);

    lat. cum `with, by', preposition and (after Pron.) Postposition beim Abl. (= Instr.), as prefix com-, from which con- and before v- (as in Kelt.) and Vokalen mostly cocō-; also cōram, das after palam, clam from co-ōro- `vor dem Angesicht befindlich' reshaped is; osk. com, con preposition `with' beim Abl. (= Instr.), com-, kúm- Präf. `with' (derivative comono, Lok. comenei `comitium' from *kom-no-); umbr. com `with', preposition (only by Pronomina Postpos.) beim Abl. (= Instr.), stets Postpos. in the meaning `juxta, apud, ad', likewise beim Abl. (= Instr.), Präf. kum-, com- (cо- again before v-: coaertu, kuveitu); falisk. cuncaptum `conceptum', volsk. co-uehriu Abl. `curiā' (*ko-uīrio-, compare lat. cūria probably from *co-uĭriā);

    ital. comparative auf -t(e)ro-, das Beisammen from zweien, das Compared with bezeichnend, in lat. contrā `compared with, against it, against' contrō-versia, osk. contrud `contra';

    air. cоn- `with', preposition beim Dat. (= Instr.), prefix gall. com-, air. com- (proklit. con-), cymr. cyf-, cyn-, corn. kev-; reduction of -m before u̯-, e.g. cymr. cy-wir, abret. keuuir-gar, gall. Covīrus MN, cymr. cy-wely `bed';

    therefrom different air. cо `to, bis', preposition m. Akk. co a chēle `to seiner Genossen' = cymr. bw-y gilydd `(from einem) zum other', also with originally kʷ; *kom-dho-s `verstehend' istvielleicht die base from air. cond `sense, mind, Verstand' (= aksl. sǫ-dъ `judgement');

    alb. kë- = lat. co(m)-;

    for Heranziehung also of germ. Präfixes ga- speaks dessen basic meaning `with', compare e.g. got. ga-juka `conjunctus, comrade', ga-mains `com-mūnis', ga-qiman `con-venire' and similar Übereinstimmungen; germ. g- from χ- in unbetonten prefix; the nasal schwand before the association with Verben and after deren example also in perhaps überkommenen älteren Nominalkompositis as gamains (man beachte die Vortonigkeit the particle also in letzteren); unzweideutiges *kom stecktin afränk. ham-ēdii `coniūrātōres';

    aksl. sǫ-dъ `judgement' see above.

    Verwandtes km̥ta `besides, along, downwards, with' in:

    gr. κάτα, κατά preposition beim Akk. `along, about - toward, through - to, in, by' beim Gen. `about - toward, along, downwards ', beim Gen. (= Abl.) `from etwas her herab', also prefix;

    air. cēt-, preceding ceta- (*km̥ta); in cēt-buith `sense, mind' and also otherwise with dem verb Subst.; acymr. cant, mcymr. can, gan, acorn. cans, bret. gan `with, by, längs';

    hitt. kat-ta (a from m̥?), Postpos. with Dat. `under, under an, by, with' with Abl. `from, from - herab'; kat-ta-an ds., in addition also (?) enklit. -kán, Pedersen Hitt. 158 f.

References: WP. I 458 ff., WH. I 251 ff., 857, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 473 ff., irrig ZceltPh. 22, 325 ff.

Page(s): 612-613

Root / lemma: konǝmo-, knāmo- or k_enǝmo-

Meaning: shin; bone

German meaning: `Schienbein, Knochen'

Material: Gr. κνήμη f. `shinbone, Radspeiche', κνημί̄ς, -ῖδος f. (äol. κνᾶμῐν Akk. κνά̄μιδες Nom. Pl.) `Beinschiene';

    air. cnāim `leg, bone' (in the case of gr. kelt. -nā- = idg. n̥̄, i.e. -_enǝ-, or = idg. -nā-, i.e. Full grade the 2. syllable sei, is unentschieden);

    with Full grade the 1. syllable (kon[ǝ]mā) and Assim. from -nm- to -mm- (out of it partly -m-):

    ahd. hamma `Hinterschenkel, Kniekehle', ags. hamm `Kniekehle', aisl. hǫm f. `Schenkel (an animals)'.

    Doubtful is, in the case of die meaning from hom. κνημός `Bergwald, bewachsener Berghang' (`*calf of Berges'?) through ndd. hamm `Bergwald' as old erwiesen wird, da letzteres perhaps as umzäuntesWaldstück with mnd. ham `eingefriedetes Stück Land', ndd. hamme `umzäuntes field' (see kem- ` to press together ') to verbinden is.

References: WP. I 460 f.

Page(s): 613-614

Root / lemma: kopso-

Meaning: blackbird

German meaning: `Amsel'

Comments: (: k̂op- ` onomatopoeic words'?)

Material: Gr. κόψ-ιχος `blackbird', κόσσυ-φος (diss. from *κοψ-υφος) ds.;

    russ.-ksl. (etc) kosъ `blackbird'. - Meillet legt (MSL 18, 171) under assumption from idg. k̂- (das in kosъ because of consecutive s as k festgehalten sei) eine onomatopoeic words k̂op- the basic: ksl. sopǫ `spiele die flute', abg. sopьcь `αὐλητής', russ. sopětь `pant, gasp' etc and Old Indian śáb-d-a- m. `sound, clangor, discourse, word' (to -d-suffix in words for din, fuss, noise s. Brugmann II² 1, 467), śápati `verflucht', -tē `beteuert, gelobt'.

References: WP. I 457, Trautmann 299.

Page(s): 614-615

Root / lemma: koro-s, kori̯o-s

Meaning: war, warrior

German meaning: `Krieg, Kriegsheer'

Material: 1. Ohne formant -i̯o-, -i̯a-: lit. kãras `war, fight' and lengthened grade apers. kāra- m. `Kriegsvolk, Heer; people', npers. kār-zār `Schlachtfeld'.

    2. Gr. κοίρανος (from *Κοίρονος) ` military leader, king, master, mister' (derivative from *κοῖρος from *κόρι̯ος with formants -no-; also aisl. herjann `Heervater' as epithet Odins from harja- `Heer' from; κοιρανέω `befehlige; herrsche', κοιρανία `Herrschaft', compare vom unerweiterten *κοῖρο- EN as Κοιρόμαχος (Boisacq s. v.);

    mir. cuire m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass', gall. Tri-, Petru-corii Völkernamen (`die drei-, vierstämmigen');

    got. harjis, aisl. herr, ags. here `Heer', ahd. as. heri `Heer, bulk, mass', PN altgerm. Hari-gasti (Dat.), perhaps Göttername (Neckel KZ. 60, 284);

    lit. kãrias `Heer', kãrė `war, fight', karỹs `warrior', lett. kar'š `war, fight, Heer', apr. kargis (consigns kragis) `Heer', caryawoytis Akk. Sg. `Heerschau';

    compare also above kar-1 S. 530, wo die bsl. examples also here belong können.

References: WP. I 353, 462, Trautmann 118.

Page(s): 615-616

Root / lemma: kos(e)lo-

Meaning: hazel

German meaning: `Hasel'

Material: Lat. corulus `Haselstaude', colurnus (*corulinos) `from Haselholz';

    air. coll, acymr. coll etc `Hasel' (also gall. Coslo- in EN);

    ahd. hasal(a), ags. hæsel, aisl. hasl m. `Hasel', ahd. hesilīn, ags. hæslen `from Haselholz';

    alit. kasulas `Jägerspieß' as `Hasler'.

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 280.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: kost-

Meaning: leg; bone

German meaning: `Bein, Knochen'

Material: Lat. costa f. `Rippe'; abg. kostь f. `bone' (skr. kôst `Rippe').

    assumption eines k-Präfixes (to lat. os etc) incredible.

Maybe alb. koskë `bone, leg bone', kashtë `straw, *bone? '

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 281.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: krāt-

See also: see above S. 584 under kert-.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: krā[u]- : krǝu- : krū̆-

Meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof

German meaning: `aufeinander, auf einen Haufen legen, zudecken, verbergen'

Material: Air. cráu, cró m. `Stall, cottage, shack, shed' (*krǝu̯o-), cymr. craw m. `Stall', corn. crow, bret. kraou ds.;

    lit. kráuju, króviau, kráuti `aufeinanderlegen, häufen, packen, laden'; lett. kŕaũnu (kŕauju), kŕãvu, kŕaũt `häufen'; Iter. lit. kráustyti, lett. kŕaũstît `häufen', kravât `zusammenraffen', krauja, kŕava, kŕuva `Steinhaufen'; lit. krūvà (Akk. krũva) `heap', kriáutė, kráutė `Bodenraum';

    abg. krovъ `Dach' (*krǝu̯o-), ablaut. kryjǫ, kryti `cover, hüllen, conceal' etc;

    with s-extension:

    russ. krýša `Dach', serb. krîšom Adv. ` clandestine ' (etc, also:)

    aisl. hreysar Pl. f., hreysi n., besides norw. rūsa, ndd. rūse `heap'; aisl. hraun n. `Steinhaufen, steinerner ground'.

    Auf krā[u]- based on perhaps lett. krãju, krât `gather, collect, häufen', abg. (with präsensbildendem d) kradǫ, krasti `steal'.

    Labial extension (-bh-): gr. κρύπτω `verberge', κρυφῆ ` clandestine ' under likewise, κρύβδην ds.;

    with p-extension (compare above κρύπτω) lett. krâpju, krâpu, krâpt `steal, cheat, deceive', lit. krópti `steal'; about got. hrōt and ags. hrōf `Dach' see under kred- and k̂rapo-, also Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. II 269; toch. В kraup-, В krop- `gather, collect'; compare also k̂lep-;

    for aisl. hraukr, ir. cruach `heap' under likewise, die an sich einer k-extension our root deriving könnten, s. eine other Deutung under sker-, skereu- `turn'. In same sense dubious is anord. skrūf n. `aufgestapelter heap', skrūfr m. `Schopf', norw. dial. skrauv `Schaumgipfel', etc (hätten bewegliches s-).

    Dental extensions shine, appear, seem: aisl. hrauð f. poet. `Brünne', ags. hréad f. `jewellery'; aisl. hrjōða `cover, adorn', ags. hréodan ds. (compare lit. kráudinu `lasse laden?') besides hyrst m. `jewellery, armament, armor', ahd. hrust m. ds., ahd. (h)rusten `rüsten'.

References: WP. I 477, Trautmann 139, 140.

Page(s): 616-617

Root / lemma: kreb-5

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: kred-

Meaning: beams

German meaning: `Gebälk'

Comments: (k̂red-? see under)

Material: Got. hrōt n. `Dach', anord. hrōt `Dach, Dachraum', as. ags. hrōst `Sparrenwerk of Daches' (*krōd-s-to-) = ndl. roest `Huhnerstange, Hühnerleiter', mhd. rāz, rāze `Scheiterhaufen'(*krēdā; fem. collective as aksl. krada); with mhd. rāz(e) `Scheiterhaufen' deckt sich mhd. rāz, rāze `Wabe', afr. rāta, mnl. rāte `Wabe', next to which with ablaut mnl. rēte (*hretōn-) and rōte, mdartl. still röte (*hruti-) `Wabe';

    abg. krada `Scheiterhaufen, Holzstoß' (*krōdā).

    As `Sparrenwerk, from Latten etc Gezimmertes' kann here belong: lit. krė́slas `stattlicher Stuhl', lett. krę̂sls, apr. creslan `Lehnstuhl', lit. krãsė `Stuhl', russ. kréslo, čech. křeslo `Armstuhl', as well as lit. krósnis, lett. krāsns `Ofen', ksl. krosno `liciatorium', russ. krósno `loom; Stück canvas, fabric', bulg. krosnó `Aufzug beim loom; Torriegel', krósna f. `Wiege', skr. krȍsna `loom', čech. krosna, kru̇sna (old krósna) `Traggestell'.

References: WP. I 485 f., Trautmann 141.

Page(s): 617-618

Root / lemma: kreg-1 (and kerg-?)

Meaning: to suffer

German meaning: `quälen'?

Material: Old Indian kárjati `afflicts, peinigt' (Dhātup.);

    aisl. hrekja `torment, smite, belästigen, verfolgen', afries. hreka ` rend '.

References: WP. I 484.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: kreg-2

German meaning: `Schallwort'

See also: see above S. 569 under ker-1.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: krei-1

Meaning: to touch, brush

German meaning: `about etwas drüberhinstreifen, berühren'

Material: Aisl. hrīna `wirken', ags. asächs. ahd. hrīnan `touch, stripe' (no-present); after Wissmann Nom.postverb. 152 ff. here ags. hrenian `einen Geruch ausströmen', afries. strong. V. hrena `einen Geruch empfinden'; ags. aisl. hrīm, mhd. rīm ` hoarfrost ';

    lit. krėnà f. `Rahm, Sahne' (`was man abstreift, abschöpft'), lett. kreju, krèju, krìet `die Sahne from the milk abschöpfen', krèims m. `Rahm' (from deverbalem krèjums `was man abstreifen kann');

    besides with germ. p: asächs. hrīpo, ahd. hrīfo ` hoarfrost '.

References: WP. I 478, Trautmann 141.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: krei-2, kreig-, kreik-

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: krek-1 (-k̂-?)

Meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen', also vom Festschlagen of Gewebes, of Einschlages in the Weberei, daher also `weben, Gewebe'

Material: Gr. κρέκω `hit, klopfe; schlage das Gewebe fest', κρόκη `Einschlagfaden, Gewebe', κρόξ ds., κροκοῦν `to weave', κροκύς, -ύδος f. `Wollflocke';

    aisl. hræll (*hraŋhilaz) `staff zum Festmachen of Gewebes', ags. hrēol (*hrehulaz) `Haspel'; ags. hrægl n. `dress, garment ', engl. rail, afries. hreil; ahd. hregil n. `indumentum, spolium';

    lett. krękls `Hemd';

    if das lett. word sein zweites k through westidg. influence empfangen hat, kann also following slav. family angereiht become: russ. krešú, kresátь `with dem Feuerstahl fire hit', klr. kresáty, kresnúty `fire hit', dial. `hew, hit, strike überhaupt', skr. krȅšēm, krèsati `fire hit; Steine behauen; Aste abschlagen' (etc, s. Berneker 611).

References: WP. I 483 f.

Page(s): 618-619

Root / lemma: krek-2, kr̥k-

Meaning: roe; slimy stuff in water

German meaning: `Froschlaich, Fischlaich, schleimiges Zeug in Wasser'

Material: Aisl. hrogn n., ahd. (h)rogan, rogen `Rogen, Laich';

    lit. kurkulaĩ Pl. ` spawn of frogs ', lett. kur̂kulis ds., lit. apkurkóti `sich with Wassermoos beziehen';

Maybe alb. karkalec `grasshopper (jumping like a frog)' : bulg. скакалец (skakalec) `grasshopper' [bullg. erroneous folk etymology from bulg. скачам (skakam)`I jump' a misinterpretation of lit. kurkulaĩ Pl. ` spawn of frogs ', lett. kur̂kulis.

    in spite of phonetic Schwierigkeiten here die slav. family of serb. ȍkrijek `Wassermoos, Algen', slov. krė́k, žabo-krė́čina ` spawn of frogs ' etc, ablaut. slov. krâk ` spawn of frogs; grüner Überzug an Pfützen, Wassermoos', with auffälligem ja: russ. krjak ` spawn of frogs ', čech. mdartl. okřaky `Sammelname for Wasserpflanzen'?

References: WP. I 483, Berneker 613 f.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krek-3

German meaning: `Schallwort'

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krem-

See also: see above S. 580 f. under kerem-.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krep-1, kr̥p-

Meaning: body

German meaning: `Leib, Gestalt'

Comments: (or kʷerp-? see under)

Material: Old Indian kr̥pā́ Instr. Sg. `shape, beauty', av. kǝrǝfš, kǝhrpǝm `shape, body', mpers. karp `Кörper' (av. xrafstra- n. `Raubtier' from *krep + *[e]d-tro- to ed- `eat'?);

    perhaps (?) alb. sh-krep, sh-kep `gleiche ein wenig' (sh = idg. sem, som, sm̥-, compare to meaning ahd. gi-līh `gleich': līh `body');

    lat. corpus, -oris n. `body, Körper';

    mir. crī f. `body' (*kr̥pes);

    ahd. (h)rëf m. `body, lower abdomen, womb', afries. href, hrif `belly', ags. hrif n. `womb, belly' (*hrefiz- = *krepes-), ags. mid(h)rif, afries. midref `Zwerchfell' (`*in the Mitte the Leibeshöhle').

    Gr. πραπίς, mostly Pl. -ίδες `Zwerchfell', das den anlaut as kʷ erwiese, is in seinerZugehörigkeit doubtful, da die entsprechende meaning from ags. mid(h)rif probably auf dem 1. Gliede of Kompositums based on; es müßte denn πραπίς eine short form to einer similar Zusammensetzung sein; after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. wäre idg. *kʷerp- taboo metathesis to *perkʷ- `life, world, oak' (got. faírƕus `world').

References: WP. I 486 f., WH. I 277 f.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: krep-2

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kret-1

Meaning: to shake

German meaning: `schütteln'

Comments: (in the case of as `bump, poke' with kret- `hit' identical? or extension from sker- `turn, kreisend schwingen'?)

Material: Lit. krečiù, krěsti `shake, schüttelnd streuen', Iter. krataũ, -ýti ds., kretù kretė́ti `sich hin and her bewegen, shake oneself, shiver', lett. krèst `shake', Iterat. kratît, krętulis `kind of Sieb' (lett. kraitât `lurch' Entgleisung from einem *krit- from);

    mir. crothaim `shake', gall.-rom. *crottiāre `shake';

    ahd. redan `sieben', nhd. mdartl. räder, rädel `Sieb'; aisl. hraðr `quick, fast', ags. hræÞ, hräed `quick, fast, behend', engl. rather `lieber', ahd. hrad, hrat `velox, strenuus'; aisl.hrǣða `frighten (trans.)', hrǣddr `entsetzt';

    also ags. ā-hreddan `befreien, retten', ahd. retten `move, drive, push; befreien, retten' as `from the Gefahr wegstoßen'?

References: WP. I 484, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kret-2

Meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Comments: probably originally with kret-1 identical

Material: Gr. κρότος `jedes durch Schlagen, Stampfen, Klatschen entstehende noise'; κροτεῖν `klatschen, knock, hit', κρόταλον `Klapper', κρόταφος `Schläfe' (actually `*das Klopfen'); `Berghang; Seite', κροταφίς `Spitzhammer';

    in addition with originally probably bare präsentischer nasalization aisl. hrinda, hratt, ags.hrindan, hrand `bump, poke';

    perhaps die slav. family of abg. kroštǫ, krotiti `tame', krotъkъ `gentle, mild, mäßig', if originally `durch Prügeln mürbe machen'?

References: WP. I 484 f., Berneker 624.

Page(s): 621

Root / lemma: kreu-1, kreuǝ- : krū- ; kreus-, krus-

Meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust

German meaning: 1. `thick, stockendes Blut, blutiges, rohes Fleisch', presumably `geronnen (vom Blut)', in addition eine 2. group kreus-, krus- for `Eis (as erstarrendes), Kruste (originally von Eis or Wundschorf), Eisscholle, Erdscholle' (see under) and verbal `frieren, schaudern (Gänsehaut)'

Material: A. Old Indian kravís- n. `rohes Fleisch' (= gr. κρέFας), kravyam n. `blood' (*krou̯i̯o- = apr. krawian n.), krū-rá- `blutig, cruel, savage' = av. xrūra- `blutig, grausig, cruel, savage' (: lat. crūdus?) in compound with i- for ro-stem, av. xrvi-dru- `the eine blutige Holzwaffe führt', i.e. xruvi-dru-, av. xrū- f., xrūm (= xruvǝm) Akk. `Stück blutiges Fleisch', xrvant- (i.e. xrūvant-) `grauenhaft, grausig' (: lat. cruentus), xrvī̆šyant- `blutdürstig, Grausen erregend', xrūta- `grausig, cruel, savage', xrūnya- n. `Bluttat, blutige maltreatment ', xrūma- `grauenhaft, grausig'; with einer meaning `*geronnen* = `thick, hard', Old Indian krūḍáyati `makes dick, tight, firm', av. xrū̆ždra- `hard' (besides again with i- instead of ro-stem in compound xruždi-vačah- `with derber, lauter voice sprechend'), xraoždva- `hard';

    gr. κρέας n. `Fleisch' (*kreu̯ǝs);

    lat. cruentus `blutig' (see above), cruor m. `das rohe, dicke blood' (*kreu̯ōs), osk. krustatar `crusta tegitor' (Denom. from *krus-tā), lat. crusta `crust, bark, scurf', originally `das fest gewordene blood auf einer wound' (*krŭs-tā), crūdus `raw, rough, hard' (*krū-do-), crūdēlis `cruel, savage, herzlos';

    gall.-rom. crōdios `hard' (*kroudios);

maybe alb. (*kroudios) krodhe `bread crust, coagulated blood, coagulated snot', krodhë `beehive, hole (wound?)'

    mir. crú (*krūs), Gen. cráu, cró (*kruu̯os), cymr. crau, corn. crow (*kruu̯ā) `blood' (see Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.), air. crūaid (*kroudis) `hard, tight, firm', bret. kriz (*krūdis) `cru, cruel' (Pedersen KG. I 207; not Lw. from lat. crūdus); das d in Kelt. and Lat. through dissimilation from r?

    lit. kraũjas `blood' (: Old Indian kravya-m), apr. crauyo, krawian ds., lit. krùvinas `blutig', krùvinu `make blutig', participle krùvintas `blutig gemacht', lett. kreve `geronnenes blood, scurf, crust';

maybe alb. kruaj `scratch, damage, injure', krua, kroje Pl. `liquid, rapid', (*krev-) kredh `plunge in water' [common alb. f > th, v > dh shift]; Kruja alb. city.

    slav. *kry (*krūs), Gen. *krъve `blood' in slov. krî, apoln. kry, aksl. krъvь; aksl. krъvьnъ `blutig' (= lit. krùvinaš);

    ahd. (h)rō, (h)rawēr, as. hrā, ags. hrēaw, aisl. hrār `raw' (*hrawa-).

    B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi-, gr. Καύκασις `Kaukasus' (as `eis-gleaming');

    gr. τὸ κρύος `frost' (= *κρύσος?), κρυσταίνω `make gefrieren', κρύσταλλος `Eis; Kristall', κρῡμός `frost' (*κρυσμός), from κρύος derived (?) κρυόεις `schauerlich', κρυερός `schauerlich, cruel, savage';

    aisl. hriōsa, hraus `shudder', hrjōstr n. `rauher bottom' (: lat. crusta), ahd. (h)roso, (h)rosa `Eis, crust' (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa), ags. hrūse `earth, ground' (diese s-forms in relationship to τὸ κρύος and:)

    lett. kruvesis, kruesis `frozen ordure', lit. atkrũsti, preterit -krūsaũ `wiederaufleben, from Erfrorenem' (`*auffrieren'); Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 291.

    Ohne -s- presumably norw. dial. ryggja `shudder' (compare κρυερός), viel fraglicher ags. hrēoh `rough (vom weather), grieving, wild'.

References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1 (1922), 3 ff.

Page(s): 621-622

Root / lemma: kreu-2

Meaning: to fall down, collapse

German meaning: `zusammenstürzen, stürzen, fallen'

Comments: only germ. and balt.

Material: Aisl. hrun n. `Zusammenbruch', hrynia `fall';

    apr. krūt `fall', kruwis `fall' (but lett. kruts `steil abfallend, steil abhängend' as Lw. to klr. krutoj `gewunden, steil, schroff', see under kert- `turn'); perhaps lett. kràulis `Absturz', kràuja `steiles bank, border, shore', krauta `bank, border, shore';

    with -s- ags. hrēosan `fall';

    with -d- aisl. hrjōta `fall, spring', mhd. rūzen `sich eilig bewegen';

    with -t- ags. hrīðig `schneebedeckt', aisl. hroði `offal', hrȳðr `es bricht hervor' (from vapor, fire under dgl), hryðja `naßkaltes weather, rain and snow'.

References: WP. I 480, Trautmann 143, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 127.

Page(s): 622

Root / lemma: kreu-3, krou-s-

Meaning: to push, hit, break

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen, zerschlagen, brechen'

Material: The unerweiterte root perhaps in ahd. (h)riuwan `afflict, sadden, verdrießen', nhd. reuen, ags. hrēowan `afflict, sadden', aisl. hryggr ` grieving ', ags. hrēow ds., f. `Reue', ahd. (h)riuwa `Reue' (different Persson Beitr. 178); about abg. krupa ` gobbet, lump, Krümchen' (wäre eine p-extension) see under kreup- `scurf'.

    krous-: gr. κρούω `poke, push, hit' (*κρούσω, compare ἐκρούσθην, κρουστέος; κρουστικός `stoßend, widerhallend'); hom. κροαίνω `hit, stampfe, vom Pferde' (*κρουσανι̯ω), κροιός `abgebrochen, damages ' (*κρουσιός);

    aisl. hrosti m. `gemaischtes Malz';

    lit. krušù, krùšti (kriùšti) `stomp, zerstoßen', krušà f. `hail', lett. krusa `hail', lit. Iter. kriaušaũ, -ýti, lett. kràusêt `stomp', lit. kr(i)aũšius, pakraũšius `slope';

    abg. u-kruchъ (ksl. also kruchъ) `piece, fragment, gobbet ', abg. sъ-krušiti `break, rupture, grind (trans.)', sъ-krušenьje `Zerknirschung' (poln. s-krucha `Reue'), ablaut. *krъchá ` gobbet, Krümchen' (russ.krochá `shred'), *krъchъkъ `frail, breakable, brittle ' (poln. krechki), *krъšiti (slov. kŕšiti) ` dismember, break, rupture, grind' (etc, s. Berneker 628-630).

References: WP. I 480 f., Trautmann 143.

Page(s): 622-623

Root / lemma: kreu-4

German meaning: `Schallwort'

See also: see above S. 570 f. under ker-1.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: kreup-

Meaning: scab

German meaning: `Schorf, sich verkrusten'

Material: Gall. cruppellarii `gepanzerte Gladiatoren the Aedui', brit. Mons Graupius (leg. *Croupios), because of idg. p veneto-illyr. origin (Pokorny Urillyr. 131);

    aisl. hrjūfr `rough, schorfig', hrȳfe `scurf, scab', hrūfa `Wundrinde', ags. hrēof `rough, schorfig, aussätzig', ahd. riob `aussätzig', hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, mhd. ruf `blister, bubble, scurf, scab, Grind, leprosy ', nhd. bair. ruff f. `crust auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', rüfe, riefe ` leprosy, scurf, scab', ahd. ge-rob, nhd. grob;

maybe alb. rrufe '(burning) lightning'

    lit. su-si-kraũpti `zusammenschauern', nu-krùpęs `schorfig', kraupùs `rough', lett. kŕaũpa `Grind, Warze', kŕaũpis `Grind; toad ' (from the warzigen skin; apr. crupeyle `frog'), kŕū̀pu, kŕupu, kŕupt `verschrumpfen', krupis ` toad, Zwerg'; vom Rauhwerden the skin (`Gänsehaut') also lit. pakraũpti, kruptis `shudder, frighten'.

   Against it russ. krúpnyj `grobkörnig; big, large', čech. krupý `rudis' at first to abg. krupa ` gobbet, Krümchen', etc [in addition changing through ablaut alb. krip(ë), krüp f. `salt' (*krūpā)]; diese family probably eigentl. `Abgebrochenes' or likewise to kreu-3, krou-s- `break, rupture, bump, poke', see there.

References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: kreu-t- (kreu-dh-?)

Meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly

German meaning: `schütteln, schwingen, lebhaft bewegen'

Material: Mhd. rütten (*hrudjan) `rütteln, shake', nhd. `zer-rüttet', engl. rudder, ruddle `Sieb'; ags. hrēaðe-mūs `Fledermaus'; probably aisl. hraustr `rash, hasty, gamy'; perhaps as `sich schüttelnd, fluctuating ': ahd. hriot, nhd. Riet, as. hriod, ags. hrēod `Schilfrohr' (*kreu-dho-);

    compare toch. A kru `reed'?

    lit. krutù, -ė́ti `sich regen, sich rühren', krutùs `rührig, regsam';

References: WP. I 481, Trautmann 143 f.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: krē̆k-4 : krok-

Meaning: to tower; beams

German meaning: `ragen, hervorragen'? and `vorspringender Balken or Pflock under likewise'

Comments: with -u- extended

Material: Gr. κρόσσαι `Mauerzinnen, Absätze, stufenartig an the wall hinaufgeführte Steine' (*kroki̯ā); in addition probably also as `vorspringender filament ' κροσσοί `hervorragende Einschlagfäden, Verbrämung';

    air. crích f. (*krēku̯ā) `end, limit, boundary, furrow' = cymr. crib `comb, cusp, peak, acme, apex ';

    ahd. *hragēn, mhd. nhd. ragen, mhd. rac `steif', to ræhe, ahd. *hrāhi `starr, steif', further mhd. nhd. regen `ragen make, aufrichten'; ags. ofer-hrǣgan `überragen';

    lit. žem. krãkė f. `stick';

    slav. *kroky, Gen. -ъve in russ. krókva ` shaft, pole; toggle; Dachsparren', čech. krokva, old krokev, Gen. krokve `Sparren, Dachsparren' (Berneker 621).

References: WP. I 482, Trautmann 139.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krēp-1

Meaning: strong

German meaning: `stark, fest'

Comments: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. hrǣfa `bear, endure' (compare russ. krěpitьsja `endure, beharren'); abg. krěpъ, krěpъkъ `tight, firm, strong';

    cymr. craff `quick, fast' from aisl. krappr ds. (= krappr `eng', S. 388).

References: WP. I 487.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: krēp-2

See also: see above S. 581 under kerǝp-.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kr(o)k-sko-, -u-

Meaning: arm

German meaning: `Arm under likewise'?

Material: Old Indian kiṣku- m. `Vorderarm; Stiel einer axe; ein measurement of length' (mind. for *kr̥sku-);

    alb. krakë ` upper arm, shoulder, Flügel' (*krok-sko-?);

maybe alb. krah 'arm' [common alb. -k- > -h- phonetic mutation]

    probably to lit. kárka `Schweinefuß, Vorderbein of Schweines', ablaut. ostlit. kirkãlis m. `Stelze';

    slav. *korka f. in sloven. kráka, kráča `Schweinefuß';

    besides slav. *korkъ in bulg. krak `leg, foot', russ. ókorok `ham'; in addition ablaut. slav. *krokъ m. in skr. krôk (Gen. krȍka), čech. krok `Schritt' and slav. *korakъ m. in skr. kȍrâk, sloven. korák ds.

    Quite unklare the ablaut relation.

References: WP. I 488, Trautmann 118.

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: krom-

Meaning: wooden fence, etc.

German meaning: `Gestell from Latten, hölzerne Umzäunung'

Comments: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. hremma `fassen, klemmen', ags. hremman `einengen, behindern' (probably from `*einzäunen'), afries. hrembend `manacle', ndl. remmen `(ein wheel) hemmen, sperren' (`*with einem balk, beam'), presumably also aisl. hrefni `unterste Planke überm Schiffsboden' and got. hramjan `kreuzigen' (as `an ein Gestell heften');

    russ. krómy Pl. `loom', zakromítь `with Brettern umstellen', klr. prykromýty `bändigen', russ. s-krómnyj `bescheiden' etc

References: WP. I 487 f.

Page(s): 623-624

Root / lemma: krū̆t-

Meaning: protuberance; breast; belly

German meaning: `Wölbung, Brust, Bauch'

Material: Mir. crott f. `Höcker, Harfe', nir. cruit ds., altbrit.-gall. crotta `Harfe', cymr. crwth m. `Höcker, Geige', croth f. `belly, uterus, vulva';

    lit. krūtìs ` female breast', krūtinė `breast', lett. krùts `hill, breast'.

    Probably to kreu- `wölben', see under (s)ker-, (s)kereu- `turn'.

References: WP. I 485, 489, Specht Idg. Dekl. 77².

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: kseip-, kseib-

Meaning: to throw, be thrown

German meaning: `werfen, schwingend schleudern, in schwingender heftiger Bewegung sein'

Material: Old Indian kṣipáti `wirft, schleudert', Kaus. kṣēpáyati, kṣiprá-ḥ `quick, fast'; with voiced-nonaspirated aksl. ošiba-jǫ, -ti `sich abwenden', russ. šibátь `throw', šíbkij `quick, fast', ošibátь `chop, cut, reject', ošibátьsja `sich irren'.

References: WP. I 501.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: ks-en-, ks-es-, ks-eu-

See also: see above S. 585 f. under kes-.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kseubh-

Meaning: to sway, swing

German meaning: `schwanken, in schwingender Bewegung sein'

Material: Old Indian kṣúbhyati, kṣṓbhatē (kṣubhnṓti, -nā́ti) ` sways, zittert', kṣōbhayati ` places in Bewegung', kṣōbha- m. `Schwanken, Erschütterung'; av. xšaob- `in Aufregung geraten' (xšufsąn), npers. ā-šuftan, ā-šoftan `in Bewegung versetzen', ā-šōb `perplexity, Tumult';

    poln. chybać `swing, hin and her bewegen'; chybki `behend, rash, hasty'; klr. chybáty `doubt, unschlüssig sein', chýba (*kṣūbā) `lack, fault, error' etc

References: WP. I 502 f., Trautmann 144.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kseud-

Meaning: to grind in little pieces

German meaning: `klein stampfen'

Material: Old Indian kṣṓdati `stampft, zermalmt', kṣōda- m. ` shove, Stampfen, Zermalmen; meal, flour, Pulver, Puder', kṣudrá- `small; niedrig, gemein', compounds kṣṓdīyas-; kṣudrá- n. `mote, speck';

    abg. chudъ `small; gering, evil, bad', compounds chuždьjь (: Old Indian kṣṓdīyas-).

    Machek (Slavia 16, 174) nimmt as originally meaning `mager' an (čech. chudý `mager'), das er somit to Old Indian kṣudhyati `hungert', kṣōdh-uka- `hungrig' stellen möchte.

   connection from Old Indian kṣudrá- with av. xšudra- `flüssig' (see kseud-2) versucht Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21) to begründen.

References: WP. I 502.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kuku

Meaning: cuckoo cooing

German meaning: `Nachahmung of Kuckucksrufes'

Material: Old Indian kōkilá- m. `the indische Kuckuck', kṓka- m. `Kuckuck' (also `Gans; wolf' see under kān).

    Gr. κόκκυξ, -ῡγος m. `Kuckuck' (dissim. from *κυκκυ-), κόκκυ: `shout, call of Kuckucks', κοκκύζω `rufe Kuckuck';

    lat. cucūlus `Kuckuck' (unmittelbar from *cucū shaped);

    mir. cūach (or neologism to air. cōi < *kovik-s, Gen. cūäch?), cymr. cog `Kuckuck'; nhd. (without consonant shift infolge stets nebenhergehender neologism) Kuckuck;

    lit. kukúoti, lett. kū̆kuôt `Kuckuck rufen'; serb. kȕkavica `Kuckuck' russ. kukúša etc ds., r. kukuvátь etc `as ein Kuckuck rufen'.

maybe alb. kukuvajkë `cuckoo' : russ. kukúša etc ds., r. kukuvátь etc `as ein Kuckuck rufen' not from serb. kȕkavica `Kuckuck'

References: WP. I 466 f., WH. I 299.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: ku-, kus-

Meaning: to kiss

German meaning: in Worten for `Kuß'

Comments: (compare bu- S. 103)

Material: Gr. κυνέω, ἔκυσσα `kiss' (ne-Infixpräsens *κυ-νε-σ-[μι]). With Hemmung the consonant shift in onomatopoeic words aisl. koss, ags. coss, ahd. kus `kiss', aisl. kyssa, ags. cyssan, ahd. kussen `kiss'; got. kukjan, ofries. kükken seems out of it in the Kindersprache reshaped to sein;

    hitt. 3. Pl. kuwassanzi `sie küssen'.

Maybe alb. (*kuwassan-) kafshonj `bite', kafshë `biting animal, animal'.

Maybe alb. (*kuwuss-, kwus-) puth `kiss' [common alb shift -s > -th at the end of the word while thee shift kw > p has been inherited from Greek]

    Ähnlich Old Indian cū́ṣati `sucks', cuścuṣā `Schmatzen beim food, eating'.

References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 151.

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: ku̯ak-

Meaning: croaking, quacking

German meaning: Einzelsprachliche Nachahmungen of Froschlautes and Entengeschnatters

Material: Gr. κοάξ `vom Quaken of frog', lat. coaxare `quaken' (probably Nachbildung from κοάξ), dt. quack, quacken `from Fröschen; schnattern (Ente) etc', schwed. mdartl. kvaka `schnattern wieeine Ente', aisl. kvaka `chirp, twitter', russ. kvákatь `quaken', under likewise

Maybe alb. (*ku̯ak) kuak `croak'

References: WP. I 468.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: ku̯at(h)-

Meaning: to ferment, become sour

German meaning: `gären, sauer werden, faulen'

Material: Old Indian kváthati `siedet, kocht', kvāthá- m. `Decoct';

    got. ƕaÞō f. `scum, froth, foam', ƕaÞjan `schäumen', schwed. dial. hvā (*hvaÞa) `scum, froth, foam', ags. hwaÞerian, hwoÞerian `schäumen, branden';

    lat. cāseus `cheese' (from *cāso- from *ku̯āt-so- `Geronnenes', ablautgleich with abg. kvasъ; das Fehlen of u̯ harrt still the explanation);

maybe alb. (*ku̯āt-so) kos `(sour) yogurt, clotted curds' also (Du. kaas), OHG chāsi, kāsi (G Käse), f. WGmc f. L caseus.] `cheese'

    abg. kvasъ `sourdough, säuerliches Getränk' (ku̯āt-so-) etc, zero grade abg. vъ(s)-kysnǫti, -kysěti `sauer become', kysělъ `sour' (-s- from t + s);

    lett. kûsât `boil, simmer, seethe, boil', kūsuls `Sprudel', also probably kùstu, kust `melt'; the from `ferment, seethe, sauer become' entwickelte concept `faulen' schlägt die bridge to ksl. kъsьnъ `slow';compare lett. kust `melt, tauen - exhaust', kusināt `müde make'; lett. kusls `steif, weak', lit. dial. kùšlas, kušlùs `weak', apr. ucka kuslaisin `schwächst'.

References: WP. I 468, WH. I 176 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 627-628

Root / lemma: ku̯elǝk- or kelǝk-, kolǝk-

Meaning: bundle, bale

German meaning: `Ballen, Büschel, Polster'

Material: Old Indian kūrcá-ḥ m. `bundle, Ballen, tussock ', lat. culcita `pillow, cushion, Polster'; s. ku̯elp-2 `wölben'.

References: WP. I 473, WH. I 302.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: ku̯elp-1, ku̯elb- : ku̯l̥p/b- : klup/b-

Meaning: to stumble, stutter; to trot

German meaning: `with den Knien einknicken, stolpern; traben'

Material: Gr. κάλπη `trot' (*κFάλπα, *ku̯l̥pā);

    nhd. holpern, mdartl. holpeln, hülpen, holpel ` clumsy person'; under assumption secondary lengthened grade *kleup/b- hat man got. hlaupan `run', us-hlaupan `aufspringen', anord. hlaupa `spring, run', ags. hlēapan ds., ahd. (h)loufan `run' (mhd. participle geloffen) angereiht;

    apr. po-quelbton Nom. Sg. `kniend' (b = p), lit. klumpù, klùpti `stumble', klúpau, klúpoti `knien', lett. klūpu Adv. `strauchelnd', lit. klaupiúos, klaũptis `niederknien'; lett. kluburât `hinken', kluburs `lahmer person' (lit. klumbas `lahm' here or to lett. klam̃bât `plump gehen').

References: WP. I 473 f., Trautmann 137.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: ku̯elp-2

Meaning: to be curved

German meaning: `wölben'

Material: Gr. κόλπος `sinus' (from ku̯olpos through diss. reduction of u̯ against das following p);

    aisl. participle holfinn `gewölbt', mhd. preterit walb `wölbte sich', Kaus. aisl. huelfa `wölben', ahd. (h)welben ds., as. bihwelbian `überwölben', aisl. hualf n. `Gewölbe', ags. hwealf f. `Wölbung' (heofon-hwealf) `Himmelsgewölbe': gr. αἰθέρος κόλπος), Adj. `gewölbt', mhd. walbe `gewölbtes Oberblatt the Schuhe, Einbiegung of Daches an the Giebelseite', nhd. Walm under likewise; got. ƕilftrjōm Dat. Pl. `coffin' (zwei übereinandergelegte ausgehöhlte Einbäume).

    Daß Old Indian kūrcá- m. `bundle, Ballen, tussock ', lat. culcita `pillow, cushion, Polster' in relationship the Wurzelvariation (*ku̯elǝ-k- : -p-) to obigen words stand, is quite doubtful.

References: WP. I 474, WH. I 302.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: ku̯erp-, also kuerb-

Meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `sich drehen'

Material: Gr. καρπός `Handwurzel' (Drehpunkt the hand), καρπάλιμος `behende, quick, fast' (formation as εἰδάλιμος; reduction of u̯ through Diss. against den ausl. Labial); besides with ausl. voiced-nonaspirated κύρβις `drehbarer Pfeiler with Gesetztafeln';

    zero grade probably mir. carr f., cymr. par m. `spear, javelin' (Stokes ZceltPh. 1, 172; compare perhaps tela vibrāre, fulmina torquēre);

    got. ƕaírban `περιπατεῖν' (ƕeilaƕaírbs `wetterwendisch', gaƕaírbs `gehorsam'), anord. hverfa `sich drehen, kehren, disappear', ags. hweorfan `sich wenden, reisen, sich ändern', as. hwerƀan `sich drehen, zurückkehren wandeln', ahd. hwerban, hwerfan `sich wenden, zurückkehren, (um etwas herum) tätig sein'; trans. `in Bewegung place, betreiben', nhd. werben (compare z. meaning lat. ambīre), got. etc ƕarbōn `wandeln', next to which zero grade anord. horfa `sich wenden, denken, belong' (*hwurƀōn), Kaus. anord. hverfa, as. hwerƀian, ags. hwierfan, ahd. werban `wandeln', anord. hverfr `quick, fast', hvirfill, ahd. wirvil, wirbil `whirl' (and ahd. werbil from *hwarbila- ds.), as. hwarf `Kreis, Menschenmenge', ahd. warb ` turn, Umdrehung kreisförmiger Kampfplatz', ags. hwearf m. `Austausch, variation', anord hwarf `das Verschwinden';

    toch. A kārp- `herabsteigen', В kā̆rp- `sich wenden after, gehen'.

References: WP. I 472 f.

Page(s): 631

Root / lemma: ku̯ēt- : ku̯ǝt- : kū̆t-

Meaning: to shake, winnow

German meaning: `schütteln, beuteln'

Material: Lat. quatiō, -ere, quassum `schüttele; erschüttere, poke, push, swing, brandish';

    mir. cāith `acus, furfur' (`*Abgebeuteltes'; *kvōti-);

    very doubtful gr. πήτεα πίτυρα (Kleie), πητῖται πιτυρίνοι ἄρτιοι. Λάκωνες Hes., whereof πίτῡρον `Kleie' in spite of still unclear ι not to separate is;

    da from `shake' also `ausschütteln, strew, distribute' could have evolved, is with quatiō möglicherweise identical gr. πάσσω, att. πάττω (πάσω, ἔπασα, ἐπάσθην) `streue, besprenge' (in the Webersprache `webe bunte Figuren ein', hence χρῡσόπαστος `goldgestickt', παστός m. `Brautkammer, Brautbett'); freilich is πάσσω at first with dor. πῆν πῆ καὶ πῆν ἐπὶ τοῦ κατάπασσε καὶ καταπάσσειν Hes., epidaur. ἐπιπῆν φάρμακον to verbinden;

    ags. hūdenian `shake', mhd. hotzen `run, swing', nisl. hossa `shake, toss, fling'; about forms with s- see under (s)kū̆t- `jiggle';

    lit. kutinė́tis `sich zurechtzupfen' (from birds), kuntù, atkutàu, kùsti `sich erholen' (*aufrütteln).

References: WP. I 511, II 601, WH. II 399 f.

Page(s): 632

Root / lemma: ku̯oi-, ku̯ī-

Meaning: to wish for; to invite

German meaning: `wollen, einladen'

Material: Old Indian kēta- m. `volition, Begierde, intention, Aufforderung, Einladung', kētana- n. `Aufforderung, Einladung';

    gr. κοῖται γυναικῶν ἐπιθυμίαι (?) Hes., dubious also κίσσα, att. κίττα (*κιτι̯α) `krankhaftes Gelüst schwangerer Frauen';

    apr. quāits `volition', quoi `er will', quoitīt `wollen', lit. kviečiù, kviẽsti `einladen'.

References: WP. I 475 f., WH. I 714, Trautmann 146 f.

Page(s): 632

Root / lemma: ku̯res-, ku̯ers-, ku̯r̥s-

Meaning: wood, trees

German meaning: `Gehölz, Baum'??

Material: Gr. πρῖνος `Steineiche', whether from *ku̯r̥s-no-s (?); gall. prenne `arborem grandem', cymr. corn. bret. prenn `tree' (*ku̯res-no-); ablaut. air. crann (*ku̯r̥s-no-), Gen. cruinn ds., cymr. prys (prysg) `Gehölz' (*ku̯r̥s-to-); ags. hyrst `shrubbery, bush, Gehölz', as. ahd. mud. horst, hurst ds., nhd. Horst `Raubvogelnest' (*ku̯r̥s-to-; less probably above S. 548); slav. *chvorstъ, ksl. chvrastije, russ. chvórost `deadwood, shrub, bush', slov. hrást `oak' (*ku̯ors-to-?), with unexplained anlaut.

References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f., Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gr. 284) contemplates gr. because of kar. PN as pre Greek -kleinasiatisch.

Page(s): 633

Root / lemma: k_elǝu̯o-, k_eleu̯o-

Meaning: bald

German meaning: `kahl'

Material: Old Indian áti-kūrva-, -kū̆lva- `whole naked, bald, bleak', av. kaurva-, npers. kal `haarlos, naked, bald, bleak', Old Indian kālvālīkr̥ta- `naked, bald, bleak gemacht';

    lat. calvus `naked, bald, bleak, haarlos' (basic form ital. kalou̯os from idg. *k_eleu̯os because of:) osk. Kalúvieís (besides osk. Kalaviis `Calvius', päl. Calauan[s]), wherefore lat. calva `cranium, cranium', calvāria ds., in Glossen also `Becher'.

    Über die versuchte Vermittlung with nhd. kahl under assumption idg. Anlautschwankung see under kal- `naked, bald, bleak'; other anklingende words are (with expressive kh-) Old Indian khalatí- ` baldheaded ', khalvāta- ds. (: arm. xalam `cranium'?).

References: WP. I 447, WH. I 143 f.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: k_emer-

Meaning: cancer, turtle

German meaning: `Tiere with Panzer; Krebs, Schildkröte'

Material: Old Indian kamaṭha- m. `turtle, tortoise' (mind. from *kamar-tha-); gr. κάμ(μ)αρος `Meerkrebs, Hummer' (out of it lat. cammarus ds.) = anord. humarr, nd. nhd. Hummer; presumably as `überwölbte animal' to kam-er- `wölben'.

References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 558

Root / lemma: k_enǝkó-

Meaning: gold; honey

German meaning: `honiggelb, goldgelb'

Comments: (with unclear Ablautverhältnissen)

Material: Old Indian kāñcana- `golden', m. `name of a plant', kāñcana- n. `gold';

    gr. κνηκός, dor. κνᾱκός `yellowish, saflorfarben', κνῆκος `Saflor';

    lat. canicae `Kleie';

    aisl. hunang, aschwed. hunagh n., ags. hunig, as. honig, ahd. honag, honang `honey' (after the Farbe benannt; basic form probably germ. *hunaga-, from which finn. hunaja; das partially before g auftretende n based on auf nasalization of Vokals through das vorhergehende n and unterstützendem Einflusse of germ. suffixes -ung-, -ing-);

    apr. cucan `brown' (l. cũcan, i.e. cuncan; u is balt. Entw. from reduz. vowel in zweisilbigen Basen);

    about Old Indian kánaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper, Proto-Munda 30 f.;

    gall. caneco-sedlon barely as `goldener seat' here, also not to mir. canach `Sumpfgras' (: cymr. pân ds.);

References: WP. I 400, Vendryes RC 47, 200 f., H. Lewis Ét. Celt. 1, 320 f.

Page(s): 564-565

Root / lemma: k̂ad-1

Meaning: to fall

German meaning: `fallen'

Material: Old Indian śad-, Perf. śaśāda, Fut. śatsyati `abfallen, fall out' (: lat. cadō);

    arm. c̣acnum (*k̂adi̯o-) `fall, niedrig become';

    lat. cadō, -ere `fall' (osk. anṭkaḍum? s. WH. I 128); cadāver n. ` corpse ' as `Gefallenes' (*kadā-u̯es); cadūcus `hinfällig';

    air. casar f. `hail; lightning' (*k̂ad-t-arā), Pl. cymr. cesair `Schloßen', corn. keser, bret. kazerc'h `hail'.

References: WP. I 339 f., WH. I 127 f.

Page(s): 516

Root / lemma: k̂ad-2

Meaning: to shine, to flaunt

German meaning: `glänzen, prangen, sich auszeichnen'

Material: Old Indian Perf. śāśadúḥ, participle śāśadāna- `sich auszeichnen, hervorragen';

    gr. Perf. κέκασμαι, Plusqpf. ἐκεκάσμην, participle κεκασμένος (Hom. Aisch.) `sich auszeichnen', κεκαδμένος (Pind.) `prangend', Κάστωρ actually `the Glänzende' (?), Καστι-άνειρα `under Männern distinguished ', etc; in addition κάστωρ m. `beaver' with Übertragung of GN because of the Heilwirkung of Bibergeils: καστόριον (> Old Indian kastūrī f. `Moschus'); present καίνυμαι seems neologism after δαίνυμαι;

    perhaps mir. cā(i)d `holy', wherefore gall. caddos `sanctus' C. Gl. L. V 493, 30;

    abrit. Belatu-cadrus epithet of ` god of war '?? reshuffling eines *katros `valiant' (compare kat- `fight') to kadros wäre freilich not ganz ausgeschlossen.

References: WP. I 340.

Page(s): 516-517

Root / lemma: k̂ak-

Meaning: to become thin

German meaning: `abmagern'

Material: Av. kasu- small, gering', compounds Superl. kasyah-, kasišta-;

    nhd. hager (Trautmann ZfdtWtf. 7, 267, KZ. 43, 153);

    lit. nukašė́ti `ganz entkräftet become'.

References: WP. I 334.

Page(s): 521-522

Root / lemma: k̂ak- (k̂ek-?)

Meaning: to help; to be able

German meaning: `vermögen, helfen'

Material: Old Indian śaknṓti `kann, is imstande, hilft', Desid. śíkṣati `hilft, huldigt, dient, lernt', śaktí- f. `help', śakrá- `vermögend', śagmá- `vermögend, hilfreich', śácī f. `fortune, help', śā́ka- m. ` power, help', śāká- `strong, helfend; m. Helfer', śā́kman- n. `help'; compare śákvan- `skilful';

    av. sačaiti `versteht sich worauf', Desid. sixšaiti `lernt', npers. saxt `hard, tight, firm, very' = Old Indian śakta- `vermögend';

    air. cécht `power' (*k̂ankt- or *k̂enkt-);

    Perhaps lit. kankù, kàkti `wohin gelangen, genügen, hinreichen' (Reihenwechsel?); doubtful also ags. hagan `genitalia', mhd. hagen `Zuchtstier', nhd. dial. hegel ds., haksch ` breeding pig ', nhd. hecken `sich paaren (from birds)', engl. hatch `brood', ahd. hegi-druosa `testicle'. Ebenso, weil nie -h-, but only -g- in Wurzelauslaut, die germ. family aisl. hagr ` fitting, skilful', hagr m. `Lage, benefit, advantage, Wohlstand', haga `dispose', hōgr, hø̄gr ` fitting, bequem', hāttr (*hahtu-) `kind of and Weise' (wäre tu-stem besides dem ti-stem Old Indian śakti-), ahd. st. participle ki-hagan, bihagan `cheerful', mhd. behagen `passen, recht sein', nhd. behagen, mhd. hage m. `Behagen, Wohlgefallen', as. bihagōn `behagen, gefallen', ags. onhagian `passen, behagen', gehagian unpers. `Gelegenheit sein'; under assumption from ausl. -gh- compares Zupitza Gutt. 104 sie with prakr. ca(y)ati `is fähig', Ac̨oka-Inschr. caghati `is to etwas willing, ready, willing', av. čagǝd- (with rafǝδrǝm) `help gewährend', čagǝman- n. `gift', čagvah- `bietend, gewährend', die freilich wiederum in ihrem e-vocalism not so unmittelbar to germ. a : ō stimmen;

    toch. A kākmart, В kamart `Herrschaft'.

References: WP. I 333, 334.

Page(s): 522

Root / lemma: k̂ank-

See also: s. k̂āk-1 and k̂āk-2.

Page(s): 526

Root / lemma: k̂as-, k̂as-no-

Meaning: gray

German meaning: `grau'

Material: Lat. cānus (*cas-no-s) `gray, aschgrau', pälign. casnar `senex', ahd. hasan `gray gleaming, poliert fein'; sabin.-lat. cas-cus `old' (originally `altersgrau');

    anord. hǫss (*kas-u̯o-), ags. hasu `graubraun', mhd. heswe `pallid, faint, languid'.

    In addition die Benennung of Hasen (compare russ. sěrják `grauer hare' : sěryj `gray'):

    Old Indian śaśá- m. (from *śasá-), afghan. soe, Pāmird. süi; cymr. ceinach (-ach-extension eines *cein = *k̂asnī `Häsin', Pedersen KG. I 86); ahd. haso, with gramm. variation ags. hara, anord. heri (eine Ablautsneubildung with germ. e seems norw. schwed. mdartl. jase = anord. *hjasi), apr. sasins m. `hare', sasin-tinklo `Hasengarn', PN Sassenpile `Hasenberg'.

    A extension the stem *k̂asen- (: k̂as-n-o-) and *k̂aseu̯-, k̂asou̯- (: k̂as-u̯-o-) with formants-dho- and zero grade the root syllable wird in gr. ξανθός `blond, brown' from *k̂s-en-dho- (whether ξαν- amalgamation from *ξεν- and *ξα- =*ξn̥-)? and ξουθός ostensibly `goldgelb', whether from *k̂s-ou-dho-, angenommen, but very dubious.

References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gr. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.

Page(s): 533

Root / lemma: k̂at-

Meaning: to fight; battle

German meaning: `kämpfen'

Material: Old Indian śātáyati `haut together, wirft nieder'; śátru- m. `Besieger, fiend';

    gall. catu- `fight, struggle' in GN Catu-rīx `Schlachtenkönig', air. cath `fight, struggle; Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. cad ds., corn. cas m. `fight, struggle'; cymr. cadr (*kat-ro-) `strong', abret. cadr, mbret. kazr, nbret. kaer `beautiful'; cymr. cadarn `strong', bret. kadarn `valiant'; in addition also after Loth RC 42, 84 f. cymr. cadw m. `Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd' (*k̂atu̯o-), as Verb `preserve, protect, schützen'; abrit. Mars Belatu-cadros invokes whereas die root k̂ad- `gleam';

    aisl. hoð f. `fight' (= gall. catu-), GN Hǫðr, got. MN Theuda-hatha-s, ags. heaðu-, ahd. hadu- `fight, struggle' in names as Hadu-mār, Hedwig; mhd. hader `quarrel, fight';

    whether man hier slav. k- for k̂- annehmen darf (compare above S. 18¹), abg. kotora, russ.-ksl. kotera `fight, fight, struggle';

    möglich wäre Heranziehung of thrak. VN the Σάτραι, Σατρο-κένται;

    daß in gr. σατίνη `Luxuswagen', σάτιλλα πλειὰς τὸ ἄστρον, die as phryg. words with arm. sayl `Wagen' (arm.-phryg. *satili̯a) zusammenhängen, die meaning of `Streitwagens' die original sei, is unerweisbar.

References: WP. I 339, 340, Vendryes RC. 43, 246, M. Leumann Hermes 68, 359.

Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: k̂ād- : k̂ǝdes- : k̂ǝd-s-

Meaning: uneasiness, displeasure, hate

German meaning: `seelische Verstimmung; Kummer, Haß'

Material: Old Indian ri-śādas- `for den Fremden sorgend';

    av. sādra- n. `affliction, Wehe, mischief ' (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.);

    gr. κῆδος n., dor. κᾶδος `sorrow, mourning, grief; Leichenbestattung; Familiengefühl', κήδιστος `the liebste', κήδειος `the sorrow wert, lieb; zur Bestattung gehörig; blutsverwandt', κηδεστής, kret. κᾱδεστᾱς `Heiratsverwandter', κηδεύω `besorge, tend, look after; bury; verschwägere', κηδεμών `Beschützer; Leichenbestatter; Heiratsverwandter', κήδω `make besorgt, betrübe', also `verletze, schädige'; ἀκηδής `unbesorgt, unbestattet', whereof ἀκηδέω `vernachlässige';

    osk. cadeis amnud `inimīcitiae causā' (: nhd. Haß, Kern KZ. 21, 242);

    mir. caiss, cymr. cas, bret. cas `hate' (*k̂ǝds-i- as Weiterbildung of -es-stem from got. hatis); cymr. cawdd `offensa, ira, indignatio' corn. cueth, mbret. cuez, nbret. keuz (*k̂ādo-s) `affliction, mourning, grief';

    got. hatis n. `hate, rage, fury', anord. hatr n., ags. hete m., as. heti m., ahd. haz m. `hate' partly also in Verfolgung ausartend, hence die meaning `verfolgen' from anord. hata, as. hāton partly also ahd. hazzōn, compare also ahd. hetzen from *hatjan; for eine basic meaning `verfolgen' the root say die germ. Verhältnisse nichts from; ablaut. as. hoti `feindlich';

    toch. A kat ` destruction '.

References: WP. I 340 f.,

See also: compare above kā̆d-.

Page(s): 517

Root / lemma: k̂āk-1 : k̂ǝk-, probably k̂ā[i]k- : k̂īk-

Meaning: to jump, spring out

German meaning: `springen, hervorsprudeln, kräftig sich tummeln'

Comments: (with k̂ǝk- as ablaut neologism from k̂āk- from)

Material: Gr. κηκίω `entspringe, sprudle hervor', κᾱκίω ἱδροῦν ἄρχομαι. Λάκωνες Hes., κηκί̄ς, -ὶδος, dor. κᾱκί̄ς f. `all Hervorsprudelnde (blood; Purpursaft; ausbratendes fat; vapor)'; lesb.καγκύλη ds. Hes.;

    lit. šókti `spring, tanzen'; nasalized šankùs `flink', šankìnti `(ein horse) spring make' (compare καγκύλη) and ahd. hengist, ags. hengest `Hengst', eig. Superl. `am besten springend, bespringend', germ. *hangista besides *hanhista (gramm. variation) in anord. hestr `horse', to Positiv *hanha-, in addition Dat. urnord. hahai `dem Renner' and ahd. Hāh-, Hang-, aisl. Hā- in PN; in addition kelt. *kankstikā `mare' in cymr. caseg ds., bret. Pl. kezeg `Pferde', dial. `Stuten', acorn. cassec `mare', gall. PN Cassiciate (Lok.) `Pferdepark'.

    Für k̂āik-: k̂īk- one introduces probably thrak.-phryg. σίκιν(ν)ις `Tanz the Satyrn to Ehren desDionysos' (zwar ĭ by den Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also with ī meßbar) an, probably also κῖκυς f. ` power ', genauer `Beweglichkeit, Frische', κῑκύω ταχύνω, ἰσχύω Zonar, ep. ion. ἄκῑκυς, -υος `weak, schlapp';

    Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (κῖκυς:) ir. cīch f. ` female breast', cymr. cig, bret. kik, acorn. chic `Fleisch'.

References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gr. Wb. 142, Kluge¹¹ s. v. Hengst.

Page(s): 522-523

Root / lemma: k̂ā̆k-2, nasalized k̂ank-

Meaning: branch

German meaning: `Ast, Zweig, Pflock'

Material: Old Indian śākhā f. `bough' (: got. hōha, arm. c̣ax); śákala- m. n. `chip, splinter, splinter, wooden log, Schnitzel, shred' (: lit. šakalỹs); śaŋkú- m. `Holznagel, peg, plug, picket, pole, Stecken' (: aksl. sǫkъ, cymr. cainc, anord. hār); śakti- f. `spear, javelin' (: air. cēcht);

    arm. c̣ax `twig, branch', perhaps Lw. from pers. šāx ds., and these from Old Indian śākhā; after Meillet Esquisse² 36, Slave commun⁸ 23 f. rather from idg. *k̂sākh-;

    because of the meaning doubtful alb. thekë `fringe, Zipfel', compare immerhin the same meaning from norw. hekel `Zipfel' under *keg-;

    cymr. cainc (*kankū, compare den u-stem Old Indian śaŋku-), Pl. cangau, mcymr. canghau `bough', mir. gēc, nir. géag `bough' (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in anlaut), with -sk-suffix gallo-rom. *gascaria (frz. jachère) `Brachland', eigentl. `Pflugland', Hubschmied Vox Rom. III 123³; air. gēscae `twig, branch, bough'; with t-suffix air. cēcht `plough' (probably as *kank-to- nächstverwandt with Old Indian śakti-);

    got. hōha `plough' (= Old Indian śākhā), ahd. huohili `aratiuncula'; nas. anord. hār `Ruderdolle' (*hanha, finn. Lw.), hǣll `peg, plug, stick' (*hanhila-);

    lit. šakà `bough' (ablaut. with Old Indian śā́khā), šãkė ` fork ', šakalỹs `splinter' (: Old Indian śákala-), šaknìs, apr. sagnis f., lett. sakne `root'; lit. šakarnis `ästig', lett. sakārnis `Wurzelende'; aksl. *sǫkъ `surculus';

    slav. socha `club, cudgel (aksl. etc), Haken, plough (russ.), Gabelstange' (poln.), poln. rozsocha `gabelförmiger bough', aksl. posochъ m. `cudgel, club'.

References: WP. I 335, Trautmann 297 ff., Specht Idg. Dekl. 55, 254;

See also: compare under ke(n)g-, ke(n)k- `peg, plug, Haken' S. 537 f. and k̂enk-, k̂onk- `waver, hangen', S. 565.

Page(s): 523

Root / lemma: k̂ās-, k̂ǝs-

Meaning: to teach, indicate

German meaning: `zurechtweisen, anweisen'

Comments: only Aryan and armenisch

Material: Old Indian śā́sti, 1. Pl. śiṣmáḥ `weist zurecht, züchtigt, herrscht, befiehlt, belehrt', participle Aor. śiṣánt- `unterweisend', śiṣṭá- `zurechtgewiesen, angewiesen, unterwiesen' (newer śāsta-, as av. sāsta-); av. sāsti `is named, lehrt', Opt. sīšōit̃, a-sīšta- `verheißen'; Old Indian śāstár- `Bestrafer, lord, master' = av. sāstar- `lord, master, prince, lord', mpers. sāstār `ruler', Old Indian śāstrá- n. `directive, Belehrung, Lehrbuch', av. sāx^van- n. `doctrine', sāsnā `doctrine, command ', Old Indian śiṣṭi- f. `Bestrafung, command, order' (newer śāsti-), śiṣya- `to instruct', m. `Schüler';

    arm. sast `Vorwurf, Drohung, Strenge, Autorität', sastem `drohe, schärfe ein, gebiete', sastik `violent' (all iran. Lw.?).

References: WP. I 358, WH. I 179.

Page(s): 533

Root / lemma: k̂ei-1

Meaning: to lie down

German meaning: `liegen; Lager, Heimstätte, traut, lieb (von derselben Siedlung)'

Material: Old Indian śḗtē (older śáyē), 3. Pl. śērē, av. saēte (: gr. κεῖται) `lies', 3. Pl. sōire, Old Indian śayate, -ti `lies, ruht', śayā́, śayyā `Lager', madhyama-śī́- `in the Mitte sich lagernd, liegend', ni-śī-tha- m. `Mitternacht', etc;

    gr. κεῖται `lies', 3. Pl. κέαται from *κεjn̥t-, reshaped after κει-, hom. κείαται; new is hom. κέονται (: Old Indian śayantē); κοῖτος m., κοίτη f. `Lager', ἄκοιτις `Gemahlin' (with ion. Psilose from *ἅ-κοιτις); compare bret. (d)argud `leichter sleep (*-are-koito-); κοιμάω `bring to bed, schläfere ein' (compare got. haims, air. cōim, lett. sàime, also lit. šeimýna, ags. hǣman). Zweites composition part -κι̯-ο- in περισσός, νεοσσός, under likewise Sehr probably lat. cūnae, cūnābula Pl. `Wiege, nest' (*k̂oi-nā) and anord. hīð, hīði n. `Lager of Bären' (*k̂ei-to-);

    hitt. Mediopassiv ki-it-ta (kitta) and ki-it-ta-ri (kittari) `lies'; perhaps also lyk. sijęni `lies' (Pedersen, Lykisch under Hitt. 17).

    With dem Begriffe `home, traut, lieb':

    with l-suffix Old Indian śīla- n. `Gewohnheit, character', air. cé(i)le `comrade, Gatte' (*k̂ei-lii̯o-s), with secondary i cymr. cilydd `comrade', etc;

    with m-suffix:

    gr. κοιμάω (see above), κειμήλιον `aufbewahrtes blessing' (from *κεῖμα n. `Lager'); lengthened grade κώμη f. `village' (*k̂ō[i]mā);

    air. cōim, cōem `lieb', acymr. cum, ncymr. cu etc `lieb' (koimo-);

    got. haims f. (i-stem) `village, Flecken; Pl. ἀγροί', anord. heimr m. `homeland, world', Þing-heimr `die beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting', ags. hām, as. hēm, ahd. heim `homeland, house, dwelling' (ags. hǣman `beschlafen, marry', originally `κοιμᾶν');

    lett. sàime f. `Hausgesinde, Familie', ablaut. lit. šeimýna f., apr. seimīns m. `Gesinde';

    aksl. sěmьja `Gesinde, Sklaven', sěminъ `zum Gesinde Gehöriger, slave';

    lit. kiẽmas `Bauernhof, káimas `village', lett. cìems `village, Versammlungshaus', apr. caymis `village', lit. kaimýnas `Nachbar', kaĩmenė `herd' are the borrowing from germ. *haimaz verdächtig;

    Trautmann (112 f.) nimmt ablaut. urbalt. *kaima- m. and *kōimā f. an (idg. ōi : ai);

    with ro-suffix: arm. sēr `Neigung, love', sirem `I liebe' (*k̂eiro-);

    with u̯o-suffix: Old Indian śḗva- (= germ. hīwa-) `traut, friendly, lieb, wert', śivá- (= germ. *hĭwa-) `vertraut, lieb, heilsam';

    lat. cīvis `Bürger' = osk. ceus ds.; die i-inflection after hostis (M. Leumann Gnomon 9, 237);

    got. heiwa-frauja ` householder ', ags. hīw-cund `heimisch', hīw-rǣden f. `Haushaltung', ahd. hī-rāt `Heirat', ags. hī-rēd ds., agutn. hī-skepr `Familie', anord. hȳ-bȳli Neutr. Pl. `Hauswesen' (besides ablaut. *hĭwa- = Old Indian śivá- in anord. herað, aschwed. hæ-raÞ `Bezirk', hæ-skaper `Familie' from *hĕwa-); the germ. stem *hīwa- is Kompositionsform to *hīwan- `Hausgenossen(schaft)' in anord. hjū(n), hjōn `Ehepaar, Dienerschaft, Gesinde', ags. hīwan, hīgan `Hausgenossen, Familie', hīwen n. ` household ', asächs. sinhīwun `Ehegatten', ahd. hī(w)un `Ehepaar, Dienstboten', hī(w)o `Gatte; housemate, Knecht', hīwa `Gattin', asächs. hīwa ds.; with -ro- extended anord. hȳrr `friendly, kind, gracious', ags. hēore, hīere `friendly, sanftmütig', mhd. gihiure `mild, behaglich', nhd. geheuer, ahd. as. unhiuri `unheimlich, grauenhaft';

    lett. siẽva `Weib' (*šeiu̯ā with dem intonation change of Femin.).

References: WP. I 358 ff., WH. I 224 f., 306 f., 856, Trautmann 112 f., 300 f.

Page(s): 539-540

Root / lemma: k̂ei-2

Meaning: a kind of dark colour

German meaning: in Farbbezeichnungen, meist for dunkle Farben

Comments: (see also k̂ē-ro-)

Material: Old Indian śi-ti- `white', śitiŋ-g-a- `whitish';

    gr. κίραφος, κίρα `Fuchs' Hes., κιρρός `orangegelb' (das -rr- probably expressive);

    mir. cíar `dunkelbraun' (*k̂ei-ro-), cíarann m. `beetle, chafer'; cir (*k̂iru-), Gen. cera `Pechkohle'; céo (*k̂i-u̯o-k-s) `fog', Gen. cīach (: got. hiwi);

    aisl. hārr `gray, old', ags. hār, engl. hoar, asächs. ahd. hēr (*haira-) `würdig, convex, elevated'; comparative *hēriro, hēr(r)o `Heer'; ags. hǣwen `blue' (*haiwina-); got. hiwi n. `shine, Aussehen', aisl. hȳ n. `feines hair, Flaum', schwed. hy `skin, Hautfarbe', ags. hiew, hi(o)w n. `apparition, paint, color, beauty', engl. hue `paint, color' (idg. *k̂i-u̯o-);

    aksl. sěrъ, russ. sěryj, sloven. sę̂r `gray' (*k̂oi-ro-), with -d-suffix (?) aksl. sědъ, skr. sȉjed, russ. sědój `gray' (whether not after smědъ `pale, wan', blědъ `χλωρός' reshaped); ačech. šěrý, poln. szary `gray', ačech. šědivý ds. weisen though auf ein proto slav.. anlaut.ch-, das from Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) from idg. k̂h- expounded wird (probably expressive); whereas nimmt Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 for proto slav.. *chěrъ borrowing from germ. *haira- an, das sich with genuine slav. sěrъ gemischt habe.

    Besides eine extended root form same meaning:

    k̂i̯ē-, k̂ī-; k̂i̯ē-mo- ` dark grey '.

    Old Indian śyā-vá- `schwarzbraun, dark', av. syāva- `black', npers. siyāh `black';

    arm. (probably iran. Lw.) seav `dark, black';

    reduced grade lit. šývas `whitish, schimmelig (from horses)', apr. sijwan `gray', aksl. sivъ ` dark grey ', russ. sívyj, serb. sȉv ds.;

    Old Indian śyā-má- `schwarzgrau, schwarzgrün, black', śyāmaka- ` swart ' = av. syāmaka- m. `name eines Berges' (also sāma- `black' with s- from sy-, Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1571);

    lit. šė́mas, šė̃mas `greyish-blue, blue';

    reduced grade *k̂ī-mo- probably in lat. cīmex `bedbug' (`swart '; forms -ko-, as Subst. after the conservative Dekl. as sene-x to idg. *seno-s); perhaps in gr. EN Κίμων;

    with anderem suffix: aksl. sinь, russ. sínij `dunkelblau';

maybe alb. (*sin) thinjë 'grizzle, gray hair' [common alb. s > th shift]

maybe also turk. siyah 'black'.

    auf einer root form k̂i̯ei- shine, appear, seem Old Indian śyḗnī f. (wherefore m. śyētá- probably previously after ḗnī́ : ḗta-, háriṇī : hárita- etc and śvētá- neugeschaffen) Farbbezeichnung `bright, white, reddish', unddie after the Farbe benannten Old Indian śyená- m. `Adler, Falke', av. saēna- `ein großer Raubvogel, probably Adler' to based on

References: WP. I 360 f., WH. I 216, Trautmann 306, Specht Idg. Dekl. 121, 179.

Page(s): 540-541

Root / lemma: k̂eipo-, k̂oipo-

Meaning: peg, sharp piece of wood or stone

German meaning: `Pfahl, spitzes Holz or Stein'

Comments: also sk̂eipo-

Material: Old Indian śḗpa-, śēpha- m. `Schweif, penis' (with sk̂- prakr. cheppa- ds.);

    lat. cippus `picket, pole, spitze column from Holz or Stein' (*keipos);

    alb. thep m. `spitzer Fels' (*k̂oipos), tsep `prick, sting, point, edge, Winkel', metath. step `edge, cusp, peak'.

    Additional connection with lat. scīpio, gr. σκῑπων and root skē̆ip- `cut, clip' is probably.

Maybe alb. (*σκῑπων) shqiponjë ` eagle ', (*sk̂eipo) sqep 'beak', qep 'sew, stitch, needle'

References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: k̂eip-

Meaning: to wag, wave, pull faces

German meaning: `schweifen, wedeln, das Gesicht verziehen'?

Material: Old Indian śiprā f. `whisker, moustache, wallender Helmbusch', av. (with metathesis) srifa- m. `Nüstern'; av. saēf `wedeln'; die meaning from av. saēpa- is unclear;

    lit. šiepiúos, šiẽptis and šaipaũs, šaipýtis `das Gesicht verziehen', šyplà `Spötter', šypsaũ, -óti `grinsen'.

References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: k̂ekʷ-

Meaning: to defecate

German meaning: `cacare'

Material: Old Indian śákr̥t n. Gen. śaknáḥ n. `crap, muck' ; compare chagaṇa- n. ds.;

    gr. κόπρος `crap, muck, manure, smut';

    lit. šikù, šìkti `defecate'. Perhaps here also air. cechor f. Gl. `palus' (*k̂ekurā), mir. cechair `slime, mud, ordure' (if `leibliche Ausscheidung' die original meaning is).

References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.

See also: Siehe still *kakka- `defecate'.

Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: k̂elb-, k̂elp-

Meaning: to help

German meaning: `helfen'?

Material: Got. hilpan, aisl. hjalpa, as. ags. helpan, ahd. helfan, helphan `help';

    lit. šelpiù, šel̃pti, alit. šelbinos `help, fördern'; unclear is das relationship to gélbėti `help'.

maybe alb. geg. shelbue, tosk. shërbej `help, serve'

References: WP. I 447 f., Trautmann 302, Feist 255 f.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: k̂el-1

Meaning: cold; warm

German meaning: 1. `frieren, kalt', 2. `warm' (Bedeutungsvermittlungs probably `brennend')

Material: 1. Old Indian śiśira- `kühl, cold', m. `kühle time, coldness', av. sarǝta- `cold', npers. sard ds., osset. sald `coldness', av. sarǝ-δā- `coldness bringing';

    aisl. hēla ` hoarfrost (hi-hlōn-, compare Old Indian śi-śira-); ndl. hal n. `frozen bottom', with lengthened grade ē ahd. hāli `schlüpfrig, glatt', nhd. bair. hāl, schweiz. hǟl ds., ags. hǣlig `unzuverlässig', aisl. hāll `glatt, cunning';

    lit. šąlù, šálti `frieren' (lett. sal̂t), šáltas `cold' (lett. sal̂ts), šalnà ` hoarfrost (lett. sal̂na), pãšalas `frozen earth' = apr. passalis `frost', lit. pašolỹs `Nachtfrost, frost in the earth';

    abg. slana ` hoarfrost '.

    2. Old Indian śarád- f. `Herbst', with Zahlwörtern `year', av. sarǝδ- f. `year' (see also Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to lyd. σαρδις `year'), osset. särd `summer', npers. sāl `year' (`Herbst' as `warmeZeit', also lit. šilus `August', more properly šilius);

    lat. caleō, -ēre `warm, hot sein, glow', calidus `warm, hot', calor `Wärme, heat';

    cymr. clyd (*k̂l̥-to-) `warm, wärmend' (: lit. šil̃tas); in addition perhaps from einer ei̯-extension cymr. claear `lauwarm', bret. klouar ds.?

    As. halōian `burn'; in Germ. wurde eine extension *k̂leu- frachtbar: ahd. lāo, flect. lāwēr `lukewarm, warm', aisl. hlǣr ds., vom weather (*hlēwia-), hlāna `mild become', bair. läunen `tauen', aisl. hlāka `Tauwetter': aisl. hlȳr `lukewarm', hlȳ n. `Wärme', ags. hlēowe `lukewarm', aisl. hlē (*hlēwa-) n. ` protection, Leeseite', as. hleo m. ` protection vor dem weather ', afries. hlī, ags. hlēo, hlēow n. `Obdach, cover, protection' (compare also mhd. liewe, lie f. `Laube', schweiz. lē `geschützte Lage, Sonnenseite', schwed. lya `cave from animals'); norw. dän. lum, lummer `mild, lukewarm', schwed. ljum ds., schweiz. lūm `mild, vom weather' under likewise, ndd. luk, holl. leuk `lukewarm'.

    lit. šylù, šilaũ, šìlti `warm become'; šil̃tas `warm' (: cymr. clyd).

References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 551-552

Root / lemma: k̂el-2

Meaning: to incline

German meaning: `neigen'

Material: basis the viel reicher entwickelten root form k̂lei- `lean' (see under) and very probably in consecutive words anzuerkennen:

    Lat. auscultō `horche, lausche', originally `neige das Ohr' from *auscl̥tāre, derivative from *from-kl̥tos (Specht Idg. Dekl. 285, 333); different WH. I 86 f.;

    lit. šalìs `Seite, region';

    aisl. hallr, ags. heald, ahd. hald `geneigt', ahd. halda, nhd. Halde `Bergabhang' (aisl. halla `neigen', ahd. haldōn `sich neigen', aisl. hella `diffuse, ein vessel neigen', as schweiz. helde), got. wilja-halÞei `Neigung, Gunst'; got. hulÞs `geneigten Sinnes, gracious', aisl. hollr, ags. as. ahd. nhd. hold ds. (ahd. huldī `Huld, Geneigtheit' etc); in addition also mnd. helde f. `slope', nd. hille `room about den Viehställen zum Schlafen' (from hilde `geneigte, schräge cover') and die nord. family of norw. hjell `scaffold, trestle, bottom', older dän. hjæld `Heuboden, Hühnersteige, Seller', aisl. hjallr `scaffold, trestle, elevation', hjalli `Absatz, Terrasse', hilla ` cornice, board, Regal' (= mnd. hilde); changing through ablaut dän. hylde `Regal', schwed. hylla.

References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;

See also: about kel- `neigen' (with Velar) s. (s)kel- `bend'.

Page(s): 552

Root / lemma: k̂el-3

Meaning: a thin shaft, stalk

German meaning: `dünner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm'

Material: Old Indian śalá- m. `stick, sting, prick of Stachelschweins', śalala- n., śalalī `sting, prick of Stachelschweins', śalyá- m. n. `Pfeilspitze, Speerspitze, thorn, sting, prick', śályaká- m. `Stachelschwein'; dial. additional form ablaut. śila- m. `Ähre' = lit. šìlas `Heide'; in addition śará- `reed, Pfeil', śáru- `Pfeil, spear, javelin';

    doubtful arm. saɫart` `belaubter twig, branch, langes hair';

    gr. κῆλον `Pfeil, Geschoß';

    mir. cail `spear, javelin', celtair f. `spear, javelin(spitze)';

    anord. hali m. `cusp, peak eines Schaftes, tail';

    apr. kelian `spear, javelin' with westidg. k for k̂; lit. šìlas `Heide' (after den starren Stengeln).

References: WP. I 431 f., WH. I 304.

Page(s): 552-553

Root / lemma: k̂el-4

Meaning: to conceal

German meaning: `bergen, verhüllen'

Material: Old Indian śaraṇá- `schirmend', n. `Schirm, Schutzdach, cottage', śárman- n. `Schirm, Schutzdach, cover, Obhut' (: nhd. Helm), lengthened grade (as lat. cēlō, cella, ahd. hāli) śā́la f. `cottage, house, Gemach', śālá- m. `Einfriedung, Hecke', śālīna- `verlegen' (*versteckt); very doubtful Old Indian śāṭa-m., śāṭī f. `kerchief, cloth, Binde';

    gr. καλῑά: `cottage, barn, nest'; κόλυθρος m. `sack, bag, Tasche'; hom. κολεόν, metrisch gedehnt κουλεόν, att. κολεός `vagina' (*κολεFός; unclear lat. culleus `leather sack', from which russ. kulь, poln. kul `sack, bag', out of it again lit. kulìs ds., kulìkas, apr. kuliks `Beutel'); with Labial extension καλύπτω `umhülle, verberge', καλύβη `Obdach, cottage', κέλῡφος n. `bowl, husk'; Labial shows also das probably verwandte mhd. hulft ` quiver ' (see under);

maybe alb. kulë `hernia'

    lat. *cĕlō (= air. celim, ahd. helan) in occulō, -ere `conceal'; color, -&##333;ris `paint, color' (arch. colōs, actually `Hülle, Außenseite'); lengthened grade cēlō, -āre `verhehlen, conceal', nominal cella `Vorratskammer, Kammer, Zelle' (probably with consonant increase for *cēlā = Old Indian śālā); zero grade clam ` clandestine ' (Akk. eines *clā), clandestīnus `geheim' from *clam-de; also osk. kaíla `cellam' (*kaljā);

maybe alb. kaltër ‘blue color’, possibly *ambi - hela, mbuloj ‘cover, hide, conceal’

    cilium (seit Plinius) `eyelid, esp. das untere' and das older supercilium `oberes eyelid' probably from *super-keliom `die obere cover';

    air. celim `verberge', cymr. celu `conceal', air. cuile `Keller, Magazin' and `Küche' (not from lat. culīna, but in the meaning therefrom beeinflußt), mir. luid ar cel `obiit', actually `fuhr zur Hölle'; mir. cul ` protection', culaid `Hülle' (*colu-), probably also colum, Dat. Pl. colomnaib `skin, hide' and cuilche `mantle' (*kolikiā); mir. clithar m. ` protection' (*k̂l̥-tu-ro-);

    ahd. as. ags. helan `conceal', next to which from einem Aoristpräsens -hulan, got. hulundi f. `cave' (*k̂_el̥ntī `die Bergende'), got. huljan, anord. hylja, ahd. hullen `verhüllen', whereof with germ. Suff. -stra-, got. hulistr n. `Hülle, cover', anord. hulstr `Futteral'; auf einem old-es-stem (see lat. color) based on whereas probably mhd. hulst f. `cover, Hülle' and mnd. hulse, ahd.hulsa, hulis `husk' (ags. helustr, heolstor `Hülle, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, darkness' with germ. Suffixablaut or at most with idg. *k̂elu-); compare in similar meaning ags. hulu f. `bowl, husk', ahd. helawa, helwa `Haferspreu', schwed. dial. hjelm m. ds., ahd. hala `Hülle, bowl'; got. hilms, ahd. as. ags. helm `Helm', anord. hjalmr ds., ags. helm also `Beschützer' (: Old Indian śarman-; das word is übers Slav. ins Balt. gewandert: lit. šálmas `Helm' etc); got. halja, ahd. hella, as. hellia, ags. hell f. `Unterwelt, Hölle', anord. hel `Todesgöttin' from *halja-, idg. *k̂oli̯o-, compare finn.-ugr. Koljo `Unterweltsdämon'; after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soll germ. *haljō `die Hehlende, das Totenreich' already early with *halljō(n) `Steinplatte' (to got. hallus `Fels') zusammengeflossen sein; s. also under (s)kel- `split'; ahd. as. halla, ags. heall `Наllе', anord. hǫll f. `big house' (*kolnā); norw. hulder (participle Pass. f. *hulÞī), hulda `Waldelfe', nhd. wife, woman Holle;

    lengthened grade ahd. hāla `das Verbergen', mhd. hǣle `Verheimlichung', anord. hǣli n. ` hideout ', ahd. hāli `verhehlend, verhohlen'.

    With Labial extension: mhd. hulft, holfte, hulfe, hulftr ` quiver ', mnd. hulfte ds. (: καλύπτω); compare also k̂lep-.

Maybe alb. holë `thin, sharp, narrow (hole?)'.

References: WP. I 432 f., WH. I 195 ff., 214 f., 226 f.; J. Loth RC. 42, 88 f.

See also: s. also under k̂lep- `verheimlichen'.

Page(s): 553-554

Root / lemma: k̂em/ǝ/-4

Meaning: to be tired

German meaning: `sich abmühen, müde werden'

Material: Old Indian śamnītē, śámati, śamyati, Imp. śamī̆-ṣva `sich mühen, work, prepare, prepare, concoct', śamitá- `zubereitet', śamitár- `Zurichter, Zubereiter', śámī f., śámi n. `Bemühung. work, Fleiß' (śimyati = `śamyati', śima- m. `Zubereiter' are through das bedeutungsgleiche śímī `Fleiß' hervorgerufen); śāmyati `hört auf, läßt after' from `*ermüdet', Aor. aśamat, aśamīt; śāntá- `beruhigt, ruhig, gentle, mild' (*k̂_emǝtós, wird seines ā halber in the meaning näher with śāmyati assoziiert);

    gr. κάμνω `mühe mich, ermüde; tr. verfertige (with toil)' (probably *km̥-n-ā-, as Old Indian śamnītē), Fut. καμοῦμαι, Aor. ἔκαμον, Perf. κέκμηκα, dor. κέκμᾱκα, participle κεκμη(F)ώς, κμητός, dor. κμᾱτός, πολύκμητος `with vieler Mühe or Sorgfalt zubereitet', κάματος `Ermüdung, Anstrengung, hardship, affliction ', ἀ-κμής, -ῆτος, ἀκάμας, -αντος `unermüdet, fresh', καμόντες `die Toten', as att. κεκμηκότες; o-grade εἰρο-κόμος `wool bereitend', ἱππο-κόμος ` groom, stableman ', κομέω `tend, look after' etc, κομιδή `nourishment, care, cultivation, das bringing etc'; lengthened grade κῶμα `tiefer, ruhiger sleep';

    mir. cuma, mbret. caffou `Kummer' (Pedersen KG. I 47, 361); mir. cumal `Sklavin' (`*sich mühend, anstrengend', as:) gall. Camulos `Kriegsgott'?

References: WP. I 387 f.

Page(s): 557

Root / lemma: k̂em-1 or k̂am-

Meaning: stick, pole, horn

German meaning: `Stange, Stock, Horn'

Material: Old Indian śámyā `stick, spigot, Holznagel, Stütznagel', av. simā (-i- seems idg. ǝ; or = Old Indianśámyā?) `ein Teil vom Geschirr of with horses bespannten Wagens', npers. sīm ds.;

    arm. sami-k` Pl. `Stirnholz of Ochsenjochs' (iran. Lw.?);

    gr. κάμαξ f. m. ` shaft, pole, picket, pole, Schaft of Speeres';

    dän. schwed. hammel, norw. dial. humul (-hǫmull) `das Querstück vorn am Wagen', mhd. hamel ` shaft, pole, clot, chunk';

    about das difficult lat. camox `Gemse', vorrom. *kamōsso-, s. now, yet J. Hubschmid ZrPh. 66, 9ff.

References: WP. I 385, WH. I 148, 633.

Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: k̂em-2

Meaning: hornless

German meaning: `hornlos', bei sonst gehörnten Tierarten

Material: Old Indian śáma-ḥ `hornless';

    gr. κεμάς, -άδος f., later also κεμμάς `young deer'; κεμφάς ἔλαφος Hes.;

    anord. hind f., ags. hind, ahd. hinta `Hirschkub, Hindin' (*k̂em-t-ō);

    lit. žem. šmùlas `hornless', šmūlis m., šmùlė f. `ox, cow ohne Hörner' (*k̂m-ū̆- + forms -lo-), liv. Lw. smoul';

    perhaps here russ. komolyj `hornless'; compare also W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 619.

References: WP. I 385 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 132.

Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: k̂em-3

Meaning: to cover, wrap

German meaning: `bedecken, verhüllen'

Material: Old Indian śāmulyà- n., śāmūla- n. `wollenes Hemd', śamī́ `Prosopis spicigera; Hülsenfrucht';

    lat. camisia (late) `Hemd' (gall. word; borrows from germ. *χamiÞja- `Hemd'; previously from Lat. stamen again air. caimmse `Hemd', acorn. cams ` white ', bret. kamps `Meßhemd');

    unclear is the anlaut in mcymr. hefys `Frauenhemd', akorn. hevis, bret. hiviz ds.; ags.cemes ds. is Lw. from camisia;

    ahd. hemidi n. `Hemd', ags. hemeðe (*hamiÞia-) `Hemd'; anord. hamr m. `Hülle, skin, shape', ags. homa `Hülle, cover, Anzug'; līc-hama, as. līk-hamo `body', ahd. līhhin-[*h]amo `body, Körper, corpse', got. ana-, ga-hamōn `sich bekleiden', anord. hama-sk `(*sich in Tiergestalt verkleiden, hence:) rasen'; anord. hams `bowl, husk, Schlangenbalg' (*hamisa-), compare norw. hamar `Kernhaus'; here also got. himins, anord. himinn (Dat. hifne with -ƀn- from -mn-, compare:) ags. heofon, as. heƀan `sky, heaven', next to which ahd. as. himil, md. humil `sky, heaven'; ahd. himil also `Zimmerdecke', ndl. hemel `Gaumen, Dach', nhd. Himmelbett, ahd. himiliz(z)i, mnd.hemelte `Zimmerdecke'; barely right above S. 22 to ak̂- `Stein'.

    A s-form sk̂em- seeks man incredible in got. skaman `sich schämen', ags. skamian ds., aisl. skǫmm, ahd. scama `the genitals, Schande' etc (`*sich bedecken'?).

References: WP. I 386, Specht Idg. Dekl. 346.

Page(s): 556-557

Root / lemma: k̂enk-, k̂onk-

Meaning: to sway, hang

German meaning: `schwanken'; originally `hangen, geistig in Schwebe sein'

Material: Old Indian śáŋkatē ` sways, zweifelt, fürchtet', śaŋkā́ `Besorgnis, fear, doubt', śaŋkita- `besorgt';

    lat. cunctor `zögere, bin unschlüssig' from *concitor Frequentativ to *concō, bzw. Ableit. vom participle *concitos = Old Indian śaŋkita-;

    aisl. hǣtta `venture, risk' (*hanhatjan-), hǣtta f. `danger, Wagnis', hāski m. ds. (*hanhaskan-); got. st. V. hāhan (preterit haíhāh) `hängen, in the Schwebe lassen', aisl. hanga (preterit hekk), ags. hōn (preterit heng), ahd. hāhan (preterit hiang) `hängen' (trans.); got. schw. V. hāhan (preterit hāhaida) `hangen', aisl. hanga, ags. hongian, ahd. hangēn `hangen' (intrans.); causative aisl. hengja, ahd. hengēn `hängen'; ahd. mhd. henken `aufhängen' from *hengjan, therefrom nhd. Henkel, schweiz. henkel `Tragriemen', compare mhd. hengel `Eisenhaken, Henkel'; in addition probably ahd. hāhila, -ala f., mnd. hale n. `Kesselhaken' (*hanhilō);

    hitt. ga-an-ki (kanki) `hängt'.

References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307; compare above k̂ā̆k- and keg-.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: k̂ens-

Meaning: to proclaim, announce

German meaning: `feierlich sprechen, verkündigen'

Material: Old Indian śaṁsáyati `läßt aufsagen, kündet an' (= lat. cēnseō), śaṁsati `rezitiert, lobt', śáṁsa- m. `Lob, Preisgebet', śastí- f. `Lob' (*k̂n̥s-), śásā f. `Loblied';

    av. sah- `pronuntiare', Optat. sahyāt̃, sasti- `word, Vorschrift'; sǝ̄nghaitē, apers. ϑātiy `speaks, verkündet' (*ϑa(n)hati);

    alb. thom `I say' (*k̂ēnsmi), 2. Sg. thua, thue, ablaut. participle than `gesagt' (*thonsno-);

    lat. cēnseō, -ēre `begutachten, schätzen', osk. censamur `censetor', censaum `censere', keenzstur, kenzsur (= cēnsor: Old Indian śaṁstar- `the da rezitiert'), an-censto f. = in-cēnsa `non censa', lat. cēnsus (: Old Indian śastá-ḥ `gesprochen, gepriesen'), censtom-en `in censum', Kenssurineís Gen. (= Cēnsōrīnus);

    abg. sętъ `inquit' (older Wurzelaorist? compare Meillet, Slave commun² 209).

References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM³ 201.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: k̂ent-

Meaning: to stick

German meaning: `stechen'

Material: Gr. κεντέω (seit dem 5. Jhd.; older:) *κέντω, Aor. κένσαι `prick', κέντρον `sting, prick' (forms-ro-) ` pricking ', κέντωρ `Anstachler' (to κέντρον shaped after sonstigen -τωρ besides -τρο-), κεστός `gestickt' (*κεντ-τός), κέστρον `spitzes iron', κέστρος `Pfeil', κέστρᾱ f. `Spitzhammer', κοντός ` shaft, pole, Schifferstange' (out of it lat. contus ds., whereof percontārī actually `with the Schifferstange sondieren', hence `untersuchen, forschen');

    air. cinteir (lat. Lw.) `calcar', cymr. cethr `nail', corn. kenter ds., bret. kentr `Sporn' (borrowing aller from lat. centrum `κέντρον', Pedersen KG. I 198, is barely erweislich, but probably; Vendryes Mél. Saussure 319 läßt only das ir. word from dem Brit. derive);

    ahd. hantag `sharp'; got. handugs `wise', anord. hannarr `kunstfertig, smart' from *hanÞara-, actually `sharp witted, shrewd'?;

    lett. sīts (= lit. *šiñtas) `Jagdspieß'.

References: WP. I 402.

Page(s): 567

Root / lemma: k̂en-

Meaning: empty, puny

German meaning: `leer, nichtig'

Grammatical information: only gr. and armen.

Material: Arm. sin `leer, eitel', gr. hom. κενε[F]ός, kypr. κενευFός, ion. κεινός (*κενFός) = att. κενός `leer, eitel'.

References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 564

Root / lemma: k̂erbero- and kerbero-

Meaning: variegated

German meaning: `scheckig'

Comments: (compare S. 573 k̂er- besides ker-6 in color names)

Material: Old Indian śárvara- `varicolored, scheckig', śárvarī f. `animal the Maruts, night' (v steht for b, compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 184 and:) śabála-, śabára- (diss. reduction of ersten r) `varicolored, scheckig' (besides karbará-, karvará-, kabara-, karbura-, karbu- ds.);

    gr. Κέρβερος originally `the Scheckige'; compare die mythologische turn from Old Indian śarvarī;

    slav. sobolь `Zobel' seems from dem Arischen to derive.

    The root kerb- seeks Lidén Stud. 50 f. in air. corbaim `besmirch, sully' and lit. kìrba (> lett. ḱirba) `swamp, marsh, morass' and contemplates *kerb- as extension the Farbwz. ker- (see S. 583 kers-); Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 383.

References: WP. I 425, Schulze Kl. Schr. 125, Specht Idg. Dekl. 119, 262.

Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: k̂erdho-, k̂erdhā

Meaning: troop, line

German meaning: `Reihe, Herde'

Material: Old Indian śárdha- m., śardhas- n. `herd, troop, multitude, crowd', av. sarǝδa-, apers. ϑard- `kind of, Gattung';

    gr. κόρθυς `heap', κορθύομαι `erhebe mich', κορθύ̄νω `häufe auf';

    mcymr. cordd f. `Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd, Familie' (*k̂ordhā; irrig Loth RC 42, 276 f.);

maybe alb. kordhë `sword (of soldiers)'.

    got. haírda, aisl. hjǫrð, ags. heord, ahd. herta `herd' (therefrom got. haírdeis, ahd. hirti etc `herdsman, shepherd') and ahd. herta `variation' (actually `Reihenfolge');

    in Bsl. with westidg. guttural: lit. ker̃džius (and sker̃džius) `herdsman, shepherd' (places ein *kerdà `herd' ahead), apr. kērdan Akk. `time' (actually `*row, Reihenfolge');

    abg. črěda `ἐφημερία, row after the Tagesordnung' and ` herd', črěditi `(*anreihen, dispose =) bewirten', klr. čeredá `row; herd, Rudel' (etc).

References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.

Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: (k̂ered-:) k̂erd-, k̂ērd-, k̂r̥d-, k̂red-

Meaning: heart

German meaning: `Herz'

Material: Arm. sirt, Instr. srti-v `heart' (*k̂ērdi-);

    gr. καρδίᾱ (att.), κραδίη (hom.), κάρζα (lesb.), κορίζᾱ (kypr.) `heart; Magen;Mark bei Pflanzen' (*k̂r̥d(i̯)a), poet. κῆρ, -ος n. `heart' (*k̂ērd); κέαρ neologism after ἔαρ : ἦρος;

    lat. cor (from *cord), cordis `heart', con-cors, -dis `einträchtig', dis-cors `zwieträchtig';

    air. cride n., nir. croidhe `heart, Mitte', cymr. craidd `Mittelpunkt', corn. cre(y)s, bret. kreiz `Mitte' (das Ir. läßt sich from *k̂redi̯om or *k̂r̥di̯om define, vorausgesetzt, daß die dunkle coloring the anlaut. Konsonanz explanation findet (after crú `blood'?); die brit. forms verlangen against it eine basic form *k̂redi̯om);

    got. haírto, ahd. herza, ags. heorte, anord. hjarta n. `heart' (*k̂ē̆rd-on-);

    lit. širdìs f. (older m.), Akk. šìrdį `heart, Kern, Mark from Bäumen'; lett. sir̂ds f. (older m.) `heart' and ser̂de f. `Mark, Kern in wood' (Grundformen *šérd- and šir̃d-, compare den altenGen. Sg. širdés and Gen. Pl. širdų́, die auf idg. *k̂_erdés and *k̂_erdṓm based on; see Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 302); apr. seyr n. (*kērd), to m. o-stem extended sīras, Akk. sīran `heart';

    akl. srъdьce, serb. sȑce `heart'; zero grade aksl. srěda `Mitte' (*serda), russ. seredá ds.;

    hitt. ka-ra-az (karts) `heart', Gen. kar-di-aš (Pedersen Hitt. 41).

Maybe alb. kredh 'immerse, dive'

    Not here (but to mir. cretair ` relic ') idg. k̂red-dhē- `Zauberkraft worauf place, believe, trust' in Old Indian śrád-dadhāti `vertraut, glaubt' (apart, separated still e.g. śrád asmāi dhatta `glaubet an ihn!'), śrad-dhā `reliance', av. zrazdā- `believe' (from *srazdā- through folk etymology Anlehnung an zǝrǝd- `heart');

    lat. crēdō `glaube' (*krezdō-, idg. *k̂red-dhē-);

    air. cretim `glaube', cymr. credaf ds. (not *crethaf, hence previously late zur festen Zusammensetzung geworden), corn. crežy, mbret. cridiff, nbret. credi `believe'; in addition air.cretar, mcymr. creir, cymr. crair (*kredrā) ` relic '.

   rhyme word to k̂er(e)d- is ĝhērd-, ĝhr̥d-, only Aryan, in Old Indian hr̥d `heart', etc

maybe changed through metathesis alb. Instrumental (*ĝhērd-em > zermë), zemër `heart' [common alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation] similar to alb. (*ĝhēr-m) zjarm `fire' see Root / lemma: gʷher- : `hot, warm'.

Note:

lat. cor `heart' and and alb. (*ĝhēr-mn- > zermë), zemër `heart' prove that Root / lemma: (k̂ered-:) k̂erd-, k̂ērd-, k̂r̥d-, k̂red- : `heart' are actually extension forms with -dra suffix of an older *Root / lemma: ĝhēr- `heart'.

References: WP. I 423 f, WH. I 272 f., 286 f., 857, 858; Vendryes RC 40, 436.

Page(s): 579-580

Root / lemma: k̂erǝ-, k̂rā-

Meaning: to mix; to cook

German meaning: `mischen, durcheinanderrühren', partly also `kochen' (vom Umrühren)

Material: Old Indian śrā́yati `kocht, brät', śrīṇā́ti `mischt, kocht, brät', śrītá- `gemischt', śīrtá- ds. (: gr. ἄ-κρᾱτος), śrātá-, śr̥tá- `cooked, boiled, roasted' (śráyaṇa- n. `das Mischen', ablaut neologism as Kaus. śrapáyati `kocht, brät, brennt Töpfe etc'), ā-śir- f. `Zumischung warmer milk zum Soma';

    av. sar- med. `sich vereinigen with, sich anschließen an, es halten with', sar- f. ` association, connection';

    gr. κίρνημι `mix, mingle, verbinde, gleiche from', newer κιρνάω, κεράω, κεραίω, att. κεράννvμι, Fut. κεράσω, att. κερῶ, Aor. ἐκέρασ(σ)α, ion. ἐπικρῆσαι Perf. κέκραμαι. ἄ-κρᾱτος ( : Old Indian śīrtá-) `ungemischt, rein : sich in ungehemmter Kraft äußernd, unbändig' (*k̂_erǝ-tós); κρᾶσις f. `Mischung', κρᾱτήρ `Mischkrug'; hom. ἀκήpατος in the meaning `rein (water)', metr. lengthening for *ἀκέρατος (?);

    anord. hrø̄ra, ags. hrēran, ahd. (h)ruoren `in Bewegung place, rücken, rühren', as. hrōra `movement, Aufruhr', ahd. ruora `movement (also in Leibe: nhd. Ruhr)', ags. as. hrōr `rührig, strong', ags. hrēr (engl. rear) `halb cooked, boiled'.

References: WP. I 419 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695, 697, Risch Wortbildung 227.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: k̂er-2, k̂erǝ-, k̂rē-

Meaning: to grow

German meaning: `wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren'

Material: Arm. ser `Abkunft, progeny, gender, sex', seṙ, Gen. seṙi ds. (k̂eṙ-si-), serem `bringe hervor', serim `werde geboren, grow', seṙn `gender, sex, progeny ', serm, sermn ` seed, sperm ';

    gr. ἐκόρεσα, κορέ-σω (späteres present κορέσκω and κορέννῡμι; Perf. κεκόρεσμαι) `sättigen', κόρος `Sättigung'; *κορFος in att. κόρος = hom. ion. κοῦρος, dor. κῶρος `adulescens' (later also `lap, sprout, young twig, branch'), fem. ark. Dat. Sg. κόρFαι, att. κόρη, hom. ion. κούρη, dor. κώρα `girl, virgin; Augenstern', hom. κούρητες `waffenfähige Jungmannschaft'; probably κέλωρ, -ωρος `son, Abkömmling' (diss. from *κερωρ, originally n. ` progeny ');

    alb. thjer m. `Eichel' (*k̂er-), thjerrë `lentil' (*k̂er-n-), eigentl. `Nährung';

    lat. Cerēs, -eris `goddess the fruchttragenden Erde', osk. kerrí `Cereri' (etc), `a creando', lat. masc. Cerus manus `creator bonus' with r as alat. Schreibung for rr (*cerso-) because of umbr. S̀erfe Vok. etc, osk. caria `bread'; lengthened grade lat. pro-cērus `from hohem, schlankem growth'; from the heavy basis creō, -āre `schaffen, erschaffen' (Denom. eines *crēi̯ā `Wachstum'), crē-sco, -vī `grow', crēber `dense wachsend = dense aneinanderstehend, gedrängt, full; frequent, often' (*k̂rē-dhros);

    aisl. hirsi (mhd. Lw.) m., ahd. hirso (*k̂ers-ion-), hirsi `millet, sorghum';

    lit. šeriù, šérti `füttern' (heavy basis), pãšaras m. `Futter', šer̃mens and šer̃menys Pl. `Begräbnismahl', apr. sermen ds.

References: WP. I 408, WH. I 204, Trautmann 302 f.

Page(s): 577

Root / lemma: k̂er-3

Meaning: rope; to weave

German meaning: `Schnur, Gewebefaden; flechten, knüpfen'

Comments: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. sari-k` Pl. (Gen. sareac̣, Instr. sareōc̣) `band, strap, cord' (*k̂_erei̯ā), sard (i-stem) `Spinne'(*k̂r̥-ti-);

    gr. καῖρος (*k̂_eri̯-os) σειρά τις ἐν ἱστῷ, δι' ἧς οἱ στήμονες διεγείρονται Phot., perhaps `Schnüre beim Anbinden of Gewebes', καίρωμα `ds., also Gewebe', καιρόω `binde das Gewebe together', zero grade κειρία `the Gurt of Bettgestelles', Pl. (NT.) `Grabtücher' (die forms κηρία, καιρία s. Liddell-Scott; die meaning `Grabtücher' through connection in κήρ `Todesgöttin'?).

References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.

Page(s): 577-578

Root / lemma: k̂er-4 and k̂erǝ- : k̂rē-

Meaning: to hurt, harm; to be spoiled

German meaning: `versehren'; intr. `zerfallen, vermorschen'

Material: Old Indian śr̥ṇā́ti `zerbricht, zermalmt', śī́ryate, śīryáte `wird zerbrochen, zerfällt', participle śīrṇá-, -śīrtá-, śūrrtá- `broke, verfault', Inf. śaritoḥ;

    av. asarǝta- `not broken, not mutlos gemacht' (= Old Indian áśīrta-), sari- m. `piece, fragment, shard', sāri- f. `break, Untergang'; ein d(h)-present in addition is perhaps npers. gusilem `rupture, slit, separate' from apers. *vi-sr̥dāmiy;

    gr. κεραΐζω `devastate, plündere' (*κεραF-ίζω, due to eines *κεραFο-ς; κερᾰ- = Old Indian śari-), ἀκέραιος `unzerstört, unversehrt', κεραυνός `thunderbolt, lightning' (*κερα-F[ε]ν-ος, actually `Zerschmetterer'); lengthened grade gr. κήρ, κηρός, f. `death, ruin; Todesgöttin', (urgr.ē; den att. Spruch θύραζε κᾶρες (κῆρες) ... erklärt man from einem sekundären Nom. *καρ from *κᾰρς with ᾰ from dem einstigen paradigm κῆρ : *καρός); καριῶσαι ἀποκτεῖναι Hes. invokes Reduktionsstufe, as alb. ther; ἀκήριος `unbeschädigt, nicht dem Tode verfallen', κηραίνω `verderbe, schädige', whereof ἀκήρατος `unverletzt', also `rein, lauter' (also with ἀκήρατος `unvermischt' zusammengefallen);

    lat. cariēs (*k̂r̥-i̯ē- to present *cariō) `das Morschsein, Faulsein', cariōsus `mürbe, morsch', carius `tinea';

    alb. ther `schlachte, cut, bite' (*k̂r̥-), tsirrís `steche' (*k̂er-n-);

    air. ar-a-chrin (*-k̂r̥-nu-t) `zerfällt', do-cer `er fiel' (*-k̂erǝ-t), crín ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ' (*k̂rē-no-s), irchre n. `Untergang' (*peri-k̂r-i̯o-m);

    toch. A kāryap, В karep `damage'.

References: WP. I 410 f., WH. I 167 f., Thurneysen Gr. 437, 462.

Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: k̂er(s)-1

Meaning: bristle, stiff hair

German meaning: `Borste, steifes Haar; starren, rauh and kratzig sein'

Material: Old Indian *śala in kapucchala- n. `Haar am Hinterhaupt';

    mir. carrach `schorfig, räudig, steinig'; different above S. 532;

    ahd. hursti `cristas', norw. herren `steif, hard', aisl. herstr `rough, harsh', mhd. hersten `erstarren'; perhaps ahd. as. aisl. hār, ags. hǣr `hair' from einer s-losen the abbreviated root form (lengthened grade);

    lit. šerỹs `bristle', šeriúos, šértis `haaren, Haare lassen', šiurkštùs, šiurgždùs `rough'; ablaut. ostlit. šer̃šas `Schauer'; lett. sari `Borsten';

    slav. *sьrstь (= ahd. hurst) in russ.-ksl. sьrstь f. `wool', sloven. sr̂st `Tierhaar', russ. šerstь `wool', ablaut. russ. šóroš m. `rough Oberfläche', abg. vъsorъ `rough'; slav. *sьrchъ in sloven. sr̂h m. `Schauer', russ.-ksl. srьchъkъ `τραχύς', sloven. sŕhɛk `struppig'.

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 305.

Page(s): 583

Root / lemma: k̂ers-2

Meaning: to run

German meaning: `laufen'

Material: Für palatales k̂ speaks σάρσαι ἅμαξαι Hes., das as lat. sarrācum, serrācum (ital. -rr- from -rs-) `ein ausländischer Wagen' ein illyr. *sarsa = idg. *k̂r̥sā zur wellspring haben could;

    gr. ἐπίκουρος `to help hurrying' (*k̂orsos);

    lat. currō, -ere `run' (*k̂r̥sō), cursus `run, flow', currus `Wagen', equirria `Wagenrennen' (*equi-curria, from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria and haplologisch equirria);

    gall. carros, latinisiert carrus `Karren, Wagen', air. mcymr. carr; bret. karr `biga, vihiculum' (*kr̥sos); compare mcymr. carrawc f., ncymr. carrog `Sturzbach' (*karsākā `die Laufende'?), different above S. 532.

    mhd. hurren `sich rasch bewegen'; doubtful ahd. hros, -ses, aisl. as. hross, ags. horg `horse, steed' (*hrussa-), and. hers ds. (*herssa-), da das -ss- by einer auf -s ausl. root höchstens as consonant increase in einem Kurznamen verständlich wäre; hence rather to einer Dentalerweiterung (: Old Indian kū́rdati `hüpft, springt') the not palatalen root (s)ker- `spring';

    arm. kar̄k` `Wagen' is probably Lw. from dem Galatischen.

References: WP. I 428 f., WH. I 315 f.

Page(s): 583-584

Root / lemma: k̂er-, k̂erǝ- : k̂rā-, k̂erei-, k̂ereu-

Meaning: head; horn

German meaning: `das Oberste am Кörper: Kopf; Horn (and gehörnte Tiere); Gipfel'

Material: Old Indian śíras- n. (ved. only Nom. Akk.) `head, cusp, peak', av. sarah- n. `head' (in the 2. syllable not genau = gr. κέρας from k̂erǝ-s from the heavy basis; die Red.-grade the ersten syllable, instead of *śaras-, is previously ind. or urarisch from dem Vorläufer from Old Indian Gen. śīrṣṇáḥ etc verschleppt), Gen. Old Indian śīrṣṇáḥ, Abl. śīrṣatáḥ (*k̂r̥̄sn̥-tos : gr. κρά̄ατος);

    śŕ̥ṅga- (*k̂r̥-n-go-) n. `horn', vom n-stem *k̂er-(e)n- with perhaps originally bare nominativischem g, compare gr. κραγγών `Krabbe' and from the u-basis gr. κορυ-γγ-εῖν κερατίζειν (see also under about ir. congan);

    from the u-basis av. srū-, srvā- `horn; nail an Fingern and Zehen', srvara `gehörnt' (*srū + bhara-), srvī-stāy- `with hörnernen Widerhaken';

    arm. sar `height, acme, apex, slope' (k̂_ero-);

    gr. κάρ in hom. ἐπὶ κάρ `auf den Kopf', Hippokr. ἀνάκαρ `after above', originally probably *k̂er Gen. *k̂_er-ós (καρός), from which analogical κάρ, καρός; besides κάρᾱ, ion. κάρη `Haupt'; ein s-loser stem κᾰρ- is unabweislich for ἔγ-καρος (and ἄ-καpος with α- as Tiefst. to ἐν), ἴγ-κρ-ος `Gehirn';

    perhaps here ion. κᾱρῖς, -ῖδος, att. κᾱρίς, -ίδος f. `kind of Krebs', dor. κωρίς κουρίς ds.;

    kerǝs- in gr. κέρας `horn' (Gen. ep. κέραος, att. -ως, newer -ατος, later episch -ά̄ατος) see under lat. cerebrum;

maybe alb. geg. (*kera) kreja `head', tosk. krye- `head'

    *καρασ- (*k̂_erǝs-) in: att. κάρᾱ `head' (n. *k_erǝs-n̥ > *καραα), ion. κάρη ds., obliquer stem *krāsn- (with -ατ- for -n-) aeol. Gen. κρά̄ατος, out of it κρᾱτός; Mischbildungen are καρήατος and κάρητος (*κρᾱσν- = Old Indian śīr̥ṣṇ-); κάρηαρ; in addition καροῦσθαι `sich schwer in Kopfe fühlen'; hom. κάρηνα Nom. Pl. `Köpfe, Bergesgipfel' (secondary Sg. κάρηνον, att. dor. κάρᾱνον, äol. καραννο-), basic form *κάρασνᾰ Pl.; compare M. Leumann Homer. Wörter 159.

    καρά̄ρα κεφαλή Hes. (*καρασ-ρα; therefrom Καρά̄ρων, father of Κάρᾱνος);

    about κρήδεμνον, dor. κρά̄δεμνον `head fascia' s. Schwyzer Gl. 12, 20; about hom. κατὰκρῆθεν (= κατ' ἄκρηθεν) s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 56 ff.;

    perhaps κρᾱαίνω `vollführe'. Wenn κραιπάλη `Katzenjammer after einem Rausch' because of lat. crāpula as κρᾱιπαλη aufzufassen is (in 2. Gliede then πάλλω), could κρᾱ[σ]ι- besides *καρασ-ρᾱ stand, as by Adjektiven e.g. κῡδι-άνειρα besides κῡδρός;

    *κρᾰσ- (*k̂rǝs- or *κρᾱσ-, *kr̥̄s-) in att. κράσπεδον `hem, edge; Heeresflügel'; ἀμφί-κρᾱνος (*κρᾰ̄σ-νο-) `rings with Köpfen versehen (Hydra)', ἐκατόγ-κρᾱνος `100köpfig', ion. ἐπίκρηνον κεφαλόδεσμον Hes., att. κρᾱνίον `cranium', ὀλε[νο]κρᾱνον, ωλέκρᾱνον `elbow'; κρανίξαι ἐπὶ κεφαλήν ἀπορρῖψαι Hes. next to which with lengthened grade (: κέρας) κερανίξαι κολυμβῆσαι κυβιστῆσαι Hes., ναυ-κρᾱρος `Schiffshaupt, Schiffsherr' (diss. ναυ-κλᾱρος, -κληρος), böot. Λᾱκρᾱρίδᾱς from *Λᾱ-κρᾱρος `Haupt of Volkes'; in addition κραῖρα f. `head', ἡμίκραιρα etc (from *κρασ-ρια);

    o-grade *κορσ- in ion. κόρση, att. κόρρη, dor. κόρρα `Schläfe, Haupt' (idg. *k̂ors-);

    vom -(e)n-stem k̂er(e)n- : κράνος `Helm' (*k̂r̥no-s); κάρνος ... βόσκημα, πρόβατον Hes.; κέρναι, κέρνα Pl. `die beiden Hervorragungen an den Knochenfortsätzen the dorsal vertebrae' (*k̂ern- or *k̂ers-n); κραγγών `Krabbe' (compare above Old Indian śŕ̥ṅga-); unclear is die formation from κεράμβυξ, -υκος `Hirschkäfer'; κά̄ραβος m. `Meerkrebs; Käferart; kind of ship' (> lat. carābus ds.), perhaps with maked. (?) derivative (gr. *-φος) to κᾱρίς `Seekrebs', see above; but all doubtful.

    Von k̂ereu- : κόρυδός m., f. `Haubenlerche' (: germ. herut- `deer'); κόρυς, -υθος `Helm', hom. κῦμα κορύσσεται `bäumt sich' κόρυμβος, κορυφή ` acme, apex ', κορύπτω `stoße with dem Kopf, denHörnern', κορυγγεῖν κερατίζειv Hes. (to -γγ- see above to śŕ̥ṅga-).

    Von k̂erei- : κρῑός `aries, ram' (compare in ders. meaning κεραστής), ablaut. with anord. hreinn, ags. hrān ` reindeer '.

    Vereinzeltes: κάρτην την βοῦν. Κρῆτες Hes. (if *k̂r̥-tā `die Gehörnte'); κυρίττω, κυρηβάζω `stoße with den Hörnern' (as κορύπτω; *k̂_or-);

    lat. cerebrum `Hirn' (*k̂erǝs-ro-m, compare gr. καρά̄ρα); cervīx `Nacken' (*cers-vīc-); cernuus, cernulus `Gaukler, the Purzelbäume makes, sich kopfüber überschlägt' (*k̂ers-nou̯os; if not rather Lw. from the language the gr. Jongleure, compare κερανίξαι), crābrō `hornet' (see under). Vom (e)n-stem: cornū `horn' (the u-stem perhaps as gall. κάρνυξ; `Trompete' through amalgamation of n- and u-stem); compare also illyr. PN Τρικόρνιον (Moesia), PN Cornuīnus etc (Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from *k̂r̥n-;

    to crābrō `Hornisse' (*crāsrō, k̂_erǝsron-) stellt sich (idg. k̂r̥̄s-еn-):

    ahd. hurnū̆z, hornaz, m., ags. hyrnet(u) `Hornisse' (*hurznuta); ndl. horzel (*hurzla-), nhd. Horlitze;

    lit. šìršė f., širšlỹs m., šìršuolis, old širšuo `wasp', šìršuonas, šìršūnas `Hornisse', lett. sirsis, apr. sirsilis `Hornisse';

    russ.-ksl. (etc) sъrъšenь `Hornisse, gadfly, brake', serb. sȑśljén `Hornisse'; compare Būga Kalba ir senovė I 191, 224;

    bret. kern `Scheitel, whirl of Kopfes', mir. cern f. `point, edge'; gall. κάρνυξ `Trompete', κάρνον την σάλπιγγα. Γαλάται; cymr. corn. bret. karn `Huf the Einhufer' (from `*horn'; but mir. corn. bret. corn `Trinkhorn', cymr. corn `horn'; because of brit. VN Cornoviī etc barely from dem Lat.);

    ahd. hirni, anord. hiarni `Hirn' (*k̂ersniom), ndl. hersen `Hirn', anord. hiarsi `Scheitel, whirl of Kopfes' (*k̂erson-); vom (e)n-stem: got. haúrn, ahd. anord. horn `horn, Trinkhorn, Trompete' (see above to lat. cornu), with t-suffix (compare above gr. κάρτην) in addition ahd. (h)rind, ags. hrīðer n. `Horntier', zero grade ags. hrȳðer ds., nd. ndl. rund `rother, cattle'. Von the u-basis: ahd. hiruz, as. hirot, ags. heorot, anord. hjǫrtr, nhd. Hirsch (-d-forms as in gr. κόρυδος; also in:) anord. hrūtr `aries, ram';

    lett. sirnas Pl. `Rehe'. (Endzelin KZ. 42, 378) = aksl. srъna `roe deer' (: κάρνος); ablautgleich with cymr. carw;

    in addition belongs die derivative:

    k̂erǝu̯o-s : k̂ṝu̯o-s `gehörnt, hirschköpfig, as Subst. deer' or `cow'.

Maybe alb. *k̂ṝu̯o-, krye ‘head, horned head’

    gr. κεραός `gehörnt';

    lat. cervus, -ī m. `deer', cerva f. `Hirschkuh', therefrom cervīnus `isabellfarben', gall.-lat. cervēsia, cervīsia `hirschfarbenes, braunes Getränk, beer' (Pokorny Vox Rom. 10, 259);

    cymr. carw, corn. carow, bret. karo m. `deer' (*kr̥̄u̯o-s); in addition the Gebirgsname Karawanken;

Maybe alb. kar `penis, horn': Gypsy kar `penis, horn'

    apr. sirwis m. `roe deer' (out of it borrows finn. hirvi `Elentier, deer' compare also sarve, lapp. čuarvi `Elentier');

    probably from einer Kentumsprache derive:

    alb. ka `ox' (*k̂r̥̄u̯-);

Note:

This seems to be wrong etymology since alb. cognate is related to Root / lemma: u̯egʷ- : ū̆gʷ-, ukʷs- : `wet; to irrigate; ox' Maybe zero grade in alb. (*oxa) ka `ox', (*oxie) qe Pl. `oxen' (see below).

    lit. kárvė `cow'; in addition kárviena f. `Kuhfleisch' (: čech. kravina `Kuhhaut');

    russ.-ksl. krava, poln. krowa, russ. koróva f. `cow' (*k̂orǝu̯ā); ablaut. apoln. karw (*k̂r̥̄u̯o-s) `alter ox' (out of it borrows apr. curwis Vok., Akk. kurwan `ox').

References: WP. I 403 ff., WH. I 164, 203 f., 206, 207, 276, 283 f., 284, 856, 858, Trautmann 119, 305 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583, Benveniste Origines 24 f., 175.

Page(s): 574-577

Root / lemma: k̂es-

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Old Indian śā́sti, śáśati `cuts, slices, metzelt', śasta-ḥ `niedergemetzelt', śástrá- n. `knife, Dolch', śāsá- m. `Schlachtmesser';

    gr. κεάζω `split', εὐ-κέατος `light to split', κέαρνον `axe, Schusterahle';

    alb. thadrë (*k̂as-dhrā) `zweischneidige axe';

Note:

Common alb. phonetic mutation s > th suggests alb. being a direct descendant of Sanskrit: alb. thadrë < Old Indian śástrá-

    lat. careō, -ēre `entbehren, sich enthalten, vermissen', osk. kasit `oportet'; to-participle, lat. castus `free (from Fehlern), rein, enthaltsam', originally ` cropped, truncated, cut off , apart, separated'; thereof castīgō `rüge, strafe'; neologism is cassus `leer, eitel. nichtig'; *kastrom `Schneidewerkzeug' ( : Old Indian śastrám) wird vorausgesetzt from lat. castrō, -āre `abschneiden, verschneiden, kastrieren', castrum `Lager' as `abgeschnittenes Stück Land', osk. Gen. Sg. castrous `fundi', umbr. castruo, kastruvuf `fundos' (u-stem after peku- `cattle');

also alb. (*castellum) kështjellë ‘castle’

    mir. cess f. `spear, javelin' (*kestā);

    anord. hes f. `Zapfen in Kuhstrick';

    aksl. kosa f. `sickle, scythe' (k- instead of s- through dissimilation against das following s?).

References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.

Page(s): 586

Root / lemma: k̂eub-

Meaning: thorn

German meaning: `Dorn, Dornstrauch'?

Material: Asächs. hiopo `briar', ahd. hiufo ds., ags. héopa m., héope f., engl. hip, norw. hjūpa `Hagebutte';

    apr. kaāubri `thorn'.

References: WP. I 380 f.

Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: k̂euk-

Meaning: to shine, glow

German meaning: `leuchten, hell, weiß sein, glühen'

Material: Old Indian śṓcati, śúcyati `shines, glares, gleams, gluht, burns, leidet heftigen Schmerz, trauert', śocáyati `entzündet, grieving; is sad, beklagt', śṓka- m. `blaze, glow, flame, pain, mourning, grief', śúci- `luminous, gleaming, rein', śukrá-, śuklá- `licht, white, rein', śukti- f. `Muschel, Perlenmuschel, Perlmutter' (if `*gleaming'), perhaps śuktá- `sour' (if ` burning from taste') ;

    av. saočint- ` burning ', saočayeiti `inflammat = incitat', npers. sōxtan `kindle, inflame, verbrennen', av. upa-suxta- ` kindled ', ātrǝ-saoka- m. ` firebrand ', np. sōg `mourning, grief, Kummer' (arm. sug `mourning, grief' is iran. Lw.); av. suxra- `luminous (vom fire)', np. surx `red';

    gr. κύκνος `swan' as `the Weiße'.

References: WP. I 378. extension from k̂eu-2.

Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: k̂euk̂-, k̂uk̂-

Meaning: to mix, to whirl

German meaning: `durcheinandermischen, wirbeln'?

Comments: Sehr doubtful.

Material: Gr. κυκεών `Mischtrank', κυκάω `rühre ein, mix, mingle', κύκηθρον `Rührkelle';

    lit. šáukštas `spoon', šiùkšmės `Geröll, Auskehricht', šiukštùs `with chaff or Kleiegemischt'.

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 218 f.

Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: k̂eu-1, k̂eu̯ǝ- : k̂ū-, k̂u̯ā-

Meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen, Schwellung, Wölbung' and `Höhlung; hohl', gemeinsame Anschauung, Wölbung after außen or innen'

Material: Old Indian śv-áyati `schwillt an, wird stark, mighty' (Perf. śū-śuv-uḥ); śu-ná- n. `Wachstum, prospering; flourishing, luck, salvation'; śávas- n. ` strength, Heldenkraft', śávīra- `strong, mighty' (ī probably secondary for ī, so that = gall. κάυαρος), śáviṣṭha- `übermächtigst', śūná- `swollen, aufgedunsen' (aisl. hūnn etc; about Old Indian śū́na-m `lack' s. Thieme KZ. 69, 172f.); śūnyá- `leer' (and arm. sun `very gering, entbloßt from'); śū́ra- `strong', mostly `Held' (= av. sūra-, gr. ἄ-κυρος etc); śṓ-tha- m. `Anschwellung, Aufgedunsenheit', śṓ-pha- m. `swelling, lump, growth, ulcer'; śāva- m. `das Junge eines animals', Old Indian śi-śu- m. `kid, child, Junges';

    śvā-trá- `gedeihlich, strong', n. ` power, Stärkung'; śá-śvant- `jeder', see under; from einer s-extension probably śuṣi- m. `cavity' (= ags. hyse ` youngling '), suṣirá- (from śuṣ-?) `hollow'; n. `cavity, ein Blasinstrument';

    av. spā(y), redupl. present participle sispimna- `swell up', sūra- (= Old Indian śū́ra-) `strong, vast, grand', Superl. sǝvišta- (= Old Indian śáviṣṭha-); sūra- m. `hole, lacuna', npers. sūrāx `hole' (: κύαρ = ὕδρος : ὕδωρ; s. also arm. sor, at most lat. caver-na);

    arm. sun (see above to Old Indian śū́na- ` emptiness '); sor `hole' (*so[v]oro- from *sovaro- = Old Indian *śavīra-, gr. κύαρ), soil `cave' (*k̂eu-lo-);

    alb. thelë `deep' (= κό(F)ιλος; о to a and through umlaut to e); thanë `Kornelkirsche' (*k̂ousnā), tosk. i thantë `kerngesund' (Jokl by WH. I 277);

    gr. κόοι τὰ χάσματα τῆς γῆς, καὶ τὰ κοιλώματα Hes. (: lat. cavus, mir. cūa), κοῖλος `hollow' (κόFιλος = alb. thelë), lengthened grade κῶος `cave, jail '; κύαρ (*k̂uu̯r̥) `hole' (see above to av. sūra- `hole', arm. sor); (perhaps Fremdwörter κύαθος `Becher' and κώθων `lakon. bauchiges Trinkgeschirr' from *κοFαθων?); κύλα τὰ ὑποκάτω τῶν βλεφάρων κοιλώματα Hes. (also κύλον `τὸκάτωθεν βλέφαρον' Poll., Suid.; also κυλάδες, κυλίδες; in addition, as it seems, κοικύλλω `gaffeumher', Κοικυλίων actually `Gaffer';

    with the meaning `to swell' etc: κυέω, (ἐγ)κύω, Aor. ἔκῡσα `pregnant sein', κύος n. `foetus' (: cymr. cyw), ἔγκυος `pregnant', ἐγκύ̄μων (?) ds.: κῦμα `Woge'; Κυάρη ἡ Αθηνᾶ Hes. (`*die strong', ablaut. with Old Indian śavīra-, gall. Καυαρος) ; ἄ-κῡρος `ungültig' (= Old Indian śū́ra-), κύ̄ριος ` power, Macht habend, herrschend, maßgebend; master, mister', κῦρος n. `power, force, influence, Entscheidung'; in addition from the grade *k̂u̯ā- (as Old Indian śvātrá-) dor. Aor. πά̄σασθαι, Perf. πέπαμαι `Verfügung, Gewalt about etwas bekommen', πᾶμα `Besitztum', PN Θιό-ππᾶστος (ππ < k̂u̯), ion.ἔμπης, dor. ἔμπας `gleich, jedenfalls, überhaupt'; in addition ἐμπάζομαι `kümmere mich um etwas', κατεμπάζω `ergreife, überfalle' (`*take in appanage '), ἔμπαιος `expert, skillful' (`*in Besitz from etwas') ;

    πᾶς `whole' (*πᾱ-ντ- from *k̂u̯ā-nt-); also = ἅ-πᾱς `jeder', Old Indian śá-śvant- (*sa-śvant-) `jeder the row after, vollständig';

    lat. cavus `hollow, gewölbt (konkav)' from *cou̯os (compare port. covo etc), caverna `cave'; cumulus (*k̂u-me-los `Anschwellung') `heap'; inciēns `pregnant' (*en-cu̯iens, similarly Old Indian śvayatē); here also cavea f. `cage', mlat. cavellum `basket', roman. *cavāneum (M.-L. 1786) `basket, Wiege';

    gall. PN Καυαρος, Cavarillus (assimil. from *covaro-: Old Indian śavīra-), cymr. cawr (*cawar), corn. caur `Riese'; mir. Nom. Plur. cōraid `Helden', kirchlich to `Sünder' verschlimmert; mir. cūa (*k̂ou̯i̯os) `hollow' (: κόοι, lat. cavus); cūass `cave'; bret. kéo `Grotte' (*kou̯io-); cymr. cyw m. `Tierjunges' (*k̂uu̯os: gr. κύος);

    aisl. hūnn m. `dice, cube, klotzartiges piece; Junges', ags. hūn m. `Junges', *hūni- ` power, strength ' in EN as ahd. Hūn-mār (= Old Indian śūná-), elsäss. hünsch `Geschwulst the Milchadern';probably also das verstärkende aisl. hund-, e.g. hund-diarfr `πάν-τολμος', i.e. participle*hunda = *k̂u̯-n̥t- (: *k̂u̯-ent-, during gr. παντ-, *k̂u̯ā-nt from the heavy basis k̂u̯ā- has derived); ags. hyse ` youngling ' (: Old Indian śuṣi `Hohlstengel'), hoss m. `twig, branch';

    lett. šâva `scheidenartige col, gap or cavity am tree' (lengthened grade, compare κῶος); from `to swell' from: lit. šaũnas, šaunùs `strong, proficient', pašū̆nė ` power, strength ' (: Old Indian śuná-m; Persson Beitr. 192, the also šaulis (alit.) `hip, haunch', šuka `Heuhaufen auf dem Felde', šū́snis `heap', šū́tis `Holzstoß', šū́tis `heap Steine or Holz' anreihen möchte??);

    abg. sujь `nichtig, eitel'; compare Būga Kalba ir. sen. I 291.

    A root form k̂u̯-el- perhaps in ags. hwylca (leg. hwelca) `Eiterbläschen, swelling, lump, growth', wherefore hwelian `eitern' and (?) lett. kvel̂dêt, kvèlêt `glow' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 352).

References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 301.

Page(s): 592-594

Root / lemma: k̂eu-2

Meaning: to shine, bright

German meaning: `leuchten, hell'

Material: Av. savahī- `name of in Osten gelegenen Erdteils' (eig. Nom. Du. from *savah- `Morgen, Osten'), with zero grade root syllable Old Indian śvaḥ Adv. `cras'; r-stem av. sūrǝm `früh morgens' (thematic Akk. eines conservative stem), a-sūiri `in Morgendunkel' (sūirya-), Akk. sūirīm `Frühstück';

    perhaps arm. šukh ` radiance, Pracht, fame' (as *k̂u̯ō-ko-; therefrom škheɫ `glanzvoll etc'), šol `ray, Lichtstrahl' (as *k̂u̯o-lo-), nšoyl `light, radiance, Gefunkel' (*ni-k̂u̯oli̯o), probably šand, šant` `spark, lightning, glühendes iron' (k̂u̯n̥ti-; probably from einem participle-stem k̂u̯-ent- : ku̯-n̥t- derive ).

    no-stem: Old Indian śóṇa- `red, hochrot' (n̥ for n), gall. COVNOS (Münze), air. *cuan-dae, mir. cuanna, cymr. cun ` mellifluous' (Sommerfelt BSL. 24, 219 ff.); russ. sunica, sunika, skr. sunica `Himbeere'; russ. kuná `marten' etc, lit. kiáunė, lett. caûna, caûne, apr. caune ds. could ein entsprechendes Farbadj. from einer root form with Velar the basic liegen; about lit. švìnas `lead', das Persson Beitr. 745 zw. as k̂u_eno- anreiht, s. Boisacq s. v. κύανος.

   Root extensions:

    k̂eu-bh-: Old Indian śúmbhati `shines', śṓbhatē `is stately, nimmt sich beautiful from', śōbhaná- `beautiful, gleaming', śubha- `pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying', śubhrá- `beautiful, gleaming, hellfarbig' = arm. surb `rein, holy', srbem `clean, heilige'.

    k̂eu-dh-: Old Indian śúndhati `purifies, cleans', śudhyatē `wird rein', śuddhá- `rein', Kaus. śundhayati `purifies, cleans' (av. sudu- `Reinigung of Getreides? Getreidemühle?' s. Bartholomae Wb. 1583).

maybe alb. (*śúndhati) kunadh-e f. 'marten' and gr. κουνάβι 'marten'

    k̂eu-k- see under esp. Schlagwort (k̂euk-);

    k̂u̯-en- `hold festivities, heiligen'? see under esp. Schlagwort (k̂u̯-en-);

    k̂u̯-eid-, k̂u̯-eit- see under esp. Schlagwort (k̂uei-3).

References: WP. I 368, Trautmann 122 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 121; s. k̂u̯on- `dog'.

Page(s): 594-595

Root / lemma: k̂e-

See also: see under k̂o-

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: k̂ēi-bh-

Meaning: quick, hasty

German meaning: `schnell, heftig'

Material: Old Indian śī́bham Adv. `rash, hasty, quick, fast', śī́bhya- `quick, fast fahrend', śibhrá- `horny, lustful (?)';

    got. haifsts `fight, quarrel', anord. heipt, heifst f. `enmity, rage, fury, hate', ahd. heiftīg `violent'; ags. hǣst `force, might, Heftigkeit', afries. haest `haste, hurry', mnd. heist `Heftigkeit'; ags.hǣste, ahd. heisti `violent, forcible '.

References: WP. I 364 f.; belongs to k̂ēi-gh-, see under.

Page(s): 542

Root / lemma: k̂ēi-gh-

Meaning: quick, hasty

German meaning: `schnell, heftig'

Material: Old Indian śīghrá- `rash, hasty, quick, fast';

    ags. hīgian `tendere, festinare, niti', engl. hie `hurry', geminated norw. hikka `schluchzen', aschwed. hikka `pant, gasp, den Schluckauf haben' (onomatopoeic words?);

    russ. sigátь, signútь `spring', wruss. sigáć, signuć `schreiten, big, giant Schritte make';wherefore also russ. sig `a kind of fish', as Salm to saliō, so that lit. sýkis etc and anord. sīkr maybe from dem Russ. borrows are.

References: WP. I 363, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174, Specht Idg. Dekl. 249;

See also: belongs to k̂ēi-bh-, see above.

Page(s): 542-543

Root / lemma: k̂ē(i)- : k̂ō(i)- : k̂ǝ(i)-

Meaning: to sharpen, whet

German meaning: `schärfen, wetzen'

Comments: probably Weiterbildung from ak̂- `sharp' (see 18 ff.)

Material: Old Indian śi-śā-ti (śi-śī-tē), śy-áti `schärft, wetzt', participle śitá- `gewetzt, sharp' (= lat. catus, air. cath), śāta- ds., śāṇa- m. (with mind. n̥ for n) `Wetz-, Probierstein' (= npers. san `whetstone'); perhaps also Old Indian śilā́ `Stein, Fels' (*k̂ǝ-lā);

    av. saēni- `cusp, peak, Wipfel, sharp' (npers. sāyaδ `reibt') = anord. hein;

    arm. sur `sharp' (*k̂ō-ro-), srem `schärfe', sur, Gen. sroy, sword, knife', sair `cutting edge' (*k̂e-ri-), compound sairadir `cutting edge', therefrom *sardrem, sadrem `reize, treibe an'; perhaps also sal, Gen. sali `Steinplatte, Amboß' (*k̂ǝ-li-, compare above Old Indian śilā́);

    gr. κῶνος m. `Kegel, Pinienzapfen, Helmspitze, Kreisel' (= Old Indian śāṇa-), therefrom κώνειον `Schierlingskraut' (after den Blättern);

    lat. catus (after Varro Sabine) `acutus, sharp witted, shrewd' (= Old Indian śi-ta-, air. cath); cos, cotis `whetstone', also cotes, cautes f. Pl. `spitzer Fels, Riff' (das -au- Hyperurbanismus); catanus `Zedernwacholder' is perhaps gall. Lw.;

    air. cath `wise' (= lat. catus, Old Indian śi-tá-);

    aisl. hein f. `whetstone', ags. hān `Grenzstein', engl. hone `whetstone' (*k̂ǝi-n- : av.saēni-); mhd. hār `tool zum Schärfen the scythe' (*k̂ē-r-), mnd. haren `schärfen, sharp sein'.

References: WP. I 454 f., WH. I 181, 183 f., 190 f.

Page(s): 541-542