Part IV

Root / lemma: k̂ēko-

Meaning: green grass, green fodder

German meaning: `Grünfutter, frisches eßbares Grün'

Material: Old Indian śāka- m. n. `eßbares herb, Gemüse';

lit. šė́kas `fresh gemähtes Gras, Grünfutter', lett. sēks ds., apr. schokis `grass' (these at first from *sjākas; -jā- from -ē-?);

aisl. hā f. `Grummet' (probably from germ. *hēhōn-).

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: k̂ē-ro-

Meaning: a kind of colour

German meaning: Farbbezeichnung?

Material: Old Indian śārá- `varicolored, scheckig', dessen -ra- as formantisch erwiesen wird through die av. Kompositionsform *śā-(i̯)i- in sāi-mužay- EN `the ungleichmäßig gefärbte Eselinnen hat';

gr. κηρύλος `the blaue Eisvogel' (diminutiveformans -ύλος).

*kē-ro- perhaps as *k̂e[i]-ro- to k̂ei-2 in ` color names '?

References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: k̂ēu-1 : k̂ū-

Meaning: to sway

German meaning: `wackeln'

Material: Lat. cēveō, -ēre `wobble, sway; as ein wedelnder Hund schmeicheln';

abg. po-kyva-jǫ, -ti (hauptsächlich with glavǫ) `den Kopf schütteln, nicken', čech. kývati `winken, nicken, wedeln, move, shake' (etc).

References: WP. I 376.

Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: k̂ēu-2 (: k̂ǝu-, k̂ū-)

Meaning: to light, to burn

German meaning: `anzünden, verbrennen'?

Comments: Only gr. and lit.

Material: Gr. καίω (ion.), κά̄ω (att.) from *καF-ι̯ω `zünde an, brenne an', Aor. hom. ἔκηFα, altatt. Gen. Sg. κέᾱντος (*κηFαντ-), neuatt. ἔκαυσα, Med. episch κηάμην, Pass. ἐκά̆ην, ἐκαύθην, delph. κηΰᾱ, θυσία', κήια καθάρματα and κεῖα ds. Hes., hom. κηώδης `duftig, wohlriechend' (from einem *κῆFος `blaze, incense '), καῦσις, καῦμα n. `blaze', κᾶλον `trockenes wood' (*καF-ελον), äol. καυαλέος ` burning hot', hom. κήλεος (*κᾱFαλέος) etc;

lit. kūlė́ti `brandig become, vom corn, grain ', kūlė̃ `Getreidebrand'.

References: WP. I 376 f.

Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: k̂ēu̯ero-, k̂ōu̯ero- (also sk̂ūro-?)

Meaning: north, north wind

German meaning: `Nord, Nordwind'

Material: Lat. caurus (cōrus) `Nordwind' (*k̂ǝu̯ero-);

lit. šidurė f. `Norden', šiaurỹs m. `Nordwind';

abg. sěverъ (*k̂ēu̯ero-) `Norden';

mabe zero grade in alb. (*sěverъ > *sveri) veri 'north' [the common alb. sv- > v- shift]

moreover perhaps changing through ablaut and with anlaut. s-:

arm. c̣urt `cold; coldness, Schauer' (*sk̂ūr-do-);

aisl. ahd. skūr ` thunderstorm ', nhd. Schauer, afries. as. ags. scūr, scéor `Schauer', got. skūra windis `whirlwind', norw. dial. skøyra (*skauriōn-) `Windschauer', skjøra (*skeurōn-) ds., norw. skøyra, skūra `blindlings auf etwas losfahren', aisl. skȳra `quick, fast dahinrennen'.

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 65.

Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: k̂Þei-

Meaning: to settle

German meaning: `siedeln, sich ansiedeln, eine Niederlassung gründen'

Material: Old Indian kṣḗti, kṣiyáti `weilt, wohnt', av. šaēiti ds., Old Indian kṣití-, av. šiti- `Wohnplatz, Siedelung', Old Indian kṣḗtra-, av. šōiϑra- n. `Grundbesitz, Wohnplatz', Old Indian kṣēma- m. `ruhiges Verweilen';

arm. šēn, Gen. šini `bewohnt, bebaut, village' (: gr. κτοίνᾱ);

gr. κτίζω `gründe', ἐυκτίμενος `probably gebaut, probably bestellt', ἐΰκτιτος ds., περικτίονες, περικτίται `Umwohner, Nachbarn', ἀμφικτίονες `Herumwohnende' (zur form ἀμφικτύονες Lit. by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), κτίσις `Anbauung, Ansiedelung', rhod. κτοίνᾱ `Wohnsitz, Gemeindebezirk', auchκτίλος `ruhig' (eigentl. `an die Siedelung gebannt, domesticated ');

See also: belongs probably zum Folgenden: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)-

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: k̂ik-1

Meaning: strap

German meaning: etwa `Riemen'

Material: Old Indian śic- f., śikya- n. `Schlinge, Tragband', śāikya- `damasziert, eigentl. with Schlingen versehen';

gr. κίσσαρος and κισσός `ivy' (?);

lit. šikšnà `feines Leder zur Verfertigung from Riemenwerk, strap'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂ik̂er-

Meaning: pea

German meaning: under likewise `Erbse'

Comments: barely indogermanisch

Material: Arm. siseṙn `Kichererbse' (seems k̂eik̂er- or k̂oik̂er- fortzusetzen);

gr. (maked.) κίκερροι (so for überliefertes κίβερροι through die alph. Reihenfolge gefordert) ὠχροί. Μακεδόνες; gr. κριός `Kichererbse' (wird from *κικριός dissimil. sein);

lat. cicer `Kichererbse';

[lit. kekė̃ `Traube', lett. k'ekars ds. shine, appear, seem against it with lett. k'eḱis `Dolde, Traube', Lituanismus to lett. cekulis ` pigtail, tassel, Quaste, Strauß, tussock ', cecers `Krauskopf' and čech. čečeřiti `struppig make, kräuseln' eine various family to bilden.]

maybe alb. (*k'ekar) kokër ‘grain, bean’

References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂iph-

Meaning: a small twig or root

German meaning: `dünner biegsamer Zweig or Wurzelteil'?

Material: Old Indian śiphā `dünne root, rod'; gr. messenisch κίφος n. `στέφανος'; at most also lett. sipsna `strong rod', lit. šipulỹs `chip of wood, wooden log'.

References: WP. I 452.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2

Meaning: to rain, drizzle

German meaning: `tröpfeln'

Material: Old Indian śīkára- m. `fine rain', śīkāyati ` dribbles '; norw. higla `drip, trickle', higl `fine rain'.

Maybe abbreviated alb. shi ` fine rain, rain'.

Comments:

The shift s- > h- suggests Germanic languages absorbed this root through illyr.-alb. intermediary. Actually Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2 : `to rain, drizzle' derived from Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : `juice; liquid, *rain'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂īō̆n- (k̂īsō̆n-?)

Meaning: pillar

German meaning: `Säule'

Comments: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. siun = gr. κί̄ων `Säule'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂lei-

Meaning: to tip, incline, lean

German meaning: `neigen, lehnen'; vielfach von angelehnten Stangen (hence Zelte with Stangengerippe; Sattelstangen), Leitern, leiter- or gitterartigen Holzkonstruktionen, andrerseits von Berglehnen, Hügeln under likewise

Material: Old Indian śráyati `lehnt, legt an', śráyatē `lehnt sich an, befindet sich', śritá- = av. srita- (: sray-) `gelehnt';

av. sray-, srinav-, srinu- `lean' (compare gr. κλινι̯ω);

Maybe alb. (*sri) rri `keep; stay; hang out; remain; abide; bide; set; perch; settle; reside; stop' [common alb. s- > zero phonetic mutation].

arm. leaṙn, Gen. leṙin `mountain' (*k̂leitr̥no-??);

doubtful arm. linim `become, entstehe, geschehe, bin' (compare Old Indian śráyate `befindet sich');

gr. κλί̄νω, lesb. κλίννω (*κλῐνι̯ω) `neige, lehne an' (Fut. κλῐνῶ, Perf. κέκλιμαι), κλιτός `gelegen', κλίσις `Neigung', κλισία f. `cottage, tent', δικλίδες `zweiflügelige door', κλί̄νη `bed', κλιντήρ, κλισμός `Ruhebett', κλῑτύ̄ς (lies κλειτύ̄ς, Herodian.) f. `slope, hill' (hellen. κλῖτος, κλίτος `hill'), κλίμα n. `Neigung, region, Weltgegend', κλῖμαξ f. `ladder';

lat. clīnō, -āre `bend, beugen, neigen' (previously to compounds neologism and thematische reshuffling eines *klī̆-nā-mi), acclīnis `angelehnt', triclīnium `Speisesofa', cliēns, -tis `the sich Schutzes halber an jjemanden Anlehnende, Höriger, Klient', clēmens `milde, gentle' (*k̂léi̯omenos?); clītellae `Saumsattel, packsaddle for Esel and Maultiere' (from den gegeneinander gelehnten Sattelstangen), diminutive eines *k̂leitrā = umbr. kletram `feretrum, lecticam' (and got. hleiÞra f. `tent'); clīvus `hill' (= got. hlaiw n. `grave'), clīvius `slant, skew = unlucky, from omen, sign';

mir. clē, cymr. cledd, bret. kleiz, corn. cledh `link, unlucky ' = `slant, skew' (*k̂lei̯os), mir. fo-chla, cymr. go-gledd `Nord'; mir. clen `Neigung', Wunsch' (: cymr. dichlyn `watchful, wakeful' from *dī-eks-klin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);

air. clōin, clōen `slant, skew, krummrückig'; gallorom. *clēta ` hurdle ', mir. clīath `crates', cymr. clwyd ` hurdle, Barriere', acorn. cluit gl. `clita', bret. kloued-enn `Hag' (k̂leito-, -tā); in addition acymr. clutam `haufe auf', clut, ncymr. clud `heap' (*k̂loi-tā); mir. clēthe n. `roof beam, Dach', zero grade cymr. cledr-en `Sparren, lath, fence' (*k̂li-trā = mir. clethar `pad'), mbret. clezr-en, nbret. klerenn `pièce principale de la claie' (ablaut. with umbr. kletram, lat. clītellae, got. hleiÞra and ahd. leitara);

ahd. (h)linēn `lean (intr.)', asächs. hlinōn, ags. hlinian, hleonian (*hlinēn) ds.; ahd. hlina `reclinatorium', ags. hlinbedd, hlinung `Lager', ahd. hlinā `cancelli'; Kaus. ahd. (h)leinen, ags. hlǣnan `lean (tr.)'; got. hlainē Gen. Pl. `the hill', nisl. hleinn `Felsvorsprung', norw. dial. lein f. `Halde, slope' (: lett. slains); got. hlaiw `grave', urnord. hlaiwa ds., ahd. as. hlēo `burial mound, grave', ags. hlāw `burial mound, Grabstein'(= lat. clīvus); got. hlija m. `tent, cottage'; ahd. (h)līta, nhd. Leite `Bergabhang', aisl. hlið f. `slope, Berghalde' (compare gr. κλειτύς, lit. šlaĩtas); aisl. hlið f. `Seite', ags. hlīð n. `Halde, hill' (: κλίτος, lit. šlìtė); got. hleiÞra `cottage, tent' (see above to lat. clītellae etc); ahd. (h)leitara `ladder', ags. hlæd(d)er ds.; ags. -hlīdan `bedecken', hlid n. `cover, door', ahd. lit `cover' (nhd. Augenlid), aisl. hlið `door, Gattertür', got.hleiduma `linker'; d-present perhaps in aisl. *hlīta (*k̂lei-d-) `trust auf, sichzufriedengeben with';

lit. šliejù, šliẽti (older žem. šlejù = Old Indian śráyati =) lett. sleju, slìet `anlehnen', in addition lit. šlýti `zur Seite sinken', su-šlìjęs `sich neigend', Kausat. nu-šlajìnti `umkippen'; nouns: lett. slejs m., sleja f. `line'; apr. slayan n. `Schlittenkufe', Nom. Pl. slayo ` sled ', lit. šlãjos f. Pl. ds.; at-šlainis m. `Erker', lett. slains `wo man einsinkt', lit. šlaĩtas m. `slope', šlýna f. `Lehm', at-šlaĩmas m. `Vorhof'; lett. slita f. `fence', lit. žem. pã-šlitas `slant, skew' (= Old Indian śritá-, gr. κλιτός); lit. šlìtė, šlitìs f. `Garbenhocke' (: gr. κλίσις), alit. šlitė `ladder'; lit. šleivas `krummbeinig' (compare lat. clīvus `slope'), ablaut. šlivìs m. `krummbeinige person'; to den Reimwörtern lit. kleĩvas, klývas `krummbeinig' see under (s)kel- `bend'; different Specht Idg. Dekl. 130, 317¹;

slav. *slojь `Schicht' (*k̂loi̯o-s) in sloven. slòj `Schicht, Lager', russ. čech. sloj ds.; compare formal above apr. slayan n. `Schlittenkufe'.

Über die höchst zweifelhafte affiliation from abg. etc klětь `Gemach, Zelle' (lit. klė́tis `Vorratshäuschen, Schlafgemach for girl' is slav. Lw.) under assumption from westidg. Gutt. s. Berneker 517 f.

References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f., Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.

See also: extension from k̂el-2 `neigen'; s. also under (s)kel- `bend'.

Page(s): 600-602

Root / lemma: k̂lep- (sk̂lep-?)

Meaning: to cover, conceal, steal

German meaning: `verheimlichen, verstecken, stehlen'

Material: Gr. κλέπτω (*κλεπι̯ω) `stehle' (κέκλοφα, ἐκλάπην and ἐκλέφθην), κλέπος n., κλέμμα (out of it lat. clepta), κλώψ, κλοπός, κλοπεύς `thief', κλοπή `Diebstahl';

lat. clepō, -ere ` clandestine wegstehlen';

got. hlifan `steal' (hliftus `thief');

mir. cluain (*klopni-) f. `deceit, Schmeichelei', cluainech `trügerisch';

apr. auklipts (*-kl_eptós) `hide, conceal'; s. also under klēp-.

With anlaut. sl- from skl- seems related lit. slepiù, slė̃pti `conceal'.

The meaning makes probably, daß k̂lep- extension from k̂el- `conceal' is; mhd. hulft ` quiver ' seems justly zero grade our root form to sein, as apr. auklipts; apr. auklipts zeigte then westidg. guttural.

References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137.

Page(s): 604

Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-

Meaning: to hear

German meaning: `hören' (aoristisch), also `whereof man viel hört, berühmt, Ruhm'

Comments: (extension einer root k̂el-);

Material: 1. Old Indian śr̥ṇṓti (*k̂l̥-neu-) `hört', śrudhí `hear' (= *κλύθι), participle śrutá- (= κλυτός, lat. inclutus, ir. cloth n., ahd. Hlot-, arm. lu) etc, śraváyati `läßt hören', śrūyate `wird belongs', śrúti- `das Hören';

Note:

Alb. shurdh `deaf' : lat. surdus `deaf' : śrudhí `hear'.

Alb. and lat. prove that from Root / lemma: su̯er-2 : `to hiss' derived Root / lemma: su̯er-1 (also ser-?) : `to speak'. From the transposition of sounds then derived Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū- : `to hear'

av. surunaoiti (*k̂lu-n-) `hört, steht in Rufe, is named' etc, participle srūta- `belongs, illustrious', srū̆ti- `das to Gehörbringen, Vortrag';

Old Indian śrōtra- n. `ear', av. sraoϑra- n. `das Singen' (= ags. hlēoðor, ahd. hliodar), av. sraota- n. `das Hören' (compare serb. slútiti), av. sraōman- n. `Gehör' (: got. hliuma), Old Indian śrṓmata- n. `good shout, call' (= ahd. hliumunt);

arm. lu `kund' (= κλυτός etc), lur `knowledge, rumor, tidings ', lsem, Aor. luaj `hear, heard' (*k̂lu-k̂e-); das -s- of present is am wahrscheinlichsten -sk̂o-);

gr. κλέ(F)ω, -ομαι, ep. κλείω `rühme' are secondary; ἔκλυον `heard' (= Old Indian śruvam), κλῦθι, κέκλυθι `hear!', κλυτός `illustrious', κλειτός `illustrious' (*κλεFετος, as γενετή, lat. genitus), κληίζω `rühme; rufe, name' (*κλέFε[σ]-ίζω vom es-stem), κλεηδών, κληδών, -όνος (*κλεF-ηδών) `shout, call', etc;

lat. clueō, -ēre (later also cluō, -ĕre) `genannt become, heißen' (ē-verb with the zero grade k̂lu-), cluvior (Gl.) `nobilior', inclutus `illustrious' (about lat. from-cultō see under k̂el-2 `neigen'), osk.-umbr. only in names (Kluvatiis `Clovatius', umbr. Kluviier `Cluvii' under likewise);

air. cloth n. `fame' (= Old Indian śruta-), cymr. clod `laus';

cymr. clywed `auditus, audire', mcymr. clywaf, corn. clewaf `I hear'; bret. clevout `hören', air. ro-clui-nethar (reconverted from *cli-nu-, idg. *k̂l̥-) `hört', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, cymr. cigleu `audivi', air. Konj. rocloor `daß I hear', -cloth, newer -closs `wurde gehört'; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439;

aisl. hljōð `Zuhören, Stille; sound' (= av. sraota-), ags. hlēoðor `sound, tone, Melodie', ahd. hliodar n. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Old Indian śrōtra-), got. hliuma m. `Gehör', Pl. `ears' (= av.sraoman), ahd. hliumunt, nhd. Leumund (= Old Indian śrōmata-), participle *hluÞa-, *hluða- in ahd.Hluderīch, Hlothari, ags. HloÞ-wīg, -here etc; besides with ū (heavy basis, see above), ahd. hlūt, ags. as. hlūd, nhd. laut;

lett. sludinât `verkünden'; lengthened grade lit. šlovė̃ and šlóvë `glory, magnificence, Pracht', ablaut. ostlit. šlãvė `fame';

abg. slovǫ, sluti `heißen, be illustrious', lengthened grade slava f. `fame', therefrom slaviti `illustrious make', serb. slûtīm, slútiti `ahnen' (Denom. eines *slutь; sloven. slût ` suspicion ' is probably postverbal), slytije `shout, call, names';

toch. AB klā̆w- `verkünden'; A klots, В klautso `ear, gill'.

With westidg. guttural: alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj `name' (Pedersen IF. 5, 36).

Note:

Alb. geg. kla, kja `cry, lament, call (the dead)' : illyr. EN Ves-cleves : Old Indian vasu-śravas ` possessing good fame ', where illyr. seems the intermediary between satem and centum.

2. es-stem: Old Indian śravas- n. `fame', av. sravah- n. `word', gr. κλέFος `fame', illyr. EN Ves-cleves (= Old Indian vasu-śravas ` possessing good fame '), lat. cluor (Gl.) `δόξα', air. clū `fame' (but cymr. clyw `Gehör' is eine newer formation), dessen ū from dem Gen. Sg. derives; aksl. slovo `word'; toch. A klyw, В kälywe (*kleu̯os) `fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.

3. s-extensions: Old Indian śrṓṣati `hört, horcht, gehorcht', śrúṣti- `Willfährigkeit', av. sraoša- `Gehör' etc;

arm. luṙ `schweigend' (k̂lus-ri-);

air. cluas `ear' (*k̂loustā) = cymr. clūst `Gehör';

aisl. hler `das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-), ahd. hlosēn `zuhören, horchen', nhd. (bair.) alem. losen ds.; aisl. hlust `ear' (= Old Indian śruṣti-), ags. hlyst `Gehör', as. hlust f. `Gehör, ear, Hören, Lauschen', aisl. hlusta, ags. hlystan (engl. listen) `aufhorchen, zuhören'; with ū (as ahd. hlūt, see above): ahd. lūstrēn, nhd. (schwäb.-bair.) laustern `zuhören, horchen', nhd. lauschen (*hlūs-skōn); ags. hlēor, as. hlior, aisl. hlȳr `cheek' (= abg. sluchъ);

abg. slyšati `hören', sluchъ `Gehör', slušati (serb. slȕšati, also heavy basis as slyšati) `hören';

toch. A klyoṣ-, В klyauṣ- `hören'; А klośäṃ, В klausane Dual `ears'.

With westidg. Gutt.: messap. klaohi `hear!' (: Old Indian śrōṣi); lit. klausaũ, -ýti `hören', lett. klàusît `hören, gehorchen', apr. klausīton `erhören', lit. paklusnùs `gehorsam' (against it lit. kláusiu `frage' = `*will hören' from *kleu̯ǝ-s-iō hat futurisches s).

References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. LVI 1950: 3.

Page(s): 605-607

Root / lemma: k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū-

Meaning: to rinse, clean

German meaning: `spülen, rein machen'

Comments: extension k̂leu-d-, lett. also k̂lō̆u-k-.

Material: Gr. κλύζω (*κλύδι̯ω) `spüle', κλύδων m. ` wash of the waves ', κλύσμα n., κλυσμός m. `Plätschern', κλυστήρ m. `Klistierspitze', root nouns Akk. Sg. κλύδα `Woge';

altlat. cluō `purgo' (*k̂lou̯ō), lat. cloāca (cluāca, clovāca) `Abzugskanal';

altgal. Cluad, acymr. Clut, Ptol. Κλώτα river name, engl. Clyde (kelt. *kloutā); cymr. clir `bright, clear, bright, cheerful, rein' (*k̂lū-ro-s);

got. hlūtrs, ags. hlūt(t)or, as. ahd. hlūt(t)ar `bright, rein, clear, bright', nhd. lauter (*klūd-ro-s); anord. hlér `sea, sea' (*hlewa-, idg. *k̂leu̯o-);

lit. šlúoju, šlaviaũ, šlúoti, dial. šlavù (= lat. cluō) ` fegen, whisk ', šlúota ` besom ', lett. sluôta ds.; extension k̂lō̆u-k- in slaũcît `fegen, whisk', slaukšēt `splash, pladdern', slàukt `milk', lit. šliaukti, šlaukýti `fegen'.

Perhaps extension eines *k̂el- `humid, wet, damp', das also consecutive roots the basic lies: k̂lep-`humid, wet' (see there), k̂lek- ds. (lit. šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šlė̃kti, šliknóti `spray'etc), k̂leg(h)- ds. (russ. slezá `tears', aksl. slьza ds.). Wenn these zuträfe, wäre for k̂leu- : k̂el- das relationship sreu- `flow' : ser- either example or Parallele.

Maybe poln. (*slezá) łza 'tear', alb. (*šlúoti) loti 'tear' [the common alb. initial sl- > l- shift or the drop of initial s-].

References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.

Page(s): 607

Root / lemma: k̂lou-ni-

Meaning: hip

German meaning: `Hinterbacke, Hüfte'

Material: Old Indian śrōṇi- m. f., av. sraoni- f. `buttock, hip, haunch';

lat. clūnis `buttock, Hinterkeule, rump by people and animals' (clunāculum `small sword or Dolch, das man hinten trug');

cymr. corn. clun f. `hip, haunch', bret. klun `buttock';

aisl. hlaun n. `buttock';

lit. šlaunìs `hip, haunch, thigh, Deichselarm', lett. slauna `hip, haunch'; apr. slaunis `thigh'.

The Lautform from gr. κλόνις, -ιος `Steißbein' is still unerklärt.

References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Idg. Dekl. 162.

Page(s): 607-608

Root / lemma: k̂oi-no-

Meaning: grass

German meaning: `Gras'

Material: Gr. κοινὰ χόρτος Hes. (perhaps Neutr. Pl.); lit. šiénas, lett. sìens `hay' (finn. Lehnwörter out of it signify `hay, grass, herb'); aksl. sěno `χόρτος', skr. sȉjeno `hay', ačech. sěno ds.

References: WP. I 455, Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. III 859, Trautmann 297.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: k̂olǝmo-s, k̂olǝmā

Meaning: stalk; reed

German meaning: `Halm, Rohr'

Material: Gr. κάλαμος, καλάμη `reed' (from κολ- assimilated?);

lat. culmus `Halm';

ahd. halm, halam, anord. halmr, ags. healm `Halm';

apr. salme `straw', lett. sal̃ms `Strohhalm';

aksl. slama (*solmā, idg. *k̂olǝ-mā), russ. soloma, serb. slȁma `straw';

toch. A kulmäṃts- `reed' (?).

From gr. κάλαμος borrows are Old Indian kaláma- m. `eine Reisart, Schreibrohr' and lat. calamus `reed', from which again cymr. etc calaf `reed'.

Maybe alb. kalam `reed'

relationship to k̂el- perhaps `dünner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm' is erwägenswert (see 552 f.).

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.

Page(s): 612

Root / lemma: k̂onkho-

Meaning: clamshell

German meaning: `Muschel'?

Material: Old Indian śaŋkhá- m. `Muschel, Schläfe';

gr. κόγχος, κόγχη `Muschel, Hohlmaß'; κόχλος, κοχλίας `Muschel, Schneckenhaus, Schnecke', maybe from *κογχλ-;

lat. congius `Hohlmaß for Flüssigkeiten' is höchstwahrscheinlich gr. Lw.;

doubtful lett. sence `Muschel', da zence die richtigere form seems.

References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.

Page(s): 614

Root / lemma: k̂onk-

Meaning: to doubt; to sway

German meaning: `in Zweifel sein, schwanken, in Sorge, Angst sein'

Material: Old Indian śaŋkatē ` sways, zweifelt, is besorgt, fürchtet', śaŋkita- `besorgt, ängstlich vor', śaŋkā́ `Besorgnis, fear, suspicion, doubt';

lat. cūnctor, -ārī `zaudernd, hesitate' (*concitor Frequentativ, compare Old Indian śaŋkita-);

anord. hǣtta `riskieren' (*hanhatjan), hǣtta `danger', hāski ds. (*han-h(a)skan-).

Über ahd. hāhan `hängen' etc s. S. 566 under k̂enk- `waver'.

References: WP. I 461.

Page(s): 614

Root / lemma: k̂op(h)elo-s or k̂ap(h)elo-s

Meaning: a kind of carp

German meaning: `Karpfenart'

Material: Old Indian śaphara- m. `Cyprinus sophore' = lit. šãpalas `Cyprinus dobula';

gr. κυπρῖνος `Karpfen', perhaps after κεστρῖνος, κοxρακῖνος, ἐρυθρῖνος etc reshaped; υ- eventuell volksetymologisch after Κύπρος, da *κοπρῖνος an κόπρος denken ließe.

References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.

Page(s): 614

Root / lemma: k̂orkā (k̂rokā?), -_elā

Meaning: gravel, boulder

German meaning: `Kies, Kiesel'?

Material: Old Indian śárkarā (śárkara-ḥ) `Gries, Kies, Geröll, Sandzucker';

gr. κρόκη, κροκάλη `pebble'; perhaps hat ein *κορκάλα : śarkarā previously after κρέκω `hit' rearrangement to κροκάλη erfahren.

References: WP. I 463.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂ormen-

German meaning: `Wiesel'

See also: see above under ker-6.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂ormno-, k̂r̥mno-

Meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine

German meaning: `ätzende, beißende Flüssigkeit, Lauge, Harn'

Material: Mhd. hurmen `düngen' (originally probably with Jauche), nhd. harn, harm ahd. haran `urine';

lit. šármas `Aschenlauge', lett. sãrms `lye', apr. (with the ablaut grade from mhd. hurmen) sirmes (for *sirmis) `lye'.

References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂ormo-

Meaning: suffering, pain

German meaning: `Qual, Schmerz, Schmach'

Material: Av. fšarǝma- m. `the genitals(gefühl vor)', mpers. šarm ds.;

aisl. harmr `Betrübnis, Kummer, Harm, Kränkung', ags. hearm m. `Kummer, pain, damage, pity', as. harm `pain, Kränkung', mnd. harm `pain', ahd. har(a)m `affliction, Harm, Schimpf', nhd. Harm, ags. hearm, as. harm `painful, verletzend';

abg. sramъ `the genitals'.

References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e `hier'), k̂(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯o-

Meaning: this

German meaning: Pronominalstamm `this', ursprünglich ich-deiktisch, später also `jener'

Material: Arm. -s `article' (e.g. mard-s `the person'), sa `this', ai-s ds., a-s-t `hier';

phryg. σεμου(ν) `diesem' (*k̂em + ōi); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.

gr. particle *κε in κεῖνος and ἐκεῖνος, dor. lesb. κῆνος `jener' from *(ε)κε-ενος; out of it rückgebildet (ἐ)κεῖ `there', (ἐ)κεῖθι etc; *k̂i̯o- in σήμερον, att. τήμερον `today' (*κι̯ᾱμερον), whereupon also *κι̯ᾱFετες `heuer' in σῆτες, att. τῆτες, dor. σᾶτες;

lat. -ce, ce-particle in ce-do `gib her' (also osk. ce-bnust `er wird hergekommen sein'), cēterus `the other, the übrige' (*cĕ + *etero-, compare umbr. etru `altero'); hi-c (*hi-ce), hīs-ce, sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illī-c, illū-c, tun-c, nun-c etc, osk. ekak `hanc', ekík `hoc' = pälign. eci-c, marr. iaf-c `eas', esu-c `eo'; osk. ídí-k, umbr. ere-k `id', osk. ekas-k `hae', umbr. esmi-k `huic', lat. ecce (probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), osk. um -um extended ekk-um `also', after puz `as' from *kʷuti-s reshaped ekss `ita'; Konglutinat e-ko- e.g. osk. ekas `hae', pälign. acuf `hīc', ecuc `huc', ecic `hoc', *e-k(e)-so- e.g. osk. exac `hac';

*k̂i- in lat. cis `diesseits', citer `diesseitig', citrō `here', citrā `dieseits', citimus `nächstbefindlich', umbr. c̨ive `citra' (stem *k̂i-u̯o-), c̨imu, s̀imo `ad citima, retro';

air. cē `hier, diesseits' (*k̂ei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi `hier', gall. κουι), cen (compare to n-suffix ahd. hina `weg' etc) `diesseits' (in cen-alpande `cisalpinus') and `without', centar `diesseits'; gall. etic besides eti `also' could likewise -k̂e contain;

anord. hānn, hann `er' (*hānaR, idg. *k̂ēnos from *k̂e-eno-s), hōn `sie'; asächs. hē, he, hie, ahd. hē, her `er', only Nom., ags. hē̆ ds.;

got. himma `huic', hina `hunc', hita n. `now, yet', asächs. hiu-diga, ahd. hiu-tu `hoc die, today' (: asächs. ho-digo ds.), ahd. hiuru (*hiu-jāru) `heuer', nhd. jetzt, österr. hietz(t), mhd.(*h)ie-zuo (from *hiu + Postpos. tō `to'); ahd. hina `weg', nhd. hin, hinweg (compare air. cen); got. hiri `komm here' (basic form doubtful); ahd. hëra, as. her `here'; got. hēr, ahd. hiar, ags. hēr `hier' (*k̂ēi-r); got. hidrē `here', ags. hider, engl. hither `here' (: lat.citer, citrō), nl. heden `today', ahd. hitumum, hitamun ` previous, demum' (: lat. citimus);

strittig, in the case of here: got. hindana `hinter, jenseits', ags. asächs. hindan, ahd. hintana `hinten', anord. handan `from jener Seite her, jenseits', komparativisch got. hindar, ahd.hintar `hinter', superlativisch got. hindumists `hinterster, äußerster', ags. hindema `letzter', whereas das n from *k̂i-n-t-, *k̂o-n-t identical as in ahd. hina wäre; or with gall. Cintugnātos `Erstgeborener', air. cētne, cymr. kyntaf `erster' etc to *ken- `fresh kommen, soeben sich einstellen, begin' (above S. 564) with the meaning `letzter' = `novissimus'?

apr. schis (Adverb schai `hier'), lit. šìs (lett. šis = aksl. sь `this'), Gen. lit. šiõ, aksl. sego, Akk. Pl. aksl. sьję, fem. lit. šì (lett. šĩ) = aksl. si, Akk. Sg. f. sьjǫ, lit. šì-tas `this' (*k̂i-to-), in addition štaĩ `sieh hier' (old šitai), apr. stas `the'; lit. šiañdien, lett. šùodien `today', lit. šè, lett. še `hier', aksl. si-cь `τοιοῦτος' etc;

maybe alb. (*šioñdien) sonte `today'

hitt. ki `dieses', ki-nun `now, yet' invokes *k̂i (Pedersen Hitt. 50).

Maybe alb. tosk. m. ki, geg. ky `this'

References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613.

Page(s): 609-610

Root / lemma: k̂rā̆po- (k̂rō̆po-?)

Meaning: roof

German meaning: `Dach'

Comments: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. hrōf n. `Dach, Schuppen', ags. hrōf `Dach, Schiffsverdeck', engl. roof, mnd. rōf `Schutzdach, cover, cover';

abg. stropъ `Dach' (*k̂răpos).

References: WP. I 477 f., Trautmann 309.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: k̂rā-

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1 and S. 582 under k̂erǝ-.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: k̂rebh-, k̂rō̆bh-, k̂rembh-

Meaning: to trust

German meaning: `vertrauen'?

Material: Old Indian śrambhatē, participle śrabdha- (with vi- and other preposition) `trust, sich worauf verlassen', niśr̥mbhá- `sicher auftretend';

air. crābud `Frömmigkeit, Askese' (*k̂rōbhitu-s) m.; cymr. crefydd (newer creddyf) `faith, belief' hat sein e from credu `believe' bezogen.

References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 146.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: k̂red-

See also: see above S. 579 f. under k̂ered-.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: k̂rei-

Meaning: to appear, show oneself

German meaning: etwa `hervorleuchten, sich hervortun'

Material: Old Indian śrī́- f. `beauty, Pracht, Wohlgefallen, Reichtum, glory, magnificence', av. srī- `beauty', Old Indian śrī-lá- `beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', á-śrīra- `unschön', av. srīra- `beautiful', Kompar. Old Indian śréyas-, av. srayah-, Superl. Old Indian śrḗṣṭha- (śráïṣṭha-), av. sraēšta-, Old Indian śrēmán- m. `Auszeichnung, Vorrang', av. srayan- n. `beauty', Adj. `beautiful', Old Indian śriyásē Dat. n. `beautiful';

hom. poet. κρείων `edel, fürstlich, ruler' (εὐρύ κρείων, κρείουσα) κρέων Pind. Aisch., nachhom. EN Κρέουσα (*κρε[ι̯]-οντ- participle `hervorleuchtend' (?), steht perhaps for κρειον-comparative).

References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 526.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: k̂re-, k̂rei-, k̂r̥̄-

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: k̂rē-

See also: see above S. 578 under k̂er-4.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: k̂rūs-

Meaning: shank, leg

German meaning: `Unterschenkel, Bein'

Material: Arm. srun-k` Pl. (Gen. srvanc̣, sruni-c̣) `shinbone, calf' (*k̂rūs-ni-);

lat. crūs, -ris n. `Unterschenkel, leg'.

References: WP. I 489, WH. I 295.

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: k̂sā-

Meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen (versengt, dunkel??)'?

Material: Old Indian kṣā́yati `burns', kṣātí- f. `blaze, glow', kṣāmá- `versengt, ausgedörrt, vertrocknet', kṣārá- ` burning, ätzend'; Kaus. kṣāpáyati `makes brennen';

to latter p-form perhaps arm. c̣av `pain', c̣asnum `rage against', Aor. c̣aseay (`*stormy, hot tempered sein';s = ps-); to kṣāmá- probably arm. c̣amak` `dry' (die arm. words weisen auf k̂s-).

References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;

See also: see under k̂sē̆-ro-.

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: k̂sē̆-ro-

Meaning: dry; bright (of weather)

German meaning: `trocken'; vom Himmel and Wetter also `dry = hell, klar'

Material: Gr. ξερόν (only Akk.) `festes, trockenes Land', lengthened grade ξηρός `dry, arid'; compare above S. 624 Old Indian kṣará-;

lat. serescunt (Lucil. I 306) `(die dress) dry (in the sun)', serēnus `cheerful, bright, clear, bright, dry' (vom sky, heaven and weather);

ahd. serawēn `dry become, tabescere, languere, marcere', mhd. nhd. serben ` wilt, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered become';

toch. A ksär(k) `Morgen'?

Daß k̂sē̆-ro- eine extension from k̂sā- `burn, versengen' sei, is probably.

References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: k̂uei-3 extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t-

Meaning: shining; white

German meaning: `leuchten; hell, weiß'

Comments: probably extension from k̂eu-, S. 594 f.

Material: a. k̂uei-d-: Old Indian śvindatē `glares, gleams' (Dhātup.), Perf. śiśvindē; gr. Bergname Πίνδος `the Weiße', PN Πίνδαρος (?); got. hveits, aisl. hvítr, ags. afries. asächs. hwit, ahd. (h)wiz `white', zero grade nld. ndd. witt, afries. hwit ds.; o-grade got. hveiteis, aisl. hweiti n., ags.hwǣte, afries. asächs. hwēti, ahd weizzi, nhd. `wheat'; changing through ablaut mengl. white, schwed. dial.hvite, westfäl. wiǝt `wheat'.

b. k̂uei-s- lit. šviesà f. `light', švaisà f. `Lichtschein'.

c. k̂uei-t- (k̂u̯ei-to-, k̂u̯ei-ti̯o-, k̂u̯i-t_(ǝ)no-, k̂u̯i-t_(ǝ)ro- `bright, white'):

Old Indian śvētá- `white' (f. śvēnī by Vopadeva) = av. spaēta- ds. (= abg. světъ `light'); Old Indian śvētya- `white, licht', fem. -ā (= abg. svěšta `light'), Old Indian śvētatē `is white', śvítna-, śvitnyá-, śvitrá- (= lit. švitràs `Glaspapier') `white', apers. Σπιθρα-δάτης, npers. sipihr `sky, heaven'; Kompositionsform ar. śviti- in Old Indian śvity-añc `gleaming', av. spiti-doiϑra- `helläugig';

doubtful gr. τίτανος f., m. `Kalk, Gips, Kreide' (*k̂u̯it-_ǝno-s), κίττανος ds., dissimil. from *k̂u̯it-u̯-_ǝno-s PN Tιτάνη, äol. lakon. Πιτάνη; Bergname Τίταρος;

lit. šviečiù, šviẽsti `gleam, shine': šveičiù, šveĩsti `clean', švitù, švitė́ti `immer to gleam, flicker', švintù, švìsti `hell become', Kaus. švaitaũ, švaitýti `bright make'; švìtras m. `Glaspapier', švytrúoti `flicker';

aksl. svьtitь sę, svьtěti sę `gleam, shine' and slav. *svьnǫ (from *švitnō besides lit. švintù) in russ.-ksl. svьnuti; Kaus. aksl. světiti `jemandem leuchten'; slav. švaita- m. `light' in aksl. švětъ `light, world'; in addition slav. *švaitja in aksl. švěšta `light, candle';

besides with westidg. k-:

lett. kvitu, kvitêt `flicker, gleam', Kaus. kvitinât;

slav. *kvьtǫ, *kvisti `bloom, blossom' in aksl. pro-cvьtǫ, -cvisti `erblühen, bloom, blossom', ačech. ktvu, kvísti; ablaut. aksl. cvětъ, čech. květ etc `bloom, blossom'; besides slav. *kvьtěti in russ.-ksl.cvьtěti `bloom, blossom' and skr. càvtjeti `bloom, blossom' (= lett. kvitêt).

References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.

Page(s): 628-629

Root / lemma: k̂up-

Meaning: shoulder

German meaning: `Schulter'

Comments: (germ. with anlaut. s-)

Material: Old Indian śupti-, av. supti- `shoulder'; alb. sup `shoulder, back' (without formant -t-); mnd. schuft m., ostfries., ndl. schoft `Vorderschulterblat einer Kuh, eines Pferdes' (*skuftu-).

Note:

Clearly alb. alb. sup `shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.

References: WP. I 467.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-1, k̂u̯ei-no-

Meaning: dirt; to defile

German meaning: `Schlamm, Kot, beschmutzen'

Material: With formants -n(o)-: lat. caenum `smut, ordure, Unflat', obscēnus, obscaenus (back-formation from*obscēnare) `dirty, filthy, ekelhaft, unsittlich' (caenum urbanisiert for plebejisches *cēnum from *coinom, *quoinom), in-, con-quināre `smudge, befoul ', cūnīre `stercus facere', ancunulentae `feminae menstruo tempore';

schwed. dial. hven ` marshy field', aisl. hvein (*k̂u̯oinā) in place names, wherefore as `Sumpfgras' probably dän. hvene `agrostis, Gattungsname for mehrere steife Grasarten', schwed. hven, norw. dial. hvein `agrostis, dünner Grashalm' (mengl. whin `broom' from dän. hvine);

lett. svīnît refl. `sich schmutzig make', svīns `smudges';

with other formant presumably arm. šiv ` residuum gepreßter Trauben' (k̂u̯ī̆-u̯o-); much, a lot of insecure ags. hwæg, mndl. wey `wheys' (*k̂u̯oio-?).

References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.

Page(s): 628

Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-2

Meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc.

German meaning: in Schallworten for `zischen, pfeifen' under likewise

Comments: (see similar under k̂u̯es- `pant, gasp')

Material: Nisl. hvīa `wiehern', schwed. dial. hwija `loud or violent cry', mhd.wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren `wiehern', ahd. hwaijōn, waijōn, mhd. weihen `wiehern'; in addition as causative `weep, cry make': ags. ā-hwǣnan `plague, torment, smite', aschwed. hwin `Belästigung';

aisl. hvīna `sausen', hvinr `schwirrender sound, tone', ags. hwīnan `sausen', hwinsian, ahd. winisōn `jammern', nhd. winseln; aisl. hvīskra `flüstern', hvīsla `whistle, flüstern', ags. hwiscettan `whistle, from the Maus', hwistlian `whistle', hwisprian `mumble, murmur', ahd. (h)wispalōn `hiss, wispern', aksl. svistati `hiss'.

Maybe alb. (*hvīskla) fishkëllej `whistle'

k̂u̯ei-k- in arm. ščem ` fizz ' (*šičem from *k̂u̯ī̆ki̯ō) and lit. švýkšti `pfeifend breathe'.

References: WP. I 469.

Page(s): 628

Root / lemma: k̂u̯ek- (nasalized k̂u̯enk-) : k̂uk-

Meaning: to gape

German meaning: `klaffen'

Material: Old Indian śváñcatē `öffnet sich, tut sich auf, ucchvaŋká- m. `das Aufklaffen, Lücke, shard, Sichauftun';

lit. šùkė f. `Scharte', šùkos Pl. `comb', lett. suka f. `bristle brush, Striegel' (probably from `*comb'), suk'is m. `shard', sukums m. `Lücke, Scharte';

slav. *sъčetь f. in polab. sacė́t `bristle, bristle brush', sloven. ščę̂t `bristle brush', russ. ščetъ `bristle'.

References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 142.

Page(s): 629

Root / lemma: k̂u̯el-

Meaning: muddy

German meaning: `schlammig'?

Material: Arm. šaɫem `feuchte, benetzte, bereitete mortar', šaɫax `Lehm, slime, mud, mortar' (-al- = l̥ or _el); lit. švelnùs `soft, gentle anzufassen'?

References: WP. I 473.

Page(s): 629

Root / lemma: k̂u̯en-

Meaning: to celebrate; saint

German meaning: `feiern; heilig(en)'

Material: Av. spǝnta- `holy' (= lit. šveñtas, aksl. svętъ `holy'), compounds Superl. av. span-yah, spǝ̄ništa- `heiliger, heiligst', es-stem av. spā̆nah- n. `Heiligkeit';

probably got. hunsl n. `sacrifice, oblation', ags. hūsl n. `Sakrament' (k̂u̯n̥-s-lo-);

lit. šveñtas `holy', apr. swenta- in PN, aksl. svętъ, russ. svjatój ds.; further to lett.svinêt `hold festivities, heiligen'.

References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: k̂u̯endh-ro-, -no-

Meaning: a kind of plant

German meaning: in Pflanzenbezeichnungen

Material: Lat. combrētum `eine aromatische plant, probably eine wermutartige'; nir. cuinneog `Angelica silvestris' (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on auf k̂u̯ondhnā = aisl. huǫnn `Angelicasilvestris' from k̂u̯ondh-nā, dän. färö. quander ds., schweiz. Wannebobbell `arum maculatum', lit. šveñdrai Pl. `a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia'.

References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.

Page(s): 631

Root / lemma: k̂u̯es-, k̂us-

Meaning: to puff, sigh

German meaning: `keuchen, schnaufen, seufzen'

Material: Old Indian śvásiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti `atmet'), śvásati `atmet, schnauft, seufzt', āśuṣāṇá- `pfeifend', av. suši `die beiden Lungen';

lat. queror, -ī, questus sum `klagen, sich worüber beklagen, wehklagen' (: Old Indian śvásati);

lengthened grade aisl. hvǣsa, ags. hwōsan `pant, gasp';

lit. šušinti `with zischendem noise through die Luft fahren' (?? could as ahd. sūsōn eine unabhängige onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung sein).

Daß k̂u̯es- extension through -es- eines k̂u-, k̂eu- (at most schallmalenden Ursprungs) sei, vermutet man because of desselben Anlautes in Old Indian śūt-kārá- m. `das Pfeifen, Zischen' (perhaps rather as śīt-kārá- new onomatopoeic word formation?), arm. sulem ` whistle, fizz ' (from *soyl = k̂eu-lo- or k̂ou-lo-);

Maybe alb. sulem `dash, rush (breath heavely?)'

lit. šv-añkšti `breathe, wheeze, pant, gasp': arm. šunč̣ `breath, breeze, breath, soul, ghost' (k̂u̯onki̯o-); lit. švir̃kšti `whistle, sausen', švil̃pti `with den Lippen whistle' and in the root k̂u̯ei-2 `hiss under likewise' see there.

References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.

Page(s): 631-632

Root / lemma: k̂u̯on-, k̂un-

Meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)

German meaning: `Hund'

Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. k̂úu̯ō(n), Gen. k̂unós

Material: Old Indian śvā́ and ś(u)vā́ `dog', Gen. śúnas, Akk. śvā́nam, Akk. Pl. śúnas; av. spā, spānǝm, Gen. Pl. sū̆nam, med. (Herodot) σπάκα (*k̂u̯n̥-ko- `hundeartig': Old Indian śvaka- `wolf'), mpers. sak, npers. sag, kurd. sah, wāχi šač; from dem Iran. derive alb. shak(ë) `bitch', gr. σπάδακες κύνες Hes. (from *σπάκαδες) and russ. sobáka `dog'; compare npers. sabah;

arm. šun, Gen. šan `dog' (with unclear š); not gut compatible with skund `Hündchen', whether from *k̂u̯on-to-, -tā; or to den above S. 564 under *ken- `fresh hervorkommen' besprochenen Tierjungenbezeichnungen?;

with for the Thrak.-Phryg. auffälligem Gutt. lyd. Κανδάυλης `κυν-άγχης', thrak. GN Καν-δάων (to 2. Glied s. dhāu- `würgen');

maybe alb. (*Καν-δάων) kunadhe `marten, musteline, sable'

gr. κύων, κυνός `dog' (κύντερος `hündischer, i.e. unverschämter', Sup. κύντατος; to κυνάμυια compare lit. šun-musė̃ `Hundsfliege');

quite unclear lat. canis `dog', cănēs originally altes fem. `bitch', canīcula (compare Old Indian śunī f.) hinsichtlich of a; perhaps interference eines dem mir. cano, cana `Wolfsjunges', cymr. cenaw `young dog or wolf' (see ken-3) entsprechenden words (so also lyd. Καν-δαύ̄λης?);

Maybe alb. (*k̂u̯en-) qen `dog'

Note:

Alb. displays centum characteristics while being a satem language, proto alb. was created before the split of PIE into satem and centum. Clearly alb. cognate derives from the same root as the Celtic's family.

air. cū (Gen. con = κυνός), cymr. ci (Pl. cwn - κύνες, lit. šùnes), bret. corn. ki `dog' from *k̂u̯ō;

got. hunds, aisl. hundr, ags. hund, ahd. hunt `dog' (k̂u̯n̥-tó-), see above;

Maybe alb. geg. (*śúnas) huna, tosk. hunda `nose, (dog's nose?, strong sense of smell?)' [common alb. n > nd shift], alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.

lit. šuõ (Gen. šuñs) `dog' (to i-stem geworden in lit. dial. šunis, lett. suns, apr. sunis `dog'); t-form lett. suntana `großer dog'; lett. kuńa `bitch' probably with westidg. Gutt., Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310? or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Būga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but russ. poln. suka `bitch';

toch. A ku, Obl. kon, В Nom. kunder

The meaning from lat. canis as `unglücklicher Wurf beim Würfelspiel' kehrt in gr. κύων again, as well as in Old Indian śva-ghnín- actually `Hundetöter', i.e. `the die schlechten Würfe vermeidende, gewerbsmäßige, also unredliche Spieler'; compare also gr. κίνδῡνος `danger (*Hundswurf)' from *κυν-δῡνος, to Old Indian dyūtá `game'? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335 above.

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryɫowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 32, 121 f.

See also: derivative from the Farbwurzel k̂eu-2, S. 594.

Page(s): 632-633

Root / lemma: k̂ū̆dh-

Meaning: dirt

German meaning: `Mist, Kot'??

Material: Gr. ὑσ-κυθά ὑὸς ἀφόδευμα Hes., κυθώδεος δυσόσμου Hes., κυθνόν `σπέρμα' Hes.; lit. šúdas, lett. sūds `crap, muck, ordure'.

References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: k̂ū-

Meaning: sharp; pike

German meaning: `spitz, Spieß'

Material: Old Indian śū-la- m. n. `spit, pike, spitzer picket, pole; stechender pain', arm. slak` (from *sulak`) `spit, pike, Dolch, Pfeil', air. cuil `culex', cymr. cylion-en ds., lat. culex ` mosquito ';

Old Indian śū-ka- m. n. `sting, prick eines Insekts, awn of Getreides', av. sū-kā- f. `needle', np. sōzan `needle', sōk `Ähre, awn'; dubious prākr. osukkai `wetzt, schärft';

lat. cuneus `wedge' (due to from k̂u-no- `cusp, peak').

References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.

Page(s): 626-627

Root / lemma: kʷalo-s

Meaning: a kind of big fish

German meaning: `eine größere Fischart'

See also: see under under (s)kʷalo-s.

Page(s): 635

Root / lemma: kʷas-i̯o-, -lo-

Meaning: basket-work

German meaning: `Flechtwerk, geflochtener Korb'

Material: Lat. quālum (quallus) `geflochtener basket' (*ku̯aslom, compare das diminutive:) quăsillus, -um `Körbchen, Wollkörbchen' (with emphatischem -ss-);

abg. košь `basket' (*kʷas-i̯o-s), russ. koš `basket, Fischreuse; hurdle ' etc, also ksl. košar(j)a ` hurdle ' etc, russ. košélь `basket, Brotsack'.

Maybe alb. (*koš) kosh `basket'

References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.

Page(s): 635

Root / lemma: kʷās- : kʷǝs-

Meaning: to cough

German meaning: `husten'

Comments: [addendum to S. 635]

Material: Old Indian kā́s-, kāsá- `Husten', therefrom kāsate `hustet'; alb. kollë `Husten' (*kʷās-lā); mir. cassacht(ach) m. `Husten', cymr. pas ds. (*kʷǝs-t-), pesychu `cough' (*kʷǝs-t-isk-), bret. pas `Husten', corn. paz ds.; aisl. hosti m. `Husten', ags. hwosta, mnd. hoste, ahd. huosto, alem. wuǝšte ds.; lit. kósiu (old kosmi), kósèti `cough', lett. kāsẽju, kãsêt ds., lit.kosulỹs, lett. kãsulis `Husten'; slav. *kašъlь in russ.-ksl. kašelь `Husten', etc

Note:

Maybe truncated alb. (*kosul) kollë `cough' derived from lit.kosulỹs `cough'

References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: kʷei-1(t)

Meaning: to observe; to appreciate

German meaning: `worauf achten'; out of it einerseits `ehrerbietig beobachten, scheuen, ehren', andrerseits `animadvertere, punish, curse, rächen, büßen; Sühne, Geldstrafe, deren Wert, Preis, Schätzung', from which `Hochschätzung, Ehre' likewise gewinnbar is

Material: A. Old Indian cā́yati `nimmt wahr, beobachtet, hat Scheu, hat Besorgnis', cāyú- `Ehrfurcht bezeugend' = abg. čajǫ, čajati `erwarten, wait, hold on, hoffen' (lengthened gradees *kʷēi̯-ō);

Old Indian cinōti, cikḗti `bemerkt', cití- f. `Verständnis', cí-t f. `ghost, Intellekt': gr. ἀτίζω `beachte nicht' from *α-τι-τ- `not achtend';

kʷē[i]-ro- in gr. τηρός `schützend, wahrend', τηρέω `take wahr, behüte; observe, passe ab, lauere auf, perhaps also Old Indian cāra- m. `Kundschafter, Späher'; darf because of Old Indian cā́yati `hat Besorgnis' with zero grade also gr. τετίημαι `bin grieving ', τετιηώς `timorous, grieving ' angereiht become? To *kēi- `move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs kē[i]so-, kē[i]sā `time' in aksl. časъ m.: alb. kohë, Jokl Mel. Pedersen 159¹ f.

Note:

Phonetically alb. (*kē[i]hā) koha `time' is the oldest cognate among IE lang. since it has preserved the old laryngeal. In Indic lang. h > g, y, in Slavic lang. it gave h > s.

B. Old Indian cáyatē `racht, straft', cētár- `Rächer', ápa-citi- f. `Vergeltung' (= ἀπότισις, τίσις);

av. kāy- `vergelten, büßen', e.g. čikayat̃ `soll büßen, punish, curse, rächen', pairi-ā-kayayanta `sie sollen as penance, atonement auf sich nehmen', kaēnā- f. `penance, atonement' (= ποινή, sl. cěna, compare also lit. káina), npers. kīn- `enmity, hate, rage, fury', av. kāϑa- n. `Vergeltung', čiϑi- f. `Sühne durch Geld', čiϑā `ds., punishment ', osset. čithä `honour' (as τιμή);

gr. τίω and τί̄ω (ark. τείω reshuffling after ἔτεισα, τείσω), Fut. τί̄σω, Aor. ἔτισα, participle Pass. τετῑμένος `schätzen; hochschätzen, honour', πολύ-τῑτος `hochgeehrt', ἀτίετος `ungeehrt; not ehrend';

hom. τί̄νω, att. τί̆νω (*τινF-ω) `büße, bezahle', Med. `lasse zahlen or büßen, strafe' τινύμεναι (Eur. Or. 323), hom. τείνυται (as kret. ἀποτεινύτω after ἔτεισα, τείσω); Fut. τείσω, Aor. ἔτεισα (thess. πεῖσαι, kypr. πείσει under likewise), τίσις `Zahlung, penance, atonement, punishment, Rache', ποινή `Sühne, punishment, Rache' (out of it lat. poena); τῑμή `Schätzung; honour; penance, atonement, punishment ', ἄτῑμος `ohne Entgelt; ungeehrt';

probably mir. cin, Gen. cinad `Schuld' (*kʷinu-t-s, compare τίνυ-ται);

lit. káina `Wert, Preis'; apr. er-kīnint `(vom devil) befreien';

abg. cěna `τιμή honour, Preis', cěniti `τιμᾶσθαι schätzen', ō-grade abg. kajǫ, kajati sę `Reue fühlen', pokajati sę `penance, atonement tun', okajati `bejammern', russ. kájatь `rebuke', -sja `Reue empfinden'.

Wurzelerweiterung kʷeis-, kʷeit- (compare above Old Indian cít, cití-):

Air. ad-cī (*kʷis-e-t) `sieht', cīall f. `Verstand' = cymr. pwyll, bret. poell ds. (*kʷeis-lā), etc (Lewis-Pedersen 350);

Old Indian cḗtati, cíkētati `hat acht auf etwas, nimmt Wahr', Perf. cikḗta, participle cikitván `verstehend, wissend', av. čikiϑvā̊ `überdenkend, überlegend', Old Indian cítti- f. `Denken, discernment', av. čisti- ds., Old Indian cintā́ `Gedanken, care ';

abg. čьtǫ, čisti `count, reckon, Geschriebenes lesen; honour', *kʷi-t-ti- > čьstь (= Old Indiancítti-ḥ) `worship, veneration, honour'; with anl. s- lett. šḱìetu, šḱitu, šḱist `mean', Impers. `shine, appear, seem', skaitît `count, Gebete aufsagen', lit. skait-aũ, -ýti `count, lesen'.

References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 686, 697.

Page(s): 636-637

Root / lemma: kʷei-2

Meaning: to pile, stow, gather

German meaning: `aufschichten'; daher `aufhäufen, sammeln', `der Ordnung after auf or to einander legen', `aufbauen', `abgeschwächt machen'

Material: Old Indian cinṓti, cáyati `schichtet, reiht; sammelt, häuft an; fügt together, baut auf', cáya- m. `Anhäufung, heap, Aufwurf'; káya- m. `body, Körper' (eig. `*Gliederbau'; or `*Masse'?); citā́ `Schicht, Holzstoß, Scheiterhaufen', cíti- f. `Anhäufung, Schicht, Scheiterhaufen', cītí-f. `das Sammeln';

av. kay-, čayeiti, činvaiti `(*legere) aussuchen, wählen' with vī- `divide, distinguere', with ham- `colligere, (Schrittlängen) aneinanderlegen'; np. čīdan `gather, collect';

gr. ποιέω `make' (arg.-böot. ἐποίFησε under likewise), then also `dichte', denominative eines *ποι-Fό-ς `aufbauend, making ' (compare ἀρτο-ποιός `Bäcker');

abg. činъ (probably u-stem: Old Indian cinṓ-ti, av. činvaiti, yet in Slav. with ī the ersten syllable, as Old Indian cītí-) `order, row, rank', činiti `sort, order, arrange, reihen, bilden', probably also klr. kojú, kojíty `anzetteln, bereiten (somewhat evil, harm)', as gr. φόνον ποιεῖν `murder anstiften'), poln. dial. koić się `succeed, proceed, go ahead'.

A s-Weiterbildung in av. kaēš- (with Präverbien) `struere', frā- `prepare, bereiten', vī- `to-, herrichten' (Bartholomae Wb. 429).

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124.

Page(s): 637-638

Root / lemma: kʷei̯ǝ-, kʷii̯ē-

Meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful

German meaning: `behaglich ruhen'

Material: Old Indian cirá-m `Zögern, delay', cirá- `langdauernd, long'; apers. šiyāti-š `Wohlbehagen' (= lat. quiēs), av. šāiti-š `pleasure, joy' (š- = šy-, compare gathav. šyeitibyō), av. šyāta-, šāta- `erfreut' (= lat. quiētus), a-šāta- `unfroh' (= lat. inquiētus), Παρύ-σατις, av. šāišta- `behaglichst, erfreulichst', np. šād `blithe, glad', oss. anc̣ayun `ruhen'; sogd. š't `freudig';

arm. han-gč̣im `I ruhe', han-gist `Ruhe' (-gi- from *-kʷi-);

lat. quiēs, -ētis `Ruhe', quiē-sco, -scere, -vī, -tum `ruhen', with formants -lo- (as germ.*hwīl-) tranquīlus, tranquillus `ruhig' (trans + kʷīlos);

maybe alb. *kʷjēt, qetë ‘quiet’.

got. ƕeila, ags. hwīl, ahd. (h)wīla ` while, time', aisl. hvīla `Ruhebett', hvīld `Ruhe', got. ƕeilan `weilen, hesitate, cease', ags. Hwāla MN, ahd. wīlōn, -ēn `weilen, sich aufhalten';

aksl. pokojь `Ruhe', pokojǫ, pokojiti `beruhigen', počijǫ, počiti `ruhen';

toch. В śāte `rich' (: av. šyāta- `erfreut');

lyk. tezi `Sarkophag' from *kʷjētis (?), Pedersen Lyk. and Hitt. 50.

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.

Page(s): 638

Root / lemma: kʷek̂-, kʷōk̂-, kʷek̂-s-

Meaning: to seem, see, show

German meaning: `erscheinen; sehen; zeigen'

Material: Old Indian kā́śate `appears, glares, gleams, shines', cakāśiti, cakāśyátē `shines, schaut', kaśa- m. `Sichtbarsein, shine';

av. ākasat̃ `erblickte'; npers. āgāh `expert, skillful', nigāh `sight'; s-extension kʷek̂s-: Old Indian cáṣṭē (3. Pl. cakṣatē) `appears; beholds ', in compounds also ` announce, show', cakṣas- n. `shine, face', cakṣu- ` seeing ', n. `Helle, face, eye'; av. čaš(te, -āite) `instruct, teach' (eig.. `gewahr become lassen'), mpers. čāšītan `instruct, teach', av. apers. čašman- n. `eye', npers. čašm, ds.;

gr. τέκμωρ, young τέκμαρ (after τεκμαίρω) `mark, token, sign, Merkmal' (*kʷek̂-m[ō]r-?); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;

with tönendem final sound aksl. kažǫ, kazati `show, mahnen', u-kazъ `ἀπό-δειξις' (also kaznь `δόγμα, alignment '), probably idg. *kʷeĝ- besides *kʷek̂-?

References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.

Page(s): 638-639

Root / lemma: kʷe- 2

See also: s. unkʷo-

Page(s): 636

Root / lemma: kʷel-1, kʷelǝ-

Meaning: to turn; wheel; neck?

German meaning: `drehen, sich drehen, sich herumbewegen, fürsorglich um jemandem herum sein, wohnen' under likewise

Material:

This root is related to the name of Celts, Gaelic and Illyrian people who were the children of Galatea. All those cognates are related to the coils of the sea serpent.

Old Indian cárati, calati `bewegt sich, wandert, weidet, treibt' etc (heavy basis in cáritum, caritá-, cīrṇá-; carítra- n. `foot, leg', carcūryámāṇa-, cūrtí-, also probably tuvi-kūrmí- `tatkräftig'), lengthened grade cā́ra- m. `Gang', etc; av. čaraiti `versatur, obliegt einer Tätigkeit' etc, čarāna- `field', apers. parikarā `tend, look after! cole!';

s-extension in Old Indian karṣū́- f. `furrow', kárṣati, kr̥ṣáti `turn, wenden, pflügen', av. karša- m. n. `furrow', karšaiti `Furchen pull';

gr. πέλω, πέλομαι `bin in Bewegung' (π Äolismus), Aor. ἔπλετο, participle περιπλόμενος `umzingelnd (eine town, city); sich herumdrehend, den Kreislauf vollendend (ἐνιαυτός)', with außeräol. τε- = *kʷe-: περιτελλόμενος in ders. meaning (τέλλω `vollende' Pind.), hom. τελέθω `bin, become', kret. τέλομαι `ἔσομαι', kypr. τενται `er will be ', also τέλος n. `end', eigentl. `Wende' (τελέω `vollende', τέλειος, τέλεος from *τελεσ-Fο-ς `fertig, vollendet, reif, grown', τελευτή ` consummation, termination, end'), wherefore τέλσον (*τελσFον, compare above Old Indian karṣū́-) `Grenzfurche', i.e. `Wendestelle of Pfluges auf dem Acker'; πόλος `Achse (Drehpunkt); umgepflügtes (umgewendetes) Land', πολέω `bewege mich herum, verweile', ἀμφίπολος `Dienerin (Hom.), servant' = lat. anculus `servant, Knecht', αἰπόλος `Ziegenhirt', θεοπολέω `bin priest' (besides θεη-κόλος `priest'); with κ in βουκόλος `Rinderhirt' = mir. búachaill, cymr. bugail `herdsman, shepherd' from *kʷol(i)os with Entlabialisierung after u; πολεύω `bewege mich herum' (γῆν `pflüge um'), ion. att. ἐπιπολῆς `auf the Oberfläche', ἐμπολή `Handelsware'; πωλέομαι `bewege mich an einem Orte herum, komme häufig hin'; πάλιν `back' (Akk. eines *πάλις ` turn '); κύκλος see under; die gr. π-forms contain probably partly idg. pel- see under;

alb. sjel `drehe um, wende, bring' (*kʷel-); besides kjel `bring, bear' (*kʷolei̯ō), a-sul `Winterweide', eigentl. `Zutrift', për-kul `biege, krümme' (*kʷel-n-), kulp, kulpër `Waldrebe'(*kʷ_el-bh-);

lat. colō, -ere `bebaue, bewohne; tend, look after; ehre' (*kʷelō); colōnus `Landwirt, Bauer', incolere `inhabit', incola `Einwohner', inquilīnus `Insasse', Esquiliae `Außensiedlungen'; about anculus see above;

colus, -ūs f. m. or -ī f. `Spinnrocken' (*kʷelos `Spindel'), collus, -ī m. (alat.), collum, -ī n. ` neck, Bergjoch' (*kʷol-so-, got. hals);

air. cul `Wagen' (Dual. *kʷolō); mir. coll `Haupt' =

got. aisl. asächs. hals m., ags. heals, nhd. `Hals = neck '; aisl. hvel n. `wheel' =

apr. kelan `wheel', lett. f. Pl. du-celes `zweirädriger Wagen';

aksl. kolo n., Gen. kolese `wheel', Pl. kola `Wagen' (Mischung from kʷolo- m. and kʷeles- n.);

bsl. *keli̯a- `knee' in lit. kelỹs, ostlit. kẽlias `knee', lett. celis ds.; lit. kelḗnas m. `knee', ablaut. aksl. kolěno n. `knee, stem, gender, sex', perhaps further to slav. *čelnъ m., sloven. člện `Gelenk, Glied', klr. čeɫén `Glied';

toch. A källāš `bringt', preterit śël, Pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183).

kʷekʷlo-, kʷokʷlo- (?) `wheel' in:

Old Indian cakrá- m. n. (Akzent secondary) `Wagenrad, Scheibe, Kreis', av. čaxra- m. `wheel', gr. κύκλος `Kreis', Pl. κύκλοι and κύκλα `Räder', aisl. hjōl, hvēl (*kʷékʷ_elon-, germ. *hwéh(w)ula-) n., ags. hwēol (engl. wheel), besides hweowol, hweogol (germ. *hweg(w)ulá-), mnd. wēl `wheel'; also fries. fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-; compare also phryg. κίκλην `the big, giant bear' (`Wagen'), lit. kãklas, lett. kokls ` neck ' as `Dreher'; toch. A kukäl, В kokale `Wagen'.

Lengthened grade perhaps (as `gedreht, rund') aisl. hvāll and hōll m. (letzteres from dem Dat. Pl. hōlum from hvālum) `rundlicher hill'.

References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.

Page(s): 639-640

Root / lemma: kʷel-2

Meaning: far (with regard to place and time)

Material: Old Indian caramá- `the letzte, äußerste', cirás `long (temporal)', gr. τῆλε, äol. πήλυι `afar, wide' (τηλό-θεν, -θι, -σε), πάλαι `längst' (παλαιός `old', παλαίτερος, -τατος), cymr. corn. bret. pell `afar' (*kʷel-s-o-?), cymr. pellaf `the äußerste'.

References: WP. I 517.

Page(s): 640

Root / lemma: kʷel-3

Meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd

Material: Old Indian kúla-m n. `herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex'; kr̥ṣṭí- f. `people, people';

gr. τέλος n. `troop, multitude, crowd';

aksl. čeljadь f. `Gesinde', collective to dem in čelověkъ `person' present čelo-.

References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55.

Page(s): 640

Root / lemma: kʷem-

Meaning: to swallow, sip

German meaning: `schlürfen, schlucken'

Material: Old Indian cā́mati and camati *schlürft', participle ācānta-, camasá- m. `drinking bowl, Becher', camū́- m. ` platter '; npers. čam ` the eating ', čamīδan `drink', osset. cumun ` slurp ';

arm. k`im-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*kʷēmā-); with ablaut grade ō: npers. kām `Gaumen', afghan. kūmai ds.; dubious is gr. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν and τέμνοντα [probably τέμοντα] ἀμέλγοντα Hes., whereas ἀμέλγειν in the spätern meaning `Flüssiges aussaugen, auspressen' to fassen wäre;

nisl. hvōma (from *hvāma, idg. *kʷēmō = Old Indian cā́mati) `verschlucken, verschlingen', hvōma f. `Speiseröhre, gullet'.

References: WP. I 514.

Page(s): 640-641

Root / lemma: kʷene

Meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty

German meaning: Partikel der Verallgemeinerung and Unbestimmheit

Material: Old Indian cana, av. činā̆ `irgend'; often negativ, e.g. Old Indian ná ḗkaś cana `keiner';

germ. -ʒin in aisl. hver-gin `keineswegs', ags. asächs. ahd. hwer-gin `irgendwo' (from hwar `wo' + -gin) from ahd. io-wergin, mhd. iergen, nhd. irgend.

References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.

Page(s): 641

Root / lemma: kʷenth-

Meaning: to suffer, endure

German meaning: `leiden, dulden'

Material: Gr. πένθος n. `affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. πάθος n. `affliction, misfortune, ferventness, passion', πάσχω (*kʷn̥th-skō), Fut. πείσομαι, Aor. ἔπαθον, Perf. πέπονθα `suffer, erdulde' (πε- for τε- after den forms with πα-, πο-);

lit. kenčiù, kę̃sti ` withstand, leiden', pakantà f. `Geduld', kančià `heftiger körperlicher pain', žiem-kiñtis `den Winter about withstanding ', lett. cìešu cìest `leiden, dulden', ziem-ciesis (*kentsia-) `Wintergrün';

air. cēss(a)im `I suffer' (*kʷenth-tō or *kʷenth-s-ō), cēssad `passiō'.

Pedersen KG. II 486 vermutet einen nasallosen Verwandten in air. ar-cessi (*kʷet-sī-) `schont, erbarmt sich' (meaning wäre as in lit. pakentė́ti `with jemandem Geduld haben'), cymr. arbedu (*kʷet-) `spare, look after', bret. erbedi `empfehlen' (older also `spare, look after'), acorn. henbidiat `parcus'.

References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 708.

Page(s): 641

Root / lemma: kʷer-1

Meaning: to do

German meaning: `machen, gestalten'

Comments: perhaps originally from irgendeiner not mehr bestimmbaren Handwerkstätigkeit

Material: Old Indian karṓti (Imper. kuru), kr̥ṇṓti `makes, vollbringt', participle kr̥tá-; kará- `tuend, making ', m. `hand, Elefantenrüssel', kāra- ` making ', m. `feat, dead, act', kárman- n. `action, work', karmāra-ḥ ` smith '; kr̥ti- `feat, dead, act'; saṃ-kr̥t `once'; besides with s- pari-ṣkar- and saṃ-skar-;

av. kǝrǝnaoiti `makes, vollführt, tut', kǝrǝtay- `feat, dead, act', Infin. kǝrǝtǝ̄e, apers. akunavam, karta-; av. čārā `Mittel, Hilfsmittel', np. čār `Mittel', cāra `Mittel, help, artifice'(= sl. čara `charm, spell', see under);

osk. petiro-pert `viermal' (: Old Indian saṃ-kr̥t);

cymr. paraf `bewirke, verschaffe', Verbaln. peri, wherefore redupl. (from einem redupl. present?) probably cymr. pybyr `tatkräftig';

air. cruth `shape', cymr. pryd (*kʷr̥tu-) `shape, time'; in addition perhaps air. Cru(i)thin, mcymr. Prydyn `Pikten'; cymr. Prydain `Britannien' hat die ending from Rhufain (Rōmanī) bezogen; acorn. prit, mcorn. prys, bret. pred `time'; mir. creth `Dichtung' (*kʷr̥to-), cymr. prydu `dichten', prydydd `Dichter';

lit. kuriù, kùrti `erect, to build, make', out of it perhaps `fire anmachen, heizen'; lett. kur̃t `anfeuern, heizen', apr. kūra `erbaute'; different above S. 572.

Here with the meaning `es jemandem antun, verhexen', also Old Indian kr̥tyā́ (`action, feat, dead, act' and:) `Behexung, charm, spell' under likewise, gr. τέρας n. `Wunderzeichen', πέλωρ n. `Ungetüm, Ungeheuer', τελώριος μέγας, πελώριος Hes.; das π- is Äolismus; πέλωρ, τέλωρ from *πέρωρ, *τέρωρ dissimilated; lit.keriù, kerė́ti `jemanden bezaubern, in the Gesundheit injure, hurt', kẽras `charm, spell', slav. čara f. `charm, spell' in abg. čarodějь `Zauberer', čari f. Pl. `charm, spell, Reiz' etc;

perhaps with anlaut. s- (compare Old Indian saṃ-skar-) Old Indian ā-ścarya- `seltsam, wonderful ', n. `wonder, miracle', aisl. skars n. `ein Ungeheuer; Riesin', skersa f. `Riesin', skyrse m. `(übles) omen, sign, Phantom' (welche die suffixale zero grade of es-stem τέρας enthielten).

References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.

Page(s): 641-642

Root / lemma: kʷer-2

Meaning: a kind of dish or pot

German meaning: in Worten, die etwas Schüssel-, Schalenartiges bedeuten

Material: Old Indian carú- `Kessel, pot, pan', wherefore probably karkarī `Wasserkrug', karaŋka- `cranium';

air. co(i)re (though not from *kʷerijo-, but from *kʷ_erijo-), cymr. pair, corn. pêr `Kessel';

altn. hverr m. `Kessel', ags. hwer, ahd. (h)wer ds.

n-extension lies before in: mir. cern f. ` platter ', nisl. hvörn `bone in Fischkopf', norw. dial. hvann ds.; got. ƕaírnei f. `cranium', aisl. hverna f. `Kochgeschirr'.

References: WP. I 518.

Page(s): 642

Root / lemma: kʷeru-

Meaning: to chew; to grind

German meaning: `kauen; zermalmen, mahlen (meal, flour and out of it Bereitetes)'?

Material: Old Indian cárvati `chews up, zermalmt', participle cūrṇa-s, m. `fine dust, powder, meal, flour' (in -ū- wirkt the zweite vowel the basis kʷeru- after?); different about cárvati above S. 576, 582;

gr. τορύνη σιτῶδές τε Hes. (assimil. from *τερύνᾱ), πορύναν μαγίδα Hes. (entw. from ablautendem *kʷorunā or äol. form from τορύνη), πύρνον n., Pl. πύρνα (Hom.) `Weizenbrot' (-υ- in still to untersuchendem connection with dem zweiten vowel from *kʷeru-).

References: WP. I 519.

Page(s): 642

Root / lemma: kʷetu̯er-, kʷetuō̆r-, kʷ_etur- m., kʷetes(o)r- f.

Meaning: four

German meaning: `vier'

Comments: (invokes?? *sor `wife, woman')

Material: Old Indian catvā́raḥ m. (Akk. catúraḥ), catvā́ri n., cátasraḥ f.; av. čaϑwārō m. (Gen. čaturąm), čataŋrō f., npers. čahār;

arm. čork` from *č̣orek` < *kʷetu̯ores (Akk. č̣ors);

gr. hom. τέσσαρες, att. τέτταρες, böot. πέτταρες (with secondary Schwachstufe); ion. ark. hellen. τέσσερες (*kʷetu̯eres); reduced grade hom. πίσυρες (Akk. πίσυρας = Old Indian catúraḥ, lesb. πισύρων = av. čaturąm), lesb. also πέσσυρες; dor. wgr. τέτορες (*kʷetu̯ores);

lat. quattuor (a seems, as hom. πίσυρες, _e fortzusetzen); osk. pettiur; petora n. (compare petiro-pert `viermal' from *petri̯ā-, das after *triā in umbr. triiuper `dreimal');

air. ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir after tēoir `3'), acymr. petguar, ncymr. pedwar (fem. pedair), corn. peswar (abrit. Stadtname Πετουαρία);

got. fidwōr, nord. and westgerm. due to einer Assimilationsform *ku̯eku̯or (bis auf die Kompositionsformen salfr. fitter-, ags. fyðer-, aschwed. fiæÞer-: got. fidur-): aisl. fiōrer m., fiōrar f., fiogor n., ahd. feor, fior, as. fiuwar, fior, ags. fēower;

lit. keturì (Akk. kêturis = Old Indian catúraḥ), fem. kêturios; lett. četri; aksl -četyre m., -i f. n.

toch. A śtwar (*kʷetu̯_er-), В ś(t)wār, ś(t)wer (*kʷetu̯ores) `4', A śtwarāk `40'.

In compounds (and derivatives) kʷetur-, kʷetu̯r̥-, kʷetru-: Old Indian cátur- [aŋga-ḥ `viergliedrig'], with Schwundst. the 1. syllable av. ā-xtūirīm `viermal' Old Indian turīya-, túrya-ḥ, av. tūirya- `vierter'; av. čaϑwarǝ-aspa- av. čaϑru-[gaoša-]; from *τετFρα (idg. *kʷetu̯r̥-): gr. τετρα-[κόσιοι], -πους; contaminated from τρυ- and τετρα-: gr. τράπεζα; τρυ-φάλεια `Helm' (compare τετρά-φαλος `with vier Schirmen versehen') probably zero grade *[kʷ]tru-, as osk. trutom (if es `quartum' stands for); lat. quadru-[pēs]; umbr. petur[-pursus `quadrupedibus']; gall. Petru-corii `die Vierstämmigen', petru-deca-metos `vierzehnter', cymr. pedry- `vierfach' (gall. petor-ritum `vierräderiger Wagen' probably with dem vowel from *kʷetu̯ores), `viereckig, strong'; got. fidur-dōgs (Westgermanisches see above); lit. ketur-[kõjis `vierfüßig']; arm. k`taṙ-a-sun `40' (from *twr̥-, compare Old Indian turīya- `vierter').

ordinals:

Old Indian caturthá-, turī́ya-, túrya-, av. tūirya-; arm. č̣orir, č̣orr-ord, kaṙ-ord; gr. att. τέταρτος, hom. τέτρατος (for *τυρτος `vierter' in Τυρταῖος), böot. πέτρατος; lat. quārtus, prän. Quorta, osk. perhaps truto- (see above); air. cethramad (*kʷetru-metos); gall. petuarios = acymr. petuerid; ahd. fiordo, ags. féorða, aisl. fiōrði; lit. ketvir̃tas (lett. cetur̃taĩs as Old Indian caturthá-ḥ), aksl. četvrьtъ; toch. A śtärt (*kʷetu̯r̥tos), В śtwerne.

Von anderem Zubehör sei berausgehoben lat. quattuordecim, got. fidwōrtaíhun, ahd. viorzëhan `14'; dor. ion. delph. τετpώκοντα (*kʷetu̯_orǝ-k̂omte) = lat. quadrāgintā `40'; av. čaϑruš `viermal', Old Indian catúḥ = lat. quater (*kʷetrus); Old Indian catvará- m. `viereckiger place', lit. ketverì `je vier', aksl. četverъ, četvorъ ds., air. cethorcho `40' (*kʷetru-k̂omt-s).

References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394, 400 f., F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.

Page(s): 643-644

Root / lemma: kʷe 1

Meaning: and (encl.)

German meaning: enklit. `and'

Comments: from *'irgendwie', as also to Pron.-stem kʷo-, kʷe- of Interrogativums and Indefinitums in same relationship stehend, as *k̂e `hier' to k̂o-, k̂e- `this'. Damit identical kʷe hinter forms vom Interrogativ-Indefinit-stem zur Verstärkung of indefiniten Sinnes.

Material: Old Indian ca, av. ča, ар. čā enklit. `and'; lyd. -k `and'; gr. τε `and'; venet. -ke, lepont. -pe, piken. -p; lat. -que; ne-que< = osk.-umbr. nep, neip `neque' = air. na-ch, mcymr. etc nac `not' (to a from e see under ne `not'), compare lat. atque `and in addition' (ad + que) = umbr. ap(e) `ubi, cum'; got. ni-h (etc, see under ne) `not'; (see also ahd. etc noh under *nu `nun'); bulg. če `but, and, daß, weil', čech. old a-če, ač `if', poln. acz `obgleich, although ';

den indefiniten sense, mind verstärkend e.g. Old Indian káś-ca, av. čiš-ca `wer irgend, welcher irgend', in Relativsätzen with dem Rel.-Pron. ya-; av. čiš-ca also `jeder beliebige';

arm. -k` e.g. o-k` `irgendwer' (if drop of e from *kʷe before the Palatalisierung; from Junker with dem k` of Plurals gleichgesetzt);

gr. ὅσ-τε (hier hinter dem Relativum; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 575 f.);

lat. quom-que, cunque, umbr. pumpe originally `*when also immer', then with Verblassen of Zeitsinnes (as in nhd. wer immer) bare verallgemeinernd, e.g. quīcumque, umbr. pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *quī quisque: Old Indian yáḥ káś-ca) in Sätzen relativen Sinnes, quisque (mostly angelehnt) `jeder beliebige';

got. -h, -u-h in ƕaz-u-h, ƕō-h, ƕa-h `jeder, -e, -es beliebige';

hitt. ku-iš-ki (= lat. quis-que) = lyk. ti-ke; ni-ik-ku (: lat. ne-que) = lyd. ni-k.

In similar Geltung also other forms from den stems kʷo-, kʷā, kʷi-: lat. quis-quam; Old Indian cit (cid), av. čit̃, ар. čiy Verallgemeinerungspartikel (z. В. Old Indian kaś-cid `wer nur immer') = idg. *kʷid in osk. -píd, -pid, umbr. -pe, -pei (e.g. osk. pútúrús-píd `utrisque', umbr. putres-pe `utrius-que') = arm. -č (in-č `irgend etwas'); s. also *kʷene.

References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 573 ff., 648² f.

Page(s): 635-636

Root / lemma: kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d-

Meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen

German meaning: etwa `stacheln (Stachel, Spitz), bohren, wetzen, schärfen; antreiben, anreizen'

Comments: (older keu̯ed-?)

Material: Aisl. hvatr `quick, fast, gamy, sharp', hvǫt f. `Anreizung', hvata, -aða `antreiben, beschleunigen', ags. hwæt `quick, fast, gamy', as. hwat ds., ahd. (h)waz `sharp, violent', got. gaƕatjan `antreiben, whet', aisl. hvetja `schärfen, anreizen', ags. hwettan ds., mnd. wetten `whet', ahd. (h)wezzen, mhd. wetzen `stir, tease, irritate, anfeuern, whet'; to-participle got. ƕassaba Adv. `sharp, stern' (ƕassei `Heftigkeit, Strenge'), aisl. hvass `sharp, rash, hasty', ags. hwæss `sharp', ahd. (h)was, mhd.was(ser) `sharp, spiky, violent, stern'; ablaut. aisl. hvāta `durchstoßen'; aschwed. hø̄ta `Löcher bohren'; with einer übertragenen meaning as. for-hwātan, ahd. far-hwāzan `verfluchen' and got. ƕōta f. `Drohung', ƕōtjan `threaten', aisl. hōt n. `Drohung', hōta `threaten';

probably lat. tri-quetrus `dreieckig' (`dreispitzig'; probably from *tri-quedros); möglicherweise also Old Indian cṓdati, cōdáyati `treibt an, throngs' (*keud-).

References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.

Page(s): 636

Root / lemma: kʷÞei-

See also: s. more properly above S. 487 under gʷhðei(ǝ)-.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā; kʷei-

Meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base

German meaning: die betonten Formen sind Interrogativa, die unbetonten Indefinita

Grammatical information: (presumably einst only in Nom. Akk. Sg.); kʷu- (only in Adv.);

Comments: einzelsprachlich partly Relativum geworden

Material: 1. stem kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā-; Gen. kʷeso, Instr. kʷī, Zeitadverb kʷom.

A. Kasuelle forms and nur einzelsprachlich belegbare Ableitungen:

Old Indian ká-ḥ (= phryg. κος `irgendeiner', got. ƕas `wer?'), fem. kā `wer?' and indefinit; idg. kʷos probably the old Nom. Sg. m.;

av. kō (Gen. gthav. ka-hyā, ča-hyā), fem. kā `wer?, welcher?', apers. kaš[-čiy], as Indef. with -čī̆t̃, or in Doppelsetzung, or in neg. or rel. Sätzen; av. kā `as?'; apers. ada-kaiy `damals' = gr. ποι by Pindar `ποῦ' placed;

arm. о `wer?' (*kʷo-, Meillet Esquisse² 189), indef. o-k` `irgendwer' (-k` = lat. que), o-mn `wer' (relative o-r `welcher'); k`ani `how much', k`an `as, after the comparative' (= lat. quam), k`anak `quantita' under likewise; lat. quantus `as big, large', umbr. panta `quanta' is from quām with formants-to- derived;

gr. Gen. Sg. hom. τέο, att. τοῦ `wessen?' (= abg. ceso, ahd. hwes; idg. *kʷes(j)o); Dat. Sg. f. dor. πᾳ, att. πῇ, ion. κῇ (*kʷā-) `whereto?, wherefore?, as?'; Instr. f. ion. att. πῆ `whereto'; Instr. Sg. m. n. kret. ὀ-πῆ `wo, whereto', dor. πή-ποκα, πώ-ποκα, att. πώ-ποτε `je einmal, noch je', πω, ion. κω `(*about einen Zeitraum hin, irgendwann =) still' and modal `irgendwie' in οὔ πω `noch nicht' and `nicnt irgendwie, keinesfalls' (compare got. ƕē as well as lat. quō `whereto', if not Ablativ); πῶς, ion. κῶς `as'; ποδαπός `from woher stammend' (neutr. *kʷod + forms -ŋ̣kʷo-, compareἀλλοδ-απός above S. 25 under *alios `other'); att. etc ποῖ `whereto', dor. πεῖ `wo' (Lok.); att.ποῦ, ion. κοῦ `wo' (Gen.); πόθεν `from wo?'; hom. πόθι, ion. κόθι `wo'; πότε `when?' (dor. πόκα `when', compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629), ποτέ, lesb. πότα, ion. κοτέ `irgendeinmal, einst', wherefore also ποτέ after Interrogativen, e.g. τί ποτε `was then' and - with previously gr. Red. - τίπτε ds. (see in addition under poti-s), πόσε `whereto' (-σε from -τε) = got. ƕaÞ, ƕad `whereto'; kret. τεῖον ποῖον Hes., att. ποῖος `qualis' from *kʷo- + oiu̯o- = Old Indian ḗva- `kind of and Weise', ahd. ēwa, compare got. laiwa `as?', see under ei- `gehen'; to variation from π- (: ion. κ-): τ- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f.

alb. kë `wen?' (*kʷo-m), se `was?' (Abl. *kʷōd with analogical Palatalisierung?), si `as?' (*kʷei?);

lat. quī (alat. quoi from *kʷo + Demonstr. -ī), quae, quod Rel. and Indefinitum, osk. pui, paí, púd `qui, quae, quod', umbr. po-i, -e, -ei `quī', puře, porse `quod', lat. cuius, cui, quō, quā etc, umbr. pusme `cui'; Adv. lat. quō `whereto' (Abl.) = umbr. pu-e `quō' (u = ō, das before Enklitika not verkürzt is); lat. quam `as, as' (Akk. Sg. f.) = umbr. [pre-]pa `[prius-]quam', osk. pruter pam ds. (av. kąm-čit̃ `in irgendeiner, jeder Weise', alat. quam-de = umbr. pane, osk. pan `quam'; lat. quantus see above;

lat. quom, cum `if, as; so oft as' (Akk. Sg. n. as primum usw = av. kǝm `as', got. ƕan `when', apr. kan, lit. (dial.) ką `if'; aksl. ko-gda from *ko-g(o)da, Meillet Slave commun² 470;

with -de extended umbr. pon(n)e, osk. pún `quom'; lat. quandō `when' (*quām Akk. the Zeiterstreckung + dō), umbr. panu-pei `quandōque', mnd. wante `bis'; lat. quantus, umbr. panta `quanta' (see 644);

air. nech, adj. (proklit.) after `aliquis; ullus, quisquam', cymr. corn. bret. nep (*ne-kʷo-s, with Verblassen the Negation in neg. Sätzen with wiederholte Negation, also lit. kaz-ne-kàs `somewhat', kadà-ne-kadà `zuweilen', abg. někъto `jemand'); air. cāch, connected cach, mcymr. pawp, connected pop, corn. pup, pop, pep, bret. pep `jeder' (*kʷā- or kʷō-kʷo-s; to abg. kakъ `welcher?'), ir. cech `jeder' (das e after nech); air. can, mcymr. pan (*kʷanā), mbret. ре-ban `whence?'; air. cuin `when?', mcymr. etc pan, pann `as, if' (*kʷani?), air. ca-ni, mcymr.po-ny `nonne' (*kʷā-);

got. ƕas (*kʷo-s) `wer?' and indefinit (Gen. ƕis, ahd. hwes = abg. ceso, gr. τέο), aschwed. hvar, har, adän. hvā, ags. hwā `wer', with dem e of Gen. as. hwē, ahd. hwer (*kʷe-s) `wer'; neutr. got. ƕa (*kʷo-d), ahd. hwaz, an. hvat, ags. hwæt, as. hwat `was'; fem. got. ƕō `wer? welche?' : got. ƕan `when, as', as. hwan, ahd. hwanne `when' (näherer comparison with air. can `whence' is because of the meaning doubtful), as. hwanda `weil', ahd. hwanta `warum'; got. ƕē `wherewith?' (Instr.); afries. hō, as. hwō, ahd. hwuō `as' to lat. quō `whereto' (Ablat.), gr. πω, κω `irgendwie';

lit. kàs `wer?, was?' also indefinit, fem. kà, apr. kas m., ka n. `wer?', kas f. quai, quoi, n. ka (Akk. also kan, kai) `welcher, -e, -es'; lit. kad `if, daß, with it' (Konjunktion as lat. quod, from dem fragenden Gebrauch, compare Old Indian kad, av. kat̃ adv. Fragewort `nun, in the case of?'); lit. kaĩ, kaĩ-p, apr. kāi-gi `as?' (= abg. cě; but about gr. καί see under *kai `and');

abg. kъ-to `wer?' (Gen. česo), kyjь, f. kaja, n. koje `qui, ποῖος?', cě `καίτοι, καίπερ, εἴπερ' (see above).

B. derivatives, die sich through mehrere Sprachen verfolgen lassen: kʷo-tero- `wer from zweien?'; kʷā-li- `as?'; kʷo-ti-, kʷe-ti- `as viele?'.

Old Indian katará-, av. katāra- `wer from zweien', gr. πότερος, ion. κότερος ds., osk. Lok. pútereí-píd `in utroque', umbr. podruh-pei adv. `utroque', putres-pe `utriusque', got. ƕaÞar, aisl. hvārr, ags. hwæÞer `wer from beiden' (ahd. hwedar, nhd. still in weder, with e, as hwer `wer' : got. ƕas), lit. katràs `welcher from beiden, welcher?', abg. koteryjь, kotoryjь `welcher' Komparativbildung (Beschränkung auf die Wahl between zwei Gegensätzen); superlativisch Old Indian katamá- `welcher from mehreren'; compare vom stem kʷu- : lat. uter.

Old Indian kadā, av. kaδa `when?'; but lit. kadà `when?' from *kadā̀n; to ending see above S. 181 ff. (also for abg. kǫdǫ, kǫdě `whence', lat. quan-do).

Gr. πηλί-κος `as big, large? as old?', lat. quālis `as beschaffen', lit. kõlei, kõl' `as long'; vom stem kʷo- from: abg. kolikъ `as big, large', kolь `quantum' (Trautmann 111).

Old Indian káti `as viele' = hitt. kuwatta, lat. quot ds. (vom apokopierten quot from: quotus `the wievielte'), Old Indian kati-thá- `the wievielte' = lat. *quotitei (Lok. m.) diē > cottī-diē `amwievielten Tage also immer, daily'; gr. lesb. πόσσος (hom. ποσσῆμαρ), att. πόσος, ion. κόσος `as big, large' (*kʷoti-os; πόστος `the wievielte' from *ποσσοστός; besides with idg. e av. čaiti `as viele', bret. pet in pet dez `how many days', petguez `quotiēns'.

Old Indian kár-hi `when?' = got. ƕar, aisl. hvar (*kʷor) `wo?' and relative (therefrom got. ƕarjis, aisl. hverr `welcher', eig. `wo er', as from lit. kur̃ [*kʷū̆r] `wo' + jìs `er' das lit. Rel. kurìs, kur̃s `welcher' erwuchs); ē-grade ags. hwǣr, ahd. as. hwār `wo'; ō-grade lat. cūr `warum, wherefore ', old quōr.

A parallel formation to lat. quis in alat. quir-quir `ubicunque'.

2. stem kʷei-, gleiche form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.:

Old Indian kím `was? was', kíḥ `wer?', ná-ki-ḥ `niemand' (with k instead of c; letzteres lautgesetzlich in:) Old Indian cit (cid), av. cit̃, apers. čiy `sogar, jedenfalls' (originally Nom. Sg. n. *kʷi-d; s. also under kʷe `and'); av. čiš `wer', čišca = lat. quisque, gr. τίς τε, apers. čiš-čiy ds.; av. čī `as' (Instr.);

arm. -č in in-č `somewhat' (= Old Indian kim - cid), das also in ersten Glied here, with drop of kʷ- as i (z-i) `was?' (*kʷid-), Instr. i-v `wodurch, wherewith', (see also above to arm. о `wer'); to Alb. see above under 1;

gr. τίς (*kʷis) m. f. (thess. κίς, ark. kypr. σίς), n. τί (*kʷid) `wer? welcher, -e, -es?' and τὶς, τὶ `(irgend) wer, was', Akk. m. *τιν (*kʷim) extension to τίνα, whereupon τίνος, τίνι, Pl. n. *kʷi̯ǝ in megar. σά μάν `wieso?' τὶ μην; böot. τά `warum' = lat. quia; also in ion. ἄσσα, att. ἄττα, `τινὰ Nom. Pl.' (through false separation from ὁποῖά σσα) and with dem relativen ἅ connected ἅσσα, att. ἅττα;

lat. quis, quid `wer, was' (fragend, indefinit, relative), quī Adv. `wodurch, whereof (rel.); as denn, warum (frag.); irgendwie (in Wunschformeln)' (could Abl. *kʷīd sein, but yet probably due to eines Instr. *kʷi = av. čī, sloven. či `if', čech. či `in the case of', ags. etc hwī `as, wherefore, warum'); quī-n (from -ne) `as nicht; daß nicht, ohne', quia-nam `warum', quia `daß, weil' (Akk. Pl. *kʷiǝ) see above;

osk. pis, píd `quis, quid' (fragend, indefinit, unbestimmt-relative), umbr. sve-pis `sī quis', pis-i `quis, quisquis'; gedoppelt osk. pispis, lat. quisquis, argiv. τίστις in verallgemeinernd indef. sense;

air. cid `was?' with dem i from c-id `obwohl es sei'; originally as das adj. ced from *ce ed;

air. cia `wer', cymr. pwy, corn. pyw, bret. piou `wer' (*kʷei); connected cymr. py, pa, p- etc (air. cote, cate `was is', `wo is' is unclear);

got. ƕi-leiks, ags. hwilc `as beschaffen'; ags. hwī, as. hwī, hwiu, aisl. hvī `as, wherefore, warum' (kʷī Instr.);

abg. čь-to `was'; Instr. kʷī (see above) in sloven. či `if; also interrogative particle ', čech. či `in the case of', poln. czy `in the case of', russ. old či `if', abg. či-mь Instr. out of it extended;

about toch. A kus, В kuse `welcher' s. Pedersen Toch. 121;

hitt. question- and Relativpron. kuiš `wer, welcher', verallgemeinernd kuiš kuiš etc (= lat. quisquis) `wer immer', Indefinitum kuiš-ki (= lat. quisque) `irgend jemand', n. kuit-ki (= lat. quidque); lyk. ti-ke (= hit kuiš-ki); s. P. Tedesco Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn Lang. 22, 68 ff.

3. stem kʷu-:

Old Indian kū́, av. kū `wo?', ved. kuv-íd `in the case of, perhaps', av. čū `as, in welchem Maße?' (č- after čī `as?'); Old Indian kúva, kvá `wo, whereto'; Old Indian kútra, av. kuϑra `wo? whereto?'; Old Indian kútaḥ `whence'; Old Indian kúha = gathav. kudā `wo' (= abg. kъde; idg. *kʷu-dhe; see under lat. ubi); av. kuϑa `as'; here also ar. ku as 1. Zsglied to verbalism of Schlechten, Mangelhaften (eig. `was for ein...!'), e.g. Old Indian ku-putra- `bad son', av. ku-nāiri `Hure', compare böot. πούλιμος `Heißhunger' (*πυ-), aböot. Πυλιμιάδᾱς, also from den stems kʷo- and kʷi-: Old Indian ka-, kā-, kad-, kim-, e.g. kā-puruṣa- `Wicht', ka-pūya- `übelriechend', kiṃ-puruṣa- `fairy demon, ghost, Zwerg' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.);

kret. ὄ-πυι `whereto', syrak. πῦς (*πυι-ς), rhod. ὅπῡς `whereto' (*πυι neologism to ποῖ);

alb. kur `as, when' (see under 1. В by den r-formations = lit. kur̃, arm. ur), kurrë `je' (*kur-nei), ku `wo', ku-sh `wer', kü-sh `as' (ü from idg. ū);

lat. ubī̆ `wo' (in addition unde shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cubī in nē-cubi, sī-cubi, ali-cubi, nesciō-cubi, nun-cubi (nē-cunde etc); es is das through die stem lat. quo-, quā, quī before the Entlabialisierung through u bewahrte qʷ- before u to qw- geworden and qwu- hat anl. wu-, u- ergeben, during in *nē-qwubi etc infolge the Silbentrennung nēq-wubī the Gutt. erhalten blieb; is ubī̆ after Lok. auf -ī (*ei, *oi) from *ubĕ = Old Indian kúha, av. kudā, abg. kъde reshaped = osk. puf `ubi' (umbr. extended to pufe `ubi')?; after Pedersen Hitt. 50 f. contain ubi, ibivielmehr die idg. Adverbialendung -bhi (gr. -φι), compare hitt. ku-wa-pi (kwabi) `wo, when?'; correspondingly lat. ut `as, with it, daß' (uti-nam, -que) and utī, alat. utei (reshuffling as in ubī) from *kʷu-ti (us-piam, -quam `irgendwo' from ut + adv. s = osk. puz, umbr. puz-e from *kʷut-s-), uter, utra, -um `welcher from beiden' from *kʷu-teros (parallel with πότερος etc), unquam, umquam `irgendeinmal' (kʷum- temporaler Akk.); in the case of umbr. pu-e (-o Part.) `wo' = Old Indian kū is or *kʷō, is doubtful;

mcymr. cw, cwd (= ð), cwt (= d) `wo, whereto' (*kʷu-) = air. со `as?';

got. -hun zur formation unbestimmter Pronomina: ni ains-hun `not irgendeiner', etc; ags. hū `as', engl. how, afries. hū, mnd. wū;

lit. kur̃ `wo' (see above 1. B); also lit. dial. kũ `was?' from *kun? apr. quei `wo' from *kʷu-ei and probably the originator of qu- instead of k- in fem. Nom. quai, quoi etc;

References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f., 120 f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun² 442 ff., 469, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f., 615 ff., Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff.

Page(s): 644-648

Root / lemma: kʷrei-

Meaning: to buy

German meaning: `kaufen'

Grammatical information: present kʷri-nā-mi

Material: Old Indian krīṇā́ti `kauft' (ī after krītá- participle; ved. also krĭnā́ti after Ausweis of Metrums, as also Pāli kiṇāti), Infin. krētum, krayá- `Kauf, Kaufpreis'; npers. xarīdan `buy';

gr. πρίαμαι `kaufe';

air. cren(a)im (*kʷri-nǝ-mi) `I kaufe', Konj. ni-crïa (*kʷrii̯āt), crīth `Bezahlung, Kauf', crīthid `emax'; cymr. prynu `emere, redimere' (3. Sg. acymr. prinit), corn. prenne, perna, bret. prena `buy', cymr. prid (= ir. crīth) `oppigneratio'; mir. tochra `Umwerben' (`*Brautkauf'), t-ind-s-cra n. `Kaufpreis for die bride' (seems *kʷroi̯o- = Old Indian krayá-), cymr. g(w)o-br `Preis, Belohnung', corn. gober, bret. gobr ds., cymr. also go-brwy ds. (-wy-suffix); Verbaln. Akk. mir. creicc (formal after reicc `verkaufen', whereat s. Thurneysen Gr. 454), air. fochr(a)icc f. `Belohnung';

alit. (Gen.) krieno `pretium pro sponsis', lett. kriens, krienis `gift an die Braut', also lit. kraĩtis `Brautschatz, dowry the bride';

aruss. krьnuti, krenuti `buy', Infin. kriti, russ.-ksl. once also u-kri-jenъ (*u-krьjenъ) `gekauft' without den präsentischen nasal;

toch. A kuryar `trade', kuryart `Händler', В karyor `Kauf', kǝryorttau `Kaufmann'.

References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 197.

Page(s): 648

Root / lemma: kʷr̥mi-

Meaning: worm, grub

German meaning: `Wurm, Made'

Material: Old Indian kŕ̥mi- `Wurm, Made'; np. kirm `Wurm';

alb. krimp (krim-bi), geg. krüm ds.;

air. cruim `Wurm', urir. kʷrimi-, cymr. pryf, corn. ds. `Wurm', bret. préñv ds.; gall. FlN *Primia > nhd. Pfrimm, Primantia > nhd. Prims;

apr. girmis (leg. kirmis) `Made'; lit. kirmìs m. f. etc ds., lett. cirmins m. ds., lett. cḕrme f. `Spulwurm' Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 378 under 386;

sloven. čr̂m `Karbunkel, Fingerwurm', poln. czerń (for *czerḿ? compare skr. cr̂n `robigo' for *cr̂m?) `Würmer in faulenden Fleisch', czermień `Schlangenkraut', czermiówka `Natternkraut';

in addition Adj.-formation sl. *čьrmьnъ `red', abg. črъmьnъ `red', črъmьnovati sę `feuerrot become' etc;

die e-lengthened grade seems in lett. cèrme f. `Regenwurm', cer̂me `Wurm' vorzuliegen; besides sl.*čьrmь findet sich *čьrvь with eigenartigem vi-suffix: abg. črъvь `Wurm', russ. červь etc; compare lit. *skirvis `Ameise'?

References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., Idg. Dekl. 45, 181.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: kʷsep- (?)

Meaning: dark

German meaning: and einigermaßen anklingende words for `Dunkel'

Material: Old Indian kṣáp, kṣapā́ `night', av. xšap- `darkness'; gr. ψέφας, ψέφος n. ` darkness', ψεφαρός, ψεφηνός `dark'; κνέφας ` darkness'; δνόφος ` darkness ', later γνόφος ds., hom. δνοφερός `dark', ἰοδνεφής `dunkelviolett'; ζόφος ` darkness', ζοφερός `dark'.

Der wechselnde gr. anlaut based on auf Tabu-Vorstellungen.

References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht Idg. Dekl. 11.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: labh-

Meaning: to grab, hold

German meaning: `fassen, ergreifen'

Material: Old Indian lábhatē, lámbhatē, rábhatē (Perf. lalābha) `erfaßt, ergreift', lābha- m. `Erlangen, profit, gain, benefit, advantage', rábhas- n. `Ungestüm, force, might', rabhasá- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand';

gr. λάφῡρον `booty', ἀμφι-λαφής `umfassend, big, large';

lit. lõbis m. `blessing, appanage, Reichtum', lõbti `rich become', ablaut. lãbas m. `blessing', also `gut', lett. apr. labs `gut'.

References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 148 f.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lab- and labh- (?), lap(h)-

Meaning: to sip, chaw, etc.

German meaning: `schlürfend, schnalzend, schmatzend lecken'

Comments: schallmalend (compare das similar lak-)

Material: Arm. lap'el `lick';

gr. λαφύσσω `verschlinge' (-ph-? or *labhuk-i̯ō, dem slav. lobьz-ati näherstehend?); λάπτω `lecke schlürfend' is secondary besides old λάψειν, λάψαι;

alb. lap `lecke water';

lat. lambō, -ere `lick';

ahd. laffan (luof) `lick', ahd. leffil `spoon', mnd. lepel ds. (: got. *lapins, from which apr. lapinis borrows); ags. lapian `drink, slurp ', aschwed. lapa ds. (*lapōn), nisl. norw. lepja `schlürfend lick as ein Hund' = mhd. leffen `lick, slurp ', ahd. gilepfen ds.; intensive. mhd. nhd. lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken 'lick' to schlecken;

besides nhd. dial. labbe `lip', labern `slow, oafish talk; leckend drink', skr. lȁbati ` swig as Hunde or Katzen' under likewise;

here perhaps russ. dial. lopa `Fresser', lopatь `fressen'; bulg. lápam `fresse, schlinge', etc; also abg. lobъzati `kiss' (`*schmatzen')?

Maybe alb. lopë ‘cow (eating a lot of grass?)’

References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 72 f.

Page(s): 651

Root / lemma: laidh-, lidh-

Meaning: to cut, hurt

German meaning: `schneiden, verletzen'?

Material: Gr. λίστρον n. `Schürfeisen, spade; spoon', λιστρεύω `hacke um', λιστρόω `ebne', λιστρίον n. `spoon'; λισγάριον `hack, mattock, hoe' (*λιδ-σκο-);

lat. laedō, -ere `injure, beschädigen';

lett. lîdu, lîst `roden', lit. lýdymas, lydìmas `Rodung, Neuland'.

Maybe alb. *laedō, lëndoj `hurt' contaminated also by lat. lento -are `to bend'.

References: WP. II 379, WH. I 749.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lai-

Meaning: fat

German meaning: `fett'

Comments: Only gr. and lat.

Material: Gr. λᾱρῑνός `gemästet, fat' (*lai̯es-r-īnos?); lat. lāridum, lardum `bacon, gepökeltes Schweinefleisch' (*lai̯es-idom?); lārgus `rich, rich schenkend' (*laies-agos); lae-tus `fat, luscious, fertile, freudig, cheerful', laetāre `düngen'.

References: WP. II 379, WH. I 750, 764 f.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lai̯uo-

Meaning: left

German meaning: `links'

Comments: originally `krumm'?

Material: Gr. λαιός `link'; illyr. PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc; lat. laevus ds.; gloss. laevi boves `with downwards gekrümmten Hörnern' point at in association with lit. išlaivóti `Biegungen make' auf `krumm, gekrümmt' perhaps in sense from `verkrümmt = weak, link' as basic meaning; abg. lěvъ `link' etc

References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: laku-

Meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea)

German meaning: `Wasseransammlung in einer Grube, Lache, sea'

Material: Gr. λάκκος (*λακυ̯ος) `Zisterne, pond, pool';

lat. lacus, -ūs m. (ahd. lahha `puddle', mnd. lake `puddle, slop', ags. lacu f. `river, stream, brook' etc, are lat. Lw.) `pit, pothole, sea, trough', lacūna `Vertiefung, pit, pothole, puddle' (therefrom lacūnar n. `Felderdecke', as laquear ds. direkt from lacus from);

air. loch n. `sea, pond, pool' (*laku), out of it borrows cymr. llwch, etc; acorn. bret. lagen `sea, pond, pool'; südostfrz. loye probably from venet.-illyr. *loku̯ā; unklares о also in gall. PN Penne-locōs (Gen. *-ous);

ags. asächs. lagu (*lakú-) `sea' (in addition the nordwestd. FlN Leine from Lagina), aisl. lǫgr m. `sea, water, Flüssigkeit'; in addition lā, lǣ f. `Strandwasser, sea' (*lahō), mhd. lā `stream, brook, Sumpfwasser';

abg. loky f. (*lakū), Gen. -ьve `puddle, Zisterne', serb. lȍkva `puddle, pool, slop', etc

References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: lak-

Meaning: to lick, lap

German meaning: `schnalzend lecken'

Material: Arm. lakem (from *kk) `lick';

lit. làkti, lett. lakt `leckend fressen';

ksl. loču, lokati `lick'.

Similar to onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung as lab-, lap(h)-.

References: WP. II 380.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: lak̂-

Meaning: to be spotted; salmon

German meaning: `sprenkeln, tupfen'

Material: Ahd. lahs, ags. leax, aisl. lax m. `salmon'; apr. lasasso f.; lit. lašišà f., besides lãšis and lett. lasis m.; russ. losośь `salmon'; after Löwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as `the Getupfte' to lit.lãšas `drip', lašė́ti `drip, trickle', lett. lā̆se `Sprenkel, Tupfen', lãsaîns `punktiert, dappled ', etc; toch. В laks `Fisch'. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also (?) Old Indian lākṣā `Lack' (*`lachsartig, *red') and (?) lakṣá- `unübersehbare bulk, mass'.

References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 31, Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: las-

Meaning: willing, active, covetous

German meaning: `gierig, lasziv, mutwillig, ausgelassen sein'

Material: Old Indian laṣati `begehrt' (*la-ls-ati), lālasa- `begierig, violent, verlangend', ullasita- `ausgelassen, bratty', lasati `strebt, plays, shows, is vergnügt';

letzteres stands for also `seems, shines', compare gr. λάω `blicke', wherefore also ἀ-λαός `blind'; perhaps originally various group;

gr. λιλαίομaι `begehre, sehne mich' (*λι-λασι̯ομαι), Perf. λελίημαι (analogy after τετίημαι `bin grieving '); λάστη πόρνη Hes., λάσθη `ludibrium' (etc), λᾶσθαι (*λα[σ]-εσθαι) παίζειν, λοιδορεῖν Hes., ληναί βάκχαι. ᾽Αρκάδες Hes. (*λασ-νο-), ληνίς `Bacchantin' (out of it lat. lēna `Kupplerin');

lat. lascīvus `bratty, ausgelassen, zügellos, luscious, horny, lustful' (Weiterbildung eines Adj. *las-ko-s); in addition also (?) Lār, Lăris, alat. Larēs `Geister' (eig. `die Gierigen, Lechzenden'), lārua, lārva (*lāsou̯ā) `ghost, Larve, Maske' (Lār hat nominativische lengthened grade);

air. lainn `gierig' (*las-ni-s);

got. lustus, ahd. as. ags. lust `Lust', aisl. losti m. `pleasure, joy, Lust, Begierde' (reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from mnd. lust;

lit. lokšnùs `zärtlich' (*lāsknus);

serb. lȁska `Schmeichelei', čech. láska `love'; compare russ. lásyj `erpicht, naschhaft', lasovatь `naschen', etc; lasko-sérdyj `wollüstig, gierig', lásitь `schmeicheln', lástitь ds., etc

References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.

Page(s): 654

Root / lemma: lat-

Meaning: wet, damp; swamp

German meaning: `feucht, naß; Sumpf, Lache'

Material: Gr. λάταξ, -αγος `drip, Weinrest' (compare das Lw. lat. latex, -icis), λαταγέω `schleudre klatschend die Neige Wein', λατάσσω ds.;

mir. laith `beer, Flüssigkeit; swamp, marsh' = gall. Are-late town, city `eastern of Sumpfes', corn. lad `liquor', acymr. llat ds., cymr. llaid (*lati̯o-) `slime, mud', mir. lathach ds.;

aisl. leÞja (*laÞjōn-) `Lehm, smut', ahd. letto `clay, Lehm', nhd. Letten (dessen e, although in bair.-alem. Mundarten offen, yet umlaut e- is);

lit. FlN Lãt-upė, Latuvà, lett. FlN Late (Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 425).

References: WP. II 381 f., WH. I 770.

Page(s): 654-655

Root / lemma: lauk(o)- (lǝuk-)

Meaning: throat, jaw

German meaning: `Kehle, Schlund', `schlucken, schlingen'?

Material: Hom. λαυκανίη `throat, gullet', lit. ра-laũkis `die Wamme of Rindes', wruss. ɫkać (*lъkati), Iter. ɫýkać `schlucken, drink' etc (klr. ɫýhati `schlucken' with h from ursl. g, compare die probably verwandte root (s)leug- `schlucken').

References: WP. II 380.

Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lā̆gh-

Meaning: to cut, a cutting instrument

German meaning: `schneiden, schneidendes Gerät (Spaten, Klinge)'

Material: Gr. λαχαίνω `grabe', λάχανον `Gartenkraut, Gemüse'; ir. lāige `spade' (*lāgjā), lāigen `Lanze'(*lāginā), cymr. llain `blade' (*lăgīnā).

References: WP. II 381, WH. I 757 f., different O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 152.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lāgʷh-

German meaning: `fassen'

See also: see under (s)lāgʷh-.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lā-1 and lē-

Meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc.), onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzeln

Grammatical information: present lāi̯ō and lēi̯ō

Material: Old Indian rā́yati ` barks ' (eventuell also to rē- `cry'); osset. raïn `bark, bay';

arm. lam `weine'; unclear lor `Wachtel' (see under gr. λάρος);

gr. λῆρος m. `gossip, prank, Tand' (invokes lā- or lē-), ληρέω `schwätze'; unclear is the vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in λάρος `Möwe' (compare arm. lor `Wachtel');

alb. leh `belle';

lat. lāmentum ` lamentation ', lāmentāri `wehklagen', lātrō, -āre `bark, bay'; perhaps osk. lamatir `soll verflucht sein';

air. līid (*lēi̯eti) `klagt an'; cymr. edliw (*ate-līu̯-) `rebuke';

got. laílōun `sie schmähten' (present *laian, idg. *lē-); anord. lō f., `Brachvogel', Pl. lør; lōmr `Meertaucher, loud schreiender bird', compare isl. lōmur `clamor, lamentation ';

lit. lóju, lóti `bark, bay', lett. lāju, lāt `bark, bay, fluchen', lādēt `verfluchen'; lādēt `verfluchen';

aksl. lajǫ, lajati `bark, bay, inveigh' etc (lajati for *lati after dem preterite stem, compare lit. lójo).

Redupliziert lal(l)a-: Old Indian lalallā `Lallen'; gr. λάλος `geschwätzig', λαλία `gossip', λαλέω `babble', λαλαγή `leichtes murmur'; lat. lallō, -āre `in den sleep singen', lallus `das Trällern the wet nurse ' (compare die PN Lalla, Lallia, Lallō, Lollia); nhd. lallen; lit. laluóti `lallen', russ. lála ` babbler ', etc

Ähnlich lel-, lul- `einlullen, einwiegen, swing' in:

Old Indian lṓlati `bewegt sich hin and her', lulita- `flatternd', lálati `tänzelt, plays, shows', lēlā́yati ` sways, swings '; lat. lolium ` ryegrass, Taumel erregende Pflanze'; mnd. lollen, nhd. lullen; lit. leliúou, leliúoti `wiegen, swing', lett. leluoju, leluot `Kinder wiegen'; in addition lit.lė́lis, lėlỹs m. `Nachtrabe'; lett. lēlis ds. and ` clumsy person'; serb. léljati `wiegen, dangle', ljûljati `wiegen', russ. ljuljú `eia popeia', lelja `aunt', etc; in addition russ. lelek, poln. čech. lelek `Nachtrabe' (see above lit. lė́lis).

Maybe alb. lelek 'stork (bird that can't sing)' lelegë 'Greek name for people in Asia Minor', lalë 'relative' also alb. name for alb. in the south.

Perhaps here with k-extension:

gr. λάσκω (*λακ-σκω), Aor. ἔλακον, Perf. λέληκα, dor. λέλᾱκα `rede loud, cry', ληκέω dor. λᾱκ-) ds., λακερός Hes. `geschwätzig';

after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to alb. laikatis ` flatter, beschwatze'.

References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38, 49 f.

Page(s): 650-651

Root / lemma: lā-2

Meaning: to be concealed, covered

German meaning: `verborgen, versteckt sein'

Comments: also lāi- and lā[i]-dh-

Material: Gr. λῇτο, λήιτο ἐπελάθετο Hes., due to eines *λᾱ-Fός `hide, conceal' perhaps λεωργός, πανοῦργος, frevlerisch' (*ληFο-Fεργός `in verborgenen tuend, was das light scheuen muß');

from the dh-extension (dh-present?) λήθω, dor. λά̄θω `lateō', λήθη `das oblivion ', dor. λᾶθος n. ds., ἀληθής, dor. ἀλᾱθής `not verhehlend, veritable', λανθάνω (λήσω, ἔλαθον, λέληθα) `binverborgen', λαθρός ` clandestine ', ion. λάθρη, att. λάθρᾱ Adv. ` clandestine ', hom. λαθι-κηδής `den Schmerz vergessen making ';

lāi-dh- in λαίθ-αργος besides λήθ-αργος;

lat. lateō, -ēre `hide, conceal, versteckt sein' (from einem participle *lǝ-tó-s);

aisl. lōmr ` betrayal, deceit', mhd. luo ` pestering, temptation; snare'; ahd. luog `cave, Lager', luoga `Lagerwilder animal';

abg. lajati `nachstellen', čech. (due to eines *lā-kā = ahd. luoga) lákati `Nachstellungen bereiten, verfolgen';

toch. A lät-, länt-, В lät-, lant- `hinausgehen', preterit 3. Sg. A läc, В lac (: gr. ἔλαθε), 3. Pl. A läntseńc, В lateⁿ (Pedersen Hitt. 173, 189).

References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.

Page(s): 651

Root / lemma: lāmā

Meaning: swamp, puddle

German meaning: `Pfütze, Sumpf'?

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Lat. lāma f. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', probably barely genuine lateinisch; as Appellativ still today in Spanien, Südfrankreich, Oberitalien, frequent, often in PN in N Portugals and Spaniens, Korsika, Oberitalien and Apulia, also in venet.-illyr. Gebiet; illyr. FlN Λάμητος (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; lett. lãma `puddle, slop, pit, pothole', lit. lomà (man erwartet lóma), Akk. Sg. lõmą ds.; bulg. lam m. `pit, pothole, hole'.

Maybe alb. llomë, llohë, ‘dirt, mud’.

References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59, 202 ff. Unclear is das relationship to finn. lampi, Gen. lammen `pond, pool', estn. lomm `puddle, slop, lowland, depression', etc

Page(s): 653-654

Root / lemma: lāp-

Meaning: cow

German meaning: `Kuh'

Material: Alb. lopë `cow' (*lāpā), lett. luõps `Vieh'; also schweiz. loobe, lioba `cow' (beeinflußt from`lieb').

References: WP. II 383.

Page(s): 654

Root / lemma: lāu-

Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

German meaning: `erbeuten, genießen'

Material: Old Indian lṓtam, lṓtram n. `booty, geraubtes blessing' (uncovered);

gr. ἀπολαύω `genieße', dor. λᾱίᾱ, ion. ληΐη and ληΐς, att. λείᾱ `booty' (*lāu̯i̯ā), ληΐζοoμαι `erbeute', ληΐστωρ, ληιστήρ, λῃστής, dor. λᾳστάς `Räuber'; probably also λήιον `Saat, Feldfrüchte', dor. λαῖον, λᾳον ` sown field ' as `*Ge-winn, yield'; hom. ἀλήιος `arm', πολυλήιος `reichbegütert' (originally an Ackerland); λᾱρός `lecker' (? *lǝu̯eros);

lat. lucrum n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage' (*lu-tlo-m);

air. lōg, lūag, lūach `Lohn, Preis' (with g- or gh-forms), folad (foluth) `Substanz' = cymr. golud `Reichtum', acorn. wuludoc `dives' (*upo-lau-to-m); cymr. llawen `cheerful' (`*genießend'); also cymr. llawer `much, a lot of', air. lour `genug' as ursprüngliches Subst. `number, big, giant bulk, mass' from *lǝu̯eros = gr. λᾱρός;

got. laun n., ahd. lōn (n., m.) `Lohn, Vergeltung', anord. laun n. Pl., ags. lean ds.;

aksl. lovъ `Fang, Jagd', loviti `fangen, hunt, chase'; lit. lãvinti `abrichten' etc is russ. Lw.

References: WP. II 379 f., WH. I 826, Trautmann 153.

Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lā[i]p-, lǝip-, lǝp-

Meaning: to burn, be bright

German meaning: `leuchten, brennen'

Material: Gr. λάμπω `leuchte', λαμπάς `torch', λαμπρός `luminous' (with originally bare präsensbildendem nasal);

air. lassaim `flamme', lassair `flamma', cymr. llachar `gleaming' (*laps-);

lit. lópė `light', lett. lāpa `torch', apr. lopis `flame';

hitt. lap- `glow, hot sein'.

Besides with i-Vok. Old Indian lip- `entzünden', aisl. leiptr `lightning', lit. liepsnà `flame', lìpst `burns', lett. lipt `gleam, kindle, inflame', nsorb. lipotaś `flicker'.

References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 152, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 439, 475.

Page(s): 652-653

Root / lemma: legh-

Meaning: to put down; to lie down

German meaning: originally only punktuell aoristisch `(sich) legen', später durative `liegen'

Material: Gr. λέχεται κοιμᾶται Hes., λέξομαι, λέκτο, ἐλέξατο `sich lay, place (to Schlafe)', ἔλεξα `lullte ein', λελουχυῖα λεχὼ γενομένη Hes., λέχος n. `bed, Hochzeitsbett, Totenbett', λέκτρον `Lager' (= ahd. lehtar), `Gebärmutter, placenta, afterbirth ', λεχώ `Wöchnerin', λέσχη rhod. `Ruhestätte = grave', att. `Erholungsort for Müßige, then Plauderei under likewise' (*leghskā, compare under air. lesc, ahd. irlëskan), λόχος `Hinterhalt (out of it: bewaffnete troop, multitude, crowd); Niederkunft', ἡ λοχός `Kindbetterin', ἄ-λοχος `Bettgenossin, Gattin' (: slav. *sǫ-logъ), λόχμη `Wildlager; thicket ';

alb. lagje f. `troop, multitude, crowd, Stadtviertel' etc (older *lag = λόχος);

lat. lectus, -ī `Lagerstätte, bed' (from *legh-to-), lectīca `Sänfte';

air. lige `bed, grave' (*leghi̯om), cymr. lle, corn. le `place' (*legho-), cymr. gwe-ly, bret. gwele, corn. gueli `bed' (upo-leghio-); cymr. gwal `bed' = air. mucc-foil `Schweinekoben' (*u(p)o-legh-s); gall. legasit ` has placed, legte'; mir. laigid `legt sich' (to a from e s. Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), Perf. dellig `hat sich gelegt', l(a)ige `concubitus', mbret. lech, nbret. leac'h `place'(*leghs-o-); air. *luigim (Kaus. *loghei̯ō) in fo-álgim (*fo-ad-log-) `schlage nieder', fu-llugaimm `verberge'; air. fo-lach n. ` hideout ', cymr. bret. go-lo ds., gall. logan Akk. Sg. `grave'; nasalized and in gradation to slav. lęgǫ probably air. im-fo-lngai `bewirkt', in-loing `vereinigt' = mcymr. ellwng, ncymr. gollwng `to let go, to drop'; about air. lesc see under; lengthened grade gall.-rom. līga (*lēghā) `Ablagerung';

here very probably air. lesc `piger', cymr. llesg `infirmus, languidus', basic form *legzgho- from *legh-sko-;

probably as `sich lay, place': ahd. lëscan, irlëscan, as. leskan `erlöschen, löschen' (die trans. meaning muß then secondary sein);

got. ligan `liegen' (neologism); altes i̯-present ags. licgan, afries. lidza, as. liggian, ags. licgan, ahd. ligen, licken, `liegen' (liggiu = abg. ležǫ), Kaus. got. lagjan `lay, place' (= abg.ložiti), ahd. leg(g)en, as. leggian, afries. ledza, ags. lecgan, aisl. leggja ds.; got. ligrs `Lager', ahd. as. legar n. ds.; aisl. lag n. `Lage, position ', Pl. lǫg ` law, staatliche Gemeinschaft'; ags. ge-læg `surface, plain, area'; from dem Urnord. ags. lagu, engl. law, mnd. lach `Lager'; as. aldar-lagu Pl. n. `die bestimmte Lebenszeit', gi-lagu n. Pl. ` determination, fate, destiny, lot, fate' (: gr. λόχος); postverbal are ørlǫg N. Pl. `fate, destiny', as. orlag, orleg `ds.', ags. orlaeg n., ahd. urlag m. ds.; mhd. urlage `fate, destiny, war, fight' (latter meaning probably from ahd. urliugi, mnd. orlogeherstammend, s. leugh-); ahd. lehter `Gebärmutter, placenta, afterbirth ' (: gr. λέκτρον), aisl. lātr (*logh-tro-) n. `Lagerstelle from animals'; lengthened grade aisl lāg ahd. lāga `Lage' (: lit. pa-lėgỹs);

maybe alb. geg. log 'place for men'

with gradation ags. afries. lōg n. `place', lōgian `disponere, dispose', ahd. luog `cave, Lager', aisl. lø̄gi `Ruhe';

about ahd. lescan see above;

lit. pa-lėgỹs `Bettlägerigkeit';

abg. ležǫ (= ahd. liggiu), ležati (*legēti) `liegen', nasalized lęgǫ, lešti `sich lay, place', Kausat. ložiti (= got. lagjan) `lay, place', Iter. lěgati `sich lay, place', Iter. vъ lagati `einlegen' etc; lože `Lager, Gebärmutter', *sǫ-logъ (skr.-ksl sulogъ) `ἄλοχος', za-logъ `Pfand, Abmachung' (etc);

toch. A lake, В leke `Lager'; A läk- `liegen', В lyśalyñe `das Liegen';

hitt. la-a-ki (lagi) `bringt to collapse', la-ga-a-ri (lagari) `lies'.

Maybe alb. (*lož) lodh 'to weary, tire' [the common alb. shift Z > DH]

References: WP. II 424 f., WH. I 777 ff., Specht KZ. 62, 40 ff., Trautmann 158.

Page(s): 658-659

Root / lemma: leg-1

Meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out

German meaning: `tröpfeln, sickern, zergehen'

Material: Arm. lič `swamp, marsh' (*lēgi̯ā);

air. legaim `löse mich auf, zergehe, schmelze', fo-llega `(die ink) running from', dī-leg- (3. Sg. do-lega) `destroy, destroy', dīlgend `Vernichtung', mcymr. dílein (*dē-leg-ni-) ds., dileith ds., cymr. llaith, bret. leiz (*lekto-) `humid, wet', cymr. dad-leithio `melt', air. lecht `death', cymr. llaith `letum, caedes, nex' as `*Auflösung', lleas `death' (*leg-astu-); perhaps also as Kaus. air. do-luigim (*logei̯ō) `lasse after, verzeihe', dílgud `Verzeihung';

aisl. lekr `leck', leki m. `Leck', ags. hlec (with falschem h) `leck', nhd. (actually ndd.) Leck, Adj. lech and (ndd.) leck, mnd. lak, aisl. leka strong. V. `das Wasser durchlassen', mnd. leken ds., ahd. ze(r)lechen `zerlechzt, leck', mhd. lechen `Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, swelter ' (lechezen `austrocknen', actually `ausrinnen', nhd. lechzen); Kaus. *lakjan in ags. leccan `benetzen', mnd. lecken `seihen', mhd. lecken `benetzen'; mnd. lak m. n. `fault, error, lack, Gebrechen', mengl. lac, nengl. lack ds., afries. lec `damage, pity'; lengthened grade aisl. lø̄kr m. `stream, brook', norw. also `puddle, slop'.

References: WP. II 422 f.

Page(s): 657

Root / lemma: leg-2

Meaning: to take care about smth.

German meaning: `sich worum kümmern'?

Material: Gr. ἀλέγω `kümmere mich um etwas', ἀλεγίζω ds., ἀλεγύνω `besorge' (ἀ- = die preposition n̥- `in'); hom. δυσ-ηλεγής, epithet of Todes, as `schlimm for den people sorgend', as also das presumably for ταν-ηλεγής einzusetzende ἀν-ηλεγής, likewise epithet of Todes, am besten as ` inconsiderate ' to verstehen is; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but to λέγω `zähle';

alb. plok, plogu, plogë, plogëtë `careless, neglectful, idle' from pa- (`without') + log- from idg. *lēg- `nec-legens' proves idg. g for unsere family.

References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wörter 55.

Page(s): 658

Root / lemma: leĝ-

Meaning: to gather

German meaning: `zusammenlesen, sammeln'

Material: Gr. λέγω `sammle, lese together, zähle, rede, say', καταλέγω `verzeichne', συλλογή `Sammlung', ἐκλογή `Auswahl', λόγος, λέξις ` discourse ', λογίζομαι `rechne, überlege' (also ἀλέγω ἐν `zähle, rechne under etwas' with ἀ- `ἐν-'), λώγη συναγωγη σίτου Hes., dor. ἐλώγη ἔλεγεν Hes.;

lat. legō, -ere `zusammenlesen, auflesen; wählen; lesen', legiō `ausgehobene Mannschaft, Legion' = osk. leginum `legionem', legulus `Aufleser', ēlegāns `wählerisch, geschmackvoll'; here probably also lignum as `Leseholz'; further dīligere (*dis-leg-) `hochschätzen', intellegere (*inter-leg-) `wahrnehmen', neglegere `neglect', religiō `Bedenken, religiöse Scheu'; pälign. lexe `legistis'.

Maybe alb. geg. log 'meadow for gathering of men'

palatal proves alb. mb-leth `sammle, ernte, versammle', preterit mblodha (: lat. lēgī), Pass. mblidhem;

to legō presumably also as `Sammlung the Vorschriften' lat. lēx f. ` law ', lēgāre, lēgātus, osk. ligud `lēge', ligatúís `legatis' and legūmen `Hülsenfrucht, Gemüse';

germ. *lēkja- `Besprecher, physician, medicine man' in got. lēkeis, aisl. lǣknir, ags. lǣce, ahd. lāchi; in addition ahd. lāchin n. `healing', mhd. lāchenīe f. `Besprechen, Hexen'; ksl. lěkъ `remedy' from dem Germ.; about air. liaig see under lep-1.

References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.

Page(s): 658

Root / lemma: legʷh-

Meaning: light (adj.)

German meaning: `leicht in Bewegung and Gewicht', verbal `sich leicht, flink bewegen'

Comments: nasalized lengʷh-

Material: 1. Old Indian laghú-, ved. raghú- `rash, hasty, light, gering', Kompar. lághīyaṁs-, Superl. lághiṣṭha-; av. ragu-, f. rǝvī `flink'; Kompar. rǝnjyō, Superl. rǝnjišta- (vom stem *lengʷh-);

zero grade Old Indian r̥hánt- `weak, small' (`*light'); av. rǝnjaiti, rǝnjayeiti `makes light, flink, läßt sich bewegen', Old Indian ráṁhatē, ráŋghati, láŋghati `rinnt, hurries, springt auf, springt about';

gr. ἐλαχύς `gering', Kompar. ἐλά̄σσων, att. ἐλά̄ττων (with secondary ᾱ, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 538 and Anm. 4), Superl. ἐλάχιστος (ἐλαχύς from idg. *l_egʷhú-, as slav. lьgъkъ and kelt. *lag-; Old Indian laghú- perhaps also or zero grade as lat. levis); ἐλαφρός `light, flink' (probably from*lṇgʷhrós = ahd. lungar); after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302 though contaminated from *ἐλαχρός(= ahd. lungar) and *ἐλαφός (from *-χFος = lit. leñgvas); perhaps ion. λωφᾶν `sich erholen, ausruhen, nachlassen, trans. erleichtern, entlassen, befreien';

illyr. lembus (*lengʷho-s) `leichtes Fahrzeug', out of it gr. λέμβος, lat. lembus ds.; oberital. FlN Lambrus (: ἐλαφρός), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79;

lat. levis `light, quick, fast, leise' (based on auf dem f. *legʷhu̯ī to m. *legʷhú-s);

air. Kompar. laigiu (and laugu) `small, bad' = mcymr. llei, ncymr. llai `minor', corn. le ds. bret. -lei in abret. nahu-lei `nihilominus' (urkelt. *lag-i̯ōs, idg. *l_egʷh-, see above), Superl. air. lugimem and lugam, mcymr. lleiaf, abret. lau, mcymr. llaw `small' (out of it mir.lau, lū ds.), air. lagat `parvitas'; air. lingim `spring' (preterit leblaing with analogical Nachahmung the p : b-Red.), air. lēimm, cymr. etc llam `Sprung' (*lṇg-smen-);

maybe alb. (*leiht) lehtë 'light'

got. leihts, ags. léoht, aisl. lēttr, ahd. līht(i) `light', nndl. licht n. ` placenta, afterbirth ' (*linχta-, idg. *lengʷh-to-); as. lungor, ahd. lungar `quick, fast', ags. lungre Adv. `quick, fast, bald' (*lṇgʷhro-, see above); ahd. gilingan ` proceed, go ahead, Erfolg haben, succeed', mhd. lingen `vorwärtskommen';

lit. leñgvas, lengvùs, lett. liêgs `light';

aksl. lъgъkъ (*l_egʷhu-, see above) `light', lьgota `Leichtigkeit', aksl. (je) lьzě `es is erlaubt' (Dat. Sg. to lьga), po-lьdza, po-lьza `benefit', russ lьzja, old lьzě `es is möglich, man darf', besides lьga, ds. (etc).

2. Here also appellation the Lunge (leichter as die übrigen Fleischteile, schwimmt in Wasser above): ahd. lungūn Pl., ags. lungen, anord. lunga n. `Lunge', engl. lights `Tierlungen', russ. lëgkoje `Lunge'; hence also arm. lanjk` `breast' (older `*Lunge'; *lṇgʷhi̯o-).

References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 143.

Page(s): 660-661

Root / lemma: leibh-

German meaning: `leben'

See also: see under leip-1 `besmear'.

Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: leid-

Meaning: to play, joke

German meaning: `spielen, scherzen, necken'

Material: Gr. λίζει παίζει, λίζουσι παίζουσι Hes. (from *λινδι̯ω, compare λινδέσθαι ἁμιλλᾶσθαι Hes.); λοίδορος `schimpfend', λοιδορέω `schmähe, schelte' (compare to meaning mhd. schimpf `Scherz, Kurzweil': nhd. Schimpf);

lat. lūdō, -ere, lūsī, -sum `play, zum besten halten', lūdus (old loidos) `game';

maybe alb. (*loūdō) luaj, loz `play, joke', alb. (old loidos) lojë `game' [common alb. -d- > -j- phonetic mutation].

perhaps mir. laídid (*loid-) `treibt an, besingt'.

References: WP. II 402, WH. I 829 f.

Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: leig-1 and leik- better oleig-/k-

Meaning: poor, miserable

German meaning: `dürftig, elend; Krankheit, schlechtes Ergehen'

Material: 1. Gr. λοιγός `ruin, mischief, Untergang, death', λοίγιος ` ruinous, tödlich'; ὀλίγος `small';

alb. lig `mad, wicked, evil, mager', ligë `malice, Übel';

lit. ligà `disease, malady', lett. liga `schwerere disease, malady, Seuche', ablaut. lit. pãliegis m. ds.;

2. arm. aɫk`at `arm, dürftig, wenig, concise'; Subst. `armer Bettler', aɫk`at- anam `bin or werde arm; take ab, werde schwach' (*alik`- from idg. *oliko-; demnach is also das ὀ- from gr. ὀλίγος probably old, die root also as *(o)leig-/k- must be assumed); air. līach ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky '; apr. licuts `small'.

References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;

See also: probably to lei-2.

Page(s): 667

Root / lemma: leig-3, loig-

Meaning: to jump; to tremble

German meaning: `hüpfen, beben; beben machen'

Material: Old Indian rḗjati `makes hüpfen, läßt erbeben', rḗjatē `hüpft, bebt', rējáyati `makes erzittern, quiver';

npers. ālēχtan `spring, ausschlagen (vom Pferde)', kurd. be-lezium `dances', līzim `spiele';

gr. ἐλελίζω, ἐλέλιξα `make erzittern, swing, brandish', ἐλελί[*γ]-χθων `Erderschütterer' (in addition probably also λιγ- `worauf losstürmen' in λιγαίνει `stürmt los', λίγα ταχέως);

air. loíg m. `calf', bret. dial. lu-é ds., lu `Dummkopf, lächerlich'; cymr. Pl. lloi `Kälber' (Sg. llo) is ir. Lw.;

got. laikan (laílaik) `hüpfen, spring', bi-laikan `verspotten', laiks `Tanz', anord. leika (lēk) `play, züngeln (flame), fechten, jemandem mitspielen', leikr `game, derision ', ags. lācan `sich quick, fast move, play, fechten', lāc `game, fight, struggle, booty, gift', mhd. leichen `hüpfen, foppen', ahd. leih, leich `game, Melodie, Gesang, Leich', nhd. dial. laich `lusus venerius', mnd.lēk `das Laichen, Laich', nhd. Laich (from dem Germ. entl. abg. likъ `Reigen');

lit. láigyti `wild umherlaufen', Verbalnomen láigymas.

References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.

Page(s): 667-668

Root / lemma: leig-4, leiĝ-

Meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath

German meaning: `binden'

Material: Alb. lith, Pass. lidhem `bind, verbinde, gürte', lidhë, lidhe `band, strap, Fessel; Garbenband, Bruchband';

Note:

Also alb. lidh besën `vow, make a sacred oath' is identical with hitt. li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath'; alb. common phonetic mutation g > dh, k > th.

Alb. and hitt. prove that Root / lemma: leig-4, leiĝ- : `to bind, *vow, make an oath' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common lat.-italic d- > l- phonetic mutation].

lat. ligō, -āre `bind, zusammenbinden', obligātiō `Verpflichtung'; līctor ` bearer the fasces';

mnd. līk `band, strap', out of it aisl. līk `Saumtau', changing through ablaut probably mhd. geleich `artus, Gelenk';

with g: klr. polýhaty śa `sich verbinden', zalyháty `in Bande hit, schnüren, anknüpfen, in Beschlag nehmen', nalýhaty `bridle, rein, Schlinge anlegen, fesseln', presumably also lit. laigõnas `Bruder the wife, woman', wherefore λοιγωντίαν φρατρίαν Hes.;

hitt. li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath', li-ik-zi (lenkzi) `swears', 3. Pl. li-in-kán-zi.

References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.

Page(s): 668

Root / lemma: leiĝh-, sleiĝh-

Meaning: to lick

German meaning: `lecken'

Comments:

Root / lemma: leiĝh-, sleiĝh- : `to lick' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation.

Grammatical information: present leiĝh-mi

Material: Old Indian lḗḍhi, rḗḍhi, lihati `leckt', lēhá- m. `Lecker', av. 3. Pl. raēzaite `sie lick', np. lištan `lick';

arm. lizum, lizem, lizanem `lecke';

gr. λείχω `lecke', λειχήν `lichen, skin rash', λίχνος `lecker, naschhaft', λιχνεύω `belecke', λιχανός ` forefinger ' (`Lecker');

lat. lingō, -ere, linxī `lick', ligurrio, ligūrio `lecke' (compare formal air. ligur, Corm. `tongue'), ligula (*ligh-lā) `spoon', as also mir. liag, cymr. llwy, bret. loa, corn. lo `spoon' (*leighā), air. ligim `lecke', cymr. llyfu, llyw `lick' (f is Hiatuseinschub, Pedersen KG. I 100), mbret. leat `lick'; air. ligur `tongue';

got. bilaigōn `belecken'; ablaut. geminated ags. liccian, ahd. lecchōn, as. likkon `lick';

besides with anlaut. s-: aisl. sleikja `lick', mhd. slecken `schlecken, naschen'; das s- hat perhaps in the variierenden onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung of Leckens seinen Grund, as perhaps westfäl. slappern besides sonstigem *lab- `lick';

lit. lëžiù, liẽszti `lick', iter. laižaũ, -ýti ds., ìsz-ližos f. Pl. `Zwischenraum between den Zähnen', lett. laischa `Leckermaul';

abg. ližą, lizati `lick', skr. lȁznēm (*lьznǫ) ds.

References: WP. II 400 f., WH. I 800 f., Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 183 f., Trautmann 155 f.

Page(s): 668

Root / lemma: leik-1

Meaning: to prepare for sale

German meaning: `feilbieten, feilschen, handeln'

Material: Lat. liceō, -ēre `feil sein, zum sale ausgeboten become, so and so high geschätzt become', licet `es is erlaubt', liceor, -ērī `auf etwas bieten', pollicērī `(darbieten, sich anheischig machen) versprechen', osk. líkítud, licitud `licētō';

lett. līkstu, līku, līkt `handelseins become', salīkt `ds., einen trade abschließen', nuolīkums `pact, covenant'.

References: WP. II 395, WH. I 797.

Page(s): 669

Root / lemma: leik-2

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: S. above S. 309 E (el-8, elē̆i-, lē̆i-), wherefore further the kelt. (?) FlN Licus `Lech' (Bayern), die lit. FlN Liẽkė and Leikà, lit. líekna `marshy meadow', lett. liẽkna ds.; compare illyr. Epi-licus portus, FlN Pacco-licus (Bruttium), mod. FlN Lika (Kroatien).

Page(s): 669

Root / lemma: leikʷ-

Meaning: to leave

German meaning: `lassen, zurück-, übriglassen'

Grammatical information: imperfektiv leikʷō, perfective li-n-kʷō (originally athematisch); Aor. 3. Sg. e-likʷ-e, Perf. le-loikʷ-e; participle Perf. likʷtó-s

Material: Old Indian riṇákti (3. Pl. riñcanti) `läßt, läßt los, raumt ein', riktá- `leer, free from etwas', rícyátē `wird befreit from etwas, geht verlustig', rḗku- `unergiebig', atirḗka- m. `Überbleibsel', rḗkṇas- n. `ererbter appanage, property' = av. raexnah- `blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance', -irinaxti `räumt, läßt frei', npers. rēxtan `diffuse', gurēxten `entbehren';

arm. lk`anem `lasse', Aor. elik` = ἔλιπε, lk`anim `werde verlassen, werde faint, languid';

gr. λείπω `lasse, verlasse', λοιπός `übrig', λιμπάνω `lasse', λισσωμεν ἐάσωμεν Hes. (probably with ī, from *linkʷ-i̯ō); λεῖμμα n. `Überbleibsel', λείψανον ds.;

lat. linquō, -ere, līquī (*loikʷai, compare Old Indian rirḗca, gr. λέλοιπα, and esp. got. laiƕ), relictus `zurücklassen', relicuos `übrig';

air. lēicid `läßt, läßt los', after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from *linkʷ-, with dem vocalism of Fut. and Aor. *leikʷ-s-;

got. leiƕan, aisl. ljā, ahd. līhan, ags. lēon `leihen' (*leikʷō), participle as. ahd. farliwan `verliehen', aisl. leiga `mieten', aisl. lān, ags. lǣn, ahd. lēhan `geliehenes blessing, Lehen' (*laihna- = Old Indian rḗkṇas-, compare to n-forms also čech. liknavý);

lit. liekù, old liekmì (reshaped from *link-mi), Infin. lìkti `lassen' and `bleiben', lìktas `übrig', liẽkas `übrig gelassen', old `elfter', pãlaikas `Übriggebliebenes', laĩkas `bestimmte time, Frist' (lett. laiks `time'), laikaũ, -ýti `behalten (übrig behalten)', lỹkius `Rest', ãtlykis `Arbeitspause'; lett. lìeks (= lìekas) `überzählig, überflüssig; unecht; unpaar'; apr. polīnka `er bleibt', also altlit. palinkt ds.;

abg. otъlěkъ `Überbleibsel' (: Old Indian atirḗka-), čech. liknovati se `sich weigern, scheuen, zaudern, flee', liknavý `fahrlässig' (see above), with s-forms abg. lichъ `περισσός, redundans, mad, wicked, evil' etc (*lik-chъ, idg. leiqʷso-); lišiti `mug, rob';

here also lit. vienuó-, dvý-lika etc `11, 12' etc (bis 19), altlit. liekas `elfter' (`*was about die zehn out noch überbleibt, Überschuß'); but got. ain-, twa-lif, ahd. ein-, zwe-lif `11, 12', aisl. ellifu, anorw. ællugu `11', øllykti `the 11.' etc are either to leip-1 to stellen or with Marstrander (Ériu 5, 206) from kelt. *lipi- (*likʷi-) entleht.

References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 123 f., 179, Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114.

Page(s): 669-670

Root / lemma: lei-2

Meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin

German meaning: `eingehen, abnehmen, schwinden; mager, schlank'

Comments: (from *el-ei-)

Material: a. Gr. λίναμαι τρέπομαι Hes., λιάζομαι `weiche from, sinke hin', λειρός (handschr. λειρώς) ὁἰσχνός καὶ ὠχρός Hes. (= lit. leĩlas), λῑμός m. `hunger', λοιμός `Seuche, Pest'; λινό-σαρκος `from zartem Fleisch';

mir. lían (*lei-no-) `gentle'; léine f. `Hemd' (`*weiches Untergewand');

mhd. lī̆n `lukewarm, faint, languid', ahd. Lino PN, nld. lenig ` ductile ', aisl. linr `tender, soft, weak'; lina `lindern, nachlassen';

got. af-linnan `ablassen, fortgehen', aisl. linna `cease lassen, hemmen', ags. linnan `cease', ahd. bi-linnan `weichen, cease', with -nn- from -nu̯-;

aisl. lǣ n. (*laiwa-) `damage, pity, misfortune, deceit', ahd. Gen. lēwes `leider', ags. lǣw `Verstümmelung'; ags. as. lēf `weak' (*lēi-bho-);

from dem concurrent from got.-nord. lit- (in got. leitils `small, wenig', aisl. lítill ds., afries. lītik, bair. dünn-leizig, aisl. Adverb lítt `wenig, evil, bad') and westgerm. lut- (in asächs. luttil, ahd. luzzil, liuzil `small', ags. lȳtel ds.) ergibt sich, daß lei- from *el-ei-, besides leu- from *el-eu- originated sein müssen;

lit. leĩlas `thin, schlank' (from *leĩras, to gr. λειρός), lett. liẽls `big, large' (`*schlank'), with other suffixes lit. leĩnas, leĩtas `schlank', ablaut. láinas ds.; líebas `mager, thin', ablaut. láibas `tender, thin, schlank';

ksl. liběvъ, libavь, libivъ `mager', serb. linjati ` dwindle ', linjati se `mausern', Denomin. from *lein- (: lit. leĩnas), slov. liliti `häuten' (: lit. leilė́ti `mager become'), leviti se `sich häuten' (: lit. láibinti `dünner make');

toch. A lalaṃsk-, В lalaṃske `tender'.

b. s-extension leis-, lois- in:

gr. λιαρός `milde, lind' (*lis_ero-s), λοῖσθος `the zurückbleibende, hinterste, letzte', λοίσθιος ds., maybe from *λοιhιστος, Superlativ to *λοιhις

= germ. *laisiz `less, minder', ags. lǣs, nengl. less, as. lēs ds., Kompar. ags. lǣssa (*laisiza), afries. lessa, Superl. ags. lǣst and lǣrest, engl. least, afries. lērest and lēst, to krimgot. lista `wenig'; ahd. līso Adv. `leniter', mhd. Adj. and Adv. līse, nhd. leise; ags.ge-līsian `schlüpfen, glide, slide';

lit. líesas, lett. líess `mager'; lit. líesti and lýsti `mager become', lett. líest ds.

References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Idg. Dekl. 125, Machek Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1. leig- and leik-, see under S. 676.

Page(s): 661-662

Root / lemma: lei-3

Meaning: slimy; to glide

German meaning: `schleimig, durch Nässe glitschiger Boden, ausgleiten, worüber hinschleifen or -streichen, also glättend worüber fahren; andrerseits schleimig = klebrig'

Comments: vielfach also slei-

Material: 1. Old Indian linā́ti (gramm.), láyatē, līyatē līyati `schmiegt sich an, lies an, bleibt stecken, versteckt sich, verschwindet'; līna- `sich anschmiegend, anliegend';

gr. ἀλί̄νω (-ῑν- from -ῐνι̯-) `bestreiche, salbe'; about līmus see under;

lat. linō, -ere, lēvī (*leiuai; from dē-lēvī seems to derive dēleō), lĭtum `besmear, bestreichen', liniō, -īre ds.;

air. lenaid, Perf. rolil `folgen' (actually `klebt an einem'; cymr. can-lyn `folgen' better to glynu, ir. glenaid `steckenbleiben, anhaften'), air. lenomnaib `lituris', abret. linom `litura', air. as-lenaim `besmirch, oblinō';

lat. līmus `Bodenschlamm, ordure, smut' (*loimos) = ahd. leim `Lehm', nhd. Lehm, ags. lām `Lehm, Humus', ahd. leime `Lehm', nhd. Leimen, ablaut. ahd. ags. aisl. līm `Leim, Kalk' (`*Erdmasse zum Verkleben'); auf einem es-stem *loi̯es- based on aisl. leir n. `Lehm' (lajiz-), leira (*laizōn) weak. Fem. `lehmiger beach, seaside'

and apr. layso f. (*laisā) `Letten, clay, Tonerde'; in ders. meaning from einer d-extension apr. laydis `Lehm' and alb. leth `damp clay';

lit. laistaũ, -ýti `verkleben, with Lehm or Kalk verschmieren', compare also Old Indian lindu- `schleimig, schlüpfrig';

2. as Bezeichnung schleimiger Fische:

gr. λινεύς `Schleimfisch', ahd. slīo, ags. slīw, slēo `Schleie', lit. lýnas, lett. lînis, apr. linis `Schleie', russ. linь etc ds.;

3. as Bezeichnung of `(schleimig) Glatten': gr. λεῖος `glatt': lat. lēvis (*leiu̯is) `glatt', gr. λῑτός `glatt, schlicht', λῑτός and λί̄ς, -τός `glattes kerchief, cloth', λισση πέτρα `glatter Pels'; λίσπος, att. λίσφος `glatt, gerieben' are unclear; lat. līma `Feile' probably from *(s)lī-mā or*(s)lei-mā (compare ahd. slīm `mucus', slīmen `glatt make, blank schleifen', also gr. λείμαξ `Schnecke');

4. with anlautendem sl-:

kelt. *sli-m-no- `glitschig' in air. slemun `glatt, schlüpfrig', cymr. llyfn `glatt, eben', acymr. limnint `sie smooth', abret. gur-limun `smooth', mbret. di-leffn `hard';

ags. aisl. nfries. mnd. mhd. slīm `mucus' (ahd. slīmen `smooth'); compare aisl. slȳ n. `schleimige Wasserpflanzen';

lett. sliẽnas f. Pl. `saliva' (*slēinās), aksl. sliny, serb. slȉne `Rotz', russ. slína `saliva';

5. with k-suffix:

gr. λείμαξ `nackte Schnecke' (out of it lat. līmāx ds.) = russ. slimák `Schnecke'; compare apr. slayx m., lit. sliẽkas m., lett. sliêka f. `Regenwurm' and lett. sliẽkas f. Pl. `saliva'; perhaps also lit. séilės, lett. seilas f. Pl. `saliva' (from *slēilās?).

6. extensions:

(s)leib- `schleimig, schlüpfrig, glide, slide, darüber stroke, smooth'.

Gr. ὀλιβρός `schlüpfrig, glatt' Hes., ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισπεῖν Hes.;

perhaps cymr. llym `sharp', bret. lemm `sharp; cutting edge eines Messers (as *slibsmós);

ahd. slīfan `glide, slide, ausglitschen; glättend schärfen', nhd. schleifen, mnd. slīpen `schleifen, glatt make; intr. slink', ags. tōslīpan `zergehen'; aisl. slīpari `Schleifer', sleipr `schlüpfrig, glatt' = mhd. sleif ds., ags. slipor, ahd. sleffar ds., norw. slipra `glide, slide', Kaus. mnd. slēpen `drag, schleifen' (out of it nhd. schleppen), ahd. mhd. sleifen ds., mhd. eine burc sleifen `sie dem Erdboden gleich machen', Intens. ahd. slipfen `ausgleiten, ausschlüpfen', mhd. slipfec, slipferic `schlüpfrig';

besides with germ. -bb-: ndl. slib, slibbe `Schlick, slime, mud', slibberen `glide, slide', mnd. slibber, -ich `schlüpfrig'.

(s)leidh- `schlüpfrig, glide, slide', see under eigenem Schlagwort.

sleig- `schleimig, glide, slide, smooth':

Gr. λίγδην `die Oberfläche streifend', λίγδος, λίγδα `Reibstein, mortar';

air. sligim, fo-sligim `linō', adslig `lockt an' (cymr. llith `Lockspeise', llithio `ködern' < *slig-t-), perhaps - as `stroke = hit' = air. sligim `hit', in addition slige `road' (?); air. sliachtad `das Glätten, Ebnen'; air. slige `comb';

aisl. slīkr `glatt', slīkisteinn `grindstone, whetstone', ahd. slīhhan `slink' (= `glide, slide'), sleihha `loop, sled ', mnd. slīk, slick, mhd. slich `Schlick, slime, mud'; participle *slihta- `geglättet' in got. slaíhts `schlicht, eben', aisl. slēttr `glatt, eben, straight', ahd.slëht `straight, eben, evil, bad', nhd. schlicht and schlecht, ags. sliht, mengl. slight, sleght `glatt, eben';

abg. slьzъkъ `εἰς ὄλισθον', russ. slízkij `schlüpfrig', slizь `mucus', slízy Pl. `a kind of loop'.

leip- `with fat besmear', see under eigenem Schlagwort (leip-).

lei-t- `darüber stroke, gentle touch, streicheln': probably λιτή `request', λίσσομαι, λίτομαι `bid, beg, ask, flehen', λίτανος `flehend', λιτανεύω `flehe'; lat. litāre `under günstigen omen, sign opfern; sühnen, versöhnen' (based on auf *litā from λιτή); lit. lytė́ti `touch', lett. làitît `stroke, streicheln', lit. liečiù, liẽsti `touch, betreffen'.

References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270; different about 3. and 4. lei- EM² 553 f.

Page(s): 662-664

Root / lemma: leip-1

Meaning: to smear, stick

German meaning: `with Fett beschmieren, kleben' (out of it also `sich anheftend hinaufklettern, klettern')

Comments: probably extension to lei- `schleimig'.

Material: Old Indian lip- (limpáti-, lipyátē) `besmear', liptá- `klebend, an etwas haftend', lēpayati `beschmiert' (= slav. lěpiti), rip- `schmieren, kleben, cheat, deceive'; ríp- f. `deceit; Verunreinigung'(= gr. λίπα Akk.), lēpa- m. `das Bestreichen, das Aufgestrichene, smut', rḗpas- n. `Fleck, smut', riprá- n. `smut' (similarly gr. λιπαρός, alb. laparós), ripú `tückisch, cheater ';

npers. fi-rēftan `cheat, deceive', rēw `deceit', osset. fä-lēwun, -līwyn `cheat, deceive';

gr. λίπος n. `fat', λιπαρός `fat, gesalbt', with Auslautentgleisung ἀλείφω `salbe', ἄλειφαρ, ἀλοιφή `Salbe'; with the meaning `klettern' (as lit. lipù, lìpti) gr. αἰγίλιψ `nur from Ziegen erkletterbar', ἄλιψ πέτρα Hes., eig. `unersteiglich', λίψ πέτρα, ἀφ' ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει Hes.;

alb. laparós ` bedraggle, stinke', lapërdhī́ `schmutzige discourse ', gëlepë, shklepë f., glep `Augenbutter' (prefix kë- + *loipos or *loipā);

lat. lippus `triefäugig, triefend' (with expressive consonant increase);

got. bileiban, ahd. bilīban `bleiben', ags. belīfan `bleiben, übrigbleiben' (to ī s. Meillet MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. got. bilaibjan; aisl. leifa, ahd. leiben, ags. lǣfan `übriglassen'; got. laiba f., aisl. leif, ahd. leipa, ags. lāf `Überbleibsel'; got. aflifnan, aisl. lifna `übrigbleiben', aisl. lifa `übrig sein';

germ. līƀ- `(kleben)bleiben' hat also die meaning `übrigbleiben' from līƕ (leikʷ- `verlassen') aufgesaugt, das dadurch nunmehr in the meaning `überlassen, leihen' lebendig blieb;

[eine various, also in lat. cae-lebs from *caivi-lib- (see kai- `allein') vorliegende root *leibh- `leben' contain got. liban (3. Sg. libaiÞ), ahd. lebēn, as. libbian, leƀōn, ags. libban, aisl. lifa `leben', lifna `lebendig become'; aisl. līf n., ags. līf, as. līf, līƀ n. `life', ahd. līb, līp, mhd. līp, lībes m. n. `life; body, person'];

lit. limpù, lìpti `klebenbleiben' (and lipù, lìpti `klettern', see above), lipnùs `klebrig', lipùs `ds., anhänglich', lett. lípu, lipt `anhangen', lipigs `klebrig', lipns, laipns `mild, leutselig, friendly';

slav. *lьnǫ, *lьnoti in aksl. pri-lьnǫti `ankleben' and slav. *lьpěti in aksl. pri-lьpljǫ, pri-lьpěti `ankleben', in addition Kaus. aksl. pri-lěpiti sę ds., etc and aksl. *lěръ m. `Leim' (= Old Indian lēpa-), also abg. lěpъ ` fitting, beautiful' (originally `anklebend');

toch. A lip- `übrigbleiben'; lyipär `Rest';

hitt. lip- `schmieren'.

References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64, 67.

Page(s): 670-671

Root / lemma: leip-2

Meaning: to wish for, request

German meaning: `begehren, etwas von jemandem verlangen'

Material: Gr. λίπτομαι, newer λίπτω, participle Perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) λελιμμένος `begehren', λίψ ἐπιθυμίαHes., λιψουρία `desire to pissen';

lit. liepiù, liẽpti, pa-liẽpti `order', apr. pallaips, Akk. -san ` command ' (-so-stem), pallaipsī twei `begehren', laipinna `gebot'.

References: WP. II 404, Trautmann 155.

Page(s): 671

Root / lemma: leis-

Meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn

German meaning: `am Boden gezogene Spur, Geleise, Furche', in Germ. out of it also verbale formations for `nachspüren, also in geistigen Sinne'

Material: Lat. līra (*leisā) `furrow in Ackerbeet', dēlīrus `geistig from dem Geleise gekommen, verrückt', dēlīrō, -āre `from dem Geleise kommen, verrückt sein' (also dialekt. dēlērus, dēlērāre); umbr. disleralinsust `inritum fecerit' (*dis-leisa-li);

ahd. wagan-leisa `Wagenspur' (= abg. lěcha), mhd. leis(e) `spoor, Geleise'; zero grade mndl. lese (*līs-) f. `spoor, furrow, furrow in face, wrinkle', ahd. lesa `wrinkle'; got. laists m. `spoor' (i-stem f. älteren o-stem), aisl. leistr m. `foot; Socke', ags. lāst, lǣst `Fußspur, spoor'; ahd. mhd. leist `spoor, Leisten' (*lois-to-), whereof got. laistjan `(auf the spoor nachfolgen, nachstreben', ahd. leisten `einem Gebote or promise nachkommen, leisten', ags. lǣstan `folgen, help, commit, withstand ' (engl. last `dauern'); got. lists f. `artifice', aisl. list f. `Kunstfertigkeit, Scharfsinn', ahd. as. ags. list `Kunstfertigkeit, Klugheit, artifice' (abg. lьstъ `artifice, deceit' from got. lists); got. lais preterit-present `I know, i.e. verstehe etwas to tun' (example wait), Kaus. laisjan `instruct, teach' (galaisjan sik `learn'); ahd. lērran, lēren, as. lērian, ags. lǣran `instruct, teach' (eig. `jmdn. eine spoor guide, lead'); ahd. lirnēn, lërnēn, lërnōn (*liznōn), afries. lirna, lerna, ags. leornian `learn', as. līnōn ds.; got. lubja-leis `giftkundig' (example weis);

abg. lěcha `Ackerbeet', russ. lechá, skr. lijèha, čech. lícha (*loisā);

lit. lýsė `garden bed, garden plot', apr. lyso `Ackerbeet'.

References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.

Page(s): 671

Root / lemma: leit(h)-2

Meaning: to go out; die; go

German meaning: `fortgehen; sterben; gehen'

Material: Av. raēϑ- `die' (present iriϑyeiti);

got. ga-leiÞan `gehen', anord. līða st. V. `gehen, vergehen, dahinschwinden, verlaufen, to end gehen, verscheiden', as. līthan st. V. `gehen, wandern, fahren, befahren, vergehen', schw. V. lithon `bring, sich begeben'; ags. līÞan st. V. `gehen, reisen', ahd. līdan st. V. `einen way nehmen, gehen, fahren, weggehen, vergehen, spoil; skillful, erleben, leiden', nhd. leiden (different vom Subst. Leid, s. *leit- `verabscheuen'); anord. lið n. `Fahrzeug', ags. n. `Fahrzeug, ship'; ahd. ūz-lit `excessus';

germ. *laidō: 1. `way' in aisl. leið f. ds., ags. lád ds., ` watercourse ', Primärbildg. to germ. līÞan `gehen, fahren'; 2. `Führung' in ags. lád f. n. ds., `Transport, sustenance, livelihood', ahd. leita `Führung', to Kausat. germ. *laidjan `gehen, make, guide, lead'; 3. ags. lád `Reinigungseid', afränk. lāde ds., also to *laidjan as `Beibringen from Eideshelfern', also ahd. laida (das d from leida ` accusation ');

Kaus. (germ. *laidian) anord. leiða `guide, lead, geleiten, begleiten', ags. lǣdan, as. lēdian `leiten, bring', ahd. leittan, leiten `leiten, guide, lead, with sich bear, carry, haben'; anord. liðinn ` dead ', lēiði n. `Grabstätte' (`*Geleit'), ahd. leita (*leitia), leitī `funus' (`*to Grabe geleiten'), mhd. bileite n. `burial, funeral'; with latter meaning presumably also gr. λοίτη `τάφος', λοιτεύειν θάπτειν Hes., also λοιτός λοιμός Hes.?

toch. A lit- `fortgehen, tumble, fall down'.

from extension from *lei- `sich ducken, disappear'?? compare got. aflinnan `fortgehen' etc

References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.

Page(s): 672

Root / lemma: leit-1

Meaning: to be disgusted; to violate

German meaning: `verabscheuen; freveln'

Material: Gr. ἀλείτης `Frevler', äol. ἀλοίτης `Rächer', ἀλοιτός `Frevler', ἀλιταίνειν `freveln, sündigen', ἀλιτήμων `Sünder, Frevler', ἀλιτρός `ds., mad, wicked, evil';

air. liuss `Abscheu' (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther `nunquam fastiditur';

anord. leiðr `unpleasant; detested ', ags. lāð (engl. loath), as. lēth, ahd. leid ds., nhd. Subst. Leid (in Ursprung quite different vom verb leiden);

daß got. sleiÞja (N. Pl. n.) `schädlich, schlimm', anord. sliðr `schlimm', ags. sliðe, as. slīthi `fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil', ahd. slīdīc dsee under assumption eines beweglichen s- anzureihen seien, scheint möglich.

References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 411.

Page(s): 672

Root / lemma: leizd-, loizd-

Meaning: edge, fringe

German meaning: `Rand, Saum'

Material: Ahd. līsta `bandförmiger stripe, hem, Borte, Leiste', nhd. Leiste, ags. līst `edge, hem, edge' (from asächs. līsta : aisl. lista f. `stripe, edge, Leiste'); alb. leth `the erhöhte edge eines Grundstückes, Rain, wall, Flußufer' (*loizd-).

References: WP. II 405.

Page(s): 672-673

Root / lemma: (lek-1?) : lok-

Meaning: to scold, reprove

German meaning: `tadeln, schmähen'?

Comments: Only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. locht m. (*lok-tu-) `Schuld, fault, error';

ahd. as. lahan, ags. léan `rebuke', nisl. lá ds., ags. leahtor m. `Laster, Verbrechen, reprimand', mnl. lachter `Schande, Hohn'; afries. laster, ahd. as. lastar `reprimand, Schimpf, fault, error' (*lahstra-), aisl. lǫstr m. `fault, error, Laster' (*lahstru-).

Unclear, in the case of with lengh- `vilify, scold' to verbinden (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.)

References: WP. II 436 f.

Page(s): 673

Root / lemma: lek-2 (: l_ek-) and lēk- : lǝk-

Meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind

German meaning: in Worten for `Gliedmaßen' and for `biegen, winden, springen, zappeln'

Material: Old Indian r̥kṣalā `Fußgelenk by Huftieren' (*l̥k-s-elā);

gr. λάξ, λάγδην `with dem Fuße ausschlagend', λαχμός (*λακσμος) `das Ausschlagen with dem Fuße', λακτίζω `stoße with dem Fuße'; λάκτις, -ιος `Mörserkeule'; ablaut. ληκᾶν τὸ πρὸς ᾠδήν ὀρχεῖσθαι, ληκῆσαι πατάξαι Hes. (: lett. lę̃kāt); λικερτίζειν σκιρτᾶν Hes. (*l_eq-); s. λικρόι under likewise S. 308 under el- `bend';

in the case of lat. lacertus, mostly Pl. `die Muskeln, esp. the upper arm ', lacerta `Eidechse' (`die Biegsame')?? lacca `Geschwulst an den Unterschenkeln the Zugtiere' (wäre eine late short form with Kons.-Gemination); lō̆custa ` locust, grasshopper; Meerkrebs' (`with Gelenken versehen'?);?

gall.-rom. *lakāre `bend', v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;

aisl. leggr `Unterbein, bone', arm-, hand-leggr `Arm', fōt-, lǣr-leggr `calf' (*lagiz); langob. lagi `Schenkel'; aisl. lǣr, aschwed. lār ds. (*lahaz- or *lēhaz- n.), ags. līra `das Dickfleisch an Waden, Schenkeln, Weichen and buttocks ' (*ligizan-); mhd. lecken, nhd. old löcken `hinten ausschlagen, hüpfen', norw. dial. lakka `(auf einem foot) hüpfen, walk on tiptoe; trip ' (*lakjan);

lit. lekiù, lė̃kti `fliegen', Iterat. lakstýti `hin and her fliegen', Kausat. lakinti `fliegen make', laktà `Hulmerstange' (`*Aufflug'), lakùs ` fleeting, behend', lett. lezu, lēkt `spring, hüpfen', Iterat. lãkat (: ληκᾶν), lēkas f. Pl. `Herzschlag'; apr. lagno (from *lakno) `Beinkleid, trouser'; perhaps abg. -leštǫ, -letěti `fliegen', if from *<lek-t- before dunklen Vokalen or from lek- and pet- contaminated.

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f.

Page(s): 673

Root / lemma: lem-1

Meaning: to crush; fragile

German meaning: `zerbrechen; zerbrochen, weich'

Material: Gr. νωλεμές, -έως ` fatigueless ', maybe from `not zusammenbrechend', due to eines with preposition o- gebildeten *ὄ-λεμος n. *ὀ-λεμής;

ven. MN Lemetor;

air. ro-la(i)methar `wagt', cymr. llafasu `venture, risk', corn. lauasos ds., mbret. lafuaez `licit', also cymr. cyflafan `Untat', perhaps to mir. la(i)me `axe'; with other meaning: mir. lem `fade, crazy, impotent', air. lemnat `Eibisch', mir. lemlacht, lemnacht `süße milk', cymr. llefrith, bret. livriz ds., mcymr. llyveithin `weak' (*lemekt-);

perhaps alb. lemë, geg. lamë `Tenne, Ölmühle' = russ. lom;

ahd. as. lam (*lom-), aisl. lami `lahm, crippled ', ahd. lemmen, asächs. lemmian `lähmen', ags. lemian `ds., tame (ein horse)', aisl. lemia `hit, entzweischlagen; hinder', ō-grade ahd. luomi `faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild', mhd. lüemen, luomen `languish', reduced grade aisl. luma `loslassen', alem. lumme `slack become', nhd. dial. lumm `slack', in addition nhd. Lümmel; mhd.lunzen `light drowse ', ostfries. lōm `gelähmt, hinkend, faint, languid', schwed. lōma `steif or schwerfällig gehen'; ē-stuf.: norw. laam `lahm';

lett. l'imstu, l'imt, lit. lìmti `under einer load zusammenbrechen', apr. limtwei `break, rupture'; lit. lémti `es fügen, vorausbestimmen', lett. lem̃t `decide, define, ordain, determine, adjudicate'; lit. lamìnti, Kausat. lámdyti `ausbilden, trainieren'; in addition probably also lit. lúomas `kind of, Gattung';

abg. loml'jǫ, lomiti `break, rupture', -sę `sich abmühen', russ. lom `break', Pl. lómy `Gliederreißen' etc; abg. prělamati `break, rupture' etc; e-grade in osorb. lémić `break, rupture', probably also ksl. lemešь `plough' (from einem es-stem, as νωλεμές), lett. lemesis `Pflugschar'; with ē-grade skr. lȉjemām, lijèmati `hit'.

References: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Lidén Mél. Vising 378.

Page(s): 674

Root / lemma: lem-2

Meaning: open jaws (?)

German meaning: with der Anschauung of aufgespannten Rachens, of Lechzens

Material: Gr. λάμος `gullet', λάμια N. Pl. `Erdschlund', λάμια `Menschenfresserin' (lat. Lw. lamia `Unholdin, Vampyr', lamium `Taubnessel' as `Rachenblütler, Löwenmäulchen'; also bulg. lámija, láḿa `snake' from ngr. λάμια), λαμυρός `gefräßig, gierig';

lat. lemurēs `Nachtgeister, Gespenster; Seelen the Abgeschiedenen';

cymr. llef `voice', mcymr. llefein `cry', bret. leñv `clamor, Klage';

maybe alb. llaf 'word, speech'

lit. lemóti `lechzen', lett. lamāt `inveigh, scold, chide', lamatas `Mausefalle'.

maybe alb. lomotit 'talk nonsense'

References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lendh-1

Meaning: liquid, spring

German meaning: `Naß, Quelle'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.; or as li-n-dh- to lē̆i-4?

Material: Air. lind (u-stem) n. `Flüssigkeit, Trank', Gen. lenda, nir. lionn, Gen. leanna `ale', cymr. llyn `Trank', therefrom different (s-stem) air. lind, Gen. linde f. `water, pond, pool, sea', cymr. llyn `pond, pool', acorn. len `water', bret. lenn `pond, pool', abrit. Λίνδον PN, gall. Lindo-magus schweiz. river name `Limmat';

from dem Air. (?) derives aisl. lind (poet.) `wellspring', but compare as. Linda FlN. `Lenne', afries.lind `pond, pool'; ablaut. mhd. lünde f. `Welle'.

References: WP. I 438; Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 182, 365.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lendh-2

Meaning: hip; kidney

German meaning: `Lende; Niere'

Material: Lat. lumbus, older only Pl. lumbī ` loins' (*londhu̯o-);

aksl. lędvьję Pl. f. `lumbi', russ. ljádveja `Lende, Schenkel', čech. ledvi n. `Lende', ledvina `kidney';

ahd. lẹntī f. `kidney', Pl. lentī(n) ` kidneys, loins' (*londhu̯īn-), ags. lendenu N. Pl. ` loins', aisl. lend f. `Lende' (ein got. *landjō wird vom finn. Lw. lantio vorausgesetzt); zero grade aisl. lund `Lende, sense, mind, kind of', ags. lendenu N. Pl. ` loins', lund-laga `kidney', lynd f. `(* nephritic -) fat', ahd. lunda `tallow, sueet', luntu-ssa `pectusculum'.

References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht Idg. Dekl. 86.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lendh-3

Meaning: free land, heath, steppe

German meaning: `freies Land, Heide, Steppe'

Material: Air. land `free place' (Dat. ith-laind `area', with ith ` corn, grain '), gall.-rom. *landā `Heide', mcymr. llan `area' (acymr. it-lann, ncymr. ydlan `area'), corn. lan, bret. lann `Heide, Steppe' (kelt. -an- as in type lat. frangō : brechen, i.e. _en?);

schwed. dial. linda `Brachfeld' (*lendhi̯ā), got. aisl. as. ags. land, ahd. lant `land'; in addition with zero grade aisl. lundr `Hain';

apr. Akk. Sg. lindan `valley'; russ. ljádá `with jungem Holz bewachsenes Feld; Neubruch, Rodeland; niedriger, wet and bad bottom', čech. lada, lado `Brache'.

maybe alb. (*linden) lëndina `meadow'

References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to lendh-2.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lengh-

Meaning: to scold

German meaning: `schmähen'?

Material: Gr. ἐλέγχω `beschimpfe, tadle, überführe', ἔλεγχος n. `Vorwurf, Schimpf, Schande'; to hitt. link- `swear, vow'?

unclear, in the case of here mir. lang `the genitals, deceit, betrayal ';

lett. langāt `inveigh, with Spitznamen belegen'.

References: WP. II 436 f.

See also: compare under (lek-) : lok-.

Page(s): 676

Root / lemma: leng-

Meaning: to bend oneself; to sway

German meaning: `sich biegen, schaukeln, schwanken'

Material: Old Indian raṅgati `sich hin and her bewegen';

alb. lëngor `pliable';

lit. léngė, lénkė f. `Vertiefung'; ablaut. lingúoti `schweben, sich hin and her bewegen' (in addition lingė f. ` shaft, pole zum Aufhangen the Wiege', liñgė f. `Feldweihe'), langóti ds.; lett. lĩguôt `swing, singen', Imper. lĩg(u)õ `Jubelruf by den Johannisfeiern', l̨uodzît `waver, swing'; Bachname Langa f.; apr. Langodis Sumpfname;

slav. lęgъ `pliable' in slovz. lą̃go `pliable' (Adverb), lągãc `bend, crook', ablaut. aksl. lǫgъ m. `δρυμός', skr. lûg `Hain, Röhricht', nsorb. lug `grasiger swamp, marsh', therefrom Łužyca `Lausitz', etc; perhaps also russ. ljagatь sja `swing, waver'.

References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- `bend'.

Page(s): 676

Root / lemma: lenk-

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Ags. lōh `strap' (in mæst-lōn Pl., sceaft-lō, lōh-sceaft) from *laŋha-, aisl. lengja f. `strap, stripe', dän. længe `Seilstrippe', hier also aisl. lyng n. `Heidekraut', aisl. endi-langr Adj. `in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung', as. ags. and-lang, afries. ond-ling, nhd. entlang; ags. bæс-ling `rückwärts', ahd. hrucki-lingūn `rücklings'. chrumbe-lingūn `in krummer direction' under likewise;

lit. lenkiù, leñkti `beugen, bend'; lénkė `Vertiefung', linkstù, liñkti `sich biegen', linkiù, linkė́ti `sich neigen to, wünschen', lett. lìkt `sich biegen', liks `krumm', Iterat. lit. lankaũ, -ýti `besuchen', lánkiòti `ausbiegen', lett. lùocît `beugen, lenken', lùocîkla `Gelenk'; lit. lankà `valley, lowland, depression'; lañkas `Reifen', lankùs `pliable', lett. lùoks `Krummholz, Radfelge', lùoks `pliable', apr. perlānkei `belongs', perlānki `gebührt'; reduced grade apr. lunkis `Winkel', lett. lùnkans `pliable', apr. lonki `Steg'; with esp. Anwendung auf das Garnaufwinden lit. lañktis `Haspel, Garnwinde', lett. luoks, luokids. (also lit. leñkti stands for `haspeln'; previously secondary darnach reshaped lenkẽtas `Haspelstock' from lekẽtas: das with it verglichene gr. ἠλεκάτη, ἠλακάτη `Spindel', äol.-dor. ἀλακάτᾱ is unclear);

abg. -lękǫ, -lęšti `bend', lęčǫ, lęcati `Fallen stellen (*Schlinge), fangen', polęčь ` a noose, halter, snare, trap ', russ. ljákyj `krumm', abg. lǫkъ `τόξον, bow', lǫka `artifice, deceit', ksl. also `Meerbusen, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh', abg. si-lǫkъ `inflexus', ksl. lǫčije ` bulrushes ' (`bend -flax, wattle, braid'), abg. lǫčǫ, -iti `separate', sloven. lǫ́čiti `separate, segregate' and `bend' (these die basic meaning);

compare vorrom. (kelt.?) *lankā `Einsenkung, Flußbett' (from *lonkā) in Südfrankreich, Westschweiz and Oberitalien, schweiz. lauch `trough'.

References: WP. II 435, Trautmann 159 f., J. Hubschmid Praeromanica 34 f.

Page(s): 676-677

Root / lemma: lento-

Meaning: flexible

German meaning: `biegsam, nachgebend'

Material: Old Indian latā `Ranke, Liane' (*ln̥tā);

lat. lentus `pliable, tough; slow';

maybe alb. geg. landë, alb. tosk. lëndë ‘(*flexible ) wood, timber, material’, alb. (*lentāre) lëndoj ‘hurt, bend’ from the same root as lat. lentāre ‘bend, make flexible’.

gall. (?) lantāna `Schlinggewächs'; compare Bolelli Ital. Dial. XVIII 182; cymr. `glatt, gleaming' (*ln̥t-ro-), ablaut. bret. lintr (*lent-ro-) ds., corn. ter-lentry `gleam', cymr. llethr f. `slope' (*lent-rā), mir. leittir f. ds. (brit. Lw.); against it cymr. llithr `Gleiten' from *slip-tro- to *(s)leib- above S. 663;

ags. līðe, as. līði `gelind, mild' (*lentii̯o-), engl. lithe `pliable, ductile ', ahd. lind, lindi `soft, tender, nachgiebig', nhd. lind, gelinde, nnorw. linn `pliable, gelenk, gelinde';

ostlit. leñtas `still, ruhig';

in addition probably the germ.-slav. name the Linde (*lentā), because of ihres biegsamen Bastes; anord. lind f. `Linde (also spear, javelin, shield from Lindenholz'), ags. lind(e) f. ds., ahd. linta, lintea, linda ds., nhd. Linde, wherefore as `band, strap from Lindenbast' anord. lindi m. `band, strap, Gürtel', mnd. lint n. `flaches band, strap' (out of it lit. linta `Zierbaud'), anord. lindi n. `Lindenholz', nhd. dial. lind, lint n. `bast';

probably lit. lentà `board' (`from Lindenholz?');

with o-grade slav. *lǫtъ in russ. dial. lut, lutь `Lindenbast', klr. ɫút'é n. `Lindenbast; Weidenzweige', ɫut `Gerte, skin';

perhaps as `the sich Biegende, Windende' ahd. lind, lint (*lento-s), anord. linnr, linni m. `snake', poet. `tree, Feier', linn-ormr `dragon' = ahd. lindwurm.

References: WP. II 437 f., WH. I 784 f.

Page(s): 677

Root / lemma: lep-1

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Material: Old Indian lápati `schwatzt, flüstert, wehklagt, talks', rápati ds., pām. lówam, lewam `rede, spreche, say', np. lāba, lāwa `Schmeichelei';

Maybe truncated alb. *lápati, llap ‘chat, talk, speak’, llaf ‘word, speech’

It seems that from Root / lemma: plab- : (to babble, etc.) derived Root / lemma: lep-1 : (expr. Root)

presumably as *lēpagi- `Besprecher', air. līaig (disyllabic), Gen. lego (*lī-ago) `physician, medicine man' (keinesfalls to got. lēkeis);

russ. lepetátь `stammeln, schwatzen, lallen', abg. lopotivъ `stammelnd, stotternd', russ. lopotátь `plätschern, rant, roister, klatschen', with somewhat other meaning- turn skr. lepètati `flutter'.

Perhaps auf ders. onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung, but with a-vocalism, based on gr. λαπίζω `benehme mich minxish, wanton', λαπιστής `Aufschneider, Prahler' and λαῖλαψ `Sturmwind' (as `heulend').

References: WP. II 429.

Page(s): 677-678

Root / lemma: lep-2

Meaning: to peel, flay

German meaning: `abschälen, abhäuten, abspalten'

Material: Gr. λέπω `schale ab', λέπος n., λοπός m. `bowl, bark, skin' (ὀλόπτω `schäle ab'), λεπίς, λοπίς f. `Schuppe, bowl, bark', λοπάς `flaches Geschirr', λεπάς `einschalige Muschel, Napfschnecke', λέπῡρον n. `bowl, husk', ἔλλοψ epithet the Fische (eigentl. `in Schuppen being'), λέπρα ` leprosy ' (`*sich schuppende skin'); λεπτός `enthülst (from Körnern); fine, thin, dainty, weak', λεπτύνω `hülse from; make thin', λαπαρός `schmächtig, thin' (*λεπαρός); lengthened grade (ō): λώπη `Hülle, garment, Ledermantel' (`*abgezogenes fell, fur' or at most from `abgetrennten rag'), λῶπος n. ds., λώψ χλαμύς Hes.;

alb. ljapë `Bauchfell from Schlachttieren', lepíj `meißle', latë `small axe, hack, mattock, hoe' (*laptā);

lat. lepidus `dainty, niedlich, allerliebst' (compare above λεπτός), lepōs `Feinheit, Anmut, heiterer Witz'; presumably also lapit `dolore afficit' (*l_ep-);

ags. læfer, leber f. ` bulrush, Ried', engl. Pl. levers, ahd. leber ` bulrush', ags. lōf m. `Stirnband, head fascia' (= lit. lõpas);

lit. lõpas `Flick, rag', lópau, -yti `flicken', lett. lāps `Flick', lãpît `flicken';

lit. lepùs ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ', lepáuti `minxish, wanton sein', lêpinti `verzärteln', lett. lepns `pride';

sloven. lépen `leaf', osorb. changing through ablaut ɫopjëno n. `leaf'; russ. lepénь (*lepьnь) `shred, scrap, shred', lépest `rag; Blumenblatt' (Weiterbildung vom es-stem *lepes- = gr.τὸ λέπος), lepúcha ` leprosy ' (as gr. λέπρα); ō-grade (as gr. λώπη) russ. lápotь (*lapъtь) m. `Bastschuh', lápitь `flicken', etc

References: WP. II 429 ff., WH. I 785 f., Trautmann 149 f.

Page(s): 678

Root / lemma: lep-3

Meaning: stone, rock

German meaning: `Fels, Stein'?

Material: Gr. λέπας n. (only N. Akk. Sg.) `kahler Fels, Stein', λεπαῖος `felsig'; lat. lapis, -idis `Stein'; umbr. vapeře Abl. Sg., vapersus Abl. Pl. `seat' (from Stein?); lat. a wird as Red.-vowel _e aufgefaßt; eine additional possibility wäre borrowing of gr. and ital. words from einer nichtidg. Mittelmeersprache. relationship to lep- `abspalten' as `abgespaltenes Steinstück' (saxum : secō) is denkbar.

References: WP. II 431, WH. I 761 f.

Page(s): 678

Root / lemma: lerd-

Meaning: to twist

German meaning: `verkrümmen'

Material: Arm. Pl. lorc̣-k` `convulsio partium in posteriora';

gr. λορδός `with dem Oberkörper after vorwärts gekrümmt', λορδοῦν, -οῦσθαι `after vorwärts gebogen sein';

gäl. lorcach, lurcach `lahm am foot'; lurc m. `lahmer foot';

ags. be-lyrtan `cheat, deceive', mhd. lürzen ds., dän. lyrte `scherzen', mhd. lerzen `stammeln', mhd. lurz, lerz `link' (`krumm'); ags. lort `krumm?', in addition the PN Lorting = nhd. Lortzing.

References: WP. II 439, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 206, 209.

Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: lerg-

Meaning: smooth, slippery

German meaning: `glatt, eben, schlüpfrig'

Material: Arm. oɫork `eben, glatt, poliert, schlüpfrig' (o- probably die preposition *po-), lerk `glatt, unbehaart';

mir. lergg f. `Abhaug, way, Ebene', less-lergg `Weide', cymr. llyry `Pfad, spoor', corn. lergh, bret. lerc'h `spoor'; ablaut. air. lorc, mir. lorgg m. `spoor, troop, multitude, crowd, progeny ', cymr. llwry > llwrw `spoor';

in addition nhd. Lurch, ndd. lork?

References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- `stick'.

Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: les-

Meaning: to gather, pick up

German meaning: `sammeln, auflesen'

Material: Got. lisan st. V. `auflesen, reap', aisl. lesa `gather, collect, auflesen, einweben', later (through nhd. influence) `lesen (ein book)', ags. lesan `gather, collect', as. ahd. lesan `auf-, auslesen' and (after the Doppelbed. from lat. legere) `lesen (ein book)'; here also aisl. lesa, mhd. (and nhd. dial.) lismen `stricken', and welter ahd. lesa, mhd. lese `a kind of Kleidungsstoff', aisl. lesni `a kind of Kopfzeug';

lit. lesù, lèsti `with dem bill, beak, neb aufpicken, corn, grain lesen', Iter. ap-lasýti `herauspicken, auslesen, wählen';

in the case of here air. lestar, Lw. from cymr. llestr `vessel', acorn. lester, bret. lestr `ship'? basic meaning wäre `vessel zum Einsammeln from Beeren under likewise'.

References: WP. II 440, Trautmann 160.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: leto-, lēti-, lēto-, lōto-

Meaning: heat

German meaning: `Brunst, Hitze, Zorn'

Material: Mcymr. aelet (*ad-let-) `pain', llet-gynt ds., lengthened grade llit, tra-llit `rage, fury', ncymr. llid m. ds., with gradation llawd `rutting, heat' = mir. láth m. ds.; mcymr. aelawt `din, fuss, noise, pain' = air. álad n. `wound' (*ad-lōto-), cymr. tra-llod `din, fuss, noise, pain';

klr. ĺit́ f. `rutting, heat', ĺityty `befruchten'.

References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams Ét. Celt. 4, 391.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: letro-

Meaning: leather

German meaning: `Leder'??

Material: Air. lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr `leather' = ahd. leder, ags. leÞer (engl. leather), aisl. leðr n. `leather'. Is das germ. word old borrowing from dem kelt. and letzteres as *pl-e-tro with lat. pellis etc (see pel- `skin') related? S. Pedersen KG. II 45.

References: WP. II 428.

Page(s): 681

Root / lemma: leubh-

Meaning: to care for, love

German meaning: `gern haben, begehren; lieb', partly with Entwicklung von `gern haben' to `gutheißen, loben', in germ. also von `Liebe' to `Zutrauen, reliance, Glaube'

Material: Old Indian lúbhyati `empfindet heftiges desire', lōbháyati `erregt desire' (formal = germ.*lauƀjan, das but denominative to *lauƀa-, ags. lēaf), lōbha- m. `desire, Gier' (= ags. lēaf etc), lubdhá- `gierig, ausschweifend; verführt' (= gr. λυπτά);

gr. λυπτά ἑταίρα, πόρνη Hes.;

alb. laps `wünsche, begehre', probably also tosk. lumë, geg. lum `lucky, blessed ', lumnī `fame, Seligkeit' (participle *lubh-no- actually `was man gern hat, lobt');

Note:

mayeb alb. (*lumba) lumë 'happy, lucky' is probably the oldest IE cognate as it preceds the shift M > MB, B that took place among other IE derivatives. alb. alb. (*lumba) lumë 'happy, lucky' stands against lat lubet- ' (impers.), it pleases, is agreeable' the same as alb. geg. dhom, tosk dhëmb 'tooth' (Skt. jámbha- `tooth' [m]; Gk. γόμφος `pin, nail' [m]; OIc. kambr `comb, jagged edge' [m]; Lith. žam̃bas `sharp edge' [m o]; Poln. ząb `tooth' [m o], zębu [Gens]; Slovene: zǭb `tooth' [m o] against Russian zub `tooth' [m o]; Czech zub `tooth' [m o]; Slovak: zub `tooth' [m o]; Serbo-Croatian: zūb `tooth' [m o].

lat. libet, older lubet, -ēre, -uit, -itum est `es beliebt, is compliant', lubens, libens `gern, willing', lubīdo, libīdo `Begierde'; osk. loufir `vel' (compare abg ĺubo - ĺubo `vel - vel');

got. liufs, aisl. liūfr, ahd. liob, ags. lēof `lieb' (= abg. ĺubъ); therefrom derived *liubēn `lieb sein, gefallen' in ags. lēofian, ahd. mhd. liuben; *liubjan in ags. ge-lýfan, ahd.(ga)liuben, originally `lieb make'; got. galaufs `begehrenswert, schätzbar, wertvoll'; ags. lēaf `Erlaubnis', ahd. urloub (and urlub) `Urlaub'; got. Denom. ga-laubjan `believe', us-laubjan `allow', aisl. leyfa (Denom.) `allow; praise, laud'; ahd. gilouben `believe', irlouben `allow', ags. līefan, ā-líefan `allow', gelīefan `believe'; aisl. lof n. `Lob, Erlaubnis', ags. lof n. `Lob, Preis', ahd. lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to aisl. lofa `preisen, gestatten', ahd. lobōn (Denom.) `praise, laud, preisen, bewilligen, versprechen', nhd. loben, geloben, verloben; got. lubains `hope'; ags. lufu, ahd. lupa f. `love', therefrom *lubōn in ags. lufian, ahd.lubōn `lieben', ahd. gilubida `Gelübde';

lit. (due to eines es-stem *leubhes-) liaupsė̃ `Lobpreisung', liáupsinti `lobpreisen';

abg. ĺubъ `lieb' (russ. ĺúbyj etc), whereof ĺubiti `lieben', ĺuby `love' (etc).

maybe alb. lyp, lip 'beg, like, want'

References: WP. II 419, WH. I 793 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 37 ff., 80 f.

Page(s): 683-684

Root / lemma: leudh-1

Meaning: to grow up; people; free

German meaning: `emporwachsen, hochkommen'

Material: Old Indian rṓdhati, rṓhati ` rises, grows ', av. raoδaiti ` increases, grows ', Old Indian rṓha- m. `ascension, elevation, height', avarōdha- m. `Wurzeltrieb, Luftwurzel, Senkung', av. raoδa- m. `growth, prestige', npers. rōi `face';

gr. ἐλεύθερος `free' from *leudhero-s = lat. līber `free' = alb. lirë `free';

fal. loferta ` a freedwoman ';

maybe truncated alb. (*ἐλεύθερος) lirë `free'; older (*ἐλεύθερος) illyrus `free people'

alb. perhaps lenj ` is born, comes into being ' (*leudh-n-), lind `give birth', polem ` people ' (leudh-m-);

Note: alb. lind `give birth' could be a homonym of alb. lindje `birth, sunrise, east (sun birth)' from ital. Levante `east = direction of sunrise', levar del sol `sunrise', from lat. levo (1) -are `to raise, lift up; to make light, relieve, ease; to diminish, weaken, impair'.

Alb. vëla ` brother ' (*su̯e-loudhā ` member of clan ')

Note:

This seems erroneous etymology because alb. geg. vla ` member of clan ' got a prothetic (-ë-) in alb. tosk. vëla `brother' derives from Root / lemma: bhrā́ter- : brother : Old Indian bhrā́tar-, av. apers. brātar- `brother'; osset. ärvád `brother, kinsman, relative'; arm. eɫbair, Gen. eɫbaur ds.; (*bhrātēr, *bhrātrós); Etruscan (*ärvád) Ruva `brother' from osset. ärvád ` brother, relative ', Illyr. bra `brother! (vocative)' > alb. bre `brother! (vocative)', neuphryg. βρατερε `frātrī'; mys.-phryg. braterais = φράτραις?,

gr. φρήτηρ (ion.) ἀδελφός Hes., att. φρά̄τηρ, φρά̄τωρ `member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood)'; ven. vhraterei `frātrī'; alb. geg. (*vhra-) vla `brother' [common alb. r > l shift as in alb. gjarpër > gjalpër `snake'], also alb. tosk. (*vhraterei) vllazëri `member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood)';

Maybe alb. vëlla ` brother ' is contaminated by Estonian veli brother. According to phonetic mutations alb. cognate derived from the Root / lemma: su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o(n)- : (a kind of relation): . (*svila-) vëlla 'brother' [the common alb. initial sv- > v- shift or drop of initial s-].

Alb. , këlüsh ` youngling ';

Note:

This seems erroneous etymology because alb. këlüsh `cub, esp. young dog' derives from Root / lemma: kel-6, k(_e)lē-, k(_e)lā- or kl̥̄-? : `to call, cry'. (see above)

lat. Līber `ital. god of Wachstums, the Zeugung, Anpflanzung', osk. Gen. Lúvfreís `Liberi', lat. līberī, -ōrum `die Kinder', juristisch also from einem einzigen kid, child, also `*Nachwuchs'; līber `free' see above;

maybe Liburni Illyr. TN, also alb. (*libera) lirë 'free'.

air. luss m. `plant' (*ludh-stu-), acorn. les ds., mcorn. leys, Pl. losow, cymr. llysiau, bret. louzou ds.;

Maybe alb. (*ludh-) lule `plant, flower' [common alb. and lat. -dh- > - ll-, -d-, > -l- phonetic mutation]

got. liudan, ahd. liotan, as. liodan, ags. lēodan `grow', ahd. sumarlota `Sommerschößling', anord. loðenn `bewachsen, haarig, rough', loða `(*festgewachsen sein =) festhangen, festkleben'; got. laudi f. `shape', swa-, sama-lauÞs `so big, large', jugga-lauÞs ` youngling ', mhd. lōt `beschaffen'; got. ludja `Antlitz' (compare np. rōi), as. lud `Äußeres, Körperkraft (? only Hel. 154), ahd. ant-lutti `Antlitz'; (Nachwuchs = bulk, mass, people :) ahd. liut, ags. lēod `people', mhd. liute `people', ags. lēode ds., then also from einzelnen people ahd. liut `person', nhd. dial. das Leut `person', nd. lüd, lüt `Weibsperson, girl', burgund. leudis `the Gemeinfreie';

aksl. ljudьje (*leudei̯es) Pl. `the people' (Sg. russ. ljud, čech. lid), ljudinъ `the Gemeinfreie', lett. ĺàudis Pl. `people, people, Gesinde', lit. liáudis `people'.

References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.

Page(s): 684-685

Root / lemma: leu-dh-2

Meaning: drive, go

German meaning: `treiben, gehen'

See also: see above under el-6 S. 306 f.

Page(s): 685

Root / lemma: leud-

Meaning: to bend (intr.); bent, small, etc.

German meaning: etwa `sich ducken', daher `geduckt, klein, sich vor jemand ducken, klein machen, heucheln'

Material: Cymr. lludded `Müdigkeit' (*loudetā, compare ahd. luzeda `infirmatio');

Maybe alb. lut `pray, bow, beg'

as. luttil `small, woeful, wretched, miserable ', ahd. luzil, luzzil, liuzil, mhd. lützel `small, wenig, gering', ags. lȳtel, engl. little; as. lūt `wenig', ags. lȳt `gering', as. luttic, ahd. luzzīc `small, wenig' (see above under 2. lei-); aisl. lūta st. V. `sich vornüber neigen, fall', ags. lūtan st.-V. ds., ags. lūtian `hide, conceal liegen, lurk', ahd. lūzēn ds.; ahd. lōskēn, mnd. lūschen `versteckt, hide, conceal sein; got. luton in lutondans `φρεναπάται', zero grade liuts `heuchlerisch', liutai Pl. `Gaukler', liutei ` deception ', lutōn `cheat, deceive, verführen', ags. lot n. `deceit', lytig `hinterlistig', aisl. ljōtr `ugly', lȳti n. (*liutia-) `Gebrechen', lȳta `verunzieren, entehren, rebuke';

lit. liūstù, liũsti ` sad sein' (`gedrückt sein'), liũdnas ` sad ', apr. laustinti `demütigen' (from *laustas `geduckt');

r.-ksl. ludъ `crazy', post-verbal to slav. *ludjǫ in russ. lužú (*laudei̯ō), ludítь `cheat, deceive, tauschen'.

References: WP. II 415 f., Trautmann 151.

Page(s): 684

Root / lemma: leugh-1

Meaning: to lie

German meaning: `lügen'

Material: Got. liugan, as. ahd. liogan, ags. lēogan `lie', aisl. ljūga `lie, fehlen, fehlschlagen'; ahd. as. lugina, ags. lygen `lie, falsity', mhd. luc m. `Lug', ahd. luggi, lucki, as. luggi, ags. lycge ` fallacious ' (= slav. lъžь), aisl. lygi f., ahd. lugī f. `lie, falsity', ags. lyge m. `lie, falsity' (: slav. lъža `lie, falsity'); ahd. lougan m., lougna f. `das Leugnen' = aisl. laun f. `ds., Verheimlichung', got. analaugns `hide, conceal', laugnjan `leugnen' etc; probably also ahd. lochon, j-verb lucchen, geminated aisl. lokka, ags. loccian, mnl. locken, ahd. lockon `locken'; in addition mhd. Gelücke `luck'?

lit. lūgoti `bid, beg, ask', lett. lùgt ds.;

abg. lъžǫ, lъgati `lie', lъžь ` fallacious, Lügner', lъžа `lie, falsity'.

References: WP. II 415, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

Page(s): 686-687

Root / lemma: leugh-2. lugh-

Meaning: oath

German meaning: `Eid, Schwur'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. lu(i)ge n., cymr. llw m., bret. le `oath, vow, pledge' (*lughi̯om);

got. liugan, -aida `marry', liuga ` matrimony ', (*oath), ahd. urliugi (*uz-liugja) `war, fight' (`*vertragsloser state, status'), zero grade mnd. orloge, orloch, as. orlag, -logi, afries.orloch ds. (therefrom hat also mhd. urlage `fate, destiny' etc partly die meaning `war, fight' bezogen, see under legh- `liegen'); afries. logia `marry'.

Maybe alb. logu `lists (*fight)'

References: WP. II 415.

Page(s): 687

Root / lemma: leug-1

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Gr. λυγίζω `biege, winde, drehe', λύγος f. `biegsamer twig, branch', λύγινος `geflochten';

lat. lucta f. `Ringen, wrestling match ', luctō, sek. luctor, -ārī `wrestle, struggle',, luxus `verrenkt', luxāre `verrenken' also (as `außer edge and Band') luxus, -ūs `üppige fertility, verschwenderischer expenditure', luxuria; probably lū̆ma ` mint (?)' from *lū̆g(s)mā;

air. fo-long- `(er)bear, carry' (from *-lung-);

lit. lùgnas ` ductile, pliable';

ahd. loc, nhd. Locke, ags. locc, aisl. lokkr ds., aisl. lykna ` bend the knees ';

with gradation besides perhaps ahd. louh, nhd. Lauch, and. lōk, ags. lēac, aisl. laukr `Lauch'; from `bend, zusammenbiegen' seems die meaning `zumachen, shut' originated to sein (?) in got. ga-lūkan `einschließen', us-lūkan `aufschließen', aisl. lūka `shut, aufschließen, finish, end', ags. lūcan `shut, öffnen', ahd. lūhhan `shut', antlūhhan `aufschließen'; aisl. lok n. `Schluß, Verschluß, cover', loka f. `Verschluß, bar, bolt', lykja `shut', ags. loc n. `Verschluß, bar, bolt, jail ', ahd. loh n. `Verschluß, hideout, cave, hole', got. us-luk n. `aperture '; ahd. lucka (*lukkja) `Lücke', ndd. Luke.

References: WP. II 413 f., WH. I 826 f., 831.

Page(s): 685-686

Root / lemma: leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g-

Meaning: black; swamp

German meaning: `schwärzlich; Sumpf' (after der Farbe)

Material: Gr. λῡγαῖος `dark, finster', wherefore (with Präf. ἠ-, compare Old Indian ā-nīla- `schwärzlich') ἠλύ̆γη `dark', ἐπῆλυξ `( whereas darkness is =) schattengebend', ἐπηλυγάζομαι, -ίζομαι `überschatte, bedecke';

Maybe alb. lugë `spoon, scoop', geg. lug `valley, ditch', tosk. luginë `valley'

illyr. lugas m. or luga f. `swamp, marsh' (Strabo 314: ἕλος Λούγεον καλούμενον by Τεργεστε), whereof with dem lat. forms -ātum derived alb. lëgatë `puddle, pool, slop, swamp, marsh'; lit. liũgas `morass', besides lũgas, lett. FlN Ludze (*lugi̯ā); idg. *lougi̯ā in: russ.-ksl. luža `swamp, marsh, puddle, slop', etc;

perhaps here gall. λοῦγος `raven' in PN Lugu-dūnon `Lyon', etc

Maybe alb. lugat `monster, ghost' : gall. λοῦγος `raven'

References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.

Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: leuĝ-

Meaning: to break

German meaning: `brechen'

Comments: in Ar. with g, in Balt. with ĝ; ar. g probably through influence of leug- `bend'

Material: Old Indian rujáti `zerbricht, peinigt', rugná- `broke', -ruj f. `pain, disease, malady', rujā ds., rṓga- m. `Gebrechen, disease, malady', logá- `Erdkloß, Scholle';

av. uruxti- `Brechen, Zerreißen';

arm. lucanem `löse los, breche auf', loic `released, liberated, free';

gr. ἀ-λυκτο-πέδη `unzerreißbares band, strap', λευγαλέος, λυγρός `sad, terrible';

alb. lungë ` Geschwür ';

lat. lūgeō, -ēre ` grieve ' (*louĝei̯ō), lūctus, -ūs `mourning, grief', lūgubris `sad, kläglich' (probably *lūgos-ri-s);

air. lucht `load, Inhalt, troop, multitude, crowd, people' (*part?), cymr. llwyth `load, burden, tribe', gall.luchtos `part' (?), Adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, Lucterius MN;

ags. to-lūcan `destroy', ahd. liohhan `tear, rend, pull, drag', mnd. lūken `pull, drag, pluck', ags. lūcan `jäten', schwed. luk, anord. lok n. `weed'; here GN Loki as `Zerstörer';

`Lücke, hole', nhd. Lücke, (nd.) Luke;

lit. láužiu, láužti, lett. laûžu, laûzt, trans. `break, rupture', ablaut. lit. lúžtu, lúžti, lett. lûstu, lûst, intrans. `break, rupture'; in addition lit. láužas m. `heap abgebrochener Zweige', lũžis m. `break', lett. laûžńi `gebrochene Bäume'.

References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.

Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: leuk-

Meaning: bright, to shine; to see

German meaning: 1. `leuchten, licht'; 2. `sehen'

Material: 1. Old Indian rócatē `shines, seems', av. raočant- `luminous', Old Indian rōcáyati `läßt leuchten, beleuchtet', av. raočayeiti `erleuchtet, beleuchtet' (= lat. lūсео);

Old Indian rōcaná- `luminous', roká- m. `light' (= arm. lois `light', cymr. llug), rōcíṣ n. `light' (= ahd. loug, ags. lieg, aisl. leygr m., slav. lučь m.), lōká- m. `free (heller) room, world' (= lat. lūcus, lit. laũkas `field', ahd. etc lōh); rōcá- `luminous' (: lit. Adj. laũkas,blässig'), rucá- `bright' (: gr. λυκόφως, ἀμφι-λύκη, cymr. am-lwg, aisl. log n. `flame'), rúci- f. `light, radiance ' (= apr. luckis), rukmá- n. `gold', m. `goldener jewellery', rúkmant- `gleaming' (compare den germ. lat. -men-stem); rṓcas-, rōcís- n., av. raocah-, ap. raučah- n. `light, shiner, esp. of Himmels', Old Indian rukṣá- `gleaming', av. raoxšna- `gleaming' (= ahd. liehsen) f. `light' (= lat. lūna, mir. luan, apr. lauxnos, abg. luna, zero grade gr. λύχνος; auf diesem -es-stem based on also lat. lūstrāre, lucubrāre, ags. lioxan, aisl. ljōs, lit. lũkestis);

arm. lois, Gen. lusoi `light', lusin `moon', lusn `weißer Fleck in eye', luc̣anem `zünde an, burn', Aor. luc̣i (originally skō-present);

gr. λευκός `licht, gleaming, white' (λεῦκος, λευκίσκος fish names), λοῦσσον `weißer Kern in Tannenholz' (: abg. luča from *loukiā); λύσσα f. `fury' (after den funkelnden Augen); ἀμφι-λύκη ` twilight ', λυκό-φως ds., μορμο-λύκη `Schreckbild'; λυκάβᾱς `Neumondstag', is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wörter 212⁴; after Kretschmer Gl. 22, 262 to λύκος `wolf'); λύχνος `shiner' (*luk-s-nos, due to of -(e)s-stem); unclear is λουνόν λαμπρόν Hes.;

illyr. PN Λεύκαρος, in addition venet. (?) PN Λευκάριστος (Schlesien);

lat. lūx, -cis `light' (older i-stem) lūceō, -ēre, lūxī `gleam, sshine, bright sein', alat. also `(ein light) leuchten lassen' (*loukéi̯ō = Old Indian rōcáyati), pollūcēre originally `leuchten (or see) lassen', hence pollūcte `precious', pollūcibilis `köstlich, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', pollūctūra `köstlicher feast '; lūculentus `gleaming; stately, respectable ', lūcerna `shiner, lamp, light' (compare air.lōcharn, see under); Juppiter Lūcetius perhaps `Lichtbringer' (osk.; compare den gall. Mars Leucetius, got. liuhaÞ): lūcus, alat. Akk. loucom `Hain', actually `(wood, forest-)Lichtung' (compare collūcāre `in einem wood, forest eine Lichtung vornehmen', interlūcāre `Bäume auslichten'), osk. lúvkeí `in lūcō' (see above Old Indian lōká-); perhaps also umbr. Vuvc̨is `Lūcius';

lat. lūmen `light' from *leuk-s-men; lūna `moon(göttin') (*louksnā), praen. Losna (: apr. lauxnos, av. raoxšnā, mir. lūan, abg. luna); lūstrum `Sühneopfer; Zeitraum from fünf Jahren' (*leuk-s-trom `Erleuchtung'), lūstrō, -āre `erhellen, beleuchten', also `clean', illūstrāre `erleuchten, ans Tageslicht bringen, aufklären; verherrlichen', rückgebildet illūstris `hell erleuchtet in die Augen fallend, illustrious', lūcŭbrum `dawn, twilight' (*leukos-ro-), lūcŭbrāre `by light or night work';

cymr. llug `Schimmer, radiance ', llug у dydd `daybreak' (= Old Indian rōká-, arm. lois) Loth RC 39, 73; gall. *leuxos `bright', *leukā `die Weiße', s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v.

air. luchair ` radiance ', lūaichtide `gleaming', luach-te `weißglühend'; air. lōcharn, luacharn f. `shiner, Laterne, lamp, light', cymr. llugorn (also llygorn m., Pl. llygyrn), corn. lugarn ds., bret. lugern m. ` radiance ';

gall. Leucetius, Loucetius `epithet of Mars' (compare lat.-osk. Lūcetius); mir. lóch, lúach `gleaming', air. lōchet (n. nt-stem) `lightning', out of it borrows cymr. lluched, acorn. luhet, bret. luc'hed-enn `lightning'; mir. lūan `light, moon', dīa lūain `Montag' (*leuk-s-no- : lat. lūna); cymr. llwg `gleaming', llygo `einen radiance throw' (compare with the meaning from gr. λεύσσω as `con-spicuus' under cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg `conspicuus'); mir. loch `black' (*luko-), cymr. llwg `schwarzgelb', zero grade llug `black' (*louko-) probably originally `gleaming black';

got. liuhaÞ `light' (: lat. Lūcetius, gall. Leucetius), ahd. as. lioht `bright' and n. `light', ags. lēoht ds.; got. lauhatjan `gleam, shine, flash', ahd. lougazzen and zero grade lohazzen `flame, burn, fiery sein', ags. līegetu f. `lightning'; ahd. lōh `bewachsene Lichtung, niedriges shrubbery, bush', mnd. lōh, lōch `Gehölz, bush', names as Water-loo, ags. lēah `offenes Land, meadow', aisl. lō fn. `Lichtung' (= Old Indian lōká- etc); ahd. lauc, loug, ags. līeg, aisl. leygr, mask. i-stem `flame, fire' (= Old Indian rōcí-, slav. lučь), aisl. logi m. = afries. loga `flame', mhd. lohe `flame'; aisl. ljōmi m., as. liomo, ags. lēoma ` radiance ' (*leuk-mon-), got. lauhmuni `lightning, flame' (áu, compare engl. levin `lightning' from *lauhuƀni-);

aisl. lōn f. (*luhnō) `stilles water', logn n. `Windstille' (compare gr. λευκη γαλήνη) `blanke Windstille');

aisl. ljōri m. `Rauchloch', norw. ljōra `sich aufklären', mhd. ūz-lieren ds.;

due to of -es-stem aisl. lȳr m. (*leuhiz) `Lub, Gadus pollichius' (from the hellen Farbe the Seiten and of Bauches of Fisches), aisl. lȳsa f. `Merluccius vulgaris, Merlan', norw. lysing ds., compare schwed. löja, löga `Abramis alburnus' from *laugiōn, nhd. Lauge `Cyprinus alburnus and leuciscus'); mhd. liehsen `bright' (*leuhsna- = av. raoxšna-), aisl. ljōs n. `light' (*leuhsa-), lȳsa `gleam, shine, gleam, bright make, define, verkünden' = ags. líexan, līxan `gleam, shine';

lit. laũkas `blässig', laũkas `field' (`Lichtung'), see above Old Indian lōká-, rocá- etc; apr. luckis `wooden log' (= Old Indian rucí-), ablaut. with sloven. lúč etc `Lichtspan'; FlN lit. Laukesà;

abg. luča `ray' (louki̯ā, compare gr. λοῦσσον), ksl. also lučь m. `ray, light' (= Old Indian roci-, ahd. loug), sloven. lúč f. `light', Pl. `Lichtspäne', russ. luč `ray', lučá ` chip of pinewood ', čech. louč `Kien'; abg. luna `moon' (*louk-s-nā, as lat. lūna etc);

toch. А В luk- `gleam, shine, erleuchten'; A lok, lokit, В laukito `fremd', lauke `wide' (compare lit. laũk, laũkan ` out of doors, forth, out ' from laũkas `field');

hitt. luk(k)- `gleam, shine, ignite, set on fire'.

2. with the meaning `black' (from `gleaming black' or `verbrannt'): see above S. 688;

but lat. lūcius `Hecht' stands for `the Schillernde'.

3. With leuk- `gleam, shine' deckt sich leuk- `see':

Old Indian lṓkatē, lṓcatē ` beholds, wird gewahr', lōkáyati, lōcáyati `contemplates', lōcanam `eye';

gr. λεύσσω `sehe';

cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg `conspicuus', go-lwg `vision, face' (also cymr. etc llygad `eye' from *lukato-);

lit. láukiu, láukti `auf jemanden wait, hold on', lūkė́ti `ein wenig harren', lett. lũkuôt `see, show, auf etwas sehen, versuchen', apr. laukīt `suchen'; from `whereupon see, show': `zielen, meet (throw)' and `receive, bekommen' : lučiti sę `to meet, geschehen; müssen'; in russ.-ksl. lučiti `jemanden treffen', etc

4. A parallel root leuk̂- in:

Old Indian rúśant- `licht, bright, white', ksl. vъs-lysъ `naked, bald, bleak', russ. lýsyj `naked, bald, bleak, blässig'; in addition perhaps the name of Luchses (entw. from den funkelnden Augen or rather after seinem grauweißen fell, fur): arm. lusanunk` Pl., gr. λύγξ, λυγκός (whence die nasalization?), ahd. luhs, ags. lox, next to which aschwed. lō from *luha- (compare perhaps dt. Fuchs : got. fauhō), lit. lū́šis, lett. lūsìs, apr. luysis, abg. rysь (with r instead of l after rъvati `ausreißen'?); after Vasmer expounded sich das slav. r perhaps through iran. borrowing; not ganz sicher steht die meaning `Luchs' for das zudem auf voiced-nonaspirated auslautende mir. lug, Gen. loga; on the other hand expounded Loth RC 36, 103 cymr. lloer, bret. loar `moon' from *lug-rā, so that one -g, -k, -k̂ as extensions auffassen could; compare also above S. 688 gr. λουνόν.

References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164; different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 107³.

Page(s): 687-690

Root / lemma: leu-1, *leu̯ǝ- : lū̆-

Meaning: dirt

German meaning: `Schmutz, beschmutzen'

Material: Gr. λῦμα `smut, Schmach', λύ̄μη, ` vituperation ', λῡμαίνομαι `beschimpfe; schände; richte elendzugrunde'; λύθρον, -ος ` defilement, contamination';

alb. tosk. lum `slime, mud', geg. lüm, tosk. ler ds. (lum-, bzw. leu-d(h)r-), illyr. PN Ludrum (: gr. λύθρον);

lat. polluō `sully', lustrum `puddle, slop', lutum ` filth, ordure' =

air. loth f. `smut', gall. PN Lutēva, in addition cymr. (with lengthened grade) lludedic `muddy'; with anderem suffix mir. con-luan `Hundekot', bret. louan `sale';

lit. lutýnas, -nė `pool, Lehmpfütze'; here probably also lit. liū́nas `morass'.

References: WP. II 406.

See also: see also under leug-2.

Page(s): 681

Root / lemma: leu-2

Meaning: to cut off, separate, free

German meaning: `abschneiden, trennen, loslösen'

Comments: also leu̯ǝ- and lēu- : lǝu- (: lū̆-), partly leu-s-

Material: Old Indian lunā́ti, lunṓti `cuts, slices, clips, cuts', lūná- ` cropped, truncated, cut off, geschnitten' (: mir. lon), lavítra- n. `sickle', laví- f. ds. (: gr. λαῖον, aisl. lē ds.), lava- m. `das Schneiden, Schur, wool, hair, break, section', lāva- `incisive', lāvaka- m. `Abschneider, Mäher';

gr. λύω `löse, befreie; vertilge etc', λύᾱ f. `Auflösung, separation', λύσις f. `Lösung', λύτρον n. `Lösegeld'; βου-λῡτός m. `time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening' (: so-lūtus); λαῖον `Pflugschar' (λαFι̯ον; compare aisl. lē, mnd. lē, lehe `sickle' from *lewan- and Old Indian laví- ds.); ἀλωή, att. ἅλως f. `Tenne';

alb. laj `zahle eine Schuld' (*lǝuni̯ō, ablautgleich with gr. λα(F)ῖον); përlaj `rob', perhaps also letë `Mähne' (*leu-t-) and (from the root form auf -s) lesh (*leus-) `wool, hair' (compare the same meaning in Old Indian lava-); da after Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. fluer `Fach einer footlocker ' (*vë-lor- from idg. *lēu-r-), sh-lor `Hangegerüst', pluar (*pë-luar) `Pflugschar', lug, lugu `trough', flugë `board', lugë `spoon';

lat. luō, -ere `büßen, pay', in Glossen `λύω', reluō `löse again ein', solvō (*se-luō) solūtus `loosen', luēs (`*Auflösung', hence:) `unreine Flüssigkeit etc';

mir. lon `Hammel, Schöps' (: Old Indian lūná-), air. loë f. `wool, Fließ' (*lōu̯i̯ā), ló ds. (*lōu̯ā);

got. lun Akk. Sg. `Lösegeld', us-luneins `Erlösung', ags. ā-lynnan `release'; aisl. lȳja `hit, (mürbe) knock, enfeeble', participle lūinn `ermüdet', nisl. lūi `Ermattung'; aisl. lē m. `sickle' (see above); *lawa `abgelöste Rinde as Gerbmittel' in ahd. lō, Gen. lōwes n. nhd. Lohe, mnd. lō ds.; aisl. lǫgg f. ` residuum ' (*lau̯u̯ō); ahd. līh-lawi (līhlōa, līhla), mnd. līk-lawe `scar' (ibd.); aisl. lūðr `trough' (ausgeschnittener, gehöhlter stem); ahd. lūdara `Wiege'; ablaut. schwed. dial. ljuder `alter crack an einem tree';

with the meaning `abgeschnittenes board' here russ. láva `board, bench, Steig', lit. lóva ` bedstead ', lett. lāva `Pritsche, Bettstelle', dän. older lo, schwed. lofve, loge, aschwed. loi, lo, aisl. lōfi m. `Tenne, barn' (aisl. lāfi is eine old Ablautform *lēwan-);

toch. A lo, В lau `remote, distant, apart, separated'; A law-, В lyu- `fortschicken'; A lot `ditch, trench, channel, hole';

hitt. lu-uz-zi (luzzi) `tax, Belastung' (compare gr. λύτρον).

s-extension: got. fra-liusan, ahd. far-liosan `lose'; got. fralusnan `verlorengehen', aisl. losna `lose, locker become', losa `loosen', postverbal los n. `Lösung', ags. losian `verlorengehen', Denomin. to los n. `loss'; lysu `evil, bad, mad, wicked, evil' (*lusiwa-), got. fralusts, ahd. forlust `loss'; got. laus `los, leer', aisl. lauss `free, lose, aufgelöst', ahd. lōs `free, beraubt, lose', ags. lēas `leer, beraubt, deceitful ', aisl. lausung f. `Unzuverlässichkeit', ags. lēasung `lie, falsity', lēasian `lie'; got. lausjan, ahd. lōsian, lōsōn `losen'; perhaps adän. liuske m. `Weiche' > aisl. ljōski, mnd. lēsche, mndl. liesche, nndl. lies, ags. léosca `Weiche', as well as mndl. liesche `dünne skin', schweiz. lösch `locker'; with einer meaning `(los)hit, knock' probably also aisl. ljōsta `hit, prick, meet', ljōstr ` fork zum Fischstechen', nisl. lustr `cudgel, club' (`*abgehauenes Aststück'); as old wird diese Anwendung erwiesen, if mir. loss `tail, end', cymr. llost `spear, javelin', llosten `tail', bret. lost `tail' anzureihen are;

here (Specht Idg. Dekl. 56) lett. laûska `splinter, shard', ablaut. lit. lùskos `rag', lùzgana `husk, Schuppe', lusnà `husk, bowl', russ. lustá ds., etc Möglicherweise related is *lēu- `Stein', see there.

References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from vorrom. and vorgerm. *leiskā, *leuskā, *laskā in nhd. Lische, frz. laîche etc `carex' reconstructs J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. ein idg. elei-, eleu-, elǝ- `cut, clip'.

Page(s): 681-682

Root / lemma: leup- and leub-, leubh-

Meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc.

German meaning: `abschälen, entrinden, abbrechen, beschädigen'

Comments: probably extensions from leu-2.

Material: With b:

Aisl. laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. `basket, Holzwerk', ags. léap m. `basket, trunk', mnd. lōp m. ` wooden vessel', lǣpen n. `basket'; die baltoslav. examples under können just as well b as bh contain.

With bh:

Lat. liber `bast, book' (*luber, *lubh-ro-s);

alb. labë `bark, cork' (*loubh-);

air. luib, nir. luibh f. `herb', air. lub-gort `garden', acymr. Pl. luird `Gärten';

got. lubja-leis `giftkundig', aisl. lȳf f. `Heilkraut', ags. lybb n. ` poison, charm, spell', lyfesn f. `charm, spell'. as. lubbi, ahd. luppi `Pflanzensaft, poison, charm, spell'; got. laufs m., lauf n. `Laub, leaf', ags. léaf, ahd. loub n. ds., louba f. `Schutzdach from bark', nhd. Laube;

lit. lubà `board', lett. luba ` shingle ', apr. lubbo f. `board', ablaut. lit. luõbas m. `Baumrinde' (*lōubhos), lett. luõbs m. `bowl'; lit. lùbena `Obstschale';

russ. lub `Borke, bast', etc, ksl. lъbь `cranium', serb. lùbina ds.;

With p:

Old Indian lumpáti `zerbricht, damages, plündert', lōpáyati `verletzt' (= slav. lupiti, lit. laupýti), lōptra- n. `swelling, blister';

gr. λύ̄πη f. `Kränkung', λῡπέω `betrübe', etc;

lit. lupù, lupti `abhäuten, schälen', lett. lupt `ds., mug, rob', lit. laupýti, lett. laupít `schälen, abblättern; rob', lit. lùpena `Obstschale', lupsnìs `abgeschälte Tannenrinde';

russ. lupljú, lupítь `schälen, abschälen; aufpicken (eggs); die Augen aufreißen, glotzen; hit, thrash', lúpa `Hautschuppe', ksl. lupežь `Raub' (etc);

unclear is the Labial (b, bh or p) in mir. luchtar `boat' (from bark), ahd. lo(u)ft `bark, bast', aisl. lopt n. `Zimmerdecke, Dachstube' and `Luft' (`sky, heaven as obere cover'), got.luftus f., ahd as. luft m. f., ags lyft m. f. n. `Luft, sky, heaven', mnd. lucht `Oberstock, Bodenraum'; also unclear in air. lomm, cymr. llwm `bare, naked' (*lup-smo- or *lub(h)-smo-), mir. lommraim `schäle'; unclear is mir. lumman `covering'.

References: WP. II 417 f., WH. I 790 f., Trautmann 150 f.

Page(s): 690-691

Root / lemma: lē̆b-, lō̆b-, lāb-, l_eb-

Meaning: to hang down loosely; lip

German meaning: `schlaff herabhängen', also `Lippe' (?)

Comments: partly with anlaut. s-; besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition lep- `abschälen' am Schlusse) forms auf -p-; nasalized (s)lemb(h)-. Viele expressive formations.

Material: Gr. λοβός `Schotenhülse, Samenkapsel; Ohrläppchen', ἔλλοβος `schotentragend', λεβηρίς `Schlangenhaut, Bohnenhülse' Hes., λέβινθοι `Erbsen';

lat. only with ā̆: labō, -āre `wobble, waver', lābor, -ī, lapsus `glide, slide, sinken, fehlgehen';lābēs, -is `Einsinken, fall, Erdrutsch;; Untergang, ruin' and `Makel, Schandfleck'; perhaps labor, -ōris `toil, load; Anstrengung; then: work', labōrāre `sich mühen, be afflicted ' (actually `das müde Wanken under einer load'); probably labium (labeum), labrum n. (mostly Pl. labia, labra) `lip, edge';

rich evolved in Germ.:

1. isl. norw. lapa `schlaff herabhängen', isl. lapi `homo sui negligens', mhd. erlaffen `erschlaffen', nhd. laff `slack, faint, languid'; geminated: aisl. leppr m. (*lappja-) `rag, Locke', as. lappo `Zipfel, rag', mnd. lappe `piece, rag, Wamme', ags. læрра, lappa m. `Zipfel, rag' (engl. lap `lap'), ags. ēar-liprica, nhd. (nd.) Ohr-läppchen (with einf. p mnd.ōr-lepel ds., mhd. leffel `Ohr of Hasen', nhd. die Löffel); ndd. laps, schlaps, lapp `läppischer, dummer person', nhd. Laffe (*lapan-); besides auf idg. -p: holl. laffaard `Laffe' - at first from holl. laf `faint, languid, slack, clownish ' - and with germ. bb mhd. lappe - also lape - and nhd. Lapp, läppisch, finally lengthened grade mhd. luof ` fool ';

from the root form auf idg. p further aisl. lafa `dangle, hangen', mhd. participle erlaben `erschlafft', schweiz. labe `horse with hängenden ears, ox with downwards gekehrten Hörnern'; schwed. dial. labba `anhängen', ndd. labbe `(hängende) lip', ahd. (from dem Ndd.) lappa f., mhd.lappe f. m. `niederhängendes Stück Zeug, rag';

maybe alb. lapë ‘hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf’, *labba, llapa ‘tongue, *lip’, llap ‘talk’, llap-ush (diminutive) ‘long eared, animal with long ears’, llapushë ‘broad-leafed cabbage, covering leaf of maize’, lopë ‘cow (with a big tongue)’, lepur ‘rabbit, hare (with big ears)’ from which derived lat. lepus -oris, m. hare. lepusculus -i, m. a young hare. Also Old Indian lopāśá- m. ` jackal, fox ', Lith. lapenti ‘to swallow food’ [see below]; hence alb. proves that from Root / lemma: lē̆b-, lō̆b-, lāb-, l_eb- : (to hang down loosely; lip) derived Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)]

2. with the meaning `lip' as `die hängende' (as lat. labium): mnl. lippe f., nhd. Lippe, afries. ags. lippa m. `lip', (*lepi̯-an-), norw. lepe (*lep-an-), ahd. leffur, as. lepur ds., ahd. lefs `Lefze' (*lep-s);

3. with anlaut. s-: got. slēpan, saizlēp, as. slāpan, ahd. slāfan, ags. slæpan `Schlafen', got. slēps etc `sleep', aisl. slāpr `träger person', ndl. slaap, ahd. slāf m., nhd. `Schläfe'; mnd. ndl. slap `slack', ahd. slaf (-ff-), nhd. schlaff, isl. norw. slapa (= lapa) `schlaffherabhängen'; geminated aisl. slappi `long, verwachsener person', schwed. slapp `arm, inactive';

Maybe alb. *flen, flę ‘sleep’ from OHG slāfan ‘sleep’, other cognates are Nw. dial. vale `deep sleep', Sw. dial. valbjörn ` whitethorn, *sleep thorn ', OSw. *val-moghe, valmoghe `poppy'.

Also alb. sklepë ‘matter from the eyes, rheum’ from germ. Schleim ‘rheum’ and nhd. schlappen

with idg. -p-: aisl. slafask `erschlaffen' and - from the imagining herabhängenden Schleimes from - probably also isl. slafra `geifern', mengl. slaveren, engl. slaver ds., isl. slevja f. `slobber', norw. slevjen `schleimig, kotig'; norw. slabbe, schwed. slabba `sudeln', mndl. slabben ` befoul, slurp ', nhd. schlappen (also `geifern'), mengl. slabben `sich in ordure wälzen', nhd. (ndd.) schlappern, schlabbern, schwed. dial. slabb `Schlammwasser', engl. dial. slab `schleimig, schlüpfrig', Subst. `mud puddle';

lit. slobstù, slõbti `weak become', lit. žem. slãbnas, ostlit. slõbnas `weak', lett. slābêt `zusammenfallen' (from einer swelling, lump, growth);

aksl. slаbъ etc `weak'.

Nasalized lemb(h)-:

Old Indian rámbate, lambate `hängt herab, hängt sich an', lambana- `herabhängend', n. `herabhängender jewellery, Phlegma';

lat. limbus `Besatz am Kleid, hem'; about gr. λέμφος see under;

ags. (ge)limpan ` proceed, go ahead, glücken', ahd. limphan, limfan, mhd. limpfen `angemessen sein', ags. gelimp n. `Ereignis, chance, luck ', mhd. g(e)limpf `Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle Nachricht; Benehmen', changing through ablaut andd. gelumplīk ` fitting', mhd. limpfen `hinken', engl. to limp `hinken', limp `schlaff herabhängend', ndd. lumpen `hinken', also nhd. (ndd.) Lumpen `scrap, shred'; compare from einer germ. Nebenwurzel lemb- (wäre idg. *lembh-): mhd. lampen (and slampen), ndd. lempen `welk niederhängen', schweiz. lampe `Wamme, herabhängender rag'; ags. lemp(i)healt `hinkend';

maybe alb. *lampe, lapër ‘dewlap’

with anlaut. s-: norw. dial. slampa `careless, neglectful gehen', engl. dial. slamp `ds., hinken', norw. dial. slamsa `lose hängen, dangle'; norw. (mnd.) slump ` chance, luck ', engl. slump `morass, nasse place', to slamp, slump `plumpsen, klatschen', mhd. slampen `schlaff herabhängen', nhd. dial. schlampen `schlaff herabhängen, careless, neglectful sein', Schlumpe, Schlampe `unordentliches Frauenzimmer' (probably with ndd. p);

aisl. sleppa, slapp `entfallen, entgleiten' (*slemp-), Kaus. sleppa (*slampian) `fahren lassen', engl. dial. slemp `ausweichen, wegschleichen, sich herabsenken'; from einer root form auf germ. b (compare gr. λέμφος `mucus, Rotz'); mnd. mhd. slam (-mm-), nhd. Schlamm (*slamba-), spätmhd. slemmen `schlemmen', norw. slemba f. `Schlampe', slemba `klatschen', isl. `dangle'; further perhaps die group from mhd. slimp (-mb-), slim (-mm-) `slant, skew, slantwise ' under likewise; perhaps to lett. slīps from *slimpas ` slantwise, steil', lit. nu-slim̃pa `entschlüpft'.

Maybe alb. *(s)liom, llom, llohë ‘mud, sludge, sediment’ [the shift LI > LL]

References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.

Page(s): 655-657

Root / lemma: lēĝ(h)-1 : lǝĝ(h)-

Meaning: twig

German meaning: `Zweig', originally `Haselstrauch'

Material: Alb. lethī́, laithī́ (*lǝĝ-) `Haselstaude';

lit. laz-d-à `stick, Haselstrauch', lett. lazda `Haselstrauch', lagzda ds. (*laz-g-da), secondary lę(g)zda ds., apr. laxde f. ds., kel-laxde `spear shaft';

slav. lěs-k-a f. in serb. lijèska `Haselstaude', poln. las-k-a `stick';

doubtful in the case of here aksl. loza `Weinrebe, sprout', serb. lòza ds., etc (*lǝĝā); s. also under loĝ- `rod, Gerte'.

References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek Recherches 25 ff.

Page(s): 660

Root / lemma: lēĝh-2 : lǝĝh-

Meaning: to crawl on the ground; low

German meaning: `am Boden kriechen, niedrig'

Material: Aisl. lāgr `niedrig' (out of it engl. low), mhd. lǣge `flat', nd. lǟge `niedrig';

lett. lę̂zns `flat', lẽzêt, lēžât `rutschen', lit. lė̃kštas `flat', lúožas `Niederbeugen of Getreides', newer ložė̃ ds.; apr. līse `crawls';

slav. (abg. etc) lězǫ, lěsti `kriechen, schreiten, steigen', to russ. lazína `Gereut', skr. lȁz `Steig' etc

Is lēĝh- eine variant from legh- `liegen'?

References: WP. II 425 f., Trautmann 161.

Page(s): 660

Root / lemma: (lē̆ig-2), līg-

Meaning: appearance; body; similar

German meaning: `Gestalt; von der Gestalt jemandes, similarly or gleich'

Material: Got. leik n. `body, Fleisch, corpse ', aisl. līk `body, Körper, corpse ', ags. līc ds., as. līk, ahd. līh (Gen. līhhi, fem.) `Körpergestalt, Aussehen, body, corpse '; got. galeiks `gleich', aisl. glīkr, līkr `gleich, gleich gut', ags. gelīc, as. gilīk, ahd. gilīh, nhd. gleich (`the same Gestalt habend'), got. ƕileiks `as beschaffen, welcher' etc; got. leikan, galeikan `gefallen', aisl. līka ds., ags. līcian (engl. like `gern haben'), as. līkōn ds., ahd. līchēn `ds., gleich sein, angemessen sein', aisl. līkr ` fitting', līkna `verzeihen' (`sich compare');

lit. lýg, lýgus `gleich', lýgti `gleichen', lett. līgt `übereinkommen', līdzis `gleich', apr. polīgu Adv. `gleich', līgint `richten' (rechtlich) = altlit. liginti `Gericht halten', lit. lýginti `compare, gleichmachen (rechtlich)'.

References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Lett. Gr. 508 f.

Page(s): 667

Root / lemma: lē̆i-1, lek-

German meaning: `biegen'

See also: see above S. 307 ff. under elei-.

Page(s): 661

Root / lemma: lē(i)-2

Meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess

German meaning: `gewähren, Besitz'; med. `erwerben, gewinnen'

Comments: originally `überlassen' and = lē(i)-3 `lassen'

Material: Old Indian rātí- `willing to give, bereitwillig; f. Verleihung, grace ', rā́ti `verleiht, grants';

gr. λάτρον n. `Lohn, Sold', λατρεύς, λάτρις `Lohnarbeiter', λατρέυω `diene um Sold'; lat.latrō is gr. Lw.;

aisl. lāð, ags. lǣð n. `Grundbesitz', got. unlēÞs `arm' = ags. unlǣd(e) ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', with gradation aisl. lōð f., n. `yield of Bodens';

with s-suffix here probably also ahd. -lāri (e.g. in gōz-lāri `Goslar'), ahd. ga-lāeswes `Angrenzer', ags. lǣs, g. lǣswe f. `Weideland' (*lēsu̯ā), die schwed.-dän. Ortsnamenendung -lösa, -løse and (?) abg. lěsъ `wood, forest';

maybe alb. lis 'oak, oak forest' from Old Church Slavic: lěsъ `forest, wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'.

abg. lětь, lětijǫ jestъ `licet'; in Balt. only Diphthongformen: lit. líeta `thing, Angelegenheit', Lw. from lett. lìeta `thing, supplementary', and probably also lit. láima `luck', laimùs `glückhaft', laimė́ti `gewinnen'.

References: WP. II 394, WH. I 471, Trautmann 157.

Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: lē(i)-3

Meaning: to weaken; feeble

German meaning: `nachlassen'

Comments: (= lē(i)- `grant', see there)

Material: a. Probably in gr. ἐλῑ-νύ-ω `bin idle, lazy, raste'; lat. lētum `death, Vernichtung' (`*schlaff dahinsinken', compare `das Leben lassen'); lēnis `gentle, mild' (perhaps reshaped from *lēnos =) lit. lė́nas `ruhig, tame, domesticated, slow'; lett. lę̄̀ns ds., abg. lěnъ `idle'; with other suffixes lett. lē-lis `schlaffer person'; lēts `light, wohlfeil', lit. lė̃tas ` stupid, oafish ' (originally `slack'); lett. laita `die Faule'.

b. Wurzelerweiterung lē[i]d- : lǝd-:

gr. ληδεῖν `idle, müde sein';

alb. loth `make müde', lodhem `werde müde' (*lēd-), geg. lą, tosk. lē̈ `I lasse' (*lǝd-nō), participle geg. lanë, tosk. lënë `gelassen' (*lǝdno-);

lat. lassus `lаß, faint, languid, müde, abgespannt' (*lǝd-to-);

got. lētan (laílōt), aisl. lāta, ahd. lāzan, as. lātan, ags. lǣtan `lassen, verlassen', zero grade got. lais `idle', aisl. latr ds., ahd. laz `laß, idle, faint, languid, late' (Superl. lazzōst, lezzist, nhd. - from dem Ndd. - letzter), as. lat `idle, late' (Superl. letisto, lazto `letzter', ags. læt (Superl. lætost, engl. last) ds.; causative *latjan `lasse make, hemmen' in got. latjan `träge make, hinder', ahd. lezzen `hemmen, hinder, beschädigen, injure', reflex. `sich letzen (= sich wobei aufhalten), sich gütlich tun', etc, ags. lettan, ne. to let `hinder'; aisl. lǫskr `soft, slack', mnd. lasch, wfries. lask `light, thin' (germ. *latskwa-);

lēid- in lit. léidžiu, léidmi, léisti `lasse', ablaut. paláidas `lose', paláida `Zügellosigkeit, Hurerei', lydė́ti `geleiten', láidoti `bestatten'; lett. laîst `lassen', verkürzter Imper. laî, Permissivpartikel (also lit. dial. laĩ, apr. -lai in boū-lai `wäre').

References: WP. II 394 f., WH. I 767 f., 782 f., 787, Trautmann 154, Endzelin Lett. Gr. p. 694.

Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: lē̆i-4

Meaning: to pour

German meaning: `gießen, fließen, tröpfeln'

Comments: perhaps identical with lei-3.

Material: Old Indian perhaps pra-līna- `aufgelöst, ermattet', vi-lināti `zergeht, löst sich auf' (`zerfließt'?);

gr. ἄλεισον n. `Weingefäß' (*lei-tu̯-om);

dubious alb. lumë, lymë `river', lisë, lysë, lusë `Вach';

lat. lītus, -oris n. `beach, seaside, seashore' (`Flutgegend') from *leitos;

cymr. lli m. `Flut, sea' (*līi̯ant-s = air. lië ds.), Pl. lliant `Fluten, sea' (*līi̯antes); llif m. `Flut, Überschwemmung' (*lī-mo-), corn. lyf ds., mbret. livat `Überschwemmung', bret.liñva `flood'; cymr. llyr- m. `sea, Meeresgott' (engl. PN Lear), air. ler ds. (*li-ro-); cymr. llin, corn. lyn, bret. lin `Eiter' (*lī-no-); mcymr. dy-llyð `Ausgießen' (*-lii̯o-), di-llyð `gießt from'; air. do-lin `streams' (*-li-nu-t), tu(i)le n. `Flut' (*to-lii̯o-), tōlae n. ds.(*to-uks-lii̯o-); about lië see above;

got. leiÞu n. Akk. `Obstwein', aisl. līð n. `beer', ahd. līth, asächs. līð m. n. `Obstwein';

lit. líeju, líeti `pour' (old lė́ju, idg. *lēi̯ō), lį̄ja lýti `rain, stream', lýdau, lýditi `rain lassen, fat zerlassen'; lytùs m. `rain', lytìs f. `form, shape' (`*Gußform'), āt-lajis m. `Abfluß'; lett. liêt `pour', lît `rain', liêtus m. `rain'; líetas and lett. liêts `vergossen', apr. pra-lieiton, pra-leiton and pra-liten ds.; is-liuns ds.;

perhaps here lit. Lietuvà `Litauen' (`Küstenland'), lett. Leĩtis `Litauer';

aksl. lějǫ lijati and lijǫ liti `pour'; ablaut. slav. *loj `tallow, suet' (lit. ãt-lajis `Abfluß') in ksl. loj etc; slov. pre-lit `übergossen', čech. litý `gegossen'; slav. present *lьjǫ is neologism.

References: WP. II 392, WH. 794 f., 815, Trautmann 156, J. Loth RC 46, 66 ff., 50, 143 ff.

Page(s): 664-665

Root / lemma: lēk-1 : lǝk-

Meaning: trap

German meaning: `Reis, zur Schlinge gedrehtes Reis or Strick, in einer solchen fangen'??

Comments: word the Jägersprache (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25)

Material: Lat. laciō, -ere `locken', lacessō, -ere ` challenge, banter, stir, tease, irritate', lactō, dē-lectō, dē-liciō `verführe, entzücke', lax `Koder, Schlinge' under likewise, laqueus ` a noose, halter, snare, trap ' (voneinem u-stem *lacus?);

Maybe alb. lak ‘trap, snare, rope’.

ags. lǣl(a) `twig, branch, Peitsche, Hiebmal, Strieme' (*lāhil-)?

References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.

See also: Perhaps to lek-2.

Page(s): 673-674

Root / lemma: lēk-2 : lǝk-

Meaning: to tear

German meaning: `zerreißen'

Material: Gr. λακίς `scrap, shred', λάκος n. ds. (λάκη ράκη. Κρῆτες Hes.), λακίζω `tear, rend' ἀπέληκα ἀπέρρωγα. Κύπριοι Hes.;

alb. lakur `naked', lëkurë, likurë `fell, fur, leather, Baumrinde, Schote';

lat. lacer, -era, -erum `zerfetzt, lacerate, zerfleischt', lacerna `mantelartiger Überwurf', lacinia f. `Zipfel, Besatz or Fransen am Kleid, limbus; parts from Herden, Äckern under dgl'; lancinō, -āre `tear, rend';

poln. ɫach, russ. lóchma `scrap, shred' (express. ch), etc

maybe alb. (*lóchma) llokma `scrap, shred'

References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.

Page(s): 674

Root / lemma: lēp-, lōp-, lǝp-

Meaning: flat

German meaning: `flach sein; Hand-, Fußfläche, Schulterblatt, Schaufel, Ruderblatt under likewise'

Material: Kurd. lapk ` paw ';

got. lōfа m., aisl. lōfi m. `flat hand'; mnd. mengl. lōf `Windseite', actually `big Ruder, wherewith das ship an den wind gehalten wurde'; changing through ablaut geminated ahd. laffa f., mhd. and dial. nhd. laffe `flat hand, shoulder', ahd. lappo m. `flat hand, Ruderblatt' (also in nhd. Bärlapp `lycopodium'), norw. schwed. labb m., dän. lab ` paw ', isl. löpp f. < nhd. dial. laff `Löwenzahn'; with m-forms norw. dial. lōm `Tatze, paw ' (*lōƀma-), handlōm `palm', isl. lumma `big, giant hand';

lett. lę̃pa f. ` paw; Huflattig', also `Seerose, Laichkraut' (compare оben nhd. laff `Löwenzahn'); ablaut. ostlett. lùopa, through derailment of ablaut lett. lãpa, lit. lópa ` paw '; also lit. lãpas `leaf', lett. lapa ds.;

russ. etc lápa ` paw, Tatze', poln. ɫapa ds., ɫapiniec `Bärlapp'; čech. tlapa, slovak. dlaba `Tatze', poln. ɫaba = ɫapa;

lit. lopetà `shovel', lett. lâpsta `shovel, spade, scapula', apr. lopto `spade'; with anderem forms and ablaut ǝ:

abg. lopata `Wurfschaufel', russ. lopáta `shovel', lopátka `scapula', lopátina `Steuerruder under likewise'; alb. lópëtë `shovel' is slav. Lw.

References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.

Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: lēs: lǝs-

Meaning: weak, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff, matt'

Comments: extension to lē(i)- `nachlassen'

Material: Got. lasiws (*las-īu̯os) `weak', mhd. er-leswen `weak become'; aisl. lasinn `weak, destructed', las-meyrr `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', mnd. lasich = lasch, las `slack, faint, languid', isl. laraðr `müde';

Maybe alb. lasht `old, *weak'

slav. *lošь in bulg. loš `evil, bad, evil, schlimm, ugly', skr. lȍš ` unlucky, evil, bad' under likewise; very doubtful is Heranziehung from lat. sublestus `weak, gering';

here as `schlaff niederhängender scrap, shred' perhaps mnd. las keilförmiger rag', dän. norw. las, lase `rag', mnd. mhd. lasche m. `rag, scrap, shred'; lit. lãskana `rag, clout', russ. lóskut `piece, rag';

toch. A ljäṣk- `Weiche'.

References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. *lasi̯a- and *laskanā-.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lēto-, lǝto-

Meaning: warm season; day, summer

German meaning: `warme Zeit; Tag, Sommer'

Material: Air. la(i)the n. `day', gall. lat... `days' in Kalender from Coligny;

altgutn. laÞigs `in Frühling', schwed. dial. låding, låing `Frühling', i lådigs `in vorigen Frühjahr' (*lēt-);

abg. lěto `warme Jahreszeit, year', russ. lěto `summer, year', dial. `Süden, Südwind', etc

References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lēu-1

Meaning: to slacken

German meaning: `nachlassen'

Comments: compare also (s)leu- `slack'

Material: Got. lēw n. `Gelegenheit', lēwjan `preisgeben, verraten' (`*überlassen'), ags. lǣwan ds., ahd. gi-, fir-lāen `verraten';

lit. liáujuos, lióviaus, liáutis `cease', lett. ĺaũju, ĺãwu, ĺaũt `zulassen, allow', ĺautës `sich hingeben', apr. aulaūt `die', ablaut. lit. lavónas ` corpse '; probably as `zügellos', lit. liánas `lose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil', lett. ĺauns `mad, wicked, evil';

klr. l'ivýty `nachlassen, nachgeben', l'ivkýj `locker, lose', čech. leviti `lindern, mäßigen', levný `wohlfeil'; russ. dial. luná `death', lúnutь `losschießen, loslassen'; ablaut. aksl. vъlovьnъ `ἤρεμος', čech. povlovný `sachte'.

References: WP. II 405, Trautmann 161.

Page(s): 682-683

Root / lemma: lēu-2 : lǝu-

Meaning: stone

German meaning: `Stein'

Material: Gr. hom. λᾶας, Gen. λᾶος `Stein' (Ausgleichung from originally *λῆFας; λά̆Fα[σ]ος n.), att. λᾶας and λᾶς m., Gen. λᾱου etc; hom. λᾶιγξ, Pl. λά̄ιγγες f. `Steinchen' (probably with Suffixtausch for *λᾱιγκ-, compare kelt. *līu̯ank-); κραταίλεως `hartfelsig' (*-ληFος); att. λεύω `steinige' (ἐλεύσθην), λευστήρ `Steiniger' (from *ληυσ-, idg. *lēus-); ablaut. (*lǝus-) λαυστήρ m. `Steinarbeiter' > `mühselig, woeful, wretched, miserable, with Steinen belegter Hausgang', λαύστρανον `wolf (*Reißer); Schöpfhaken'; besides dem ->ας-stem ein -αρ-stem *λᾰ̄Fαρ as base from att. λαύρα, ion. λαύρη `in Fels gehauener way, alley', λαῦρον μέταλλον ἀργύρου παρὰ ᾽Αθηναίοις Hes., mountain N Λαύρεον;

alb. lerë, -a `Gestein, Felssturz' (*lău̯_erā), Jokl RE Balk. 1, 46 ff.;

air. līe, newer līa, Gen. līac (disyllabic) `Stein' (kelt. *līu̯ank-, from idg. *lēu̯ank- or -ǝnk-); bret. lia, liac'h `Stein' is ir. Lw.

References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 578.

Page(s): 683

Root / lemma: lēu-3 or lāu-

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Comments: (see also lā-, lē-), ungenügend beglaubigt

Material: A d-extension in lat. laus, -dis f. `Lob', laudāre `praise, laud'.

A t-extension in ahd. liod n., ags. lēoÞ n. `Lied', aisl. ljōð n. `Strophe', Pl. `Lied', ahd. liudōn, ags. lēoÞian, aisl. ljōða, got. liuÞōn `singen', awiliudōn `lobsingen', awiliuÞ `Lobgesang'.

References: WP. II 406, WH. I 776.

Page(s): 683

Root / lemma: lēut- : lūt-

Meaning: wrathful

German meaning: `wütend'?

Material: Cymr. llid (*lūto-?) `ira, iracundia', abg. lutъ `gewalttätig, cruel, savage, terrible', ĺutě Adv. `wehe! δεινῶς, valde', skr.-ksl. ĺutiti sę `saevire' etc; different about cymr. llid above S. 680.

References: WP. II 415.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: lē[i]-1 : lǝi-

Meaning: to wish

German meaning: `wollen'

Material: Gr. (dor.) λῆν `wollen', el. λεοίτᾱν `ἐθελοίτην', gort. λείοι, λείοντι etc, ion. λῆμα n. `volition', *λώς `Wunsch, Wahl' (to λῆν, as ζώς to ζῆν), therefrom Kompar. λώιον `better' (hom. only λώιον, λωΐτερον), Superl. λώιστος, λῷστος; λαιδρός `keck, audacious', λαιμός `wild, ausgelassen', also λῑρός ` cheeky, lüstern'; doubtful λίᾱν, ion. λίην `very, allzusehr', λῖ (Epicharm) ds., λην λίανHes., Verstärkungspartikel λαι-(σποδίας), λι-(πόνηρος), λᾱ-(κατάρᾱτος; rhythm. lengthening for *λᾰ-), as well as λέως (*ληFος), ion. λείως Adv. `whole, vollständig'; in the case of `after Wunsch, in gewünschtem Ausmaße' - `very, to very'?

Perhaps here air. air-le f. `Beratung' (*ari-lai̯ā), irlithe `gehorsam';

germ. *la-Þō f. `Einladung' in aisl. lǫð `das Einladen', run. laÞu, got. laÞaleikō Adv. `willing', denominative got. laÞōn `einladen, berufen', aisl. laða ds., ags. laðian, ahd. ladōn `laden, berufen'; in addition ablaut. mhd. luoder `Lockspeise, Schlemmerei' (out of it frz. leurre), nhd. Luder.

References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.

Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: lē-

See also: s. lā-1.

Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lī̆-no-

Meaning: flax

German meaning: `Lein'?

Material: Lat. līnum `Flachs, flax';

air. līn `Netz', nir. lion `Flachs, Netz', cymr. etc llin `Flachs, flax' (from dem Lat.); abweichend cymr. lliain, corn. bret. lien `Leinen' (insecure basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II 103, Pokorny KZ. 45, 361 f.);

alb. li-ri, geg. lį-ni m. `flax' (from dem Lat.);

got. lein, anord. ags. ahd. līn `Flachs' (from dem Lat.).

With ī: gr. λίνον `flax', lit. lìnas `Flachsstengel', Pl. linaĩ `Flachs', lett. lini Pl., apr. linno `Flachs', aksl. *lьnъ `Flachs, flax', lьněnъ `leinen'.

References: WP. II 440 f., WH. I 810 f., Trautmann 162.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: loĝ-

Meaning: rod, twig

German meaning: `Rute, Gerte'?

Material: Gr. ὀ-λόγινον ὀζῶδες, συμπεφυκός Hes., κατά-λογον τ(ην) μύρτον Hes. (probably as `densis hastilibus horrida myrtus' Verg. Aen. III 23, formation gleich κατά-κομος; after Schulze Qunder ep. 496 to:)

aksl. loza `Weinrebe; sprout esp. vom Weinstock', russ. loza `rod, Gerte; Reis, stem, Weide' (etc, s. Berneker 736).

References: WP. II 442.

See also: compare above under lēĝ(h)-.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: lorgā-, lorgi-

Meaning: stick, club

German meaning: `Stock, Knüttel'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. lorc (lorgg) f. `club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis', mir. lurga f. `shinbone', Gen. lurgan, mcymr. llory `club, mace, joint', llorf `foot the Harfe', acorn. lorch `staff', bret. lorc'henn `shaft';

aisl. lurkr m. `cudgel, club'. older dän. lyrk ds. (*lurki-), schwed. lurk ` fool '; nhd. tirol. lorg, lork `mythischer Riese'; aisl. lerka `zusammenschnüren, torment, smite'; ags. lorg m. f. ` shaft, pole, Spindel' is kelt. Lw.

References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.

Page(s): 691-692

Root / lemma: lou-, lou̯ǝ-

Meaning: to wash

German meaning: `waschen'

Material: Arm. loganam `bade mich' (*lou̯-ǝnā̆-);

gr. λόω `wasche' (Hom. = lat. lavĕre), λούσω, ἔλουσα, λέλουμαι, darnach also new present λούω; λο(F)έω ds., λοετρόν (Hom.), λουτρόν (att.) `spa, bath' (: gall. lautro, aisl. lauðr);

lat. lavō, -ere and -āre, lāvī `waschen, baden' and `sich waschen, baden' (out of it borrows ahd. labōn `laben', etc), ab-luō, -ere etc (out of it ein neues Simplex luō, -ere), participle lautus `gewaschen' (with vulg. ō: lōtus) and Adj. `sauber, nett', in-lūtus `ungewaschen', l(av)ātrīna `Ausguß, in den das Küchenwasser abläuft; Abtritt', l(av)ābrum `Becken', diluvium, adluviēsunder likewise, polūbrum `Waschbecken', dēlūbrum `Entsühnungsort = Tempel, Heiligtum'; probably also umbr.vutu (*lovetōd) `lavitō';

maybe alb. *lou-, laj ‘wash’, lot ‘tear’

gall. lautro `balneo' (gall. -ou̯- to -au̯- before a, basic form *lou̯ǝ-tro-), air. lōathar, lōthar `pelvis, canalis', mbret. lovazr, nbret. laouer `trough';

ir. lō-chasair `rain' (*lou̯o-); air. lūaith, cymr. lludw, corn. lusow, bret. ludu `ash' (*lou-tu̯-i- `Waschmittel'); mc. glau, cymr. gwlaw `rain';

aisl. lauðr n. `lye, Seifenschaum, scum, froth, foam', ags. lēaÞor `Seifenschaum' (*lou-tro-); ahd. louga, nhd. Lauge, ags. lēah ds., aisl. laug f. `Badewasser' (*lou-kā́), ablaut. ahd. luhhen `waschen' (*luk-);

hitt. la-ḫu-uz-zi (lauzi) `gießt from'.

References: WP. II 441, WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 57 f.

Page(s): 692

Root / lemma: lū̆s, Gen. luu̯-ós

Meaning: louse

German meaning: `Laus' (*Tier?)

Comments: often tabuistisch entstellt

Material: Abrit. *luu̯ā > lou̯ā > cymr. llau `Läuse' (Sg. lleuen), corn. low bret. laou, Vannes leu ds.;

ags. mnd. ahd. aisl. lūs f. `louse'; aisl. lȳski f. `Läusekrankheit';

with tabuistischer distortion: Old Indian уū́-kā, pali ū-kā, prakrit ūā; lit. u-tė̃, and (with ablaut and Red.) víevesa, vievesà f.; ksl. vъšь, Serb. vȁš, Gen. vȅši and ûš, etc (*usi-);

about toch. В luwa `animal', Pl. lwāsa s. Pedersen Toch. 72; compare dän. olyr `animal' and `louse'; or to aksl. lovъ above S. 655?

References: WP. II 443, Specht Idg. Dekl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.

Page(s): 692

Root / lemma: mad-

Meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed

German meaning: `naß, triefen; also von Fett triefen, vollsaftig, fett, gemästet'

Material: Old Indian mádati, mádate `boil, effervesce, cheerful sein', mā́dyati, mamátti, mándati ds., máda- m. `Rauschtrank' = av. maδa- `Rauschtrank, Rauschbegeisterung', Old Indian mattá- `trunken, freudig, erregt', av. mad- (maδaitē, maδayaŋha) `sich berauschen, sich ergötzen an'; Old Indian madgú- `ein certain Wasservogel, ein Fisch' = np. māɣ `ein Wasservogel', Old Indian mátsya- m., av. masya `Fisch' (`the nasse'; derivative from einem -es-stem *mades-); Old Indian mēdas- n. `fat', mēdana- n. `Mästung', mēdyati, mḗdatē `wird fett', mēdya- `fat' (mēda- from *mazda-, idg. *mad-do- or *mad[e]z-do- and = ahd. mast `Mästung'; die spez. meaning `Mästung' also in this formation previously idg.); mástu- n. `sour Rahm' (*mad-stu-), npers. maskah `frische Butter' (*mad-sk-?); Old Indian mádya-, madirá- `berauschend';

skyth. Ματόας `Donau', PN Μαδύης, VN Ματυκέται `Donauanwohner';

arm. mataɫ ` young, fresh, tender'; macun `sour, coagulated milk' (*madi̯o- + arm. Suff. -un); macanim, macnum `hafte an, coagulate '; additional iran. words for Dickmilch under likewise, so npers. māst `sour milk', māsīdan ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', etc;

gr. μαδαώ `zerfließe, löse mich auf, verliere die Haare'; μαδαρός `humid, wet'; against it μαζός ` nipple ' (= ahd. mast, *mad^z-dos), μαστός `breast' (*mad-tós), μασθός ds. (reshuffling after στῆθος `breast');

alb. manj (*madni̯ō) `mäste', maim `fat', mazë `Rahm, Sahne, skin auf the milk' (*madi̯ā); madh `Maismehlbrei', changing through ablaut modulë, motulë `Erbse', modhë ` ryegrass ';

lat. madeō, -ēre `damp sein, from Nässe triefen, ripen, voll sein', mattus `trunken' (*madi-to-s);

air. maidim `break (intr.), go in Stücke' (actually `fließe apart, zergehe', formal = lat. madeō); in-madae ` futile, ohne Erfolg' (in addition probably c. maddeu `erlassen, verzeihen', abret. in madau `pessum'; gäl. maistir `urina' (*mad-tri-); mir. māt f. `swine' (*māddā `Mast-swine');

ahd. mast `Futter, Mästung, Eichelmast', nhd. Mast, Mästung, ags. mæst `Buchecker'; got. mats `dish, food', aisl. matr m., ags. mete m., ahd. maz n. ds. (nhd. still in Messer from ahd. mezzi-rahs), as well as got. matjan `eat, fressen', aisl. metja ` slurp ', ags. mettan `füttern', mnd. mat(e) `Kamerad, esp. in the Seemannssprache' (Maat), ahd. gamazzo `Kamerad', eig. `*Essensgenosse'; in addition also mnd. met `Schweinefleisch', nnd. mett `gehacktes Fleisch' as `*saftiges, breiiges Fleisch', ahd. (eig. ndd.) Mettwurst (from andd. *matja-); changing through ablaut ags. as.mōs `porridge, mash, dish, food', ahd. muos `gekochte, esp. breiige dish, food, food, eating überhaupt', nhd. Mus, Gemüse (*mādso-).

References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalpräs. 140.

Page(s): 694-695

Root / lemma: maghos, -ā

Meaning: young

German meaning: `jung'

Material: Av. maɣava- `unverheiratet';

alb. makth `young hare';

kelt. *magus in gall. PN Magu-rīx, urir. (Ogam) Maguno-, air. maug, mug `slave'; corn. maw, bret. mao ` youngling, servant', cymr. meu-dwy `Einsiedler' (eig. `Diener Gottes'); Fem. corn. mowes `girl', bret. maouez `wife, woman'; kelt. -smo- derivative in air. mām, māam(m) `jugum, servitus'; abstract noun kelt. *magot-aktā `Jungfernschaft, young Weiblichkeit' (other formations from*maghotis = got. magaÞe, from which kelt. *makʷkʷot-aktā through contamination with makʷkʷo- `kid, child') in mir. ingen maccdacht `young erwachsenes girl', air. ro-macdact gl. `superadulta', mcymr.machteith, acorn. mahtheid `virgo', mcorn. maghteth, maghtyth ds., bret. matez `Dienstmädchen'; nickname *maggu̯os in gall. Mapo-no-s GN, acymr. map, ncymr. mab `son'; doppelte intensification in urir. maqqas, air. macc, nir. mac `son';

got. magus `knave, boy', aisl. mǫgr `son, young man, husband', as. magu `knave, boy', ags. mago `son, man, husband, servant'; Fem. *ma(ɣ)wī in got. mawi `girl' (Gen. maujōs), aisl. mǣr (Akk. mey) `girl', Demin. got. mawilō, aisl. meyla, ags. mēowle `small girl'; abstract noun *maghotis `young Weiblichkeit', from which konkret `girl', in got. magaÞs `young wife, woman', ags. mægeÞ (engl. maid), as. magath, ahd. magad, nhd. Magd, Demin. Mädchen;

lett. mač (from maǵš) `small'.

References: WP. II 228, Feist ³339.

Page(s): 696

Root / lemma: magh- : māgh-

Meaning: to be able; to help; power

German meaning: `können, vermögen, helfen'

Material: Old Indian maghá- `power, power, Reichtum, gift', maghávan-, maghávat `strong', iran. magu-, apers. magus `Magier, Zauberer' (out of it gr. μάγος, lat. magus);

Maybe alb. (*magh-) math `big, powerful' [common alb. -g > -dh, -k > -th shift]

arm. marthankh `Hilfsmittel' (*mag-thra-);

gr. μῆχος n. (dor. μᾶχος), poet. μῆχαρ `Hilfsmittel', μηχανή, dor. μᾱχανά̄ (> lat. machina) `Hilfsmittel, tool, artifice';

got. ags. magan, aisl. mega, maga, muga, afries. muga, mnd. mögen, ahd. magan, mugan `mögen'; 1. Sg. present got. as. ahd. mag, aisl. mā, ags. mæg, afries. mei; aisl. magn, meg(i)n n. `power, Hauptsache', ags. mægen, ahd., as. magan, megin ds.; got. mahts f. `power, power ', ahd. as. maht, ags. meaht, might, aisl. māttr ds.;

Maybe truncated alb. geg. (*mugan) mun, tosk. mund `might' [common alb. n > nd shift]

lit. mãgulas `numerous, much, a lot of';

aksl. mogǫ, mošti `können, vermögen', po-mošti, Iterat. po-magati `help' etc, aksl. moštь, russ. močь etc `power, strength ' (= got. mahts).

References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Güntert, Weltkönig 108 f.; whether E. Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) right gr. μῆχος with lit. mokė́ti `können, verstehen' auf eine root mākh- zurückführt, könnten die other words also auf megh-: mogh- go back; compare toch. A mokats `mighty'.

Page(s): 695

Root / lemma: maĝh-

Meaning: to fight

German meaning: `kämpfen'

Material: Gr. ᾽Αμαζών, Lw. through äol. mediation from einem iran. Volksnamen *ha-mazan- `warrior', compare ἁμαζακάραν' (: ar. kar- `make') πολεμεῖν. Πέτσαι Hes. and ἁμαζανώδες αἱ μηλέαι (vom VN Hamazan-); gr. μάχομαι `kämpfe', μάχη `fight, struggle, battle', μάχαιρα `sword, knife' (fem. to *μάχων `incisive'? Oder semit. Lw., to hebr. mekhērah `sword'?).

References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: maĝ-

Meaning: to press; to knead

German meaning: `kneten, drücken, streichen'

Material: Gr. μαγῆναι, μεμαγμένη to μάσσω (to present s. menǝk- `knead'), μογεύς `the Knetende', μαγίς f. `geknetete Masse', μάγειρος (actually μάγῑρος) `Koch', μαγδαλία `shred bread zum Fettabwischen'; μάκτρᾱ f. ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ';

mir. maistrid `buttert' (*magis-tr-), bret. meza `knead', cymr. maeddu `fight, stoßend durcheinandermischen' (*maged-);

abg. mažǫ, mazati `salben, schmieren', russ. mazь `Salbe', abg. maslo `Butter, Öl, Salbe' (*maĝ-slo-), mastь `Salbe, fat' (*maĝ-sti-), lett. iz-muõzêt `überlisten, zum Narrenhalten';

with esp. Anwendung auf den Lehmbau die family of nhd. machen (from `knead, form, mould, zusammenfügen, from the with Lehm verstrichenen wall; geformt, fitting), as. (gi)-makōn `make, erect, to build', ahd. mahhōn ds., nhd. machen, ags. macian `make, cause'; as. gemaco `comrade, Seinesgleichen', ahd. gimahho `socius' (gimahha `conjux'), ags. maca ds., gemæcca `ds., Gatte' (aisl. maki `aequalis' is ndd. Lw.), ahd. ga-mah, gi-mah `zugehörig, fitting, bequem' (gimah `connection, häusliche Bequemlichkeit, Gemach'), un-gamah `malus, minus idoneus', ags. ge-mæc ` fitting, tauglich, (aisl. makr ` fitting, bequem' is ndd. Lw.); afries. mek n. `Verheiratung', mekere `Ehenunterhändler', mhd. mechele `Kuppelei'; from germ. *makō derives lat. mac(h)iō `Maurer'; out of it rom. *matsiō, whence again ahd. stein-mezzo `Steinmetz'.

References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;

See also: compare mak-2 and menk-.

Page(s): 696-697

Root / lemma: mai-1

Meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument

German meaning: `hauen, abhauen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten'

Comments: probably actually mǝi- and s-lose form besides smēi- : smǝi- : smī- `carve, with einem scharfen tool arbeiten'.

Material: 1. Air. máel `naked, bald, bleak, dull, ohne Hörner', acymr. mail `mutilum', ncymr. moel `calvus, glaber' (*mai-lo-s `abgehackt');

2. d-extension: got. maitan `hew, hit, cut, clip', aisl. meita, ahd. meizan `cut, clip', aisl. meitill m., ahd. meizil `chisel', ahd. stein-meizo `Steinmetz'; in addition ags. mīte, ahd. mīza `Milbe' (probably to gr. μίδας `Made'), perhaps also ags. ǣ-mette, engl. ant, emmet, ahd. ā-meiza `Ameise' (`Abschneider'); in the case of also abg. mědь `Erz', russ. mědь `Kupfer'?

3. t-extension: Old Indian mḗthati `verletzt' (expressives th), gr. μίτυλος `verstümmelt, ohne Hörner', μιστύλλω `zerstückle (Fleisch)'; aisl. meiða `körperlich injure, verstümmeln, destroy', mhd. meidem `male horse' (eig. `Kastrat'), got. *gamaiÞ-s ` crippled ', wherefore (probably after den Hofnarren) ahd. gimeit `verrückt', mhd. in bonam partem gewendet gemeit `lebensfroh, keck, beautiful, lieb', as. gimēd, ags. gemād, mæded `verrückt', engl. mad ds.;

alit. ap-maitinti `verwunden', lett. màitât `spoil, destroy', lit. maĩtėlis `verschnittener, gemästeter boar', apr. nomaytis `verschnittener boar', ismaitint `lose' (as it. perdere); different Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 552.

References: WP. II 212, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 193, 194.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: mai-2 (moi-?)

Meaning: to smudge, dirty

German meaning: `beflecken, beschmutzen'?

Material: Gr. μιαίνω (Aor. ἐμίᾱν) `sully, besmirch', μίασμα n. `Befleckung', μιαρός (*miu̯ǝros?) `besudelt', μιαι-φόνος `with murder befleckt';

ags. māl n. `Fleek, Makel', ahd. meil n., meila f. ds.; lit. Pl. miẽlės, lett. mìeles `yeast'; perhaps also lit. máiva `Sumpfwiese'?

References: WP. II 243.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: makh-o-s, -(s)lo-

Meaning: wild, unbridled, bold

German meaning: `ausgelassen'?

Material: Old Indian makhá- `alert, awake, smart, lustig, ausgelassen', m. `Freudenbezeigung, Feier';

gr. μάχλος `horny, lustful; uppig (from Weibern); in wilder Lust tobend'.

References: WP. II 226.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mak-

Meaning: leather pouch

German meaning: etwa `Haut-, Lederbeutel'

Material: Cymr. megin `bellows' (*makīnā);

ahd. mago `Magen', ags. maga, engl. maw `Kropf, Magen', aisl. magi `Magen';

lit. mãkas, mẽkeris `Geldbeutel'; lett. maks, Demin. macińš, maḱelis `Beutel, Tasche', makstis `vagina', lit. makšnà `Futteral', makštìs `vagina (of Degens or Messers)', apr. danti-max `gums'; aksl. mošьna `Beutel';

doubtful is affiliation from air. mēn (from *makno- or *mekno-) `mouth, Bucht', mēnaigte `qui inhiant'.

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mak̂o- or mok̂-o-

Meaning: a kind of fly

German meaning: `Stechfliege, Mücke'

Comments: (-lo-, -ko-, diminutiveformantien)

Material: Old Indian maśáka- m. `Stechfliege, mosquito ', lit. mašalas ` mosquito ', lett. masalas `Roßfliege', wherefore russ. mosólitь `plague, zudringlich anbetteln' (vom Bilde of zudringlichen Mückenschwarms), and with anderm forms (*mosъtъ?) osorb. mosćić so, mosćeć so `wimmeln (as ein Mückenschwarm)', as well as probably also lit. mašóju, -ti `ein kid, child zeugen';

compare with Velar die arische family of Old Indian mákṣa- m., makṣā f. `fly', av. maxši- `fly, mosquito ' etc, and lit. mãkatas `Kriebelmücke'.

References: WP. II 225, Specht Idg. Dekl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mand-

Meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs

German meaning: `Rutenverflechtung as Hürde, Band from Reisern gedreht'?

Material: Old Indian mandurā́ ` stable ', mandirám n. `house, Gemach'; gr. (illyr.?) μάνδρα f. `corral, pen, fold, Stall, hurdle ', μάνδαλος `bar, bolt'; thrak. μανδάκης `Garbenband'; illyr. PN Mandurium or Manduria (Calabrien); whether primary meaning ` stable, Pferdezaum', perhaps to mendo- `Tierjunges', S. 729 (mend-).

References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: manu-s or monu-s

Meaning: man

German meaning: `Mann, Mensch'

Material: Old Indian mánu-, mánuṣ- `person, man, husband' (also `Ahnherr the people'), av. in PN Manus-čiϑra-, urgerm. *manu̯az in PN Mannus (Tacitus), Stammvater the Deutschen, got. manna (Gen. mans), aisl. maðr, mannr, ags. afries. ahd. mann `man, husband', got. mannisks, aisl. mennskr, ags. ahd. mennisc `menschlich'; ahd. mannisko etc `person'; aksl. možь, russ. muž `man, husband' (*mangi̯a-, suffix similarly as in lit. žmo-g-ùs `person').

Probably hom. Menelaus diminutive form of 'husband'

Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus 'moon god?'; also egypt. Menes? 'lion of revenge' (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt). Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.

References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- `denken'.

Page(s): 700

In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu, or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian Noah. Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both words meaning "human being."

The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.

The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its equivalents in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language, used the form Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").

The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (note Genesis 9:13). In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning "sky."

Root / lemma: marko-

Meaning: horse

German meaning: `Pferd'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Ir. marc, cymr. etc march `horse', gall. μάρκαν Akk. Sg., Marcodurum PN;

ahd. marah, ags. mearh, aisl. marr `horse' (nhd. in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. ahd. meriha, ags. mīere, aisl. merr, nhd. Mähre.

Maybe alb. (*mahar) magar, gomar `donkey'.

References: WP. II 235.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: math-1 or moth-

Meaning: a kind of harmful insect

German meaning: in Worten for nagendes, beißendes Gewürm or Ungeziefer??

Material: Arm. mat`il `louse'; got. maÞa, m. ahd. mado, ags. maða `Wurm, Made', aisl. maÞkr ds., aschwed.matk, finn. Lw. matikka `Würmchen'.

References: WP. II 228, H. Petersson z. Kenntnis the Heterokl. 32 f.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: mat-2

Meaning: hack, flapper

German meaning: etwa `Hacke, Schlegel'

Material: Old Indian matyá- n. `harrow or Kolben or likewise', matīkr̥ta- `geeggt or gewalzt'; lat. mateola `tool zum Einschlagen in die Erde' (in Roman. lebt not deminuiertes *mattea `club, mace, joint'); ahd. (gl.) medela `plough' (Lehmann AfneuereSpr. 119, 188); from vlat. mattiuca: ags. mattoc, engl. mattock `hack, mattock, hoe', abg. motyka `hack, mattock, hoe';

References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: mau-ro-

Meaning: weak; dark

German meaning: `matt, schwach, lichtswach, dunkel'

Comments: also m(a)ud- ds.

Material: Gr. (ἀ)μαυρός `weak; nebelhaft; blind', (ἀ)μαυρόω `entkräfte, schwäche, verdunkle';

anord. meyrr `mürbe';

russ. (s)muryj ` dark grey ', chmúra `dunkle cloud', čech. chmouřiti, šmouřiti se `sich tarnish, sauer see' (under likewise);

perhaps alb. murra `North wind', murr-të, murrët `dark', murm-më, murmë `dun, fulvous, dull greyish-brown'.

perhaps in addition gr. ἀμυδρός `dark, heavy to erkennen, weak', ἀμυδρόω `verdunkle, schwäche', ἀμυδρότης `Undeutlichkeit, Schwäche', aksl. iz-mъděti, u-mъdnǫti `schwach become'.

References: WP. II 223.

Page(s): 701

Root / lemma: mazdo-s

Meaning: pole, mast

German meaning: `Stange, Mast'

Material: Lat. mālus m. `Mast, Mastbaum' (with `sabin.' l = d from *mādos, *mazdos or Anlehnung an pālus) = ahd. mast ` shaft, pole, Fahnen- or Speerstange, esp. Mastbaum', ags. mæst (from mnd. mast derives norw. mastr `Mastbaum'); mir. maide `stick' (air. *maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios), air. matan `club, mace, joint', mir. ad-mat, nir. adhmad `timber'. As germ. loanword contemplates Schrader RI²168 abg. mostъ `Knüppelbrücke', russ. mostovája `Pflaster', po-mostъ `Diele'; rather is es ein urverwandtes collective *mazd-to- `Stangenwerk'.

References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.

Page(s): 701-702

Root / lemma: mā̆k(en)-

Meaning: poppy

German meaning: `Mohn'?

Material: Gr. μήκων, dor. μά̄κων `Mohn'; ahd. as. māho, mhd. māhen, mān and with gramm. variation ahd. măgo, mhd. mage, nhd. bair. magen `Mohn', ndd. mån, ndl. maan-kop, aschwed. val-mughi, -moghi `Mohn' (in ersten Gliede *walχa- ` anesthetization '); mlat. mahonus `Mohn' and lit. magônė - next to which dunkles aguonà - derives from dem Germ., apr. moke from dem Poln.; ksl. (etc) makъ `Mohn'.

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mā̆k-1

Meaning: damp, to soak

German meaning: `naß; feuchten'

Material: Arm. mōr `ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh' (*mā̆k-ri-); alb. makë `Leim, skin auf Flüssigkeiten';

lit. makonė `puddle, slop', makénti, maknóti `durch ordure wade', probably also lett. mākuônis `Bewölkung, dunkle cloud', apmàktiês `sich umwölken';

abg. mokrъ `damp, humid, wet', močǫ, -iti `βρέχειν', russ. móknutь `damp become', močitь, Iterat. máčivatь `damp make, anfeuchten', močá `Urin', močag `damp, sumpfiger place'; compare ligur. FlN Macra, span. FlN Magro;

lengthened grade slav. *makajǫ, *makati in čech. mákati, máčeti `nässen', etc

References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: māk-2

Meaning: to knead, press

German meaning: `kneten, quetschen, drücken'

Material: Lett, màcu, màkt `urge, press, push, press, plague, torment, smite', čech. mačk-ám, -ati `press, pressen' (diminutivebiildung, ein basic *makati voraussetzend);

lat. *maccare from *mācāre, vorausgesetzt from ital. ammaccare `squeeze', etc, compare Meyer-Lubke REW 5196;

here also lat. māceria, māceriēs f. `wall as Umfriedigung um garden, Weinberge etc' (as `from Lehm geknetete, with Lehm gebundene wall', compare τεῖχος : fingō); in addition mācerāre ` steep, mürbe beizen'.

References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.

See also: compare die similar roots menk- and maĝ-.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: māk̂- : mǝk̂-

Meaning: long, slender

German meaning: `lang and dünn, schlank'

Material: Av. mas- `long', compounds masyā̊ `the größere', Sup. masiṣta-, ap. maϑišta- `the höchste', av. masah- n. `length, greatness, bulk, extent' (*mas- for *mis- from idg. mǝs- through influence of mazyā̊ `größer': μέγας), gr. μά̆σσω, μά̆σσων (*μᾰκι̯ων) besides μᾶσσον (after ἆσσον `näher') `länger', μήκιστος `the längste', μῆκος, dor. μᾶκος n. `length', Μάκετα `Hochland', Μακεδόνες hence `Hochländer', μακεδνός `schlank', nachhom. μηκεδανός ds., μακρός `long' (= lat. macer, dt. mager); perhaps μάκαρ n. `Glückseligkeit';

lat. macer, -cra, -crum `mager', maceō, -ēre `mager sein', maciēs f. `Magerkeit';

perhaps here air. mēr m. `finger' (*makro-);

ahd. magar, ags. mæger, aisl. magr `mager'; in addition with l-suffix hitt. ma-ak-la-an-te-eš (maklantes) Nom. Pl. `mager'.

References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BSL. 33, 140 f.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mā-1

Meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive

German meaning: `with the Hand winken'; from `verstohlen zuwinken' dann `vorspiegeln, betrügen, zaubern'

Comments: (extended māi-?)

Material: Old Indian māyā `Verwandlung, Truggestalt, deceit, Illusion' (or to 3. mē-?);

gr. μηνύω, dor. μᾱνύω `zeige an, verrate' from *μά̄-νῡ-μι `winke with the hand'; s-extension μαίομαι `touch, untersuche', Fut. μάσσομαι, ἐπι-μαστος `berührt' = `befleckt', μαστήρ, μαστρός `Sucher, Nachforscher', μαστροπός `Kuppler', μάστις, μάστιξ `Peitsche, whip, scourge'; t-extension μάτη `Verfehlung' (*mǝ-tā), μάτην, dor. -ᾱν ` futile ', μάταιος `eitel, nichtig';

lit. móju, móti `with the hand winken, ein Zeichen give', lett. mãju, mãt ds., mâdît `with the hand winken', mâditiês `Gaukelei drive, push', mâdži `Gaukelbilder'; with s-extension lit. mãsinti `locken', mosúoti `schwenken, swing', mostagúoti ds., mósterėti, móstelėti `winken';

slav. *majǫ, *majati (an place from *mati after dem balt.-slav. preterite stem *māi̯ā-) in abg. na-majǫ, -majati `zuwinken', po-mavati, -manǫti ds., russ. na-májatь `durch Zeichen anzeigen, cheat, deceive', with formants -mo-: serb. mâmīm, mámiti `locken'; with formants -no-: russ. mańú, mańítь `anlocken, deceive ' (from dem Slav. derive lit. mõnai Pl. `Zauberei', lett. mãnít `cheat, deceive'); with formants -rā-: russ.-ksl. mara `Gemütsbewegung', poln. mara ` deception ', etc; s-extension in: ksl. machaju, machati `ventilare', etc; t-extension in: aserb. matam, matati `anlocken', čech. mátati `as ghost spuken', etc

References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 693

Root / lemma: mā-2

Meaning: good, timely

German meaning: `gut, to guter Zeit, rechtzeitig'

Material: With formants -no- alat. mānus `gut', immānis `terrible', adverbial māne, mānī `early, matutinal'; here also mānēs f. `die abgeschiedenen Seelen', later `Unterwelt, death'; perhaps phryg. μήν `abgeschiedene soul', μανία `καλή'; or belongs lat. mānēs to gr. μῆνις, dor. μᾶνις `Groll'? compare S. 727.

With t-formant: lat. Mātūta `die goddess the Frühe, the Morgenhelle, but also the ripeness', mātūtīnus `morgendlich', mātūrus `rechtzeitig; zeitig = reif' (based on auf *mā-tu-, perhaps `good, gelegene time'), osk. Maatúís (*Mātīs = `dī Mānēs'); reduced grade perhaps kelt. *mă-ti- in air. maith, cymr. mad, corn. mas, mbret. mat, nbret. mad `gut' and gall. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos; also air. maithid `verzeiht'.

References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.

Page(s): 693

Root / lemma: mā-no-, mā-ni-

Meaning: wet, damp

German meaning: `feucht, naß'

Material: Lat. mānō, -āre `flow, stream', hence `entspringen'; bret. Vannes mān `Moos, lichen', cymr. mawn `turf' from brit. *mōni-, from which borrows air. mōin f. `Moos, swamp, marsh, turf'; perhaps in addition ablaut. asächs. -mannia, -mennia in FlN and PN, as Throtmennia `Dortmund', etc

References: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.

Page(s): 699-700

Root / lemma: mātér-

Meaning: mother

German meaning: `Mutter'

Comments: based on auf dem babble-word mā, see there.

Material: Old Indian mātár- `mother', av. mātar-, arm. mair ds. (Gen. maur = gr. μητρός etc); aphryg. Nom. Akk. ματαρ, ματεραν, Gen. ματερεζ; gr. μήτηρ, dor. μά̄τηρ (with verschobenem Nominativakzent as θυγάτηρ); in addition hom. Δημήτηρ, thess. Δαμμάτερι; alb. motrë `Schwester' (originally `die ältere, Mutterstelle vertretende Schwester'); lat. māter, -tris `mother, wet nurse, wellspring', osk. maatreís, umbr. matrer `matris'; gall. (?) Ματρεβο `Matribus'; air. māthir `mother' (cymr. modrydaf `beehive' with bydaf `nest of wild Bienen' as 2. Glied); ahd. muoter, ags. mōdor, aisl. mōðir `mother'; lit. mótė (Gen. alit. motės, lit. moter̃s) `Weib, wife' (mótyna `mother', motera `Frauenzimmer, Weib'), lett. mâte `mother', apr. mūti, mothe `mother' (pomatre `Stiefmutter'); aksl. mati (Gen. matere) `mother'; toch. A mācar, В mācer.

In derivatives (e.g. mātruu̯iā) compare:

Old Indian mātr̥ka- `mütterlich', m. `Mutters Bruder', mātr̥kā `mother, grandmother'; but ncymr. modryb `Muttersschwester', acymr. modrep-ed Pl., abret. motrep, nbret. moereb ds. (*mātr_okʷā, to okʷ- `see', as `as eine Mutter aussehend');

gr. μήτρα f. `Gebärmutter, Mark the Pflanzen', lat. mātrīx `Gebärmutter; Zuchttier', ahd. muodar `Bauch einer Schlange', andd. mōder, afries. mōther `Brustbinde the Frauen', mhd. müeder, nhd. Mieder;

arm. mauru, Gen. maurui `Stiefmutter' (*mātruu̯i̯ā =) gr. μητρυιά̄ `Stiefmutter', to n-stem extended in ags. mōdrige, afries. mōdire, mnd. mödder `Mutters Schwester' (*mōdruu̯i̯ōn-, ahd.muotera ds. after muoter reshaped?), with hochstuf. forms *mātrō[ū]-: gr. μήτρως, -ω[F]ος, dor. μά̄τρως `uncle or grandfather mütterlicherseits', μητρώιος `mütterlich' (meaning after μήτηρ verändert);

lat. mātrōna `wife'; mātertera `Mutters Schwester' (*mātro-terā); māteria, māteriēs `Schößlinge from Fruchtbäumen, timber, Nutzholz, Material'; gall. FlN Mātrŏna `Marne' = cymr. GN Modron f.

slav. *mātero- in russ. materój `außerordentlich, big, large, strong, tight, firm', serb. mȁtor `old, esp. from animals', abg. materьstvo `πρεσβεῖον' (: lat. māteriēs).

References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f.

Page(s): 700-701

Root / lemma: mā 3

Meaning: mother (expr. root)

German meaning: Lallwort for `Mutter'

Comments: redupl. mā̆mā, mammā; partly (dissimilation?) mānā, mannā zweifelhaften Alters

Material: Old Indian mā `mother';

dor. μᾶ `μῆτερ!' (in μᾶ γᾶ `o Mutter earth', Aisch.), whereof ion. att. μαῖα `mother, wet nurse, Hebamme', dor. `grandmother'; derived mnd. mōje `Mutterschwester', ahd. holz-muoja `Hexe';

Old Indian māma- Vokativ m. `uncle' (from *māmā `Mutterschwester'); npers. mām, māmā, māmī `mother'; arm. mam `grandmother' (gr. Lw. as pap?); gr. μάμμα Lallvokativ, whereof ion. att. μάμμη `mother', μαμμίᾱ `mother'; lat. mamma Kosewort `Mama, mother', also ` brisket ', mamilla ` nipple '; alb. mëmë geg. mamë `mother'; ir. cymr. corn. bret. mam `mother', air. muimme `Pflegemutter' (*mammiā); nhd. alem. mamme `mother', changing through ablaut ahd. muoma `Mutterschwester', nhd. Muhme; lit.mamà, momà, lett. mãma ds.; russ. (etc) máma `Mama, mother'; hitt. divinity Mamma; compare kleinasiat. Μήνη, ngr. μάννα `mother', aisl. mōna `mother', mnd. *mōne, mōme `Mutterschwester'.

References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; mā is (?) base from māter- (see there).

Page(s): 694

Root / lemma: medhi-, medhi̯o-

Meaning: middle

German meaning: `mittlerer'

Material: Old Indian mádhya-, av. maiδya- `mittlerer', Superl. Old Indian madhyamá-, av. maδǝma- `mittlerer' (= got. miduma);

arm. mēj `Mitte';

gr. (ep.) μέσσος, (att.) μέσος `mittlerer';

maybe alb. mes `middle'

lat. medius, osk. mefiaí `in mediā'; osk. messimas presumably `medioximas';

gall. Medio-lānum, -mātrici, air. mid- (*medhu-) in compound `medius', mir. mide `Mitte', Mide `Meath' actually `mittlere Provinz', air. i-mmedōn `in medio', cymr. mewn, mcymr. mywn `in'(*medugno-); mcymr. mei-iau `Mittel-Joch' (*medhi̯o-); gall. FlN Meduana; venet. FlN Meduana;

with Verschleppung of s from einem Superl. probably also air. messa `schlimmer', actually `mittelmäßiger' (or to 2. meit(h)-, germ. missa-?);

got. midjis, aisl. miðr, ags. midd, ahd. mitti `medius', Superl. got. miduma `die Mitte', aisl. mjǫðm f. `hip, haunch', ags. midmest `the mittelste', ags. medeme, ahd. metemo `mediocris' (: av. maδǝma-) and got. *midjuma (= Old Indian madhyamá-) in midjun-gards, ags. middan-geard `Erdkreis', ahd. mittamo `mediocris', in mittamen `inmitten'; ahd. mittar `medius';

abg. mežda `road' (originally `Grenzrain'), russ. mežá `limit, boundary, Rain' (etc), abg. meždu (Loc. Du.) ` between ' Adv. preposition, aruss. meži (Lok. Sg.) ds.; here also probably as `*wood, forest auf dem Grenzrain': apr. median, lett. mežs `wood, forest, Gehölz', lit. mẽdžias `tree'; lit. FlN Meduyà.

References: WP. II 261, WH. II 57 f., Trautmann 173, Specht Idg. Dekl. 133 f.

Page(s): 706-707

Root / lemma: médhu

Meaning: honey

German meaning: `Honig; especially Met'

Grammatical information: n.

Comments: actually substantiviertes adjective `sweet'

Material: Old Indian mádhu- n. `honey, Met' (in addition mádhu- `sweet'; madh(u)v-ád- `honey-eater': aksl. medv-ědь `bear'); av. maδu- n. `Beerenwein';

gr. μέθυ `Wein' (from `Rauschtrank'; die meaning `honey' hat sich auf μέλι zurückgezogen); μεθύω `bin trunken', μεθύσκω `make trunken';

air. mid (Gen. medo), cymr. medd, acorn. (Plur.?) medu, bret. mez `Met', mir. medb `berauschend' (*medhu̯o-), cymr. meddw `berauscht', bret. mezo ds., mezvi `berauschen';

aisl. mjǫðr, ags. meodo, ahd. metu m. `Met';

lit. medùs m. `honey' (mìdus `Met' from got. *midus), lett. mędus `honey, Met', apr. meddo (*medu) `honey';

abg. medъ (Gen. medu and meda) `honey' (in addition among others serb. o-mèditi se `spoil, e.g. from fat', actually `süßlich, fade become or vergären); toch. В with `honey'.

Zur Konkurrenz with *melit `honey' (nie `Honigmet') and about finn.-ugr. Vergleichungen (finn. mete-, lapp. mītt, mordw. ḿed'; chin. mī⁴ `honey') s. Gauthiot MSL. 16, 268 ff., Schrader RL. 85, ²139.

Note:

The phonetic shift dh > ll > l has been attested first among Italic and Illyrian dialects hence from Root / lemma: médhu : `honey' must have derived Root / lemma: meli-t : `honey'

References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.

Page(s): 707

Root / lemma: med-1

Meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing

German meaning: `messen, ermessen'

Material: A. Old Indian masti- f. `das Messen, Wägen' (*med-tis, with in isolierten word not rückgängig gemachtem alteration from d-t to s-t-?);

maybe alb. mas, mat `measure'

in the case of also Old Indian addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly, yea, in truth ', av. apers. azdā ds., Old Indian addhātí- `Weiser' with the meaning from lat. meditāri etc? s. Pedersen Decl. lat. 72;

arm. with (Gen. mti) `thought, notion, sense, mind' (: μήδεα etc);

gr. μέδομαι `bin worauf bedacht', μέδων, μεδέων `Walter, ruler', μέδιμνος `Scheffel'; lengthened grade μήδομαι `ersinne, fasse einen Beschluß', μήδεα Nom. Pl. `sorrows, Ratschlag', μήστωρ, -ωρος `kluger Berater', PN Πολυ-μήδης, Κλυται-μήστρα;

lat. meditor, -ārī `worüber cogitate', modus `Maß, kind of and Weise', modestus `maßvoll, bescheiden', moderāre `mäßigen' (contain ein neutr. *medos, but probably also ein mask. *modos), modius `Scheffel', umbr. meřs, mers `jus' (*med-os-), mersto `justum, legitimum', osk. med-diss `judex' (*medo-dik̂-s) etc;

air. midiur, Perf. ro-mīdar (: gr. μήδομαι, got. mētum, arm. with) `cogito, judico', airmed `Maß', mess `judicium' (*med-tu-), med (*medā) `Waage', cymr. meddwl `animus, mēns, cōgitatiō', mcymr. medu `imstande sein, beherrschen', cymr. meddu `besitzen' (zahlreiche ir. compounds by Pedersen KGr. II 577 f., britische formations by J. Loth RC. 35, 446; 38, 177, 296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43, 272); medd `inquit' etc;

got. mitan, ags. metan, ahd. mezzan `messen', aisl. meta `schätzen', met n. `Gewicht', ags. ge-met n. `das Messen', Adj. `angemessen', ahd. mez `Maß, Trinkgefäß', ags. mitta m. `Getreidemaß', ahd. mezzo `kleineres Trockenmaß', nhd. Metze(n); got. mitōn, ahd. mezzōn `ermessen, consider', aisl. mjǫtuðr `fate, destiny', as. metod m. `knife, Ordner, creator, god', ags. metod m. `fate, destiny', got. mitaÞs `(Trocken)maß';

ē-grade (besides Pl. preterit got. mētum etc) got. us-mēt `Lebensführung', aisl. māt n. `das Abschätzen', mhd. māz n. `Maß, kind of and Weise', ahd. māza `Maß, Angemessenheit, kind of and Weise', aisl. mǣtr ` respectable, wertvoll', ags. gemǣte `angemessen', ahd. māzi ds.;

ō-grade: got. ga-mōt `finde room, have Platz, Erlaubnis, darf', ags. mōtan `Veranlassung haben, können' (engl. must `müssen' from dem preterit), as. mōtan `Platz finden, Veranlassung haben, sollen, müssen', ahd. muoz, muozan `können, mögen, dürfen', nhd. müssen; mnd. mōte `freie time, Frist';

maybe alb. moti `age, time, weather'.

ahd. muoza `freie time, Aufmerksamkeit, Gelegenheit to etwas', nhd. Muße; ags. ǣ-metta, ǣmta, from *ā-mōtiða f. `Muße', whereof ǣm(e)tig = engl. empty `leer'; aisl. mōt n. `Bild, mark, token, sign, kind of, Weise';

got. mōta `toll', mhd. muoze `Mahllohn', ags. mōt `toll, tribute, tax' (`*Zugemessenes, abzuliefernder Anteil'); probably from dem Got. derive ahd. (bair.) mūta, nhd. Maut, mlat. mūta, abg. myto.

B. A schon ursprachliche Anwendung for `smart ermessender, weiser Ratgeber = Heilkundiger' lies before in: av. vī-mad- `Heilkundiger, physician, medicine man', vī-maδayanta `sie sollen die Heilkunde ausüben', gr. Μῆδος, Μήδη, ᾽Αγαμήδη etc `Heilgottheiten'; lat. medeor, -ērī `heal, cure', medicus `physician, medicine man' (with Sekundärformans -icus vom Subst. *mē̆d `physician, medicine man' = av. vī-mad derived).

References: WP. II 259 f., WH. II 54 ff., 99 f.;

See also: med- is related with mē-3 (above S. 703 f.).

Page(s): 705-706

Root / lemma: med-2

Meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'?

Material: Gr. μέζεα (Hesiod), μέδεα (Archil.), μήδεα (Hom.; lies μέδεα?) `männliche Genitalien'; μεστός `full'; mir. mess m. (*med-tu-) `Eicheln, Eichelmast, Fruchternte', cymr. corn. mes f. `Eicheln', bret. mez ds.; also mir. mess `Pflegekind'?

References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 208.

Page(s): 706

Root / lemma: meĝ(h)- : m_eĝ(h)-

Meaning: big

German meaning: `groß'

Comments: (zur Old Indian Aspiration s. Pedersen 5^e décl. lat. 48¹, Hitt. 36, 181 f.); zur Reduktionsstufe compare Pedersen Hitt. 169 f.

Material: Old Indian mahā́nt-, av. mazant- `big, large', Old Indian mah-, av. maz- ds. (only außerhalb of Nom. Akk.), Old Indian máhi Nom. Sg. neutr. (das -i = -ǝ, then = gr. μέγα), as Vorderglied Old Indian mahā- (av. mązā- is Textfehler), mostly extended mahát- = av. mazant- `big, large'; Kompar. Superl. Old Indian mahīyas-, mahiṣṭha-, av. mazyah-, mazišta-;

Old Indian maháyati `erfreut, venerates', mahá- m. `Feier, sacrifice, oblation', mahīyátē `freut sich'; av. mimaɣžō `du sollst to verherrlichen suchen', d. h. `hold festivities';

Old Indian mahas-, av. mazah- n. `greatness, bulk, extent', Old Indian majmán- `greatness, bulk, extent', av. mazan- `greatness, bulk, extent, Erhabenheit', Old Indian mahī́ `die Große, Alte, die earth' (: lat. Maia);

Adv. gthav. maš `very' (*meĝhs), zero grade (*m̥ĝhs) jav. aš `very';

arm. mec `big, large', Denomin. mecarem `hold high' (: gr. μεγαίρω);

gr. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (*meĝ-n̥) `big, large' (to μέγα is μέγας, -αν neologism; das μεγάλο- the case obl. and of Fem. invokes *alo- `growth, Statur', as χθαμαλός `niedrig'); Kompar. ion. dor. ark. μέζων from *μεγι̯ων (att. μείζων after χείρων), Superl. μέγιστος; μεγαίρω (: arm. mecarem) `schlage high an, bewundere; hold for to high, mißgönne'; zero grade from *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' (ἀγά-ννιφος etc), ἄγᾱν `to very', ἀγάζω `aegre ferō', compare ἄζον μέγαν, ὑψελόν Hes. and jav. aš- `very'; in addition probably gr. ἀγάομαι `beneide', ἄγαμαι `bewundere', ἀγάλλω `verherrliche', ἀγαπάω `liebe', ἀγαυός `verehrungswürdig';

alb. math, madhi `big, large', madhónj `vergrößere, praise';

lat. magnus `big, large' (*m_eĝ-nó-s), Kompar. mag-is `mehr', maior `größer' (*m_eĝ-i̯ōs), Superl. maximus (*m_eĝ-s_emo-s); in addition maiestās `greatness, bulk, extent, stateliness ' (*m_eĝ-i̯es-tāt-), compare alb. madhështí (*m_eĝis-t-ii̯ā) ds. (about osk. mais, maimas, umbr. mestru see under mē- `big, large'), Maia `die Genossin of Vulcanus and Mutter of Merkur' (actually `die Große, Alte, die mother', from *magi̯ā, to Old Indian mahī́ `die Große, Alte, die earth'); deus Maius `Juppiter' (Tusculum), whereof the Monat Maius (as osk. Maesius `Mai' from dem verschollenen Gottesnamen derives, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), osk. PN Maiiúí Dat. Sg. (compare also kelt. magio-); lat. (kelt., also alb.) -a- is idg. _e; about lat. maiālis ` a castrated boar' s. WH. II 13;

lat. mactus `durch Gabe geehrt, gefeiert, verherrlicht', macte Opferruf `Heil!', mactō, -āre in the meaning `durch ein Opfer verherrlichen, hold festivities', with anderem object `jemanden as Opferweihen', then `schlachten, slay' gehen auf ein verb *magere `augere, vergrößern' back; magmentum `Fleischstücke as Zusatz zum Opfer' kann eine formation from magnus from after augmentum sein;

air. mochtae `big, large' (o!), mir. maignech ds. (*maginiākos, compare gall. Maginus under likewise; compare das n-forms from lat. magnus), mir. mag-, maige `big, large', Poimp Maige `Pompeius Magnus', gall.Magio-rīx, Are-magios under likewise (formal = lat. Maius); mir. māl (*maĝlos) `Edler, prince, lord', gall. Maglo-s in gods- and PN, abrit. PN Maglo-cune (cymr. Mael-gwn), Cuno-maglus etc; gall. Magalu Dat. Sg. Göttername, Magalos PN, mir. mag-lorg `club, mace, joint' (*mago-lorgā `großer cudgel, club'), mass `stately' (*maksos compare lat. maximus), Kompar. air. maissiu; cymr. corn. mehin `fat', mbret. bihin `réplétion' (*magesīno-); mcymr. maon (*maĝones) `die Großen', maith `long, big, large' (*maĝ-tio-), probably also air. do-for-maig `auget', -magar `augetur', acymr. di-guor-mechis `hat hinzugefügt' (acymr. ch from *-g-s-); to divide from cymr. magu `aufziehen' (*mak-);

in the case of air. mag n. `Ebene, das freie Feld', mcymr. ma- `place', gall. Arganto-magus (whereof ir. magen `place', cymr. maen, corn. men, bret. mean `Stein'), cymr. maes (*magesto-) `field', to Old Indian mahī́ `earth'?

got. mikils `big, large', ahd. mihhil, as. mikil, ags. micel, aisl. mikell ds., ags. mycel, urg.*mikilaz probably with -lo suffix after leitils, ahd. luzzil; aisl. mjǫk `very' (engl. much) at first from *meku- after felu `much, a lot of';

toch. A mak, В makā `big, large an number, much, a lot of'; hett. me-ik-ki-iš (mekkiš) `big, large'.

References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemerényi Word 8, 48.

Page(s): 708-709

Root / lemma: meigh-, also meik-

Meaning: to glimmer, twinkle; mist

German meaning: `flimmern, blinzeln; dunkel (vor den Augen flimmernd)'

Material: 1. meigh-:

A. with the meaning `flicker, blink, micāre'.

Mnd. micken `observe (*hinblinzeln)', awfries. mitza `beachten';

lit. mingù, mìgti `einschlafen' (with už-); lett. mìegu, migt ds. (with àiz-, ìe-); apr. enmigguns `dozed off', ismigē `entschlief'; lett. miêgt `die Augen shut', apr. maiggunAkk., lit. miẽgas, lett. mìegs `sleep', in addition lit. miegù (old miegmi), miegóti and apr. meicte `sleep';

slav. *migъ in bulg. russ. mig `Augenblick'; slav. *mьgnǫti in russ.-ksl. megnuti `nictare', serb. namàgnuti `winken', and mȉgati `blink'; Iterat.-Kaus. aksl. sъ-meziti `Augen shut', with aor.-pass. meaning slav. *mьžati, sloven. mɛžáti `Augen geschlossen halten', russ. mžat ` drowse '; serb.-ksl. miglivъ `blinzelnd';

B. with the meaning `dark vor den Augen become, fog, cloud'.

Old Indian mēghá- m. `cloud', míh `fog, wässeriger Niederschlag', av. maēɣa- `cloud'; arm. mēg `fog'; gr. ὀμίχλη (att. ὁμίχλη) `cloud, fog', hom. ἀμιχθαλόεσσαν `nebelig, epithet from Lemnos' (with Vokalvorschlag);

ndl. miggelen `staubregnen'; aisl. mistr `trübes weather ' etc (*miχstu-);

lit. miglà `fog', lett. migla ds. (= ὀμίχλη); abg. mъgla `fog', russ. mgɫa `Schneegestöber, kalter fog', čech. mha `fog', russ. mžít́ `staubregnen, nebeln' etc

Note:

gr. Gr. ἀμορβός `dark' derived from alb. mje(r)gulë ` fog, darkness ' [common gr. β < gw, p < kw phonetic mutation]; alb. proves that from Root / lemma: mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: `to shimmer, shine' derived the truncated Root / lemma: meigh-, also meik- : `to glimmer, twinkle; mist'.

2. meik-: Npers. miža, muža (pehl. *mičak), balūčī mičāč `Augenwimper';

lat. micō, -āre `sich zuckend bewegen, sparkle, glitter' (*mikāi̯ō); dī-micō `fechte, kämpfe'; cymr. mygr `luminous', di-r-mygu ` despise ' (as dē-spiciō); air. de-meccim (cc = g) `verachte' is brit. Lw.; abg. mьčьtъ `Vision, Spuk, Schimmer'; osorb. mikać `blink, blink, glitter, flash', etc

References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;

See also: s. also under meis-.

Page(s): 712-713

Root / lemma: meiĝh-

Meaning: to urinate

German meaning: `harnen'

Material: Old Indian mḗhati `harnt', participle mīḍhá- (= lat. mictus), mīḍha- n. `ordure', mēha- m. `urine'; av. maēzaiti `harnt, düngt', maesman- `urine';

arm. mizem `harne', mēz `urine';

gr. ὀμείχειν, Aor. ὤμειξα (= lat. mīxī), newer ὀμῑχέω `urinate, pass water', ἀμῖξαι οὐρῆσαι Hes. (ἀ-, ὀ- are probably Vokalvorschlag); compare μοιχός m., μοιχάς, -άδος f. `Ehebrecher(in)'??

lat. meiō, -ere, mixi, mictum (secondary mingō, minxi, minctum) `urinate, pass water' (*meigh-i̯ō);

aisl. mīga, ags. mīgan, mnd. mīgen `urinate, pass water', ags. micga m., micge f. migoða `urine', got. maíhstus, as. ahd. mist `crap, muck', ags. meox `ordure, manure', nfries. mjuks, ags. miexen f. `Misthaufe', as. mehs n. `urine', mnd. mes, afries. mēse ds.; probably here the name the only through den crap, muck, droppings the Vögel verpflanzten Mistel: ahd. mistil, ags. mistel, aisl. mistil-teinn `Mistelzweig'; (with aufgefrischter Tenuis of formants:) mhd. meisch `Maische', mnd. meisch, mēsch `ungegorener Malzsaft, Maische', ags. māsc-, māx-wyrt `Maischwürze', engl. mash `Maische, zerquetschen';

lit. mę̃žù (neologism for *minžù), mį̃šti `urinate, pass water', lett. mìeznu and mīžu, participle mìzu, Inf. mìzt `urinate, pass water' (but lit. mė́žiu, mė́žti `den manure bearbeiten' is rather mė́žiu = lett. mêžu, mêto, mêzt; es lies ein lengthened gradees root nouns *mē[i]ĝh- the basic);

skr. mìž-âm, -ati `urinate, pass water' (ž from dem present *miz-jǫ verallgemeinert); sloven. mǝzí, mǝzė́ti `hervordringen (from Flüssigkeiten)', mǝzína `Moorgrund'; slav. *mězga (*moiĝzghā from *moiĝh-skā) `Baumsaft' (`*hervortröpfelnd') in skr. mézga, čech. mízha, míza etc;

toch. В miśo `urine'.

References: WP. II 245 f., WH. II 60 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 159, Trautmann 185, Berneker II 54.

Page(s): 713

Root / lemma: mei-gʷ-

Meaning: to exchange

German meaning: `wechseln, tauschen; eine Ortsveränderung vornehmen'

Material: Gr. ἀμείβω `wechsle', Med. `erwidere, vergelte, wandere', ἀμοιβός `wechselnd', ἀμοιβή `variation';

lat. migrō, -āre `wandern', Denom. eines *migʷ-ros.

References: WP. II 245, WH. II 86 f.

See also: extension from mei- `swap, vary, exchange'.

Page(s): 713

Root / lemma: mei-k̂- (and mei-ĝ-?)

Meaning: to mix, stir

German meaning: `mischen'

Grammatical information: also mei- : mi-_ek̂-, mi-n-_ek̂-; Präsensstämme also with -so-, -sk̂o-;

Material: Old Indian mēkṣáyati, mimikṣḗ `rührt um', miśrá- `vermischt', miśráyati `mischt'; av. minašti `vermischt', misvan- `die Gemischten enthaltend'; myāsaite `sie mischen sich';

gr. μίγνῡμι (more properly μείγνῡμι), μείξω, ἔμειξα, ἔμ(ε)ικτο, ἐμί̆γην `mix, mingle', μίσγω ds., μίγα, μίγδα Adv. `gemischt', μιγάς, -άδος `mixture' (with unclear γ); μίσγω `mix, mingle' from*μιγ-σκω, or to mezg-;

lat. misceō, -ēre `mix' (extension from mi[k̂]-sk̂ō);

air. mesc `betrunken', mir. also ` baffle '; mesc(a)id `mischt, taucht ein, baffle '; cymr. mysgu `mix';

ahd. miskan, ags. miscian `mix' (rather lat. Lw.);

lit. miešiù, miẽšti (*meik̂i̯ō) `mix', Iterat. maišaũ, maišýti, lett. màisu, màisît ds.; also `zum zweiten Male pflügen'; compare apr. maysotan `gemengt', i.e. `varicolored'; Intransit.sumįšù and sumįštù, -mìšti `in Verwirrung geraten', lett. samist ds.; lett. misêt `mix, make mad'; lit. maĩštas m. `Aufruhr' mìšras `vermischt', lett. mistrs ds.;

maybe alb. geg. mëshoj `press, push', mësoj `learn, teach (mix in one's mind?), *make mad '

abg. měšǫ, měšiti etc `mix', das seine iterat. meaning verloren hat.

Here probably Old Indian ā-míkṣā `curd from milk', osset. misin ` buttermilk ', mir. medg, cymr. maidd, ncorn. meith, abret. meid, gall.-lat. *mesga (frz. mêgue) `wheys' (*misgā), aisl. mysa `wheys' (*mihswōn-).

References: WP. II 244 f., WH. II 95 f., Trautmann 175; Kuiper Nasalpräs. 50, 123.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: mei-1

Meaning: to strengthen; pole

German meaning: `befestigen'

Material: Old Indian minṓti `befestigt, gründet, baut', mití- f. `Errichtun', mitá- `befestigt', mḗtar- `the Aufrichter', mayū́kha- m. `peg, plug, ray', npers. mēχ `peg, plug, nail' (*maiχa-), sogd. myɣk ds., Old Indian sumḗka- `wohlgegründet, tight, firm';

lat. Pl. moenia `Umwallung, Stadtmauern' (`*Umpfählung'), mūniō (arch. moeniō), -īre `aufdämmen (einen way), aufmauern, verschanzen, befestigen'; mūrus, old moiros `wall';

air. -tuidmen (*to-dī-mi-na-t) `befestigt', Verbaln. tuidme;

germ. *mairja- `(Grenz)pfahl', ags. mǣre, gemǣre `limit, boundary, Gebiet', aisl. landa-mǣri `limit, boundary, Grenzland', etc

mei-d(h)- in: mir. mé(i)de m. `Nacken' (*mei-d-i̯o-); lett. mìet `einpfählen', maĩdît `bestecken'.

With t extended mē[i]t- : mǝit- : with- in:

Old Indian mēthí- m., mēthī́ f. (prakritisiert mēdhí-, mēdhī́, mēḍhī́) `Pfeiler, Pfosten', mít- f. ` column, Pfosten' (perhaps also in av. bǝrǝzi-mita-, if `hochsäulig'), arm. moit` `Pfeiler'; lat. mēta `(*picket, pole), jede kegel- or pyramidenförmige Figur'); mir. methas `Grenzmark' (*mitostu-); aisl. meiðr `tree, balk, beam, shaft, pole'; lit. miẽtas, lett. mìets `picket, pole'; zero grade lit. mita `Stecken zum Netzestricken'; probably also abg. město, skr. mjȅsto, čech. místo `place' from *mōit^sto- or *mē[i]t^sto-.

References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.;

See also: compare mei-4.

Page(s): 709

Root / lemma: mei-2

Meaning: to change, exchange

German meaning: `wechseln, tauschen'; out of it `gemeinsam, Tauschgabe, Leistung' and `tauschen, täuschen'

Material: Old Indian máyatē `tauscht', ni-maya- m. `Tausch'; lett. míju, mît `tauschen'.

With n-formant: lat. mūnis `dienstfertig', mūnus, -eris (arch. moenus) `Leistuung; Amt; tribute, tax; gift, Liebesdienst', mūnia, -ium (old moenia) `Leistungen', immunis `free from Leistungen', commūnis (alat. comoin[em]) `gemeinsam' (= got. etc gamains), osk. múínikad `communi', umbr. muneklu `munus, Sporteln';

air. mōin, māin `Kostbarkeit, treasure, tribute', dag-mōini `good Gaben, Wohltaten'; ablaut. cymr. mwyn `Wert' (*meino-);

got. gamains, ags. gemǣne, ahd. gimeini `gemein(sam)'; as `vertauscht = verfälscht' also ahd. mein `falsch, trügerisch' (nhd. Meineid), ags. mān ds., aisl. meinn `schädlich', mein `damage, pity, damage, misfortune';

lit. maĩnas m., lett. mains `Tausch', lit. mainaũ, -ýti, lett. maĩnît `swap, vary, exchange, tauschen'; abg. měna `variation, Veranderung', izměniti `διαμείβειν, διαλάττειν'. Here also Old Indian mēní- f. `Rache', av. maēni- ` punishment ' (compare abg. mьstь `Rache' from the extension root form meit-).

extension root form see under mei-gʷ-, mei-k̂-, mei-t(h)-.

References: WP. II 240 f., WH. I 254 f., II 128, Berneker II 48 f., Trautmann 175 f.

Page(s): 710

Root / lemma: mei-3

Meaning: to wander, go

German meaning: `wandern, gehen'

Material: Lat. meō, -āre `gehen, wandeln' (perhaps altes ā-verb =) poln. mijam, mijać, čech.míjím, míjeti `vorübergehen, vergehen, meiden'; auf this basis *mei̯ā- kann also das nā-present*mi-nāmi based on: abg. minǫ, -ǫti `vorübergehen, vergehen' (also minujǫ, minovati `προβαίνειν') and mcymr. mynet `gehen'; abg. mimo `vorüber, vorbei'; (compare gr. μῖμος `Schauspieler'?)

here also die river names gall. Moenus `Main', mir. Moín (in Kerry), poln. Mień, Mianka; *mein- in poln. Minia, zero grade min- in lit. Minija, poln. Mnina, hispan. Minius (Galicien), Etrurien Miniō.

Das relationship migrare : ἀμείβειν läßt old resemblance with mei- `swap, vary, exchange' as `Ortsveränderung' möglich appear, seem.

maybe alb. (*migrare) mërgoj `migrate'.

References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.

Page(s): 710

Root / lemma: mei-4

Meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden, verknüpfen'

Material: Old Indian mitrá- n. (secondary m.) `friend' (originally `Freundschaft' from `*connection'), av. miϑra- m. `friend; pact, covenant; name eines Gottes (Personifikation of Vertrages)', apers. MiÞra- `Gottesname';

gr. hom. μίτρη `Gurt; head fascia, Mitra'; doubtful μίτος `Einschlagfaden';

lett. mìemuri, meimuri `Femerstricke'.

References: WP. II 241 f., Güntert Weltkönig 50 f.;

See also: compare mei-1.

Page(s): 710

Root / lemma: mei-5 mi-neu-

Meaning: to lessen, small

German meaning: `mindern'

Material: Old Indian minā́ti, minṓti `mindert, schädigt, hindert', mī́yatē, mīyátē `mindert sich', participle Perf. mītá-; manyu-mī- `den Groll mindernd, vernichtend';

gr. μινύθω `mindere', Adj. *μινυ-ς in μινυ-ώριος `kurzlebig', μίνυνθα `ein small Weilchen, only short time' (Akk. *μίνυν, extension after δη-θά); μείων, μεῖον `geringer', after πλείων for *μείνων `das still in ἀμείνων `better' = `*not minder' receive is (*mei-no-);

lat. ni-mis (`*not to wenig' =) `allzusehr' (*ne-mi-is), nimius Adj (*ne-mi-os); lat. minor, n. and Adv. minus `small', minimus `the kleinste' (*minu-mos), minister `Untergebener, servant' (after magister; osk. minstreis `minoris'), minerrimus ( : minus after vet-errimus : -us), minuō `vermindere', osk. menvum `minuere' (probably with nachlässigem e for i);

corn. minow `verkleinern, mindern', mbret. mynhuigenn, nbret. minvik `mie de pain';

ndd. minn, minne `small, gering, mager' is from dem comparative rückgebildet; Kompar. got. minniza, aisl. minni, ahd. minniro `geringer, minder', Superl. got. minnistr, ahd. minnist, aisl. minnstr `kleinste, mindeste' (-nn- from -nu̯-, idg. *minu- with neuer echter Steigerungsbildung through -izon-, -ista-), Adv. got. mins (*minniz), aisl. minnr, ahd. ags. min `geringer, less';

abg. mьníjь (f. mьńьši) `small, geringer, jünger' (*mьnvjь-jь);

here also lit. máila `Kleinigkeit, small Fische', lett. maĩle `small Fisch', slav.*mělъ-kъ in altserb. mioki `seicht', čech. mělký `small, seicht', měliti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', and aisl. mjōr, mjār, mǣr `schmal, thin' from *maiwa-, *maiwi-; toch. В maiwe `small, young '.

References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.

Page(s): 711

Root / lemma: mei-6, mei̯u-, min(u)-, mim(ei)-

Meaning: expr. root

German meaning: in Schallnachahmungen for helle, dünne Töne and Schreie

Material: Old Indian mimāti `blökt, bellow, roar, schreit', mimāyat, ámīmēt `brüllte, blökte', māyú- m. `das Blöken, shout'; presumably maya- m. `steed' (`*wiehernd'), mayū́ra m. `peacock' (`*schreiend'); miṇ-miṇa- `undeutlich durch die Nase sprechend';

gr. μιμίζω `wiehere', μιμιχμός `das Wiehern', μιμάξασα χρεμετίσασα φωνήσασα Hes., μινυρός `wimmernd', μινύ̄ρομαι, μινυρίζω `winsle'; from lat. minur(r)iō `zwitschere, girre' (gr. Lw.?) reshaped mintriō, -īre `whistle, piepen, from the Maus'; abg. mъmati, mьmati `stammeln'.

References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;

See also: s. also mū-.

Page(s): 711

Root / lemma: mei-no-

Meaning: wish, intention

German meaning: `Meinung, Absicht'

Material: Air. mían n. `Wunsch, desire', cymr. mwyn (*meino-) `enjoyment', er mwyn `um - willen'; ahd. meina f. `sense, mind, opinion, intention', afries. mēne, ags. mān f. `opinion, Erwähnung, Klage'; ahd. meinen `mean, say', ags. mǣnan ds., also `klagen'; slav. *maini̯ō `meine' in aksl. měnjǫ, měniti `erwähnen, halten for', etc

References: WP. II 302, Trautmann 165.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meis-

Meaning: twinkling, glimmering; mist

German meaning: `flimmern, blinzeln, dunkel (vor den Augen flimmernd), Nebel, Wolke; also betrügen, Trug'

Material: Old Indian miṣáti `schlägt die Augen auf', ni-miṣ f., ni-miṣa- m. `das Blinzeln, Schließen of Auges'; miṣa- n. `deceit, deception '; mīḍam `leise' (*miz-do- `verstohlen'?), mīlati `schließt die Augen';

ndd. mis `nebliges weather ', miseln `fein rain', ndl. (fläm.) mijzelen, mīzelen `dust, powder rain';

aksl. mьšelъ `turpis quaestus', russ. mšel `profit, gain', in the case of-michnútьśa `sich irren'.

References: WP. II 248 f.;

See also: extension the also in meigh-, meik- present root.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meit(h)-1

Meaning: staying (place)

German meaning: `Aufenthals(ort)', from which balt. also `Lebensunterhalt, Nahrung'

Material: Av. maēϑanǝm n. `Aufenthaltsort for people and gods, dwelling, house', miϑnāiti `weilt, wohnt, bleibt';

lit. mintù, mìsti `sich nähren', mìtas `Lebensunterhalt', maitìnti `nähren', maĩstas `nourishment, food', also lit. maità, lett. màita `Aas'; apr. maitā ` nourishes '; lett. mitiât `abode, residence and nourishment, food give', mìtu, mist `stay, dwell, sich aufhalten, seine nourishment, food haben'.

References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker 2, 52.

Page(s): 715

Root / lemma: mei-t(h)-2

Meaning: to exchange

German meaning: `wechseln, tauschen'

Material: Old Indian mḗthati, mitháti `wechselt ab, zankt, gesellt sich to', mithá- Adv. `gegenseitig, abwechselnd, together' = av. miϑō Adv. `verkehrt, falsch'; Old Indian míthūṣ, míthus, mithuyā Adv. ds., av. miϑwa(na)-, miϑwara- Adj. `gepaart';

gr. (sizil.) μοῖτος `Vergeltung, gratitude ' (Lw. from dem Italischen);

lat. mūtō, -āre (*moitāi̯ō) `ändern, verändern, tauschen', mūtuus `wechselseitig';

air. Negativpräfix mí-, mis(s)-; die vollere form in mis-cuis `hate'; compare under germ. missa-; here also air. messa `schlimmer'?

got. maidjan `verändern, verfälschen', in-maidjan `verwandeln'; got. maiÞms `gift', aisl. Pl. f. meiðmar, ags. māðum, as. mēðom `gift, Kostbarkeit, Kleinod'; participle *mit^sto- `verwechselt, falsch' in got. missō `wechselseitig, einander', aisl. (ā)miss, mnd. to misse `verkehrt, ungünstig', ahd. missi `different(artig)', prefix got. missa- `verkehrt, dis-' (missa-dēds = nhd. Missetat, missa-leiks `different', compare nhd. mißfarben `ve-schiedenfarbig', perhaps also got. missa-qiss `Wortstreit'), aisl. mis- (seldom missi-), as. ags. mis-, ahd. missa-, missi-, nhd. miss-;

somewhat different ahd. ags. missan `vermissen, entbehren, verfehlen', aisl. missa `vermissen, lose', mhd. misse f. `lack', ags. miss n. `loss', aisl. missir m. missa f. `loss, damage', to ahd. mīdan `meiden, entbehren', refl. `sich enthalten'; intr. `wegbleiben, lack, sich conceal', as. mīthan, mīdan ds., ags. mīðan `verhehlen; meiden';

baltoslav. *meitu- in lett. miêtus m. `Tausch, variation', in addition mituôt and mietuôt `tauschen', mitêt `verändern', refl. `cease', Adv. pa-mîšu `wechselweise';

aksl. mitě `abwechselnd', russ.-ksl. mitusь Adv. ds., etc; in addition aksl. mьstь etc `Rache'.

Maybe alb. zemërim `anger', from poln. msta (arch.), zemsta `vengeance, revenge'.

References: WP. II 247 f., WH. II 137, 140, Trautmann 176 f.;

See also: see under mei-2.

Page(s): 715

Root / lemma: mek-

Meaning: to bleat (expr. root)

German meaning: Schallwort for `meckern'

Material: Old Indian makamakāyatē `meckert', mēká- m. ` he-goat; billy goat '; arm. mak`i `sheep'; gr. hom. μηκᾶσθαι `grouse, bleat, bleat'; lat. micciō, -īre `grouse, bleat'; mhd. >meckatzen, mechzen, nhd. meckern, mhd. mecke `he-goat'; lit. mekenù, -énti `grouse, bleat, stammeln'; klr. mékaty `grouse, bleat, bleat', etc

Maybe alb. mek-sh (diminutive), meksh ‘buffalo-calf’

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;

See also: compare mei-6.

Page(s): 715-716

Root / lemma: me-1

Meaning: 1sg personal pronoun (oblique stem)

German meaning: oblique Form of Pers.-Pron. the 1. Sg.

Grammatical information: Nom. Sg. eĝ(h)om `I' (see 291)

Material: Gen. betont *me-me `from mir, meiner' in Old Indian máma; dissimil. *me-ne in av. mana, apers. manā; cymr. fyⁿ, Bret. ma, Vannes me (as Possessiv); ksl. mene, lit. manè; different dissimil. *eme in arm. im, gr. hom. ἐμεῖο, etc;

Dat. betont me-ĝhi `mir' in Old Indian máhy-a(m), lat. mihi, umbr. mehe; arm. inj from *emeĝh-; enklit. moi (also as Gen.) in Old Indian mḗ, me, av. me, gthav. moi; gr. μοι; air. infig. and suffig. Pron. -m-; alit. mi, apr. maiy; hitt. -mi;

Akk. mē̆ in Old Indian av. mā (enklit.), arm. is (*eme-ge?), lat. mē(d), gr. ἐμέ, με; air. me-sse, mé (`I'), infig. and suffig. Pron. -m- (cymr. mi `I' with i after ti `du'); mē-m in Old Indian betont mā́m, av. mąm, alb. mua, mue, apr. mien, aksl. mę; with -ge erweit. gr. ἐμέ-γε, ven. meχo, got. mik `mich', etc, hitt. am-mu-uk (аmuk) `mich, mir' (above S. 291), enklit. -mu;

Ablativ mē-d in Old Indian mát, av. mat̲, lat. mē(d);

locative moi in Old Indian mē;

Possessiv mo- in Old Indian ma, av. ma m. n., mā f., arm. im, gr. ἐμός, alb. im (article i + em);-mo-i̯o- in abg. moj, apr. mais, f. maia; me-i̯o- in lat. meus, hitt. mi-iš(mes); secondary got. meins, ahd. etc mīn (*mei-no-); lit. manas, toch. А В ñi (*mäñi).

References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 599 ff.

Page(s): 702

Root / lemma: me-2

Meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with

German meaning: as Grundlage von Adverbien (Präpositionen) `mitten in, mitten hinein'

Material: A. me-dhi (also basic form me-ti möglich) in got. miÞ `with', asäch. mid(i), ags. mið, aisl. með(e), ahd. with(i), etc; compare under S. 706 f.

B. me-ta in gr. μετά (ending as in κατά, above S. 613), alb. mjet `Mittel', illyr. Met-aurus `Mittelfluß' (Brutt., Umbr.), ligur. Os Metapīnum (Rhônemündung) ` between den Wassern'; compare illyr. locative Metu-barbis ` between Sümpfen' (in the Save); in Ätolien VN Μετάπιοι (hellenisiert Μεσσάπιοι) etc, aisl. með(r) `with, between ', got. miÞ, ags. mið, ahd. with(i).

C. me-ĝhri-(s) in arm. merj `by' (the final sound receive in merjenam `nähere mich') = gr. μέχρι(ς) `bis'; invokes den locative of words for `hand' (see above S. 447); zero grade idg.*m̥-ĝhri-(s) in gr. ἄχρι(ς) ds.

D. Unclear are gr. arkad. μέστε, kret. kyren. μέστα `bis', hom. μέσφα, thess. μέσποδι etc

Maybe alb. (*me-) me `with'.

References: WP. II 236, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629 f., 840; 2, 481 ff., 549 f.

Page(s): 702-703

Root / lemma: meldh-1

Meaning: to pronounce ritual words

German meaning: `rituelle words an die Gottheit richten'

Material: Arm. malt`em `I bitte'; asächs. meldōn `angeben, tell', ahd. melda `Angeberei, slander ', meldōn, -ēn `melden, angeben, verratenn', ags. meld `Bekanntmachung'; lit. meldžiù, mel̃sti `bid, beg, ask, pray', maldà f. `request; prayer', Iterat. maldaũ, maldýti; apr. maddla `request, prayer'; due to from dissimilation from *mold-lā to *modlā `request': čech. modla `Götzenbild, Tempel' and poln. modɫa f. `prayer'; with -dl- to -l-: aksl. moljǫ, moliti `bid, beg, ask', refl. `pray', etc; from `weihen and schlachten' then `to certain Zeit schlachten' in russ. molítь, etc;

hitt. ma-al-ta-i, ma-al-di (mald-) `betet'.

References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BSL. 33, 133 ff., Mudge Lg. 7, 252.

Page(s): 722

Root / lemma: meldh-2

Meaning: lightning

German meaning: `Blitz, Hammer of Donnergottes'

Material: Cymr. Pl. mellt, Sg. -en `lightning', with secondary t;

aisl. mjǫllnir `Thors hammer' (*melð[u]nii̯az); in addition aisl. poet. myln `fire'; apr. mealde (*meldi̯ā) `lightning', zero grade lett. milna (*mildna) `the hammer of Donnerers'; wruss.maladńa `lightning' (*meldьńa), zero grade abg. mlъnьji, russ. mólnija ds. (*mьldnьji).

References: WP. II 300, Trautmann 177.

Page(s): 722

Root / lemma: melĝh-

Meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Material: Old Indian malhá- `with Zäpfchen an the Wamme (from cow and goat)', arm. maɫj, Gen. -i `gall' (*ml̥ĝhi-, originally probably `Gallenblase');

av. mǝr^ǝzāna `belly'.

lit. mil̃žinas, lett. mil̂zis `Riese', lett. mel̂to, mil̂z `to swell, schwären'.

References: WP. II 300; extension from 4. mel-?

Page(s): 723

Root / lemma: meli-t

Meaning: honey

German meaning: `Honig'

Grammatical information: n., Gen. mel-nés

Material:

Note:

Arm. meɫr `honey', Gen. melu (to u-stem probably after *medhu geworden), meɫu, Gen. meɫui `bee'; skyth. μελίτιον πόμα τι Σκυθικόν Hes.; gr. μέλι, ->τος `honey', μέλισσα, att. -ττα `bee' (*μελιτι̯α or *μελι-λιχι̯α `honey-leckerin'), βλίττω `zeidle' (*mlit-i̯ō); compare μείλιχος, att. μῑλίχιος `gentle';

alb. mjal, mjaltë (*melitom) `honey';

Note:

Common alb. phonetic mutation m > mb > b in (*melita, *mbelita) bleta f. 'bee' while alb. Arbëresh uses mizë (fly) bletje (*honey, bee) = bee.

lat. mel, mellis (*melnés) `honey', mulsus `with honey angemacht or cooked, boiled' (*melsos; old Nachahmung from *saldtos, salsus); air. mil `honey' (*melit to *meli, whereupon Gen. mela), cymr. corn. bret. mel ds.; ir. milis, cymr. melys `sweet', gall. PN Meliððus, Melissus; also cymr. etc melyn `yellowish' is probably `honigfarben' (see under mel- Farbenbezeichnung); got. miliÞ (*melitom) `honey', ags. mildēaw `nectar', ags.milisc `honigsüß';

hitt. mi-li-t `honey'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 61 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 283, 518, 838.

Page(s): 723-724

Root / lemma: melk-1

Meaning: to rub (?)

German meaning: `worüber streichen'

Comments: parallel root to melĝ-.

Material: Lat. mulceō, -ēre, mulsī, -sum `stroke, streicheln, caress, besänftigen', mulcetra `Hēliotropium' (plant with giftlindernder Wirkung), mulcēdo `Anmut', Mulciber (WH. II 120); `Streiche versetzen' in mulcō, -āre `evil prepare, maltreat ''.

References: WP. II 297.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: melk-2, melg-

Meaning: wet

German meaning: `naß, Nässe'

Material: Gr. μέλκιον κρήνη Hes.; got. milhma m. `cloud'; mhd. milgen ` corn, grain to Viehfutter steep '; slav. *melko- in abg. mlěko, russ. molokó etc `milk'; ablaut. slav. *malka- in aruss. molokita probably `swamp, marsh, Gewässer', serb. mlȁka `wässeriger bottom', mlâkva `puddle', poln. pa-mɫoka `fog', etc; čech. mlklý `humid, wet', lit. malkas m., màlka f. `gulp, Zug beim Trinken', lett. màlks, màlka ds.

melg- in slav. *molžiti, russ. dial. molžítь, za-molaživatь `trübe become' (vom weather).

References: WP. II 297, Trautmann 177.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: mel-1 (also smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆-

Meaning: to grind, hit; fine, ground

German meaning: `zermalmen, schlagen, mahlen', speziell Korn; from `zerrieben' also `fein, tender, soft' and `aufgerieben, schwach'

Material: A. Old Indian mr̥ṇāti, mr̥ṇati `zermalmt, mahlt', mūrṇá- `verwelkt, slack' and `zermalmt' (also partly with 3. mer- vermischt), mlā- `soft, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack become', mlātá- `soft gegerbt', av. mrāta- ds., perhaps Old Indian malvá- `crazy, läppisch' (`*weak' in geistigem sense); compare got. ga-malwjan, ahd. molawēn, lit. mal̃vinti; from the i-basis Old Indian mrityati `zerfällt, löst sich auf';

arm. malem `zerstoße' (*m_el-), ml-ml-em `rub', meɫm `soft, slack', ma-mul `presses';

gr. μύλη f., late μύλος m. `Mühle', μύλλω `mahle, grind, pulverize, crunch ' (also as lat. molō `beschlafe': sizil. μυλλός `pudendum muliebre'); μαλερός `zermalmend'; μάλευρον `meal, flour' is hybridization from ἄλευρον and μύλη; ἀμαλός `weak, tender', ἀμβλύς `feeble, weak'; from the i-basis gr. βλίτον `Melde' (compare to meaning nhd. Melde under mel-dh-), βλιτο-μάμμας `Dummkopf', βλιτάς `wertlose wife, woman';

alb. mjel `meal, flour' (*melu̯o- = nhd. Mehl);

lat. molō, -ere `mahlen' (= air. melid), molīna `Mühle', mola `Mühlstein'; umbr. kumaltu, kumultu, comultu `commolitō', kumates, comatir `commolitīs', maletu `molito' (idg. *m_elṓ); lat. mulier `Weib' (from *muli̯ési, idg. *ml̥-i̯ésī `die zartere', Kompar. to mollis [S. 718]); marcus `hammer', back-formation to marculus, martellus (*mal-tl-os), das a as in lat. palma : gr. παλάμη; lat. malleus `hammer, beetle, hammer' from *mal-ni- `Zermalmung';

air. melim `molō' (with com- ` grind ', with to- `consume'); cymr. malu (*m_el-), bret. malaf `mahlen', meil `Mühle' (*meli̯ā); air. mlith Dat. `to mahlen, (*ml̥-t-), mol `Mühlstange'; *malǝu̯o- `soft' in bret. divalo `(not tender =) raw, ugly', cymr. malwoden `slime, mud'; from schwerer basis gall. *blāto- (frz. blé), mcymr. blawt, ncymr. blawd, acorn. blot, bret. bleud `meal, flour' (ml̥̄-tó- = lit. mìltai) air. mlāith, mir. blāith `gentle, glatt', mbret. blot `soft, tender' (*ml̥̄-ti-; cymr.mwlwg `rubbish' (*molu-ko-); kelt. *molto- in cymr. mollt, corn. mols, bret. maout, mir. molt, gall.-rom. multo, -ōne `(verschnittener) aries, ram';

got. ahd. malan, aisl. mala `mahlen' (germ. a-present); ahd. muljan `zermalmen', aisl. mylia ds., ahd. gimulli `Gemüll' (but ahd. mulī, -īn, ags. myln, aisl. mylna `Mühle' from spätlat. molīna); got. mulda, ags. molda, aisl. mold, ahd. molta f. `dust, powder, earth' (*ml̥-tā); got. malma m. `sand', aisl. malmr `Erz', ablaut. ags. mealm-stān `Sandstein', mhd. malmen `zermalmen', as. ahd. melm `dust, powder, sand' (: lit. melmuõ `Nierenstein, Steinkrankheit'); nhd. dial. mulm `zerfallene earth, dust, powder, vermodertes wood'; ahd. as. mëlo, Gen. -wes, ags. melu-, Gen. -wes, aisl. mjǫl `meal, flour' (*melu̯o- = alb. miel);

maybe alb. (*malma) miellma ‘swan, white’, mal ‘mountain, snow white mountain’ from got. malma m. ` white sand, dust, earth', Molossi ‘Illyr. TN’, perhaps Gk Molokh f. Heb. molek, a Canaanite idol to whom children were sacrificed as burnt offerings (Lev. 18:21), held to be old. of melek king.

Comments:

Illyrian and Albanian prove that venet. FlN Mal-ont-īna `Maltein' (Kärnten), südillyr. PN Malontum, etc (Krahe, Würzburger Jahrb. 1, 214); are related to lat. *mal-ont-īna, montis, mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru ‘mount in India’

obviously Root / lemma: mel-8, melǝ- : mlō- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root / lemma: mel-1 (also smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆- : (to grind, hit; fine, ground).

ahd. mil(i)wa `Milbe' (*melwjō); got. malō n., aisl. mǫlr (*molu-) `Motte (mehlmachendes Tierchen'); abg. molь (*moli-) ds., arm. dial. mǝɣmóɣ (from *moɫmoɫ) `Motte'; very doubtful is affiliation from Old Indian malūka- m. `kind of Wurm', arm. mlukn `bedbug', and die from as. mnd. mol m., mhd. n. `Eidechse', ahd. mol, molm, molt `Eidechse', nhd. Molch, das an arm. moɫēz `Eidechse' reminds; rather to 6. mel- S. 721;

got. ga-malwjan `zermalmen, zerstoßen', aisl. mølva `in Stücke break, rupture', ahd. molawēn `tabere'; aisl. mjǫll `fine snow', schw. dial. mjäl(l)a `kind of fine Sanderde' (*melnā); got. mulda, ags. molde, ahd. molta `dust, powder, earth' (participle *ml̥-tā́ `die zerriebene');

lit. malù, málti (Akzent the heavy basis) `mahlen', malũnas, apr. malunis `Mühle', mìltai, lett. mil̃ti `meal, flour' (= cymr. blawd), apr. meltan `meal, flour'; lit. malinỹs, milinỹs, lett. mìlna `Quirlstange'; lit. mal̃vinti, mulvinti `plague'; with formants -to-: lett. màltît, miltît `hit'; lit. melmuõ see above;

aksl. meljǫ, mlětь, russ. molótь, skr. mljȅti (heavy basis) `mahlen'; poln. mlon `handle, grasp an the Handmühle' (*melnъ), russ. mélenъ (*mel-eno), skr. čak. mlán (*molnъ) ds.; skr. mlêvo, mlijevo `Mahlgut, corn, grain' (= ahd. melo, alb. mjeɫ; besides serb. ml-î-vo, russ. mél-i-vo `Mahlgut'); klr. móɫot m. ` grape marc, Hülsen from Malz', sloven. mláto n., mláta f. `Malztreber', čech. mláto ds., apr. piva-maltan `Biermalz' (germ.? s. mel-d-) etc; probably also (light basis) aksl. mlatъ, russ. mólotъ etc `hammer' as *mol-to- `Zermalm-ung, -er'; ksl. mlatiti (*moltiti) `hit'; lengthened grade mělъkъ `small' and aksl. mělъ `Kalk' etc;

toch. A malywët `du drückst, zertrittst', В melye `sie zertreten';

hitt. ma-al-la-i `zermalmt';

maybe alb. mbllaçit `chew' [common alb. m > mb shift].

with anl. s-: norw. smola `zermalmen'; mhd. smoln `Brotkrümchen ablösen', aschw. smola, smula, smule ` gobbet ' (besides aisl. moli ds., mǫl f. `heap from Steinen'); lett. smelis, smēlis `Wassersand in Felde', lit. smėlỹs, Gen. smė̃lio `sand', smiltìs ds.

B. basis m(e)lēi- : mlī- in: cymr. blin `müde' (*mlī-no-), abr. Pl. blinion `inertes'; lett. blīnis `müder person', blĩnêt `siechen'; serb. mlȉtām, -ati `faul become, amble' (compare with ĭ: Old Indian mrityati, gr. βλίτον), russ.-ksl. mlinъ `Kuchen', russ. blin `Pfannkuchen', serb. mlȉnac `gewalkter dough, Matze'; klr. mlity `vergehen', Kaus. mloity `Übelkeit erregen';

doubtful serb. mlédan `mager, weak', dial. `fade, flau' (in Slavonien mlídan), etc

here probably (as `Mahlfrucht') gr. μελίνη, lat. milium (*m_elii̯o-), lit. f. Pl. malnos `millet, sorghum'; originally inflection *mél-i-, -n-és.

C. Von einer u-basis (compare gr. ἀμβλύς, Old Indian malvá-, nhd. Mehl etc): av. mruta- `aufgerieben, weak', mrūra `aufreibend, ruinous '.

mel-d- (perhaps zuerst in einem d-present); m(e)le-d-; ml̥du-, m(e)ldu̯i- `soft'.

Old Indian márdati, mr̥dnāti `zerdrückt, reibt, reibt auf', av. marǝd- (mardaite; morǝnda-t̃ from *mr̥nda-) `zuschanden make', Kaus. Old Indian mardayati `zerdrückt, zerbricht, bedrängt, afflicts' (diese ar. words können and become partly also idg. mer-d- same meaning fortsetzen); Old Indian mr̥dú- (= gr. βλαδύς) `welch, tender', fem. mr̥dvī́, Kompar. mradīyān, Superl. mradiṣṭha-; vi-mradati `erweicht'; Old Indian mr̥t- (mr̥d-) `earth, Lehm, clay', mr̥tsná- m. n. `dust, powder, Pulver', mr̥tsnā́ `schöne earth, good Lehm, Lehm' (: nisl. mylsna `dust, powder');

arm. meɫk ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack' (*meldu̯-i-);

gr. ἀμαλδύ̄νω `schwäche, destroy, smash' (to *[ἀ]μαλδύ-ς = Old Indian mr̥dú-); βλαδύς, βλαδαρός `slack' (*μλαδ-, *ml̥d-); μέλδω `schmelze' (tr., med. intr. = ags. meltan etc); with the Vokalstellung and meaning from Old Indian vimradati, mradīyān also βλέννα f., βλέννος n. `mucus, Rotz', βλέννος `langsam from Verstand, verdummt' (*mled-sno-, compare Old Indian mr̥t-sná-);

lat. mollis `soft, ductile, pliable' (*ml̥du̯-is, compare Old Indian fem. mr̥dvī́); blandus `schmeichelnd, liebkosend, friendly' from *mlǝndo-?;

cymr. blydd `gentle, tender', bret. ble `weak' (*ml̥do-), air. meldach `pleasant' (können also to mel-dh- belong; also:) schott.-gäl. moll m. `chaff';

mir. blind, blinn `eines toten Mannes Speichel' (probably *ml̥d-sno-?);

ags. meltan `melt, verbrennen, verdauen', aisl. melta `(in Magen) disband, verdauen', norw. molten `mürbe, soft', Kaus. ags. mieltan `melt, clean, verdauen'; got. gа-malteins f. `Auflösung', aisl. maltr `verfault, spoil', ahd. malz `hinschmelzend, feeble'; ahd. malz, ags. mealt, as. aisl. malt `Malz' (slav. *molto, čech. mláto etc ds. borrows from dem Germ.);

with Old Indian mr̥d-, mr̥tsnā́- compare nisl. mylsna `dust, powder', ags. formolsnian `to dust, powder become' (see above);

with anl. s-: ahd. smē̆lzan `zerfließen, melt', smalz `ausgelassenes fat or Butter', ags. smolt, smylte `ruhig, from the sea', aschwed. smultna `ruhig become'; here perhaps ahd. milzi, ags. milte f., milt m., aisl. milti `Milz' (läßt sich leicht ausstreichen, gleichsam zerschmelzen);

maybe alb. (*milzi) mëlçi `the spleen (that of a domestic animal)'.

abg. mladъ, russ. mólodъ etc ` young, tender' (*moldo-); apr. maldai Nom. Pl. m. `Jungen', maldū-ni-n Akk. Sg. `Jugend', maldian `foals'; apr. maldenikis `kid, child', abg. mladenьcь, mladьnǝcǝ ` youngling ' (*molden-, *moldin-);

mel-dh- (perhaps zuerst in einem dh-present *mel-dh-ō):

Old Indian márdhati, mr̥dháti `läßt after, vernachlässigt, vergißt' (`*wird soft, slack = aufgerieben');

gr. μαλθακός `soft, tender, mild' (after μαλακός extended from:) μάλθη `Wachs', μαλθώσω μαλακώσωHes., μάλθων `Weichling', μαλθαίνω `erweiche';

here (or to mel-d-) cymr. blydd etc;

got. unmildjai Nom. Pl. `lieblos', mildiÞa `Milde', aisl. mildr `gracious, barmherzig', ags. milde, ahd. milti `milde, kind, gracious, friendly';

ahd. melta, ags. melde, aschwed. mæld, molda, ahd. malta, multa `Melde' (compare gr. βλίτον `Melde' from *mli-to-, from the Mehlbestäubung the leaves).

(s)mel-k-

aisl. melr ` sand-hill ' (*melha-), schwed. dial. mjåg (*melga-) ds.

lett. smelknes `Mehlabfall', smalknes `Feilstaub, Sägespäne', smalks `fine', smulksne `mote, speck, Kleinigkeit';

lit. smulkùs `fine', smùlkti `fein become', smulkmė `Kleinigkeit';

lit. smiltìs, lett. smìlts, smil̂kts `sand'.

melǝ-k-, mlāk- `soft, weak, faint, languid, clownish '.

Gr. μαλακός `soft', βλά̄ξ, ->κός `slack, idle, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, crazy'; βληχρός, hom. ἀβληχρός `weak, gentle' (*μλᾱκ-σρός); μάλκη `das Erstarren vor coldness, Erfrieren', μαλκί̄ω `habe vor Kälte steife Glieder' weicht in the meaning to weit ab;

mir. malcad `Verfaulen'; presumably mir. blēn (air. *mlēn) `die Weichen' from *mlaknā;

aksl. mlьčati, russ. molčátь `schweigen' (*mⁱlkē-), aksl. u-mlьčiti `bezähmen', u-mlьknąti `verstummen' (: ir. malcaim `verfaule'); bulg. serb. mlâk `lauwarm', etc in addition lit. mùlkis (*ml̥̄ki̯os) `Dummkopf'.

With -sko-: got. un-tila-malsks `unbesonnen', as. malsc `stout, proud', nhd. mulsch `soft', mulschen dial. `sleep'.

References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.

Page(s): 716-719

Root / lemma: mel-2

Meaning: to fail; to deceive

German meaning: `verfehlen, trügen'

Material: Av. mairya- ` deceitful, schurkisch'; arm. meɫ, Pl. meɫk` `Sünde'; gr. μέλεος ` futile, nichtig, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable ' (seems as *μελε[σ]ος auf dem -es-stem *meles- to based on, dessen schwächste grade *ml̥s-, βλασ- perhaps in βλάσ-φημος as `Verfehltes, Unpassendes sagend');perhaps μύλη `Mißgeburt'? to ἀμβλίσκω, ἀμβλόω `tue eine Fehlgeburt'; mir. mell `error, fault, error' (*mel-s-os, vom es-stem), mellaim `betrüge', maile `evil, harm'; cymr. mall `verderbt' (*ml̥so-); lit. mẽlas `lie, falsity', lett. Pl. męli ds., màldît `err, sich versehen', mùldêt `herumirren, fantasize, sich plagen', mèlst ` baffle talk'.

References: WP. II 291.

Page(s): 719-720

Root / lemma: mel-3

Meaning: to hesitate

German meaning: `zögern'

Material: Gr. μέλλω, Fut. μελλήσω `zögere, bin in Begriffe' (μόλις `barely'?); μέλει μοι `es liegt mir am Herzen', μέλω, -ομαι, -ήσω, μέ╔ηλα (dor. μέμᾱλα), μέμβλεται `am Herzen, in sense liegen, besorgtsein', μελέδη, μελεδών, μελέδημα ` care ', μελέτη ds., μελέτωρ `Fürsorger'; lat. prō-mellere(-ll- = -ln-) `lītem prōmovēre', re-melīgō `remoratrix', re-mulcum `Schlepptau', prō-mulcum ds.; air. mall (*ml̥-so-) `slow'.

References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mel-4

Meaning: strong, big

German meaning: `stark, groß'

Material: Gr. μάλα `very', μᾶλλον `mehr' (for *μέλλον = lat. melius eingetreten after θᾶσσον, θᾶττον : τάχα), μάλιστα `am meisten'; lat. melior `better' (originally `*stärker'); multus `much, a lot of' (*ml̥to-); here multa, older molta ` punishment, penance, atonement', multō, -āre `bestrafe', Dialektwort, compare osk. moltam `multam', moltaum `moltare', multasikad `multaticia', umbr. motar `multae', mutu `multa' (*ml̥tā `Vergütung, replacement'; compare germ. *bōtō `penance, atonement': *bata- `better'); lett. milns `very much, a lot of'.

References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f.

See also: A through ĝ(h) extension root form is perhaps melĝh- `to swell', see there.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mel-5

Meaning: member; to join

German meaning: `Glied; zusammenfügen'

Material: Old Indian márman- n. `Glied, offene, ungeschützte Körperstelle', arm. marmin `body, Fleisch' (from dem Iran.?), lit. mélmenys `Fleisch an den kidneys

', lett. mēlmeńi `Weichen, loins'; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S. 718);

gr. μέλος n. `Glied' and `gegliederte Weise, Gesang, Melodie', hence μελίζω `besinge'; bret. mell m., corn. mel, Pl. mellow `Knöchel', cymr. cym-mal `articulus, junctura, commissura' (urkelt. *melso- : μέλος = lit. tamsiá : Old Indian támas n.); toch. AB mälk- `zusammenfügen'.

References: WP. II 292.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mel-6, melǝ-

Meaning: dark colour (black, dirty, etc.)

German meaning: in Farbbezeichnungen, especially von dunkeln, unreinen, schmutzigen Farbentonen; `Schmutz, beschmutzen'

Material: Old Indian maliná- `dirty, filthy, schwarz', mlā-na- `black, swart ', mála- m. n. `smut, ordure, Sünde';

gr. μέλᾱς, -αινα, -ᾰν `black' (probably for *μέλανος after dem Fem. μέλαινα = Old Indian malinī), μίλτος `Rötel', μολύνω `besmirch' (maybe from *μαλύνω), μύλλος `Rotbarbe' (ablaut as lat. mulleus, lit. mulvas), with ō-grade μώλωψ `Striemen, blutunterlaufene place';

alb. mel-еnë (Kollekt. *mel-inio-) `elm' (from der paint, color of Holzes), mel-ézë ds., mjerë ` unlucky ' (*mel-ro- `black'), etc;

vorrom. *melix, -ice (frz. mélèze) `Lärche';

lat. mulleus `reddish, purpurfarben' (*m^ulnei̯os); compare ahd. mol S. 717;

got. mēla Nom. Pl. `Schriftzeichen', mēljan `schreiben', ahd. ana-malī `Fleck, scar', mhd. māl n. `Fleck', ahd. mālōn, -ēn `malen, draw, sign ', anorw. mmǣla `färben, malen' (originally `with schwarzer Farbe malen');

balt. *mēlna- (*melǝ-no-) in lett. męlns `black', apr. melne `blauer Fleck', lit. mel̃svas `bläulich' (also lit. meletà, -atà `Grünspecht; Hasel-, Waldhuhhn', apr. melato `Grünspecht'?); lit. mė́las, mė́lynas `blue', mė́lynė `blauer Fleck infolge eines Schlages', lett. mẽl̨š `dunkelblau' (*mēli̯as); apr. mīlinan Akk. fem. `Fleck'; lit. mólis, lett. mâls `Lehm';

with u-colored Red.-grade: lit. mul̃vas `reddish, yellowish', mul̃v-yti, -inti `besmear', mul̃vė `slime, mud, swamp, marsh';

russ. malína `Himbeere, Brombeere'.

References: WP. II 293 f., WH. II 122 f., Trautmann 177 f., 188.

Page(s): 720-721

Root / lemma: mel-7

Meaning: wool

German meaning: `Wolle, Wollgewand'?

Material: Gr. μαλλός (*ml̥-nó-) ` tuft of wool, Flocke'; lit. mìlas `kerchief, cloth', lett. mil(n)a ` coarse kerchief, cloth', apr. milan ds. (skr. mȁlje, Gen. mâljā Pl. f. `Flaum, Milchhaar' is Lw. from ngr. μαλλιά Pl.).

References: WP. II 294.

Page(s): 721

Root / lemma: mel-8, melǝ- : mlō-

Meaning: to appear, come up

German meaning: `hervorkommen, erscheinen, hochkommen; Erhöhung, Wölbung'

Material: Perhaps Old Indian maṇi- `Perle', maṇika- m. `(round) Wassertopf'; gr. μολεῖν `gehen, kommen' (Aor.), present βλώσκω, Perf. μέμβλωκα; ἔβλω ἐφάνη; αὐτό-μολος `Überlaufer', προ-μολή `Auslauf eines Berges, Flusses', μολεύω `beschneide die Pflanzenschößlinge';

venet. FlN Mal-ont-īna `Maltein' (Kärnten), südillyr. PN Malontum, etc (Krahe, Würzburger Jahrb. 1, 214);

maybe lat. *mal-ont-īna, montis, mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru ‘mount in India’

alb. mal `mountain' (*mol-no-); tosk. maje `cusp, peak, acme, apex, summit ' (*moli̯ā); alb. mol `wood, forest' (`Bergwald') from *mēlo-; geg. moje `hochgelegener Ort' (*mēl-i̯ā); vorrom. malga `Alpenwirtschaft' (*mal-ikā);

alb. malësi ‘highland’, illyr. Molossii Illyr. TN

obviously Root / lemma: mel-8, melǝ- : mlō- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root / lemma: mel-1 (also smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆- : (to grind, hit; fine, ground).

air. Akk. Pl. mailgea (*mal-ik-), mir. Nom. Sg. mala `Augenwimper'; mell `clump, Hügel' (*mel-no-) = bret. mell `großer Ball'; mir. mul `ball, clump' (*molu-), mul-lach ` acme, apex, Scheitel'; abrit. Inselname Μαλαιος, later Malea Insula (Adamnán), neugael. Muile `Mull';

lett. mala f. `edge, bank, border, shore, region'; lit. lýg-mala `height of Randes';

serb. ìz-molīm, iz-mòlīti `hervorzeigen' (d. h. kausatives `hervorkommen lassen'), slov. molíti `hinstrecken, hinhalten', molė́ti `ragen, hervorragen', etc;

References: WP. II 294 f., Jokl L.-k-U. 162, Berneker II 74, J. Loth RC. 44, 293 ff.; 46, 161 f.

Page(s): 721-722

Root / lemma: melōdh- (molǝdh-, m_olǝdh-)

Meaning: elevation; head

German meaning: `Erhöhung, Kopf'

Material: Old Indian mūrdhán- m. `head', av. ka-mǝrǝδa- `Kopf daēvischer Wesen' (actually `was for ein Kopf); gr. βλωθρός (*mlodh-rós or *m_olǝdhrós with idg- ḹ) `high aufschießend, high gewachsen', also βλαστός `scion, shoot, Trieb' (*mlǝdh-tos); μέλαθρον `Stubendecke, Dach' (*melǝdhrom); ags. molda `the top of the head', afries. meldke (*muldi-kō);

toch. A malto `zuerst'.

References: WP. II 295.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mels-

Meaning: to taste

German meaning: `woran schmecken, kosten'

Material: Air. mlas, nir. blas, cymr. blas, bret. blaz `taste' (*mlasto-, probably from *ml̥sto-); russ. molsátь (*mьlsati) `suck, nagen', čech. mlsati `lick, naschen', poln. pomɫoski `Leckerbissen'.

References: WP. II 300.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: membh-

Meaning: to reproach

German meaning: `tadeln'?

Material: Gr. μέμφομαι `tadle', μομφή `reprimand, Vorwurf'; got. bi-mampjan `verspotten, verhöhnen'; hat air. mebul `Schande', nir. meabhal ` betrayal ', cymr. mefl, corn. meul ds., kelt. -bl- from -mbl-?? For got. p compare Specht Idg. Dekl. 261, Anm. 1.

References: WP. II 261 f.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mendh-

Meaning: to pay attention to; vivacious

German meaning: `seinen Sinn worauf richten, lebhaft sein'

Material: Old Indian mēdhā́ `Weisheit, discernment, Verstand', av. mazdā, mazdāh- n. `Gedachtnis, Erinnerung', mazdāh- m. name of höchsten Gottes (*mazdhā from *mn̥dh-tā);

gr. μανθάνω (secondary present to) μαθήσομαι, μαθεῖν `learn', dor.-äol. μάθη, ion. μάθος n., ion.-att. μάθησις `Lernen, Unterricht'; μενθήρη `forehead; φροντίς'; perhaps Μοῦσα (*μονθι̯α) `Muse';

alb. mund `kann, siege';

cymr. mynnu `wollen', corn. mennaf `I will', mynnes, mynnas `wollen, volition', cymr. go-fin(n) `long, want, bid, beg, ask, fragen', corn. govyn ds.;

got. mundōn `sehen auf', mundrei `Ziel', aisl. munda `zielen, strive', ahd. muntar `keen, eager, munter', muntarī `Eifer'; ahd. mendī `pleasure, joy', menden, as. mendian `sich freuen';

lit. mañdras, mandrùs `alert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton'; lett. muôdrs and muôžs ds. (*mandus), muôstiês `aufwachen'; abg. mǫdrъ `wise'.

Maybe alb. mend `brain, mind'.

Idg. men-dh- through compression from *men-dhē- `den sense, mind worauf place', compare Old Indian man[*z]-dhātár- `the Sinnende, Andächtige', av. mąz-dā- `dem Gedächtnis einprägen' (therefrom mązdra- `sensible, wise, wise'). - Von gr. προ-μηθής `vorsorglich' (dor. -ā-) auf ein idg. *mā-dh- besides*men-dh- (as gʷā- : gʷem-) to shut, scheint möglich.

References: WP. II 270 f., Trautmann 168 f.

Page(s): 730

Root / lemma: mend-, mond- (mn̥d-?)

Meaning: to suck (breast), to feed; breast

German meaning: `säugen, saugen; Brust'; also `junge, saugende Tiere'

Material: Alb. ment ` suckle, suck', mezej ` suckle '; mes, mezi m. `Füllen', mezat `young bull, Tierjunges', mezore `young cow' (*mondi̯o-); illyr. PN Menda f. `mare', ablaut. PN Mandeta; mandos `small horse', out of it dial. mannus: lat. `small gall. horse'; messap. Juppiter Menzana (*mendi̯o-no-) `god, dem Pferde geopfert wurden'; from dem Illyr. derives rom. mandius `Füllen, rother, cattle' (rum. minz `Füllen', manzat `young cow', nhd. Tirol Manz, Menz `unfruchtbare cow', rheinländ. Minzekalb, bask.mando `mulus', etc); mir. menn (*mendo-), mennán `young animal, calf, Füllen', secondary bennán `Kälbchen, Böcklein, Hirschlein', nir. binnseach, gael. minnseach `young goat, kid', cymr. mynnan `kid', corn. min `haedus', bret. menn `young animal', menn gavr `young goat, kid'; gall. PN Epo-manduo-durum, brit. PN Mandu-essedum (illyr. Lw.?); probably also the bair. FlN Mindel; ahd. manzon m. Pl. `teat, udder'; illyr. gall. mand- könnten also idg. ablaut mn̥d- contain.

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, Würzburg. Jb. 1, 189, 202.

Page(s): 729

Root / lemma: mend(ā, -om)

Meaning: defect, flaw

German meaning: `Fehler, Körperfehler, Gebrechen' (also `Makel, Fleck'?)

Material: Old Indian mindā́ `Körperfehler' (for *mandā́ after nindā́ `reprimand');

lat. mendum, menda `fault, error, Gebrechen', ē-mendāre `ausbessern; heal, cure', whereof mendīcus `Bettler' and mendāx, -ācis ` fallacious ' (*fehlerhaft);

perhaps air. mennar `macula', zero grade air. mind `mark, token, sign, Merkmal' (*mn̥du n.; also in the meaning `diadema' = `insigne' dass. word), cymr. mann `place', mann geni ` birthmark '.

References: WP. II 270, WH. II 69, J. Loth RC. 44, 362 f.

Page(s): 729-730

Root / lemma: men(e)gh-, mon(e)gh-, mn̥gh-

Meaning: abundant, excessive

German meaning: `reichlich, viel; reichlich geben'

Material: Old Indian maghá- n. `gift, present', maghávan(t)- `gabenreich, generous '; m. `Spender', maṁhatē `schenkt, spendet', maṁhiṣṭha- `in höchsten Maße freigebig, überaus rich', maṃhánā `gern, bereitwillig';

air. menicc `frequent, often, rich, frequent', cymr. mynych `frequenter', corn. menough ds. (*meneggi-, expressive); got. manags, ahd. as. manag, ags. manig, menig `much, a lot of, manch', aisl. mengi n. `bulk, mass'; mangr, margr `manch, much, a lot of, freundschaftlich'; aksl. mъnogъ `much, a lot of' (*m_onogo-), compare also lit. minià `bulk, mass' (*m_eni̯ā).

References: WP. II 268 f., Trautmann 189.

Page(s): 730

Root / lemma: men(ǝ)k-

Meaning: to knead

German meaning: `kneten (quetschen, zermalmen)'

Material: Old Indian mácatē, mañcatē `zermalmt, betrügt, is minxish, wanton (?)' (Dhātup.; with wahrscheinlicher apposition also from:) Old Indian maṅkú- `weak, fluctuating ';

alb. mekem `make humid, wet, werde ohnmächtig, erstarre', i mekan `faint, languid, weak', mekë `Dummkopf'(*mn̥k-);

gr. ion. μάσσω (*mn̥k-i̯ō), att. μάττω `push, press, knead, streiche, wische' (paradigmatic vereinigt with Aor. Pass. μαγῆναι, to μαγεύς etc, root maĝ-, see there; in Gutt. ambiguous μάκτρα ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch '), μακαρία βρῶμα ἐκ ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων Hes.;

ags. mengan, as. mengian, mhd. mengen, nhd. mengen (actually `durcheinanderkneten'), as. gi-mang, ags. (ge)-mang n., mhd. ge-manc, -ges m. `Mischung, Gemenge';

lit. mìnkau, -yti `(dough) knead', mìnkštas `soft', ablaut. mánkau, -yti (= germ. *mangjan), lett. mîcît `tread', mîksts `soft';

aksl. mękъ-kъ `soft', *męknǫti `soft become', o-mę-čiti `erweichen', russ. mjákiš `das Weiche vom bread', ablaut. aksl. mǫka `meal, flour' (skr. múka, russ. muká ds.), mǫka `agony' (skr. mȕka ds.) etc;

References: WP. II 368, WH. I 508, II 3, 23 f., Trautmann 184 f.

See also: compare die similar roots māk- and maĝ-.

Page(s): 730-731

Root / lemma: meng-

Meaning: pretty, beautiful; useful thing (?)

German meaning: `schöner machen, schwindelhaft verschönern'

Comments: only nominal

Material: Old Indian mañjú-, mañjulá- `already, mellifluous', maṅgalá- n. `good Omen, luck'; osset. mäng `deceit'; gr. μάγγανον n. ` magical cure, magic potion; philtre, Kriegsmaschine' etc (out of it borrows lat. manganum `Maschine', alb. mangë `Hanfbreche' etc, mhd. mange `Wurfmaschine', nhd. Mange(l) `Wäscherolle'), gr*μάγγων (out of it lat. mangō `betrugerischer Händler'), μαγγανεύω `betrüge' etc; mir. meng ` deception, artifice', mengach `verräterisch'; from nhd. mange derives apr. manga `Hure', lit. mánga `ungezogene person'; toch. A maṅk `Schuld, fault, error'.

References: WP. II 233, WH. II 28 f.

Page(s): 731

Root / lemma: men-1

Meaning: to tower

German meaning: `emporragen'

Material: Av. framanyente (:lat. prō-minēre) `sie gewinnen protrusion', mati- (*mṇti-) ` protrusion of mountain range';

lat. ē-mineō, -ēre `heraus-, hervorragen', im-minēre `drohend about etwas hereinragen', prō-minēre `hervorragen'; from diesen compounds is probably also das i folgender words to define:minae `die hervorraffenden Zinnen (murorum); Drohungen', minor, -ārī `emporragen, überraggen, threaten', mināx `ragend, überragend, drohend'; mōns, -tis `mountain' (hybridization from *montos and *mṇti-); mentum `chin, Gebäudevorsprung', with cymr. mant `Kinnlade, mouth' as *mṇto- gleichsetzbar (out of it mir. mant `die Stelle eines ausgefallenen Zahnes, gums'); abret. -monid, umgelautet cymr.mynydd, corn. meneth, bret. menez `mountain' (*monii̯o-), cymr. gor-fynydd `Aufstieg' (formal = air.formna `shoulder'); s. also under menth-2;

aisl. mø̄nir `ridge of the roof' (lengthened grade besides kelt. *mŏnii̯o-), mø̄na `emporragen';

related is probably *mono- `Nacken, neck '.

References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.

Page(s): 726

Root / lemma: men-2

Meaning: to step, tread over, press

German meaning: `treten, zertreten, zusammendrücken'

Material: Old Indian carma-mnās Nom. Pl. `Gerber'; äol. μάτεισαι `tretende' (*μάτημι), ματεῖ πατεῖ Hes., Denom. from einem mn̥-tós `getreten'; cymr. mathru `with Füßen treten', bret. mantra ds. (*mn̥tr-), gall.-mantalon (*gestampfter) `way' in Petro-mantalon `vierfache road' (= Petru-), Mantalo-magus `Straßenfeld', phryg. PN Μανταλος; also mir. men f. `meal, flour, dust, powder'; lit. minù, mìnti `tread, Flachs brechen, Felle gerben', lett. minu, mīt `tread, tan, convert hide into leather'; abg. *mьnǫ, męti ` to press together ', russ. mnu, mjatь `break, rupture (Flachs or Hanf), knead, tread (Lehm), zerknittern, zerknüllen';

gr. μνίον `Moos, Meergras' (μνιαρός, μνιόεις `moosig'), μνόος, μνοῦς (*μνόFος) `weicher Flaum', μνοῖον μαλακόν Hes., lit. mìniava `Flachsseide, Filzgras'.

References: WP. II 263, Veudryes BSL 38, 113 f., Trautmann 185.

Page(s): 726

Root / lemma: men-3

Meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity

German meaning: `denken, geistig erregt sein'

Comments: extended menǝ- : mnā- and mnē-, m_enēi- : m_enī-

Material: Old Indian mányatē `denkt', av. mainyeite ds., ap. mainyāhay (idg. *m_en-i̯-o-, = gr. μαίνομαι `rase', air. -muiniur, slav. mьnjǫ `meine', see under), Old Indian Perf. ma-mnē, mēnē; manāy-ati `is keen, eager', manā-уú- `keen, eager, godly, pious', manī-sā́ `Weisheit, Verstand; devotion, prayer' (*m_enēi- : m_enī-); Old Indianmanutē `denkt'; mánati `erwähnt' (= lit. menù, poln. -mionę, čech. -menu); Old Indian mānáyati `ehrt', (: lit. ìš-monis `Verstand'), av. mąnayǝn `man could believe'; Supin. Old Indian mántum, participle Perf.matá- `gedacht' (= gr. αὐτό-ματος, lat. commentus, lit. miñtas, air. dermat);

from the ā-basis (= gr. μνᾱ-): Old Indian mnātá- `erwähnt'; mnāyátē `wird erwähnt';

Old Indian mánas-, av. manah- n. `sense, mind' (= gr. μένος); Old Indian durmanā́s (= δυσμενής); ap. Haxā-maniš ᾽Αχαιμένης `from Freundessinn beseelt'; Old Indian mánman- `sense, mind, thought, notion' (= air. menme); mantár- `thinker' (= gr. Μέντωρ, lat. commentor); múni- m. `Begeisterter, Seher (compare μάντις), Asket'; mántra- m. `religiöse Formel', av. mąϑrō ds.;

Old Indian su-mná- n. `Wohlwollen'; Old Indian matí-, máti-, av. -maiti- `sense, mind, thought, notion, opinion' (= lit. mintìs, abg. pa-mętь, got. ga-munds, lat. mēns), next to which also Old Indian manti- `denken' (= got. ana-minds); mántu- ds.; abhi-māti- f. ` pestering, temptation; snare ' (*-mn̥̄t-i-);

arm. i-manam `verstehe' (*m_enā-mi, compare under ahd. manōn);

gr. μέμονα (μέμᾰμεν; μεμᾰώς, with metr. lengthening μεμᾱώς) `gedenke, have Lust, verlange' (Präteritopräs. as lat. meminī, unredupl. got. man), Imper. Perf. μεμάτω (= lat. mementō); αὐτό-ματος `from sich selber herausdenkend and handelnd'; μαίνομαι `bin verzückt, rase' (= mā́nyatē etc), Aor. ἐμηνάμην, ἐμάνην, Perf. μέμηνα; compare μανίᾱ `fury', μάντις `Seher', μαινάς, -άδος `die Verzückte', μαινόλης, -ολίς ` frenzied ';

from the basis auf ā-: Perf. μέμνημαι (dor. -ā-) `bin eingedenk', present μιμνῄσκω (äol. μιμναίσκω) `erinnere', Med. `erinnere mich', Fut. μνήσω; μνάομαι `erinnere mich' in hom.μνωόμενος, μνώοντο; μνῆσις f. `Erinnerung', μνήμων `eingedenk', μνῆμα, dor. μνᾶμα `Erinnerungszeichen, Grabmal'; μένος n. (= Old Indian mánas-) ` courage, rage, fury'; μενοινάω `have in sense, mind, have vor', μενοινή `Wunsch', due to eines Subst. *μενώ(ι) (compare den woman's name n Μενωί, Μενώ and die derivative Μενοίτης, Μενοίτιος); μῆνις, dor. μᾶνις `Groll' (*μνᾶνις?); compare above S. 693;

alb. mund, mënd `kann' (*mn̥-dh-);

lat. meminī `erinnere mich, bin eingedenk' (: gr. μέμονα; compare osk. memnim `monumentum, memoriam'); from the basis auf -ī (: -ēi) minīscitur ds., comminīscor `erinnere mich'; mēns, -tis `Sinnesart, Gemüt, Denkvermögen, reason' (from *mn̥ti-, see above Old Indian matí- etc), mentiō `Erwähnung' (= air air-mitiu), Denom. mentior, -īrī `lie' (compare apr. mēntimai `wir lie' i.e. `Ersonnenes vorbringen', compare z. meaning still commentum `Erdichtung, plan', to participle commentus `ersonnen', and lit. pra-manýtas `erdichtet, falsch'); Kaus. moneō `mahne' (= lit. iš-manýti, lengthened grade Old Indianmānáyati), monitor m. `Mahner', monumentum `Erinnerungszeichen', mōnstrum `Mahnzeichen, Ungeheuer' (*mone-strom), mōn-strāre ` indicate ', etc;

air. do-moiniur `glaube, meine' (= μαίνομαι, Old Indian mányate, with -mo- from -ma-) and viele other compounds; Simplex in ro-mēnair `er hat überlegt', dia-ru-muinestar `for die er bestimmt hat'; mito-grade (compare moneō) abret. guo-monim gl. `pollicēri'; air. cuman, cuimne (= mcymr. covein) `Erinnerung', cymr. co-f (*kom-men) ds.; air. menme (= Old Indian manman-) `ghost, sense, mind'; air. dermat ` oblivion ' (*-mn̥to-), airmitiu (*are-menti̯ō) `honor', etc;

Maybe alb. dërrmoj `destroy'.

got. *man, munum (Inf. munan, preterit munda) `mean, believe' (preterit-present as μέμονα, meminī, μέμνημαι), ga-munan `sich einer thing remind', aisl. muna `gedenken, sich remind', munu, mono `intend, mean, aim, become', ags. mon, man `(ge)denke', as. far-munan (preterit -munsta) `not gedenken, verleugnen'; got. schw. V. munan (3. Sg munaiÞ, preterit munaida) `gedenken (to do), μέλλειν' (munaiÞ from *m_enēi̯-eti = Old Indian manāy-ati, compare m_enē- in:) ahd. firmonēn ` despise ' (and slav.moněti, lit. minė́ti, as well as - if old - gr. μανῆναι); o-stuf. ahd. as. manōn, ags. manian `mahnen' (ahd. manōt 3. Sg. = lit. mãno `versteht', compare reduced grade arm. i-manam `verstehe' from*m_enāmi); got. muns m. `thought, notion, opinion', aisl. munr `sense, mind, desire, Lust', ags. myne `Erinnerung, desire, love', as. muni-līk ` mellifluous' (= Old Indian múni-); got. ana-minds ` suspicion ' (= Old Indian mantí-), ga-minÞi n. `Andenken', aisl. minne `Erinnerung', ahd. as. minn(e)a `love, Minne' (*minÞjā, *mindjā); got. ga-munds, ags. ge-mynd, ahd. gi-munt `Andenken, Gedachtnis' (= Old Indian matí- etc);

lit. menù (= wslav. *-menǫ, Old Indian mánati), miñti `gedenken', red.-stuf. miniù, minė́ti ( : ahd. firmonēt etc) `ds., erwähnen', lett. minêt ds., ablaut. lit. manýti `verstehen'; lengthened grade ìš-monis `Verstand'; lit. mintìs `thought, notion' (= Old Indian matí- etc); mẽnas m. `Kunst'; prà-mintas `benannt'; apr. mēntimai `wir lie';

aksl. mьnjǫ (mьniši), mьněti `mean', ро-mьněti `gedenken, sich remind', pamętь `Gedenken'; toch. A mnu `Denken', В mañu `desire';

hitt. me-im-ma-i (memmāi) `sagt', whether from *memn- or *men-? compare Benveniste BSL. 33, 140, Pedersen Hitt. 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff.

References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.

Page(s): 726-728

Root / lemma: men-4

Meaning: small, to diminish

German meaning: `klein, verkleinern; vereinzelt'

Comments: partly with u-, u̯o-, partly with k-formant

Material: u-, u̯o-stem: arm. manr, Gen. manu `small, thin, fine', manuk `kid, child, knave, boy, servant'; gr. μάνυ-ζα μονοκέφαλον σκόροδον Hes., μάνυ μικρόν (Hs. πικρόν) ᾽Αθαμᾶνες Hes., μᾱνός, att. μᾰνός (*μανFός) `thin, locker, spärlich', diss. βανόν (= μανόν) λεπτόν Hes.; in addition as `isoliert sich' after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lit.) μαναύεται παρέλκεται Hes.; i.e. `drückt sich, slinks sichweg' and with Diss. eventuell att. βάναυσος `(*wer sich abseits, from other fernhält' =) `the small Mann with beschränktem Gesichtskreis'; o-grade ion. μοῦνος, dor. μῶνος, att. μόνος (*μόνFος) `allein, vereinzelt'; air. mīn (*mēni-) `glatt, gentle'; menb `small', old Menueh Gen., cymr. di-fanw `unbedeutend', di-fenwi (*mn̥u̯-) `verkleinern, vilify, scold'.

With k-formants: Old Indian manā́k `ein wenig'; ahd. mengen (*mangjan) and mangolōn `entbehren', nhd. mangeln, mhd. manc (-g-) `lack, Gebrechen'; lit. meñkas `gering, unbedeutend', ménkė `codfish, Aalquappe', etc;

Maybe alb. mungonj 'lack' also ital. mancare 'be lacking, missing'

toch. В menki `minder'; hitt. ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-eš Nom. Pl. `short'.

References: WP. II 266 f., WH. II 93.

Page(s): 728-729

Root / lemma: men-5

Meaning: to stay, stand still

German meaning: `bleiben, (sinnend) stillstehen'

Comments: (= men- `denken'?)

Material: Old Indian man- (parimamandhi, ámaman) `hesitate, stillstehen', av. ap. man- `bleiben, wait, hold on', av. fra-man- `ausharren'; arm. mnam `bleibe, erwarte' (*mēnā-); gr. μένω, μίμνω (μεμένηκα) `bleibe', μονή f. `das Bleiben', μόνιμος `ausharrend', μέμνων `Esel' (`persistent '); lat. maneō, -ēre (compareμεμένη-κα) `bleiben' (*m_enei̯ō), Denomin. mantāre `saepe manēre'; air. ainmne, cymr. amynedd, mcymr.anmynedd `Geduld' (*an-meni̯ā);

toch. А В mäsk- `sein'; hitt. mi-im-ma-i `refuse'.

References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hitt. 121.

Page(s): 729

Root / lemma: menth-1, meth-

Meaning: to mix up, stir

German meaning: `quirlen, drehend bewegen'

Material: Old Indian mánthati, mathnā́ti `quirlt, rührt, schüttelt', mántha- m. `Drehung, Rührlöffel', av. mant- `rühren';

gr. μόθος m. `Schlachtgetümmel', μόθουρα (*μοθορFα) f. `Heft of Ruders', dor. μόθων m. `Metökenkind'; att. `Frechling', lak. μόθαξ ds.;

lat. (osk.) mamphur, better manfur `ein Stück the Drehbank';

aisl. mǫndull m. `Drehholz an the Handmühle', nhd. Mandel, Mandelholz `Rollholz, walzenförmiges wood';

lit. mentùris, -ùrė (lett. mieturis) `Quirl, Rührstock', menčiù, mę̃sti `stir (meal, flour)', lit. mentė̃ `Spatel', meñtė f. `scapula'; abg. mętǫ, męsti `ταράττειν, turbare', Iter. mǫtiti, *sъ-metana (russ. smetána etc) `Sahne, Milchrahm', dissimil. from *sъ-mętana;

abg. motati sę `agitari', russ. motátь `aufwickeln, shake; verschwenden', etc

References: WP. II 269, WH. II 22 f., Specht KZ 64, 13; 66, 49, Trautmann 181 f.

Page(s): 732

Root / lemma: menth-2

Meaning: to chew, mouth

German meaning: `kauen; Gebiß, Mund'

Material: Old Indian math- `fressen':

gr. μάθυιαι γνάθοι Hes. (compare ματτύνη `maked. Fleischgericht'), μασάομαι `kaue, bite' (from *μαθια-, idg. *mn̥th-i̯ā), μαστάζω `kaue', μάσταξ f. `mouth' and `Mundvoll', μαστιχάω `knirsche with den Zähnen', μοσσύνειν μασᾶσθαι βραδέως Hes. (probably with ο from α before υ, from *μασ(σ)ύνειν `vorausgesetzt from att. Μασυντίας, παραμασύντης m. `parasita'); e-grade μέστακα την μεμασημένηντροφήν Hes. (*menth-to-);

lat. mandō, -ere, -i, mansum `chew' (*m_enthō);

nir. méadal `belly, Gedarme' (*menth-lā or *mn̥th-lā);

ahd. mindil, gamindel n. `Gebiß am bridle, rein', ags. mīðl ds., aisl. mēl (*minÞl), aschwed. mīl ds.; aisl. minna-sk `kiss'; zero grade got. munÞs, aisl. muðr, munne, ags. mūð, ahd. mund `mouth'; or to cymr. mant, see above men-1.

References: WP. II 270, WH. II 24; Specht Idg. Dekl. 253 f.

Page(s): 732-733

Root / lemma: meregh-

Meaning: to soak, drizzle

German meaning: `benetzen, rieseln'

Material: Gr. βρέχω `benetze, regne, überströme', βροχή, βροχετός `rain'; lett. merguôt `gentle rain', męr̂ga, mārgā `sanfter rain'; čech. mrholiti `nieseln', mrhu̇lka `fine rain', russ. morgatь `trübe become' (*mъrgatь), moroch, morozgá `fine rain' (*morgh-s-), morositь `fein rain'.

References: WP. II 280, Trautmann 182.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mereĝ-

Meaning: edge, border

German meaning: `Rand, Grenze'

Material: Npers. marz `Landstrich, Mark'; lat. margō, -inis `edge, limit, boundary' (*m_erĝ-ōn-, -en-); air. mruig, mir. bruig (*mrogi-) `Mark, Landstrich', cymr. corn. bret. bro `Bezirk', brogae Galli agrum dicunt (Schol. to Juvenal VIII 234), gall. PN Brogi-māros, VN Allobroges (= urnord. alja-markiR `Ausländer') under likewise; got. marka f. `limit, boundary', ahd. marc(h)a `limit, boundary, Grenzland', ags. mearcds., aisl. mǫrk f. `Grenzland, wood, forest' (*morĝā), aisl. landa-mark n., ags. gemearc n. `limit, boundary, Grenzstrich, Abgrenzung, Definitio' (*morĝom), probably also anord. mark n. `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen', mhd. marc(h) n. `Marke, Kennzeichen', nhd. merken (also Mark as Geld, actually probably `Merkstrich am Gewicht').

References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: merǝdh-, mrādh-

Meaning: to boil; to jolt, shake

German meaning: `aufsprudeln, aufschütteln'?

Material: Gr. βράσσω, att. βράττω (*μρᾱθ-ι̯ω), Aor. ἔβρᾰσα, ion. ἐκ-βρήσσω `simmer, seethe, roar, foam auf, worfle', βρασμός `das Sieden'; lett. mùrdêt ` to bubble up ', murdi `Sprudel', lit. mùrdau, -yti `hineinstoßend versenken'.

References: WP. II 280.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: merĝ-1

Meaning: to strip off, to wipe

German meaning: `abstreifen, abwischen'

Comments: (partly also ostidg. merg-)

Material: Old Indian mr̥-ṇa-j-āni (1. Sg. Konj.), mr̥ṇ̃jata (3. Pl.) `whisk, abstreifen' (compare ὀμόργνυμι); s. also under melĝ-; arm. meržem `scaccio, espello'; gr. ἀμέργω `streife ab (leaves, Früchte)', ἀμοργός `ausdrückend', ἀμόργη `mulsche Masse der ausgepreßten Oliven' (out of it lat. amurca); ὀμόργνῡμι `wische ab; push, press from' (-ορ- probably from -er- under Einwirkung of consecutive υ); lat. mergae, -ārum `Mähgabel', merges, -itis f. ` fascicle, sheaf ' (`Zusammengestreiftes').

References: WP. II 283, WH. II 76.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: merĝ-2

See also: see under merk-1.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: meri̯o-

Meaning: young man, woman

German meaning: `junger Mann' and zugehörige or ähnliche Femininbildungen

Material: 1. Old Indian márya- m. `man, young man, lover, Freier', maryaká- m. `Männchen' (= mpers. mērak), gr. μεῖραξ m. f. `knave, boy, girl', μειράκιον `knave, boy' (the vowel the 2. syllable probably after πάλλαξ); alb. shemërë f. `Nebenfrau, Rivalin' (*sm̥-m_erī), compare mërkosh `Männchen, Wöchner' (vom Männerkindbett), perhaps also martoj `I verheirate' (*mër-ëtonj), Jokl L.-k U. 5 ff.;

ein fem. *m_erī̆ `young Weib' kann vorliegen in lat. marī-tus `beweibt, verheiratet (vom Manne)'.

2. With g-formant: lit. mergà, apr. mergo `girl, Dienstmädchen, bondmaid '; presumably also with brit. -ch- from -kk- (Kons.-Doppelung in Kosewort): cymr. merch, bret. merc'h, corn. myrgh `daughter, Weib'; with -gn- hinter formant i: kelt. *morignā, acorn. moroin `virgo, puella, ancilla', cymr. mor-forwyn `Seejungfer, Sirene' (from dem Brit. derives air. muir- moru ds.).

3. Auf -tī̆: lit. martì `bride, Jungfer', apr. mārtin Akk. Sg. `bride', lett. mā̀rša `of Bruders Weib', krimgot. marzus `nuptiae' (i.e. marÞus? or from *marÞjōs assibiliert), gr. probably (?) in Βριτόμαρτις, dem kret. names the Artemis.

References: WP. II 281, WH. II 40 f., Trautmann 170.

Page(s): 738-739

Root / lemma: merk-1, merĝ-, merǝk-, merǝĝ-

Meaning: to rot

German meaning: `morschen, faulen, einweichen'

Comments: originally = (mer-), merk- `aufreiben' (see 737), though already grundsprachlich through die relationship auf die Feuchtigkeit verselbständigt

Material: Lat. marceō, -ēre ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack sein', marcidus ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack', marcor `Welkheit, Morschheit, Schlaffheit'; gall. bracis `species of grain zur Malzbereitung'; mir. mraich, braich, cymr. corn. brag `Malz', i.e. `eingeweichtes, gequollenes corn, grain '; gallorom. *bracu- (*mraku-) `morass' (: slav. *morky ds.), cymr. brag-wellt `Sumpfgras'; gall. mercasius `swamp, marsh', afrz. marchais; gall. embrekton `eingetunkter morsel, mouthful' (out of it lat. imbractum); mir. brēn, cymr. braen (*mrakno-) `morsch, faul'; mhd. mer(e)n, mnd. meren `bread in Wein or Wasser eintunken' (*merhen), lit. merkiù, mer̃kti `(Flachs) steep ', ablaut. mirkstù, mir̃kti `in Wasser liegen', markýti ` steep ', markà `Flachsröste', lett. marks ds., mę̄̀rka `Feuchtigkeit', mḕrcêt `tunken'; klr. morokvá `morass' (reshuffling from *morky), wruss. mjaréča ds. (*merki̯ā).

merĝ- in same meaning (compare S. 736 mer-, merg- `aufreiben'):

Alb. mardhem `fröstle, schauere', marth m. `starker frost' (= slav. *morzъ); air. meirc (nir. meirg) `Rost', mergach `runzlig' (*mergi-); nir. meirgeall `Rauhheit', cymr. merydd `humid, wet, idle'; merddwfr `Brakwasser', abret. mergidhaam `hebesco' (bret. mergl `Rost' is ir. Lw.); mhd. murc `morsch, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', nisl. morkinn `morsch, mürbe from Fäulnis', aisl. morkna `morsch become'; bulg. mrъzel `Faulheit', aksl. mrъzitь (*miržīti) `βδελύττεσθαι', slov. mrziti `ekeln' (basis *merǝĝ-), compare ahd. bruoh `Moorboden, swamp, marsh', mnd. brōk, ndl. broek; with it is as `Kälte infolge Nässe' or as `Gänsehaut' (compare air. meirc `wrinkle') identical aksl. po-mrъznǫti `frieren', mrazъ, russ. moróz (likewise Intonation the heavy basis) `frost'.

Maybe alb. mërzit `bother, annoy', (*morzъ) muzg `dusk, darkness'.

References: WP. II 281 f., WH. II 36 f., 129, Trautmann 182, 187.

Page(s): 739-740

Root / lemma: merk-2, mork-

Meaning: sullen

German meaning: `verdrießlich'

Material: Corn. moreth `Ärger, Kummer', bret. morc'het `souci, malheur'; poln. markotь ` growl, Knurren', markotny ` querulous, sullen' (out of it lit. markatnus `sullen' and wruss. markocić `verdrießlich make', markotný `langweilig').

References: WP. II 282.

See also: relationship to (mer-), merk- `aufreiben, consume' (see 737) probably.

Page(s): 740

Root / lemma: merk̂-

Meaning: to grab

German meaning: `fassen, ergreifen'

Material: Old Indian mr̥śáti `berührt, faßt an', gr. βρακεῖν συνιέναι, δυσβράκανος ` heavy to behandeln' Hes., βράκετον πλῆθος, βράττειν πληθύνειν βαρύνειν Hes.:

besides through assimilation from *marktō: gr. μάρπτω, μάρψαι `ergreifen', μάρπτις `Rauber'; through metathesis: βράψαι `ergreifen', βράπτειν ἐσθίειν under likewise, Hes.;

doubtful is affiliation from lat. merx `Ware', mercēs, -ēdis `Preis, Lohn, Sold', mercārī `handeln', osk. amiricadut `handelsmäßig', amirikum `commercium'.

References: WP. II 283, WH. II 78 f.

Page(s): 739

Root / lemma: mer-1

Meaning: to plait, bind; rope

German meaning: `flechten, binden; Schnur, Masche, Schlinge'

Comments: extended meregh-, merǝgh-

Material: Gr. μέρμῑς, -ῑθος f. ` filament '; lengthened grade μηρύομαι `wickle together, wickle auf', μήρινθος ` filament, cord' (σμήρινθος Plato with secondary σ-), vorausgesetzt, daß μᾱρύεται Theokrit 1, 29 Hyperdorismus is; aschwed. merÞi, aisl. merð `Fisch-Reuse'.

meregh-, merǝgh-: gr. βρόχος (*μρόχος) m. `rope, Schlinge, Masche', Demin. βροχίς f., μόροττον `basket from bark' (from *μόραττον?); mir. braige, braga `Gefangener'; lett. mer̂ga, ablaut. marga `handrail', perhaps lit. márška ` linen, Fischernetz', whether from *morǝgh-ska; aksl. mrěža `Netz, Schlinge', russ. merëža `Netzsack, Beutelnetz', Demin. merëžka `Masche in Netz, feines Muster' (out of it zurückgebildet merëga `Gewebe, netting, embroidery '), serb. mrȅža `Netz'.

References: WP. II 272 f., Trautmann 182.

Page(s): 733

Root / lemma: mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-

Meaning: to shimmer, shine

German meaning: `flimmern, funkeln'

Material: Old Indian márīci-, marīcī `Lichtstrahl, Luftspiegelung' (marī-: gr. μαῖρα, μαρί̄λη);

gr. μαρμαίρω, μαρμαρίζω `schimmere', μαρί:-λη `Glutkohle', Μαῖρα `the funkelnde Hundsstern'; ἀμαρύσσω `funkle', ἀμαρυγή ` radiance, Funkeln' (-υ- through metrische lengthening, compare:) μαρμαρῠγή ` radiance, schnelle Bewegung', μαρμαρύσσω (*-ki̯ō) `funkle', probably from einer basis meru-; perhaps μορφή f. `shape, (*schimmerndes) Äußeres' (*mor-bhā), ἀ-μερφές αἰσχρόν Hes., μορφνός ` swart ' (rhyme word to ὀρφνός ds.);

lat. merus `bare, rein, unvermischt', probably originally `clear, bright, bright';

ags. ā-merian `läutern; prüfen, auf die Probe stellen', ags. mare f., ablaut. aisl. mura f. `Silberkraut';

russ. dial. marъ `Sonnenglut; sleep', márevo `heat, by the die Luft trüb white is; Höhenrauch, Luftspiegelung' (*mōreu̯om) under likewise; with *mьr- klr. mryj ` misty, dismal, dank', mríju, mríty `shimmer, dämmern, misty become';

doubtful mir. brī `Forelle' as altes Fem. *mrī to lat. merus, as well as gr. (σ)μαρίς `ein gewisser small Fisch'.

guttural extensions:

mer(ǝ)k- `flicker, vor den Augen flimmern; sich verdunkeln', also vom twilight.

Air. mrecht- `buntscheckig' (*mr̥kto- `varicolored'), nir. breachtach ds., ncymr. brith, f. braith ds., corn. bruit `varius', bret. briz `fleckig', cymr. brithyll `Forelle', corn. breithil `mugil', bret. brezel `Makrele' (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) isl. murta `small Forelle', norw. mort `Rotauge';

got. maúrgins `Morgen', aisl. myrginn, morg-inn, -unn, ags. mergen, morgen, as. ahd. morgan `Morgen'.

lit. mérk-iu, -ti `die Augen shut, blink', mìrks-iu, -ė́ti `fortwährend blinzeln', ablaut. ùž-marka `einer, the etwas anblinzelt', markstaũ, -ýti `blink';

slav. *mьrknoti in aksl. mrъknoti `sich verdunkeln', Aor. po-mrъče, serb. mȑknuti `dark become', aksl. nemrьčemyjь `unzugänglich', ačech. mrkati `dämmern', čech. `blink, drowse, finster become'; in addition slav. *mьrkъ in serb. mȑk `black', slovak. mrk `cloud', klr. smerk `dusk, twilight', ablaut. slav. *morkъ in aksl. mrakъ ` darkness', russ. mórok ` darkness, fog, Gewölk'; russ. mérek `Phantasieren, apparition; böser ghost', bulg. mrězgav `trüb, unfreundlich (vom weather)', mrъ́ždъ, mrъ́štъ `werde trüb, finster', mrъždolě́jъ `flimmere' (stimmhafter Wurzelausl. through Fernassimilation), čech. dial. mřižděti se `dämmern';

mer(ǝ)gʷ-:

Gr. ἀμορβός `dark' (äol. ορ for αρ); alb. mje(r)gulë ` fog, darkness ';

Note:

aisl. myrkr (*mirkwa-), acc. myrkvan `dark', mjǫrkvi, myrkvi m. ` darkness ', as. mirki, ags. mierce `dark';

lit. mìrgu, -ė́ti `flicker', lett. mir̂dzêt `flicker, blink, glitter, flash', mir̃gas `plötzliches Hervorblinken', lit. márgas `varicolored', mar̃guoti `bunt shimmer', lett. marga `Schimmer', mùrgi `Phantasiebilder, Nordlicht'; russ. morgatь `blink, winken';

perhaps here die family of Old Indian mr̥gá- `Gazelle' etc as `scheckiges animal' (whereof mr̥gáyati `hunts, scuds, chases')?

References: WP. II 273 ff., WH. II 78, Trautmann 182 f.

Page(s): 734

Root / lemma: (mer-3), mor-(u)-

Meaning: to blacken, dark spot

German meaning: `schwärzen, dunkle Farbe, Schmutzfleck'

Material: Gr. μόρυχος `σκοτεινός', μεμορυχμένος `(rauch)geschwärzt'; lit. moraĩ Pl. `Schimmel'; russ. maráju, -tь `schmieren, slander', marúška `Fleck, Mal', čech. morous `aschfarbig gestreiftes rother, cattle', moratý `black gestreift', poln. morus `Schmutzfink'; n-stem in poln. morąg `bunt gestreift' under likewise; here also gr. μόρνον εἶδος ἀετοῦ καὶ ξανθός Hes. (`schmutziggelb'). μορτός μέλας φαιός Hes., perhaps also with s-extension arm. mṙayl ` darkness, fog, cloud; finster, dark' (*muṙayl due to from *mor-so-), maṙaxul `thick vapor, darkness' (mr̥so-) and lit. mùršinu `besmirch', mùr(k)šlinu `wasche, sudle'.

References: WP. II 279 f., Trautmann 169, Specht Idg. Dekl. 119.

Page(s): 734

Root / lemma: mer-4, merǝ-

Meaning: to die

German meaning: `sterben'

Comments: (= mer-5 `aufgerieben become')

Material: Old Indian marati, máratē `stirbt', arm. meṙanim `die', gr. ἔμορτεν `starb' Hes. (compare lit. mèris m., mìre f. `death', mérdėti `in Sterben liegen'); Kausat. Old Indian māráyati `tötet', osset. māryn `slay', lit. marìnti, serb. mòriti ds., etc; zero grade Old Indian mriyátē `stirbt', av. miryeite (= mǝⁱryeⁱtе) ds., apers. a-mariyatā `er starb', lat. morior (*mr̥-i̯ōr) `I die'; baltoslav. *mirē- in lit.mìrštu, mir̃ti `die', lett. mir̃stu, mir̃t ds. (in addition lit. mìrė `the Tote', lett. mirējs m. `Sterbender'); aksl. mьrǫ, mrěti and -mьrěti ds., hitt. me-ir-ta (mert) `starb'.

participle mr̥-tó- ` dead ' in Old Indian mr̥tá- = av. mǝrǝta- `gestorben', arm. mard `person' (`mortal, human being'), lat. Morta, Todesgöttin, baltoslav. *mirta- ` dead ' in lit. mirtóji dienà `Todestag', aksl. u-mrъtije n. `death', etc; n̥-mr̥-to- `unsterblich, lebendig' in Old Indian amŕ̥ta-, av.amǝšа-, gr. ἄμβροτος (äol. ρο for ρα), therefrom ἀμβρόσιος `to den Unsterblichen gehörig'; ausἄμβροτος abstracted βροτός ` perishable ' and βρότος `blood' (M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 126 ff.).

mr̥-tó-m `death' in Old Indian mr̥tá- n. `death', ahd. mord, ags. aisl. morð n. `murder' (besides *mr̥-tro-m in got. maurÞr n., ags. morðor n. `murder').

Maybe alb. mort 'funeral', mortje 'death'

mr̥-ti- `death' in Old Indian mr̥ti-, av. mǝrǝti-, lat. mors, -tis, lit. mirtìs, aksl. sъ-mrъtь (from *-mrьtь), serb. smȑt, etc

mr̥-tú `death' in arm. mah, older marh; with -ti- contaminated: Old Indian mr̥tyú-, av. mǝrǝϑyu- ds.

mór-to- ` perishable ' in Old Indian márta-, av. maša- `person', with Tonwechsel marǝta- ` perishable, mortal, human being', gr. μορτός `person, mortal, human being' Hes. (for *μόρτος); derived *mor-ti̯o- in Old Indian martya-, av. mašya-, apers. martiya- ` perishable, mortal, human being'.

mr̥-u̯ó- ` dead ' in air. marb, cymr. etc marw, gall. *marvos (M.-L. 5387a); unclear gall. (?) Mori-marusa `mortuum mare'; through influence of mr̥-tu- to *mr̥-tu̯-o- in lat. mortuus ` dead ', aksl. mrьtvъ (mrъtvъ) ds.

móro-s `death' in Old Indian mā̆ra- `death', lit. mãras `Pest', aksl. morъ ds.

After Thieme Studien 55 here (?) gr. μάρτυς (*-ρς), -ρος, hom. μάρτυρος `Zeuge' (`Schwörender') from *mr̥t-tur- (??) `the death griping ' (root tu̯er- `fassen').

References: WP. II 276, WH. 112 f., Trautmann 186 f., Thieme Studien 15 ff.

Page(s): 735

Root / lemma: mer-5, merǝ-

Meaning: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob

German meaning: `aufreiben, reiben' and `packen, rauben'

Material: Old Indian mr̥ṇāti, mr̥ṇati `raubt', ā-marī-tár- `Rauber', ámr̥ṇat `raubte', malí-mlu- `Rauber; but mr̥ṇā́ti `zermalmt, zerdrückt, zerschlägt', mūrṇá- `zermalmt, aufgerieben' belong rather to mel-1; also marú- m. `sand, Wüste, Fels';

gr. μαραίνω `reibe auf, consume, entkräfte', Pass. `verzehre mich, verschwinde allmählich, ermatte', μαρασμός `Hinschwinden, Kräfteverfall'; μάρναμαι `kämpfe'; μάρμαρος `Stein, Felsblock' (compare lat. rūpēs : rumpō), later (after μαρμαίρω) `white Stein, Marmor' (out of it lat. marmor);

lat. mortārium `mortar' (due to from *mr̥-tós `zerrieben'); about morētum `Mörsergericht' s. WH. II 112; morbus `disease, malady' (*mor-bhos);

air. meirb `leblos', mir. meirb, cymr. merw `slack, weak' (mer-u̯i-); mir. meirle f. `Raub, Diebstahl', meirlech `Räuber'; air. mrath ` betrayal ', cymr. brad ds. (*mrǝ-to-) to air.*marnaid `verrät', Konjunktiv -mera;

aisl. merja (preterit marða) `hit, zerstoßen'; ahd. maro, marawi and mur(u)wi `mürbe, tender, reif', ags. mearo `mürbe, tender', aisl. morna `hinwelken', norw. moren, maren `morsch'; nisl. mor n. `dust, powder', aschwed. morÞ `bröckelige Masse, offal';

serb. mȑva ` crumbs '; abg. iz-mrъmьrati `roden', aruss. -moromradi `nagen, zerkrümmeln';

hitt. marriattari `wird zerschmettert'.

morā f. `Alp': air. mor-(r)īgain `lamia', actually `Alpkönigin' (mōrrīgain angelehnt an mōr `big, large'), aisl. mara, ahd. mara, ags. mare (nhd. Mahr, Nachtmahr m.) `übernatürliches female creature, das sich in the night den Schlafenden auf die Brust places ', skr.-ksl. mora `Hexe', klr. mora `Alp, Drude, Nachtmännchen' etc

mer-g-:

mnd. morken `crush', ags. murc(n)ian `sich grämen', murc `drückend, nagend (vom hunger)'; s. weiteres under (merk-), merg- `morschen, faulen' etc

mer-d-:

Old Indian mr̥dnāti (mr̥dnīta-, mr̥ditá-), márdati, mardáyati `zerreibt, zerdrückt, zermalmt, reibt auf', av. 3. Sg. mōrǝndat̃ (= mr̥nd-) `vernichtet' (diese ar. words become also idg. meld- fortsetzen, s. mel-1; Old Indian mr̥dnā́ti perhaps instead of *mr̥ṇátti (*mr̥-n-ed-ti) through influence of mr̥ṇā́ti (see above S. 735);

arm. mart `fight, struggle';

gr. βαρδῆν τὸ βιάζεσθαι γυναῖκας ᾽Αμπρακιῶται Hes. (*mr̥d-); ἀμέρδω `rob' and ` blind, verdunkle' (`rob of Glanzes, of Augenlichtes'), μέρδει κωλύει βλάπτει Hes.; to Aor. ἀμέρσαι neologism ἀμείρω;

ostfries. murt `brockelige Masse, dust, powder', nd. murten `zerfallen', mhd. murz `stump', schweiz. murz, morz `small shred';

lett. mẽrdêt `abmergeln, hungern lassen; eines people Tode beiwohnen' (latter meaning näher zulit. mérdėti, present mérdmi, mérdžiu `die', das auf einem do- or dho-present to *mer- `die' based on, as also mer-d- `rub' in letzten Grund auf ein solches do-present go back wird; is lett. mẽrdêt likewise to mer- `die' to pull, drag?);

lat. mordeō, -ēre, momordī `bite' (= Old Indian mardáyati, mamr̥dḗ), also from Gefühlen and Geschmacksempfindungen;

compare die s-forms:

gr. σμερδνός, σμερδαλέος `terrible, dreadful' (`*aufreibend'), ahd. smerzan `schmerzen', smerzo `pain', mnd. smerten, nd. ndl. smarten, ags. smeortan `schmerzen', engl. smart `biting, sharp, witzig' and `nett, dainty'; compare also smerd- `stink'.

mer-k-:

Old Indian marcáyati `gefährdet, injures, hurts, disables, damages ', mr̥ktá- `injures, hurts, disables', marká- m. `Hinsterben, death' = av. mahrka- `death', conservative stem Old Indian Instr. Sg. mrc-ā́, av. mǝrǝxš `ruin, destruction ', av. mǝrǝnčaiti `injures, hurts, disables, destructs '; arm. morč̣ ` young, tender' (*morki̯o-); perhaps alb. morr `louse'(*mōrko- `die Kratzende or likewise'? compare φθείρ ds.: φθείρω); lat. murcus `verstümmelt' (out of it sizil. μύρκος `stumm') and murcidus `idle, slack'; mhd. morgen `slack'.

With anl. s- lit. smer̃kti `in Not to versetzen suchen', smarkùs `cruel, savage', pa-smer̃kti `spoil', nhd. dial. schmorgen `darben, notleiden'.

Here (as `Häcksel') ags. mearg `Wurst' = aisl. mǫrr `ds., Eingeweidefett' (*marhu-), redupl. gr. μίμαρκυς `Blutwurst'; hitt. mar-kán-zi `zerschneidet'.

see also merk-2 `sullen' and 1. merk- `morschen, faulen etc'.

mer-s-:

Old Indian maṣam, maṣī̆m kar- `pulverisieren', maṣi-, maṣī `Pulver';

ahd. morsāri `mortar' (reshaped from lat. mortārium, s. S. 736), mhd. zermürsen `crush, zerquetschen', md. zermorschen ds., schweiz. morsen, mürsen `zermalmen, kleinstoßen', mhd. nd. mursch, murs, nhd. morsch, ndl. morzelen ` grind '.

References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.;

See also: identical with mer-4.

Page(s): 735-737

Root / lemma: mer-6, mer-s-

Meaning: to bother, anger, etc.

German meaning: `stören, ärgern, vernachlässigen, vergessen'

Material: Old Indian mŕ̥ṣyate `vergißt, vernachlässigt, verzeiht', marṣa- m. `Geduld', mŕ̥ṣā `umsonst, irrig', Kaus. marṣayati `duldet, verzeiht'; arm. moṙanam `vergesse' (Meillet, Esquisse² 40); got. marzjan `anger', ags. mierran, as. merrian, afries. meria, ahd. marren, merren `hinder, stören';

Maybe alb. i marrë 'crazy, angry, mad', marrëzi 'madness'

ags. ā-mierran `spoil', afries. mēre `band, strap, manacle'; lit. mar̃šas ` oblivion ', in addition maršùs `vergeßlich', lett. àiz-màrša f. `Vergeßlichkeit'; lit. mirštù, mir̃šti (only with už-, pa-) and lett. àiz-mìrstu, àiz-mìrst `forgotten', lit. Kaus. maršìnti `vergessen make'.

Maybe alb. mërzi `boredom', mërzej `rest at noon (livestock)'

References: WP. II 279, Trautmann 187.

Page(s): 737-738

Root / lemma: met-

See also: see above S. 703 f. under mē-2 and mē-3.

Page(s): 741

Root / lemma: meug-1

Meaning: to take by surprise, wily

German meaning: `heimlich and tückisch lauern'

Material: Lat. muger `the Falschspieler beim Würfelspiel' (*mug-ro-s `lauernd');

ahd. mūhhari, mūhh(e)o `Wegelagerer, Straßenräuber', muhhōn ` clandestine lauern, anfallen', mhd.vermūchen ` clandestine auf die Seite schaffen', late-ahd. mūhhilāri (to *mūchilōn), nhd. Meuchler, mhd. miuchel ` clandestine ', ahd. mūh-heimo `Grille', ablaut. mhd. mocken `versteckt liegen', mengl. micher `thief', engl. dial. to mich `versteckt sein, steal'.

References: WP. II 255, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 137; probably to Folgendem.

Page(s): 743-744

Root / lemma: meug-2, meuk-

Meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: A. `schlüpfen, schlüpfrig', out of it `schleimig, Schleim'; andererseits B. `darüber streichen, gleiten, entgleiten'

Comments: also with anlaut. s-

Material: A. Lat. mūcus `mucus', mūcor `Schimmel', ē-mungō, -ere `ausschneuzen' (figurative `um Geld prellen'); mūgil m. `Schleimfisch';

gr. ἀπο-μύσσω `schneuze; betrüge', ἀπό-μυξις `das Schneuzen' (: lat. ē-munctiō), μυκτήρ `nose, Nüstern', μύξα `mucus, nose' (based on auf *μυκ-σ-ός `schleimig', as also:) μύξος, μυξῖνος, μύξων `Schleimfisch' (also σμύξων with anl. s-, as by Hes. also σμύσσεται, σμυκτήρ), μύσκος μίασμα Hes. (*μυκ-σ-κος), ἀμυσχρός, ἀμυχνός `unbefleckt, rein, holy'; μύκης, -ητος `Pilz';

cymr. mign (*mūkino-) `swamp, marsh'; with anl. s- gael. smùc, smug `Rotz' (expressive); mir. mocht `soft', cymr. mwyth ds. (*muk-to-);

aisl. mygla f. `Schimmel', mugga `fine rain', mengl. mugen `nebelig become', nhd. dial. maugel `nebelig, bewölkt, dämmerig', ags. for-mogod `verfault'; with idg. g: aisl. mykr and myki f. (*mukī) ` manure', mhd. mucheln, mücheln `schimmelig smell', aisl. mjūkr (out of it engl. meek) `soft', changing through ablaut got. mūka-mōdei `Sanftmut', mnl. muik `soft', nhd. dial. maukig `verfault', schweiz. mauch `morsch, faint, languid, hungrig' (as schweiz. mucht `faint, languid, hungrig'); mhd. mūche `Pferdefußkrankheit', got. *maukō in prov. mauca `Gedärm';

lett. mukls, muklaîns `paludōsus', mùku (*munku), mukt `in einen Sumpf sink in ';

skr. mukljiv `humid, wet'.

B. Old Indian *munákti, muñcáti, mucáti `befreit, läßt los' (`*streift ab'), múkti- `Lösung, Befreiung, Aufgeben'; av. fra-muxti- `Losbinden'; compare Old Indian muṇṭhate `flieht', apers. amu(n)ϑa `er floh' from *mu-n-eth-mi;

lit. munkù, mùkti ` escape; to get away ' = lett. mùku, mukt `sich losmachen, flee' (and `in einen Sumpf einsinken' see above); lit. (s)maũkti `gleitend stripe', lett. maukt `abstreifen', lit. (s)munkù, (s)mùkti `gleitend sinken, entgleiten';

slav. *(s)mъknǫti `(ent)glide, slide' in čech. smeknouti `abziehen', aksl. Refl. smyčǫ, smykati sę `kriechen' (modern slav. also `schlüpfen, glide, slide, abstreifen'), russ.-ksl. mъknuti sja `transire', aksl. mъčati (mъkē-) `jactare', etc

A root form meukh- with the spez. meaning `hineinschlüpfen' probably in arm. mxem (*muxam) `stecke hinein, tauche ein, bade', mux `dyeing', mxim `enrare, insinuarsi, ingolfarsi', at first to gr.μυχός m. `innerster Winkel' (perhaps `*hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'), μύχιος `innerst'.

Auf (s)meugh- based on die germ. family of:

aisl. smjūga `hinein- or durchkriechen', ags. smūgan `schlüpfen, kriechen', mhd. smiegen `sich ducken', nhd. schmiegen, Kaus. aisl. smeygia `schmiegen, anziehen', mhd. sich smougen `sich ducken', ags. smēag `smart, sharp witted, shrewd', smēagan `denken, suchen', sméagol `eng, schmal', aisl. smuga f. `Schlupfloch', further schwed. i mjugg, norw. i mugg `verstohlen', with s- dän. norw. i smug, ndl. ter smuig (and ter smuik) ds., dän. norw. smughandel `Schleichhandel', ndd. smuggeln, nhd. (out of it) schmuggeln (with kl ndl. smokkelen ds.); probably also nhd. mogeln, nd. mogelen, muggelen `heimliches, betrügerisches Spiel drive, push'; with germ. k(k): norw. dial. smokla, smukla `lurk, sich vorwärts schleichen', schweiz. schmauchen ` clandestine entwenden, naschen'; in the meaning `schmiegen, hineinschliefen' mhd. smuck `das Anschmiegen, jewellery' (originally anstreifbarer), smücken, mnd. smucken `anschmiegen, kleiden, adorn', ahd. smocco; ags. smock `Hemd', aisl.smokkr m. `Frauenbrustlatz', mnd. smuk (-ck-) ` ductile, schmuck', mhd. gesmücket `schlank';

-g- or -gh- in lett. smaugs `schlank', lit. smáugti `erdrosseln', lett. smudži, smūdzi `Mücken, small Fliegen', poln. smug, smuga (besides smuk) `Engpaß, schmaler stripe'.

References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 124 f., 129.

Page(s): 744-745

Root / lemma: meuk̂-

Meaning: to scratch, tear

German meaning: `kratzen, ritzen'

Material: Gr. ἀμυκάλαι αἱ ἀκίδες τῶν βελῶν, παρὰ τὸ ἀμύσσειν Hes., ἀμύσσω, att. ἀμύττω `ritze, zerkratze', ἅ᾽μυχή `crack, scratch ', etc; lat. mucrō `scharfe cusp, peak, spear, javelin, sword'; perhaps to ags. ge-myscan `plague, deform' (*muhskjan) and lit. mùšti `hit'; perhaps also Old Indian muṣtí f., av. mušti- `fist'?

References: WP. II 255, WH. II 117 f.

Page(s): 745

Root / lemma: meu-1, meu̯ǝ- : mū̆-

Meaning: wet; dirt; to wash, etc.

German meaning: `feucht, moderig, netzen, unreine Flüssigkeit (also Harn), beschmutzen', also `waschen, reinigen'

Material: A. Old Indian mū́tra- n. `urine', av. mūϑra- n. `Unreinigkeit, smut' (: mnd. modder etc);

Maybe alb. mut, mutra (pl) 'excrement, dirt'

arm. -moyn `plongé dans' (*mou-no-);

gr. kypr. μυλάσασθαι `sich waschen', Hes. (*mū-dlo-);

maybe alb. geg. (*mū-d) mys, myt, tosk. mbys, mbyt 'drown' [the shift M > MB]

mir. mūn m. `urine'; mūr `slime, mud';

perhaps (?) ndl. mooi, mnl. moy, nd. moi(e) `beautiful' (*mou-i̯o- `gewaschen');

lett. maût ` submerge, schwimmen, swig ', apr. aumūsnan `Abwaschung', Kausat. (Iterat.) lit. máudyti, lett. maudât `jemanden baden', lit. máustyti ds.; lett. mudêt `soft, schimmligwerden';

abg. myjǫ, myti `waschen, spülen', mylo (proto slav.. čech. etc mýdlo-) `Seife';

with. anl. s- lett. smaũlis `ein schmutzig gewordener', smulêt ` befoul ', smulis `ein Schmutzfink';

poln. klr. muɫ `slime, mud', russ. dial. múlitь (vódu) `(water) trüben' (mou-lo-); forms with r-suffix, bzw. r-extension see under;

from *mu-n-d-os (-d- to root extension meu-d-) in the meaning `gewaschen' also lat. mundus `schmuck, sauber, rein, nett', Subst. `Putz the Frauen; Weltordnung, Weltall' (after gr. κόσμος);

B. extensions:

1. meu-d-; mud-ro- `alert, awake, smart' (compare `humid, wet-cheerful').

Old Indian mudirá- m. `cloud', lex. also `frog'; in addition Old Indian mṓdatē `is lustig', mṓda- m., mōdana- n. `Lust, Fröhlichkeit', av. maoδanō-karana- `Wollust bereitend', Old Indian mudita `blithe, glad', av. a-hǝ̄musta- (*a-sam-musta-) `dessen man nicht froh become kann, unsavory, distasteful', Old Indian mud-, mudā `Lust, pleasure, joy', mudrá- `lustig';

gr. μύζw (*mudi̯ō) `suck', μύδος m. `Nässe, Fäulnis', μυδάω `bin humid, wet, faul', μυδαλέος `humid, wet' (hom. υ: through metr. lengthening, whereupon newer μῡδαίνω `bewässere');

lat. mundus (see above meu-);

mir. muad (*moudo-) `rein, stout, proud';

mnd. mūten `das Gesicht waschen', ahd. muzzan `putzen', schwed. dial. muta `fein rain', ndl. mot `fine rain'; with anl. s- engl. smut `Schmutzfleck', mhd. smuz, nhd. Schmutz, mengl. smotten, smoteren ` befoul ';

Maybe alb. mot 'weather' : ndl. mot `fine rain' [common alb. sm- > m- shift]

lit. mudrùs, lett. mudrs `alert, awake, smart' (: Old Indian mudrá-), lit. mùdrinti, lett. mudît `antreiben'.

From an -es-stem m(e)udes- have derived:

Lat. mustus (*muds-to-s) ` young, fresh, neu' (originally `damp, humid, wet'); gr. μύσος (*μυδσος) n. `Befleckung, Makel'; μυσαρός `ehrlos'; air. mossach `impure, unclean' (*mud-s-āko-), cymr. mws, bret.mous ds.; ndd. mussig `dirty, filthy'; russ. múslitь `begeifern, besabbern', musljákъ `Sabberer, unsauberer person'.

2. meug-, meuk- `schlüpfrig' see under esp. Schlagworte.

3. meu-r(o)- etc:

Arm. mōr `smut, swamp, marsh' (*mǝu-ri-?), mrur ` residuum ' (*murur); gr. μύ̄ρω (*μυρι̯ω), μύ̄ρομαι `fließen lassen, weep, cry', ἁλι-μῡρήεις `ins sea flowing '; in the case of here μῡρίος `unendlich', μύριοι `10.000'? lat. muria `Salzlake'? lit. murstu, mùrti `durchweicht become', m. Pl. mauraĩ `Entengrün', lett. maũrs m. `lawn', lit. máuras `slime, mud', ablaut. mùras m. `smut', lett. murît ` befoul '; russ. mur m. muráva f. `Wiesengras', dial. `Schimmel', múryj ` dark grey ', etc; compare S. 741 mir. mūr `slime, mud'.

4. meus-, musós, from which mūs, musós, root nouns `Moos, Schimmel'.

Ahd. ags. mos n. `Moos, swamp, marsh', aisl. mosi m. ds., zero grade ahd. mios, ags. mēos `Moos, Mies', aisl. mȳr-r f. (*meuz-ī-) `moor, fen, swamp, marsh'; lit. mūsaĩ m. Pl. `Schimmel auf sour milk', ablaut. mùsos f. Pl.; abg. mъchъ `Moos' (*musos), nbulg. muchъl `Schimmel'; in addition presumably arm. mamur ` red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, situs' (*memus-ro-).

5. With formant guttural: lat. muscus m. `Moos'; norw. dial. musk `dust, powder, fine rain, darkness', dän. dial. musk `Schimmel', mndl. mosch, mosse ds.; aksl.; muzga (*mouz-gā) `Lake, Weiher', russ. mzgnutь `spoil', mozgnutь `abmagern', abg. mъžditi `schwächen', russ. mozgъ ` rainy weather ', možšitь ` steep '.

Maybe alb. (*musk) muzg `darkness, *fog, dusk', mys `clod (of earth); bread crust' similar to alb. mut `dirt, excrement'.

6. meut-:

arm. mut` `dark; darkness, fog', mt`ar `dark'; mir. mothar ` thicket, dichte Masse', nir. `swamp, marsh' (*mutró- =)

mnd. modder `slime, mud' = md. moder `verfaulender Stoff, swamp, marsh' (nhd. Moder, genuine nhd. Essig-, Weinmutter), engl. mother `Hefen' (*mutro-); engl. mud `slime, mud', mnd. mudde `thick slime, mud' (holl. modde), md. mot (-tt-) `Torferde, morass' (schweiz. mott `turf'), ostfries. mudden `smudge', muddig `dirty, filthy', schwed. modd `Schneeschmutz', dial. muddig `dirty, filthy';

maybe alb. (*mott) mot '(bad) weather, wet'

with anl. s- mnd. afries. smudden `smudge', ndd. smudden `fein rain', wfläm. smodder `morass', mengl. smod `smut', smudderen, ndl. smodderen `schmutzen', older ndl. also `to feast' (originally `unreinlich eat and drink'; so also ostfries. smūs, nhd. Schmaus, older ndl. smuisteren `to feast' and `besmear', nd. ndl. smullen `to feast' and `sudeln, smudge' probably from *smuð-lṓn; lit. smũtnas `sad' derives from poln. smutny ds. (Vasmer brieflich).

Maybe alb. geg. (*smutny) s(ë)mun, alb. sëmur `sad, ill, sick', alb. geg. smundje `illness, sadness'.

References: WP. II 249 ff., WH. II 126 f., 130, 134, 136, Trautmann 172, 188, 190 ff., Specht Indog. Dekl. 65, 257 f.

Page(s): 741-743

Root / lemma: meu-s-

German meaning: `stehlen'

See also: s. S. 753 (mūs-).

Page(s): 745

Root / lemma: meu̯-2, meu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to move

German meaning: `fortschieben'

Comments: (Aryan partly also mi̯eu̯ǝ- : mīu̯-)

Material: Old Indian mīvati `schiebt, throngs, moves' = av. ava-mivāmahi `wir beseitigen, nehmen weg', av. a-muyamnō `unbeweglich, whereof nicht abzubringen', Old Indian káma-mūta- `from love bewegt', mūrá- `drängend, hurrying';

gr. ἀμεύσασθαι `vorankommen, übertreffen' (probably from `sich vorschieben'), gortyn. ἀμεFύσασθαι `trade drive, push', ἀμύ̄νω `wehre ab', Med. `verteidige mich (*schiebe weg)', ἀμύντωρ `Abwehrer, Rächer', μύ̄νασθαι `vorschützen', μύ̄νη `Vorwand, Ausflucht'; compare air. mūn- `unterrichten' (E. Lewy);

lat. moveō, -ēre `in Bewegung place, move (originally through Fortschieben)', participle mōtus (*movi-to-s) = umbr. comohota Abl. Sg. f. `commota';

lit. máuju, máuti `aufstreifen, anstreifen (e.g. einen ring an einen Finger)', ùžmovā `all, was aufgestreift wird', rañktų ùžmova `Muff'; mnd. mouwe f. `Muff', nhd. hemds-mauen `Hemdärmel'.

A s-extension seems *meu-s- in Old Indian muṣṇā́ti, móṣati `stiehlt', móṣa- `Räuber, thief', fränk. (Lex salica) chrēo-mōsido `Leichenberaubung'; see under S. 753 under mūs.

References: WP. II 252 f., WH. II 116, Trautmann 172.

Page(s): 743

Root / lemma: mezg-1

Meaning: to plunge

German meaning: `untertauchen'

Material: Old Indian májjati `taucht under, sinkt under' (Part. Perf. Pass. magná- from *mazgná-), Kaus. majjayati `versenkt'; lat. mergō, -ere `tauche ein, sink, verberge', therefrom mergus m. `Taucher (Wasservogel); Rebsenker': balt. iterative *mazgāiō `tauche mehrfach ein, wasche' in lit. mazgóti, lett. mazgât `waschen'. compare estn. mõskma, mordw. muśkǝms, samojed. masu ungar. mosni `waschen', etc; doubtful, in the case of here gr. μίσγω `mix, mingle' from *mi-mzgō; different above S. 714.

References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. Güntert Kalypso 51.

Page(s): 745-746

Root / lemma: mezg-2

Meaning: to bind, attach

German meaning: `stricken, knüpfen'

Material: Ahd. as. mā̆sca, ags. max, mǣscr `Masche', aisl. mǫskvi ds.;

lit. mezgù, mḕgsti `knüpfen, stricken', mãzgas, lett. mazgs `Knoten', lit. mazgýti Iter. `stricken', makstýti `flax, wattle, braid', lett. mežǵêt, mižǵêt `verrenken', mežǵît `ranken' (russ. mázgarь `Spinne'? s. Berneker II 28).

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 172.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: mē̆gh-

Meaning: well-disposed, friendly

German meaning: `wohlgesinnt, freundlich, vergnügt'

Material: Gr. περι-ημεκτέω `bin unwilling ' (from *ἄ-μεκτος ` unwilling '?); got. mēgs, schwed. måg `Eidam' (compare frz. belle-mère), aisl. māgr `kinsman, relative durch Heirat', ags. mǣg, as. ahd. māg `kinsman, relative', etc; lit. mė́gstu and mė́gmi, mė́gti `gern haben', mėgìnti `prüfen', lett. mêgt `taugen'.

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 11 f.

Page(s): 707

Root / lemma: mēi-7 : mōi- : mī-

Meaning: mild, soft

German meaning: `mild, weich, lieblich'

Comments: often with l-, n-, r-, t- extended

Material: Old Indian máyas- n. `Labsal, pleasure, joy, Lust', in addition *m(i)i̯es dh(ē) in Old Indian miyḗdha- m. `Opferspeise', av. myazda- m. `sacrificial meal'; as *mei-dho- Old Indian mēdha- m. `Fettbrühe', mḗdhas- n. `sacrifice, oblation';

with l-: cymr. mul `bescheiden', di-ful `bold' (*mōi-lo-); apr. mijls, lit. míelas undmýlas `lieb, pleasant', méilė f. `love', meilùs `liebreich', mýliu, mylė́ti `lieben', pa-mìlstu, pa-mìlti `liebgewinnen'; lett. mīl̨š (older u-stem) and mils (from *mielas) `lieb', mĩlêt `lieben', miẽluõt `bewirten'; aksl. milъ `erbarmenswert', russ. mílyj `lieb', etc;

with n-: cymr. mwyn `friendly', acorn. muin, moin `dainty', bret. moan `thin, winzig'(*mēi-no-); air. mīn `glatt, gentle' (*mī-no-);

with r-: alb. mirë `good, beautiful'; aksl. mirъ `peace'; ablaut. aserb. mijer (*moiro-), apoln. mier `peace' (alit. mieras, lett. miêrs ds. are slav. Lw.);

with t-: lat. mītis `mild, soft' (*mēit-); air. mōith, mōeth (*mōit-) ds., also (?) Pl. mē(i)th `fat, fertile'; cymr. mwydo (*mēit-) `erweichen', mwydion `Weichteile'; lett. at-mist `soft become', at-míetêt `erweichen'.

References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.

Page(s): 711-712

Root / lemma: mē-1

Meaning: prohibitive particle

German meaning: `(daß) nicht'

Grammatical information: prohibitiv

Material: Old Indian av. apers. mā, gr. μή, arm. mi ds., alb. mos ds. (from *mo = idg. *mē + s, that perhaps goes back to idg. kʷe).

From PIE the prohibitive particle passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *ma

Meaning: a negative particle

Turkic protoform: *-ma-

Tungus protoform: *-me

Korean protoform: *mō-t

Japanese protoform: *-ma-

Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to note Mong. *büi, *bu 'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

References: WP. II 236 f.

Page(s): 703

Root / lemma: mē-2, m-e-t-

Meaning: to reap

German meaning: `mähen'

Material: Lat. metō, -ere, messum `mähen, reap' (messor `reaper, mower'); cymr. medi ds., acorn. midil `messor', air. meithleōrai `messōrēs', mir. meithel `a party of reapers', acymr. medel ds., anter-metelic `semiputata', mir. de-mess `Schere' (`Doppelmesser'); ahd. mād `Mahd', ags. mǣð `das Mähen, das gemähte Heu' (= gr. ἄμητος `das Ernten', originally *ἄμᾱτος).

Idg. *met- steht besides *mē- (or *amē-) in gr. ἀμάω `mähe, cut, bite', ahd. māen `mähen', ags. māwan ds.; ahd. mato-screch `Wiesenhüpfer, locust, grasshopper ', nhd. Matte `meadow, die gemäht wird', ags. mǣd f. `meadow, Weide' (*mǣdwu), engl. meadow, aschwed. maÞ ds.

References: WP. II 259, WH. II 82 f.

Page(s): 703

Root / lemma: mē̆lĝ- (or melǝĝ-?)

Meaning: to pluck; to milk

German meaning: `abstreifen, wischen', europ. `melken'

Grammatical information: present mēlĝ-mi, Pl. m_elĝ-més, participle Perf. Pass. ml̥ĝ-tó-

Material: Old Indian mā́ršṭi, mā́rjati, mr̥játi `wischt, reibt ab, purifies, cleans', participle Perf. mr̥ṣṭá-, s-present mr̥kṣáti `streicht, reibt, striegelt', mr̥kṣáyati, mrakṣáyati `bestreicht'; av. marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti `berührt streifend', zastā-maršta- `durch Handschlag (i.e. Berührung the Hände) geschlossen (pact, covenant)'; d-present Old Indian mr̥ḍáti, mr̥ḍáyati `is gracious, verzeiht, verschont', av. mǝrǝždā- `verzeihen' (mǝrǝždika-, marždika- `sich erbarmend', n. `Barmherzigkeit'); diese ar. words können also *merĝ- contain; nichtpalatalen guttural shows Old Indian nir-mārgá-ḥ) `Verwischung; Abgestreiftes, offal', ni-mr̥gra- `sich anschmiegend', vi-mr̥gvarī f. `reinlich', apāmargáḥ- `Achyranthesaspera' (J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 114);

gr. ἀμέλγω `melke', hom. ἐν νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ `in Augenblick of nächtlichen Melkens'; ἱππημολγός, βουμολγός `steed-, Kuhmelker', ἀμολγεύς, ἀμελκτήρ `Melkkübel';

lat. mulgeō, -ēre, mulsi, mulctus (= Old Indian mr̥ṣṭá- `abgewischt') `milk' (from *molĝei̯ō : lit. málžau, málžyti), also prō-mulgāre legem `ein law verkünden' (`*hervorziehen'); mulctra `Melkkübel';

mir. bligim `I melke' (from *mligim), Perf. do-om-malg `mulxi', mlegun `das Melken', melg n. (es-stem) `milk', Gen. bō-milge `the Kuhmilch', mlicht, blicht `milk' (*ml̥g-tu-s); besides bō-mlacht (from *bō-mlicht `Kuhmilch'): air. *to-in-uss-mlig- `prōmulgāre'; causative mir. bluigid `milks, erpreßt'; cymr. blith m. `milk; milchgebend' (*ml̥ĝ-ti-); gallorom. *bligicāre `milk';

alb. miel, mil `melke' (*melĝ-);

maybe attribute alb. geg. t(ë) mel, taml `milk'.

ahd. milchu, melchan, ags. melcan `milk' (st. V.; against it ags. meolcian, aisl. mjolka Denominative from *meluk- `milk' see under), ahd. chumelktra `Melkkübel' (perhaps dem lat. mulctra nachgebildet), anord. mjaltr `milchgebend' (*melkta-); with zero grade ags. molcen, mhd. molchen, molken `dicke milk', nhd. Molken, and aisl. schw. V. molka `milk', mylkja ` suckle ';

because of zweiten Vokals strittig is die original affiliation from got. miluks, ahd.miluh, ags. meolc, mioluc, aisl. mjǫlk `milk'; eine i-extension in ags. milc and nhd. hess.melχ (*mili-k-); after Specht (Idg. Dekl. 126) is überhaupt eine dissyllabic root must be assumed; from dem Westgerm. probably lat. melca f. `Sauermilch';

lit. mélžu, mìlžti, participle mìlžtas (= Old Indian mr̥ṣṭá-, lat. mulctus) `milk'; Iterat. málžyti; russ.-ksl. mъlzu, mlěsti `milk', slav. *melzivo in slovak. mlė́zivo, russ. molózivo (etc) ` beestings '; with o-grade: serb. mlâz m. `Milchstrahl' beim Melken (the glottal stop from serb. mȕsti = *ml̥z-ti is from the älteren Dehnstufenform of Inf. mlěsti = lit. mélžti übernommen);

toch. A mālklune `das Melken'; Amalke, В malk-wer `milk'.

References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht Idg. Dekl. 147 f.;

See also: compare also melk- and merĝ-.

Page(s): 722-723

Root / lemma: mēlo-, smēlo-

Meaning: small animal

German meaning: `kleineres Tier'

Material: Gr. μῆλον n. `small cattle, sheep'; air. mīl n. `(small) animal', cymr. mil, acorn. bret. mil `animal'; germ. in māla (Lex Salica), ndl. maal `young cow', agerm. Μηλί-βοκον ὄρος `the resin'; changing through ablaut arm. mal `sheep, aries, ram'.

Da `small cattle' eine old Substantivierung eines Adj. the meaning `small' sein kann, one compares further abg. malъ (*mōlo-) `small, gering' (whereof klr. mal' f. collective `young sheep', etc), lat. malus `evil, bad' (as gering'), osk. mallom, mallud `malum' (with expressive ll?); with anl.s- got. smals (*smǝ-lo-), ahd. as. smal, ags. smæl `small, gering, schmal', aisl. smale n. `small animal', ahd. smala-nōz, smalaz fihu, mhd. smal-nōz, smal-vihe `ds., Schmaltier', mhd. smal-hirte `herdsman, shepherd for small cattle'.

Maybe alb. *maal, māll `longing, missing, suffering (of love)' [common alb. shift li, lu > ll] probably from the same root as ndl. maal `young cow' as `small and lovely animal, human'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 20.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: mē-3, m-e-t-

Meaning: to measure

German meaning: `etwas abstecken, messen, abmessen'

Material: Old Indian mā́ti, mímāti `mißt', mitá- `gemessen', mātrā f., mātrā- n. `Maß', māna- n. `das Messen, Maß' (: čech. měn), māti- f. `Maß, richtige cognition ' (= gr. μῆτις, ags. mǣð), úpa-māti- `Zuteilung', miti- `Maß, Gewicht, cognition ', prākr. mettam ds. (= Old Indian *mitram); about māyā s. 1. mā-;

av. ap. mā- `messen', participle -mī̆ta-, -māta-, ap. fra-mātar- `lord, master', av. miti- `Maß, Gewicht, Wert';

gr. μέτρον `Maß' (after Brugmann Grundr. II² 1, 342 as Old Indian d-á-tra-m `gift' to *dō-); μῆτις `plan, artifice', μητιάω `beschließe', μητιάομαι `ersinne';

alb. mat, mas (*mati̯ō) `messe', matë `Maß', mōt (*mēto-) `year, weather', matem `erhebe die Hand zum Schlage, werfe' (`abmessen = zielen');

ir. to-math- (e.g. 3. Sg. do-mathi) `threaten';

lat. mētior, -īrī, mēnsus sum (rhyme meaning to pēnsus) `messen, abmessen', whereof probably mēnsa `table, desk, Eßtisch; die Speisen selbst' = umbr. mefe `mēnsae', mefa `lībum' as subst. Fem. of participle Perf. Pass.;

mcymr. medru `ein Ziel treffen, können', to medr ` dexterity ' (: gr. μέτρον?); gall. mataris `spear, lance'; perhaps here acymr. maut, mbret. meut (*mō-tā), ncymr. bawd `Daumen' (as Maß?);

ags. mǣð f. `Maß'; got. mēla m. `Scheffel'; aisl. mǣlir m. ds., ags. mǣle, mēle ` paten '; aisl. mǣla `messen'; got. mēl n. `time', aisl. māl `Maß, Zeitpunkt, repast, meal', ags. mǣl ds., ahd. māl `Zeitpunkt, repast, meal', nhd. mal `meal';

lit. mẽtas `year, time, Maß', apr. mettan `year', lett. męts `Zeitraum' (vokalisch as gr. μέτρον to beurteilen); in addition (*abmessen > *zielen > throw) lit. metù, mèsti, lett. metu, mest `throw', Iterat. lit. mė́tyt, lett. mẽtãt `hin and her throw'; apr. metis = lit. mė̃tis m. `Wurf'; mãstas m. `Maß', mãtas m. ds., matúoti `messen', pãmatas ` foundation ' etc;

aksl. metǫ, mesti `throw', slov. motáti `aufwinden', russ.-ksl. Iterat. vъmětati `throw', slov. mèt `Wurf', etc; aksl. měra `Maß', měriti `messen'; čech. old měn `Maß' (: Old Indian māna-), russ. mě́titь `zielen; trachten', etc;

toch. A me-, В mai- `messen'.

References: WP. II 237 f., WH. II 70 f., 81 f., Trautmann 179, 183; related with 1. med-.

Page(s): 703-704

Root / lemma: mē-4, mō-

Meaning: big, important

German meaning: `groß, ansehnlich'

Material: Positiv mē-ro-s, mō-ro-s: gr. -μωρος in ἐγχεσί-μωρος `big, large (?) in Speerwerfen' under likewise, air. mōr (das ō from dem comparative), mār `big, large', cymr. mawr `big, large', bret. meur ds., gall. -māros in Eigennamen as Nerto-māros (`big, large in power '); with ē ahd. -mār in names as Volk-mār etc, further das denominative germ. *mērjan `*as groß darstellen, rühmen', from which `künden': got. mērjan, as.mārian, ahd. māren, anord. mǣra `verkünden', wherefore nhd. Mär, Märchen under likewise, as well as das post-verbal Adj. ahd. as. māri `illustrious, gleaming', ags. mǣre, anord. mǣrr ds., got. waila-mēreis `from gutem shout, call';

slav. -měrъ in names as Vladi-měrъ;

mō-lo- in cymr. mawl `Lob', moli `praise, laud' (out of it air. molur `praise'), bret. meuliff ds.;

comparative *mē-i̯es, -is, bzw. (with the zero grade of Superlativs) mǝ-i̯es, mǝ-is: air. māu, out of it móu, mó (from *mǝ-i̯ōs); cymr. mwy, corn. moy, bret. mui `mehr' from *mēis; eine Abstraktbildung auf urkelt. -antī (*mantī from ma-antī) in air. mēit `greatness, bulk, extent', acymr. pamint gl. `quam', ncymr. maint `greatness, bulk, extent', corn. myns, mbret. nbret. ment; perhaps osk. mais (*mǝ-is-) Adv. `mehr', maimas `maximae' (probably from *mais[e]mo-), GN Maesius `Maius', umbr. mestru f. `maior' (from *maisterā); got. mais `magis', maiza `maior', maists `maximus', aisl. meir(i) `mehr', ags. mā, māra, mǣst, as. mēr, mēro, mēst, ahd. mēr, mēro, meist; apr. muisieson Adv. `mehr' (muis from*mā-is-); toch. A mǝnt `as', В mantǝ `so' (= air. méit?).

References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.

Page(s): 704

Root / lemma: mēmso-, mē(m)s-ro-

Meaning: flesh

German meaning: `Fleisch'

Grammatical information: n. conservative stem mēs n. (from *mēms)

Material: Old Indian māṁsá- n. `Fleisch', māṁs-pacana- `Fleisch cooking'; mā́s n. `Fleisch';

arm. mis, Gen. msoy `Fleisch';

gr. μῆνιγξ `skin, Fleischhaut, Hirnhaut' (*mēsno- or *mēmsno-); μηρός `Schenkelstück', μηροί `einzelne Schenkelstücke', μῆρα, μηρία `die ausgeschnittenen Schenkelknochen' (μηρός = air. mīr, idg. *mē(m)s-ro-);

alb. mish `Fleisch' (at first from *minsa);

lat. membrum `Glied' (*mēms-ro- `fleischiges'), membrāna `dünne, zarte skin';

air. mīr `morsel, mouthful' (`*Stück Fleisch'; = μηρός);

got. mimz n. `Fleisch';

apr. mensā `Fleisch', lett. mìesa ds.; lit. žem. meisa, lit. mėsà ds. (slav Lw.?);

abg. męso `Fleisch'; slav. *męzdra in russ.-ksl. męzdrica `skin of Eies', russ. mjazdrá (*memzdhrā) `Fleischseite of Fells' etc; probably also klr. ḿáznúty `dick become', ḿaz `Muskel; Beleibtheit, Masse' etc;

toch. В misa n. Pl. `Fleisch'.

References: WP. II 262, WH. II 64 f., Trautmann 178 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 50.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mē-5, mō-, mǝ-

Meaning: to have a strong will; to be intent on smth.

German meaning: `heftigen and kräftigen Willens sein, heftig streben'

Material: Gr. μαίομαι (äol. μάομαι) `strebe, trachte', wherefore die names Εὔμαιος, Οἰνόμαος, Μαίων (*mǝ-i̯o-); with Intensivredupl. μαιμάω `verlange violent' (-μᾰω with Red.-grade the root as δαι-δάλλω etc), Infin. μῶσθαι `strive', participle μώμενος; μῶται (Epich.) ζητεῖ, τεχνάζεται Hes. (and other Glossen), from dem o-stufigen Perf. grown; Μοῦσα `Muse' here or to mendh-?

auf einem participle *ματός based on ματεύω `search, seek, suche auf; strebe'; participle *μαστός, wo after also μαστεύω = ματεύω; ματεῖ ζητεῖ Hes.;

lat. mōs, mōris `die jedem eigene kind of; custom; through Gewohnheit festgewordener custom ', mōrōsus `eigensinnig';

got. mōÞs (-d-) ` courage, rage, fury' (mōdags `angry, irate'), ahd. mhd. muot ` power of Empfindens; ghost, courage, rage, fury, Begehren, Entschluß', nhd. Mut, Gemüt, ags. mōd ds., aisl. mōðr `rage, fury';

baltoslav. *matō `take wahr' in lett. matu, mast `wahrnehmen, fühlen', originally iterative lit. mataũ, matýti `see', lett. matu, matît `empfinden', lit. matrùs `vorsichtig'; auf einem Subst. *motro- based on ksl. moštrjǫ, motriti `spectare', etc; in addition probably abg. sъ-mějo, -měti `venture, risk'.

References: WP. II 238 f., WH. II 114 f., Trautmann 171; probably to mō-, mō-lo-.

Page(s): 704-705

Root / lemma: mēnōt, Gen. mēneses, from which mēnes-, mēns-, mēs-, mēn-

Meaning: month; crescent

German meaning: `Monat' and `Mond'

Grammatical information: m.

Comments: probably as personifizierte `Zeitmessung' to mē- `messen'

Material: Old Indian mā́s, mā́sa- m., av. mā̊, Gen. mā̊ŋhō, npers. māh `moon, Monat'; arm. amis, Gen. amsoy `Monat' (*mēnsos); gr. att. neologism μήν, to Gen. μηνός (lesb. μῆννος), Nom. ion. μείς, dor. μής m. `Monat' (*mēns), μήνη (*μηνσᾱ) `moon'; alb. muai `Monat' (*mōn- from idg. *mēn-); lat mēnsis m. `Monat' (conservative Gen. Pl. mens-um), mēnstruus `monatlich' (GN Mēna is gr. Lw.), sēmē(n)stris `sechsmonatig, halbjährig', umbr. mēnzne `mense'; air. mī (*mēns), Gen. mīs (*mēnsos), cymr. acorn. mis, bret. miz `Monat'; got. mēna, aisl. māni, ags. mōna, as. ahd. māno `moon' (-en-stem); got. mēnōÞs, aisl. mānaðr, ags. mōnað, as. mānuth, ahd. mānōt, nhd. Monat (*mēnōt-), lit. mė́nuo (*mēnōt), mė́nesis m. `moon, Monat', lett. mênes(i)s `moon, Monat' (dial. lit. mė́nas from einem neutr. *mēnos), apr. menins `moon'; abg. měsęcь m. `moon, Monat' (*mēs-n̥-ko-);

toch. A mañ `Monat', mañ ñkät `moon' (= `god Monat'), В meñe `Monat', meṃ `moon'.

References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f.

Page(s): 731-732

Root / lemma: mēudh-, mǝudh-, mūdh-

Meaning: to complain or care about smth.

German meaning: etwa `worauf bedacht sein, sehnlich verlangen'

Material: Npers. mōja `Klage' (-j- from -d-, compare:) must `klage' (-st- from -dhst); gr. μῦθος m. ` discourse ', μῡθέομαι `rede, überlege'; got. maudjan, ga-maudjan `jemanden remind'; lit. maudžiù, maũsti `sehnlich long, want', ãpmaudas ` displeasure, care '; abg. myslь `thought, notion' (*mūd-sli̯o-); perhaps nir. smúainidh `denkt'.

References: WP. II 255 f., Trautmann 171 f.

Page(s): 743

Root / lemma: mǝ-r, Gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós

Meaning: hand

German meaning: `Hand'

Grammatical information: heteroklitischer r/n-stem

Material: Auf dem r-Nominativ based on: gr. μάρη f. `hand', εὐμαρής `light to handhaben', μάρις, -εως m. `Flüssigkeitsmaß'; alb. marr `take, empfange, hold, fasse' (*marnō, n-present as Denominativbildung from *mar- `in die Hand bekommen').

Auf dem *mǝ-n- the case obliqui based on: lat. manus, -ūs f. `hand' (the u-sttem), umbr. mănuv-e `in manu', Abl. mani, osk. Akk. manim, Kons.-stem still in umbr. manf Akk. Pl.; lat.mancus `verstümmelt' (originally `an the hand'); here lat. mandō, -āre `entrust, order', osk. aama-naffed `mandāvit', manafum `mandavi'? from manus and -dere (root dhē-), wörtl. `in die Hand lay, place'; mir. montar, muinter `rechtmäßige Gattin';

with einer similar meaning as lat. manipulus `bundle' (*mani-plos `eine Hand füllend') also kelt. *manatlo- in corn. manal ` fascicle, sheaf ', mbret. malazn (for *manazl), nbret. malan ds.;

perhaps got. manwus `willing, ready' (`zur Hand'?), manwjan `willing, ready-, zurechtmachen';

hitt. manii̯aḫḫ- `einhändigen, verwalten'.

Auf mn̥-t- based on aisl. mund f. `hand', mundr m. `Kaufpreis the Braut and die durch den Kauf erworbene Vormundschaft about diese', got. PN Mundila, ags. mund f. `hand, protection, Bevormundung', ahd. munt f. ds. nhd. Vormund.

References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210.

Page(s): 740-741

Root / lemma: mizdhó-

Meaning: fee

German meaning: `Lohn, Sold'

Material: Old Indian mīḍhá- n. `Kampfpreis, Wettkampf', av. mī̆žda- n., osset. mizd, myzd `Lohn', np. muzd `Lohn'; gr. μισθός `Sold'; got. mizdō `Lohn', ags. meord ds. and ags. mēd, as. mēda, ahd. mēta, miata ds., nhd. Miete; aksl. mьzda, mъzda `Lohn'.

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 188.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: modhro- or madhro-

Meaning: blue; a kind of plant

German meaning: `blau; Färberpflanze'?

Material: Aisl. maðra `galium verum', isl. hvīt-, kross-maðrа etc `Galium boreale, glatte Wiesenröte', ahd. matara `Färberröte', ags. mædere, mæddre f. ds., mnd. mēde, afries. mīde ds.; slav.*modrъ (e.g. čech. modrý) `blue'.

References: WP. II 305.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: moiso-s or maiso-s

Meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork

German meaning: `Schaf; Fell, out of it gefertigte Schläuche, Säcke'

Material: Old Indian mēšá- m. `aries, ram', mēṣī- `Schaffell', av. maēša- `aries, ram, sheep';

aisl. meiss m. `basket', ahd. meis(s)a `Gepäck', mnd. mēse `barrel'.

abg. měchъ `hose', russ. měch `fell, fur, hose; sack, bag' (etc); lit. máišas, máiše `Heunetz under likewise', lett. máiss, máikss `sack, bag', apr. moasis `bellows';

References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht Idg. Dekl. 52 f.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: mok̂s, Aryan *mok̂sū̆

Meaning: soon

German meaning: (Lokativ Plur.?) `bald'

Material: Old Indian Adv. makṣū̆́ `rash, hasty, bald, early, matutinal', makṣū́makṣu `recht bald'; Instr. Pl. makṣū́bhiḥ, Superl. makṣū́tama-; with nasal: Old Indian maŋkṣu `bald'; av. mošu `alsbald, sogleich';

lat. mox `bald' = mcymr. moch `bald' (out of it mir. moch ds.), air. mó `bald', as preverb mos-, mus- : mos-riccub- sa `bald werde I kommen', mus-creitfet `bald become sie glauben'.

References: WP. II 303 f., WH. II 117.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: molko-

Meaning: leather pouch

German meaning: `Ledersack, Ledertasche'

Material: Ahd. malaha, mhd. malhe `Ledertasche', aisl. malr `sack, bag', gr. tarent. μολγός `sack, bag from Rindsleder'; die Unstimmigkeit in Gutt. expounded sich probably through borrowing from μολγός from einer other language (Thrak. ?) and Einsatz from gr. g for deren k.

References: WP. II 308; Vendryes BSL. 41. 134 ff.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: mono-

Meaning: neck

German meaning: `Nacken, Hals'

Comments: in derivatives (esp. with formants -ī, -i̯o-) also `Halskette, Halsschmuck'

Material: Old Indian mányā f. `Nacken'; av. minu- `Halsgeschmeide' (i from avest. ǝ) and with lengthened grade manaoϑrī ` neck, Nacken' (*mon-eu-tro-); päon. μόν-απος, -ωπος `Wisent' (`mähnenartig'); gall.-gr. μανιάκης, μάννος, μαννάκιον `collar, neckband keltischer Völker' (μόννος dorisch?); lat. monīle `collar, neckband as jewellery' (from *monī- as abg. moni-sto); air. muin- ` neck ' in muin-torc `Halskette', muinēl ` neck '(*moniklo-), cymr. mwn, mwnwgl ` neck '; air. formnae `shoulder' (*for-moni̯o-); air. muince `collarium', Lw. from acymr. minci `monile' (from mwng `Mähne' + ci, see above S. 518); from *monii̯o- ` neck ': cymr. mynydd `mountain', corn. meneth, abr. -monid, bret. menez ds.; aisl. men, ags. mene, ahd. menni (*mani̯an) `Halsgeschmeide', aisl. mǫn, ags. manu, ahd. mana (germ. *manō) `Mähne'; aksl. monisto `collar, neckband', polab. mimeístia `Koralle'; with formant g: mir. mong `Mähne, hair', cymr. mwng `Mähne', aisl. makke `oberer part of Pferdehalses', dän. manke `Mähne'; perhaps here illyr. (paeon.) μόναπος, -ωπος `Wisent' (`mähnenartig');

References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff.

See also: compare above S. 726 men- `emporragen'.

Page(s): 747-748

Root / lemma: mori, mōri

Meaning: sea

German meaning: `Meer'; germ. also `stehendes Wasser'

Material: Lat. mare, -is n. (i-stem; Gen. Pl. marum secondary; with unclear a); air. muir Gen. mora n., cymr. corn. bret. mor `sea', gall. Mor-inī, Aremori-cī VN `Meeranwohner', mori-marusa `mare mortum'; PN Mori-dūnum `Murten'; got. marei f. `sea', as. meri, ahd. marī, merī ds. (-īn-stem); got. mari-saiws m. `sea', aisl. marr, Gen. marar m. `sea, sea', ahd. mari, meri (Gen. meres) m. n. `sea', ags. mere m. `sea, sea, pond, pool', as. meri m. `ditch, trench, channel, pond, pool'; with -sk-Suff. ags. merisc m. `swamp, marsh' (compare mlat. marisca ds., germ. Lw.), as. mersc, mndd. mersch, marsch, `Marsch'; with -g-Suff. ags. merece m., aisl. merki; lengthened grade ags. mōr m., as. mōr n., ahd. muor n. `moor, fen, sea', aisl. mørr f. `Sumpfland', ahd. salz-muorra `Salzsumpf' (*mōri̯ō); apr. mary `Haff' (*marē); lit. mãrė, mostly f. Pl. mãrės, mãrios `sea, Ostsee, kurisches Haff'; aksl. morje `sea';baltoslav. *pa-marii̯a- n. `Meeresgegend' in lit. pa-marỹs m., pa-mãrė f. `Seeküste', aksl. po-morije `Meeresgebiet', nhd. Pommern.

References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 119 to mer-3.

Page(s): 748

Root / lemma: mormor-, murmur-

Meaning: to murmur

German meaning: Schallwort `murmeln, dumpf rauschen'

Material: Old Indian marmara- ` soughing ' m. `das Rauschen', murmura- m. `knisterndes fire', murmurā `name eines Flusses'; arm. mrmram, mrmrim (*murmur-am, -im) `grumble, murmle, brülle'; gr. μορμύ̄ρω (*μορμυρι̯ω) `murmle, rausche'; lat. murmurō `murmle', murmur n. `murmur, Gemurr'; ahd. murmurōn, murmulōn, nhd. murmeln, short form anord. murra, mhd. nhd. murren; Weiterbildung ags. murc(n)ian `klagen, murmur'; changing through ablaut norw. dial. marma `roar (vom sea)'; lit. murmlénti, murménti `mumble, murmur', murmė́ti, marmė́ti `murmur, drone, grumble'; ablaut. marmalaĩ `big, giant Bremsen' (eine short form with Dissim.m - m to m - v seems marvà, mervà `gadfly, brake'); aksl. *mrъmrati `mumble, murmur'.

Maybe alb. mërmërij `murmur'.

Unredupl. with n-suffix ir. muirn (*murni-) f. `Lärmen, Sausen'.

References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;

See also: to Folgenden (mormo(ro)- )?

Page(s): 748-749

Root / lemma: mormo(ro)-

Meaning: fear, terror

German meaning: `Grausen, grausig, especially von Gespensterfurcht'?

Material: Gr. μορμώ, μορμών f. `bugbear, spectre, bogeyman', μόρμορος `fear', μορμο-λυκεῖον `Schreckbild', μορμο-λύττομαι, μορμύνω `put in fear', μύρμος φόβος Hes., Μυρμιδόνες actually `das people the Schreckgespenster';

lat. formidō `das Grausen, peinigende fear; esp. religiöse Ehrfurcht'; form- diss. from *morm- (as by formīca : μύρμηξ).

References: WP. II 308, WH. I 532.

Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: moro-

Meaning: blackberry

German meaning: `Brombeere' (dann südeurop. auf die Maulbeere übertragen)

Material: Arm. mor, mori, moreni `Brombeere';

gr. μόρον (μῶρον Hes.) `Maulbeere; Brombeere'; cymr. merwydden `Maulbeere', is but with e as umlaut from. о also as eine Weiterbildung eines keltischen moro- deutbar; lat. mōrum `Maulbeere, Brombeere' gr. Lw., lat. ō as replacement of geschlossenen gr. o- good from borrowing erklärbar; is also perhaps ein *mŏrum `Brombeere' through das borrowed mōrum from μόρον phonetically absorbiert worden? from to mer-3 S. 734?

From dem Lat. derive ahd. mūr-, mōrbere, mhd. mūlber `Maulbeere' and lit. mõras ds.

References: WP. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht Idg. Dekl. 119.

Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: moru̯ī̆-

Meaning: ant

German meaning: `Ameise'

Comments: tabuistisch entstellt u̯ormo-, mormo-, mouro- (germ. also meuro-)

Material: Auf moru̯ī̆- are zurückführbar: av. maoirī- (secondary m. maurvay-), sogd. 'm'wrč f., npers. mōr `Ameise';

air. moirb, Pl. cymr. myrion, bret. merien, corn. muryon; abg. mravi (out of it reshaped russ.muravéj, slov. mrâv, bulg. mravijá).

Auf morm-: lat. formica (compare to phonetically above lat. formīdō: gr. μορμώ); gr. μύρμος (Lycophr.), μύρμηξ, dor. μύρμᾱξ (k-extension to ā-stem, as ὅρμῑκας lat. formica, Old Indian valmī-ka- to ī-stem, and Old Indian vamra-ká to o-stem); unclear arm. mrjiun (*murjimno-), Gen. mrjman.

Auf u̯orm-; gr. βύρμᾱξ, βόρμᾱξ Hes. (β- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also ὅρμικας μύρμηξ Hes.); Old Indian valmīka- m. `Ameisenhaufen'; besides with ganz alleinstehender Lautfolge vamrá- m., vamrī́ f. `Ameise'.

Auf mouro-: aisl. maurr, besides *meur- in dän. myre, schwed. myra (*meuriōn-), mndl. Pl. mure (once belegt) miere, nndl. mier, mnd. mīre (to ī s. van Wijk), mengl. mire, mȳre (skand. Lw.), ags. mȳre, engl. mire, nowadays only still pis-mire (vom Ausspritzen ihrer Säure), krimgot. miera.

References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht Idg. Dekl. 45.

Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: mo[u]-lo- : mū-lo-

Meaning: root, plant

German meaning: `Wurzel, Pflanze'

Comments: as `mouth of the plant' to mū- S. 751.

Material: Old Indian mūla- n. `root', mūla-karman- n. `Zauberei with roots';

gr. μῶλυ `ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut (Hom.); gelbblühende Knoblauchart (Theophr. Dioscor.)', μώλυζα `Knoblauchart'.

References: WP. II 303, 310, Wackernagel Sitz.-Ber. Pr. Akad. 1918, 410 f.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: moz-g-o-, moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-

Meaning: brain

German meaning: `Mark, Hirn'

Material: Old Indian majján, majjā́, majjas- `Mark', mastíṣka- `Gehirn', mástaka- `head, cranium'; av. mazga- `Mark, Hirn'; ahd. mar(a)g, mar(a)k, as. marg, ags. mearg, aisl. mergr (Gen. mergjar) `Mark', aschwed. miærgher; ksl. mozgъ `Gehirn', moždanъ (*mozgěnъ), Akk. Pl. moždeni `Mark', apr. musgeno `Mark', wherefore (with rearrangement from *mazgenės) lit. f. Pl. smãgenės, lett. smadenes `Gehirn'; toch. A mäśśunt `Mark'.

References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 78 f.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mozĝho-s

Meaning: young bull

German meaning: `junges Rind'

Comments: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. mozi `young rother, cattle, calf' = gr. μοσχίον, Demin. to μόσχος m. `young bull, calf', f. `young cow, girl'; probably identical with μόσχος `Pflanzentrieb, sprout'.

References: WP. II 309.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mōd- : mǝd- or mād- : mǝd-

Meaning: to meet, approach

German meaning: `begegnen, herbeikommen'

Material: Arm. matčim `nähere mich', Aor. mateay, matucanem `bringe nahe' (maut `nahe' after Pedersen with arm. u-Epenthese);

aisl. mōt n. `Begegnung, Zusammenkunft, öffentliche congregation, meeting', ags. (ge)mōt, as. mōt, mhd. muoz ds., got. ga-mōtjan, aisl. mø̄ta, as. mōtian, ags. mētan, engl. meet `meet'; auf idg.*mǝ[d]-tlo-m based on got. maÞl `Versammlungsort, Markt', ags. mæðel `Ratsversammlung, discourse ' and (as *maðlá-) ags. mǣl ` discourse, fight', mnd. māl `congregation, meeting', as. ahd. mahal n. `Gerichtsstätte, court, pact, covenant' (nhd. Mahlstatt), aisl. māl `Sprechvermögen, discourse, Verhandlung, Rechtssache', mlat. (germ.) mallum, mallus `Gerichtsstätte, gerichtlicher Termin', whereof got.maÞljan, ags. maðelian, mæðlan and mǣlan, ahd. mahelen, aisl. mæla `talk' and (from dem öffentlichen promise) ahd. gi-mahalo `Gatte, Gemahl, Bräutigam', gi-mahala `Gattin, Gemahlin, bride', nhd. vermählen.

References: WP. II 304 f., Feist³ 349 f.

Page(s): 746-747

Root / lemma: mō[u]-ro- : mū-ro-

Meaning: stupid, crazy

German meaning: `stumpfsinnig, töricht'

Material: Old Indian mūrá- `stumpfsinnig, dull, stupid'; gr. μωρός, att. μῶρος `stupid, crazy' (out of it lat. mōrus `foolish, loony, clownish ').

References: WP. II 303, WH. II 114.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mō-, mo-lo-

Meaning: to strain oneself

German meaning: `sich mühen'

Material: Gr. μῶλος `Anstrengung, toil', μωλέω, kret. μωλίω `prozessiere', μῶλυς `ermattet', perhaps μόλις `barely' (ο for ω after μόγις); ἄ-μοτος ` fatigueless '; lat. mōlēs f. `load, Masse', Denom. mōlior, -īrī `with Anstrengung wegschaffen', mŏlestus `sullen, lästig, beschwerlich' (analogy to modestus); got. af-mauiÞs `ermüdet', ahd. muoan, mhd. müen, müejen `beunruhigen, beschweren', ndl. moeijen `belästigen, bemühen'; ahd. muodi, as. mōði `müde', ags. mēðe `müde, grieving ', aisl. mōðr `müde'; lit. pri-si-muolėti `sich abmühen'; russ. máj-u, -atь `exhaust, plague', majá, majetá `plague, hard Anstrengung', etc

References: WP. II 301 f., WH. II 101 f., Trautmann 188;

See also: probably to mē-5.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: mregh-m(n)o-

Meaning: brain

German meaning: `Hirnschale, Hirn'

Material: Gr. βρεχμός, βρέχμα n. (and βρέγμα) `Vorderkopf, Oberschädel', ags. bregen, brægen n. `Gehirn' (engl. brain), afries. brein, mnd. bragen, bregen, nhd. Brägen m. ds.

References: WP. II 314.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mreĝhu-, mr̥ĝhu-

Meaning: short

German meaning: `kurz'

Material: Prākr. múhu-, av. mǝrǝzu-jīti-, -jva- `βραχύβιος', sogd. murzak `short';

gr. βραχύς `short', βράχεα `seichte Stellen'; in addition βραχί̄ων ` upper arm ', comparative besides βράσσων;

lat. brevis (at first from dem Fem. *bre(χ)u̯ī) `short', brūma `Wintersonnenwende, winter, coldness'(*brevi-mā, *breu-ma `time the kürzesten days');

maybe alb. bryma `hoar, rime, frost, hoarfrost', murriz `haw, hawthorn, thorn-apple, brier, whitethorn, short shrub', mbrëmja `night, longest night' [related to lat. bruma -ae f. `the winter solstice; in gen., winter, wintry cold'.] when night is the longest.

got. gamaúrgjan `verkürzen', ahd. murg(i) `short', murgfāri `frail, breakable', ags. myrge `pleasant', engl. merry.

References: WP. II 314, WH. I 115.

Page(s): 750-751

Root / lemma: mrk-

Meaning: edible root, carrot

German meaning: `eßbare Wurzel, Mohrrübe, Möhre'?

Material: Gr. βράκανα `wild Gemüse' Hes.; ahd. mor(a)ha `Daucus carota', nhd. Mohr-rübe, Möhre, ags. more, moru ds., spätahd. Demin. morhila `Morchel' (möhrenähnlicher Pilz); against it seems russ. morkóvь, morkva `Möhre', serb. mrkva from dem Germ. borrows to sein.

References: WP. II 313.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mut-o-s

Meaning: circumcised

German meaning: `gestutzt'?

Material: Lat. mutilus, mutidus `verstümmelt', *muticus `gestutzt', mūtō, muttō `penis', GN Mutunus, rom.mutt- `abgestumpft'; ir. mut, gael. mutach `short' (with expressive tt); perhaps also ir. moth `penis' as `Stummel'.

References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to lat. mūtus S. 751, compare `stumm': `verstümmeln'.

Page(s): 753

Root / lemma: mū̆k-

Meaning: heap, etc.

German meaning: `Haufe' and Zubehör?

Material: Gr. μύκων σωρός θημών Hes.; vorgall. *mukina `Steinhaufe' (Jokl V. Rom. 8, 193); aisl. mūgi, mūgr `heap, bulk, mass', ags. mūga m. `(corn, grain-)heap', mūha ds. (also mūwa), compare further schwed. dial. moa `zusammenhäufen' (*mūhōn), ahd. mū-werf `Maulwurf', with -k(k)-: mnd. mūke, ndl. muik, mhd.mūche, nhd. (halb nd.) Mauke f., bair. (genuine hochd.) Mauche `Auswuchs, Fußgeschwulst the Pferde', schweiz. mauch m. `Auswuchs an Rebholz, unordentlicher heap' and with ū: norw. dial. mukka `heap, bulk, mass', mhd. mocke m. `clump, gobbet ' (with it identical is mhd. mocke `Zuchtsau'); aisl. mostr `big, giant bulk, mass' (*muh-stra-); einzige Hochstufenform in ags. mēagol `(*lumpy, massig' =) `tight, firm, strong'.

maybe alb. (*urif), urith `mole' [common alb. f > th shift] from ahd. mū-werf `mole' or maybe a contamination from germ. Maulwurf `mole'.

References: WP. II 311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. nichtidg.

Page(s): 752

Root / lemma: mū̆-1

Meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)

German meaning: Schallnachahmung for den with gepreßten Lippen erzeugten dumpfen Laut: `undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmeln (hence also words for `stumm'); mouth, muzzle; den Mund geschlossen halten or schließen'

Material: 1. Gr. μύ, μῦ `Ausruf gepreßten Schmerzes', lat. mū facere, mutmut facere `mucksen'.

2. Old Indian mū́ka- `stumm', arm. munj `stumm', gr. μῡκός, μύτις, μυττός, μύδος, μυναρός, Hes. μυνδός `stumm', lat. mūtus `stumm'; compare also older dän. mue, norw. mua `schweigen, not mucksen'; ahd. māwen `cry', lett. maunu, māwu, maût `roar, bellow', čech. myjati `muhen'; here also nhd. Möwe, ags. mǣw, mēw, aisl. mār (Pl. māvar), as. mēu ds.

3. [Old Indian mukhá- n. `mouth' derives from dem Dravidischen]; gr. μύλλον `lip'; μυλλαίνω `verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter' (μύσταξ `Oberlippe, whisker, moustache', s. Boisacq m. Lit.), ahd. mūla f., mhd. mūl n. `muzzle', mnd. mūle `muzzle, snout', aisl. mūli `muzzle, esp. Oberlippe an animals, hervorragende Felsspitze', got. faúrmūljan `das Maul zubinden' (in the case of with anl. s- in addition norw. smaul, lett. smaule `muzzle'??); s. also under mōu-lo- S. 750.

4. With dental formant:

Lat. muttiō, -īre `mucksen', muttum nullum `keinen Muckser' (compare above mutmut); ahd. mutilōn `mumble, murmur, rieseln', musse `wellspring', aisl. muðla `mumble, murmur', besides with germ. t: norw. dial.mutra, mengl. muteren, engl. mutter ds.; lit. mùtė `muzzle'.

5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.):

With k: gr. μῡκάομαι `brülle', μυχθίζω `snort, spotte', mhd. mūhen, mūgen, mūwen `roar, bellow', abg. mykъ ` bellowing, braying, roar ', russ. myčatь `roar, bellow', skr. slov. čech. mukati `roar, bellow'.

With g: Old Indian múñjati, mṓjati `gives einen Ton from sich' (Dhātup.); mucchanā `schwellender sound, tone'; gr. μύζω `bringe with geschlossenen Lippen einen sound hervor, stöhne' (out of it lat. mussāre), μυγμός `sigh';

lat. mūgiō, -īre `roar, bellow', conmūgentō `convocantō', mūgīnor `murmele loud, roar, foam' (also `nūgārī et quasi tardē cōnāri'), umbr. muieto `muttītum', mugatu `muttītō', lat. mūgilāre vom Naturlaut of Esels; ahd. muckazzen `leise talk, mucksen', nhd. mnd. mucken `with halboffenem Munde talk' (kk is expressive), ostfries. muk `kiss'.

6. s-extension: gr. μύ̄ω `sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen' (hence μύωψ `die Augen zusammenkneifend, kurzsichtig'; μυάω `bite die Lippen together'; from *μυστός `verschwiegen': μύστης `in die Mysterien Eingeweihter', μυστικός `die Mysterien betreffend', μυστήριον ` mystery, geheime Zeremonie', compare also μυεῖν `in die Mysterien einweihen'; norw. mȳsa `die Augen zukneifen'; from dem Germ. here also mnd. mummelen, engl. mumble `mumble, murmur', mump, norw. mumpa ds.; mhd. mupf, muff `Verziehung of Mundes', mupfen, muffen, mnd. mopen, engl. mope `gawk', engl. mop `Fratze'; perhaps nhd. bair. mäuen `wiederkauen' under likewise;

lett. musinât `flustern, mumble, murmur'; hitt. mu-u-ga-ā-mi (mūgāmi) `spreche Klagegebete'.

References: WP. II 309 ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188.

Page(s): 751-752

Root / lemma: mū-2, mus-

Meaning: fly n.

German meaning: schallnachahmend for `Mücke, Fliege'

Material: Arm. mun, Gen. mnoy `Stechmücke' (*mus- or *mu-no-); alb. mü-zë, mi-zë (zë Diminutivsuffix) ` mosquito '; gr. μυῖα (*μυσι̯α) `fly'; lat. musca; aisl. mȳ n. (*mūja-) ` mosquito '; schwed. mygg, mygga, ags. mycg, as. muggia, ahd. mucka ` mosquito ' (*muki̯ā́); with -s- gotländ. mausa (*mūsa), fläm. meuzie (*musī); lit. musė̃, apr. muso, lett. mũsa, muša `fly'; abg. mucha `fly' (*mousā), mъšica ` mosquito '.

References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht Idg. Dekl. 43.

Page(s): 752

Root / lemma: mūs

Meaning: mouse

German meaning: `Maus' also `Muskel'

Comments: (older *mŭs, musós from *meus, musós)

Material: Old Indian mū́ṣ- m. `Maus, Ratte', np. mūš `Maus';

arm. mu-kn `Maus, Muskel'; gr. μῦς (μῠὸς, μῦν after ὗς, Ώῠὸς, ὗν) `Maus', also `Muskel'; alb. mī `Maus', lat. mūs m. `Maus' (mūrīnus : mhd. miusīn `from Mausen'); ahd. mhd. as. mnd. aisl. ags. mūs `Maus, Muskel' (Kons.-stem); abg. myšь f. `Maus'.

Vielfach auf Körperteile angewendet: arm. mukn `Muskel', gr. μῦς `Muskel', μυών `muskelreiche region of Leibes' (from which also `wollüstiges Weib' in gr. μυωνία), μύαξ, -ακος m. `Miesmuschel, spoon': lat. mūrex `Purpurschnecke'; lat. musculus ds., `Muskel', ahd. etc mūs `Muskel, esp. of Oberarms', mnd. mūs esp. `the Fleischballen of Daumens', nhd. Maus, Mäuschen, abg. myšьса `βραχίων'; on the other hand Old Indian muṣká- m. `testicle, vulva', npers. mušk `Bibergeil' (from dem Pers. derives gr. μόσχος, nhd. Moschus); gr. μύσχον `Geschlechtsorgan';

Maybe alb. geg. muskul `muscle', mushk `shoulder', mushkëni `lungs, *chest'.

probably to Old Indian muṣṇā́ti `stiehlt, raubt' etc, see under meu-2 `fortschieben'.

References: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht Idg. Dekl. 40 f.

Page(s): 752-753

Root / lemma: m_eni-

Meaning: a kind of fish

German meaning: `Fischname'?

Material: Gr. μαίνη (out of it lat. maena), μαινίς `ein small Seefisch', slav. *mъnь, russ. menь etc `Aalraupe'; but Old Indian mīná- m. `Fisch' (whereof māiniká-, māinalá- `Fischer') is dravid. origin; perhaps here ahd. muniwa, ags. myne, engl. minnow `Elritze, ein Fisch'.

References: WP. II 267 f.;

See also: belongs probably to men-4.

Page(s): 731

Root / lemma: nak-

Meaning: fur

German meaning: `Fell'

Material: Gr. νάκος n., νάκη f. `wolliges fell, fur, Vlies', ἀρνακίς f. (for *ἀρνο-νακίς) `Schaffell', νακύ(δ)ριον δέρμα Hes.; ags. næsc `weiches leather as e.g. Hirschleder' (*nak-s-ko-, -kā; compare den -es-stem νάκος); apr. nognan (from *noknan) n. `leather' (*nāk-no-); in addition after E. Lewy Old Indian nā́ka- `Himmelsgewölbe'.

References: WP. II 316.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nana, nena etc

Meaning: mother, etc. (child word)

German meaning: Lallwort

Material: Old Indian nanā́ `mother, Mütterchen', *nanānā reshaped (after svasā : svasr-) to nanāndar `of MannesSchwester', np. nana `mother'; gr. νάννα, νίννη `Base, aunt', νέννος, νάννας `uncle'; alb. nanë `mother, wet nurse '; lat. nonnus m., nonna f. late `Mönch, Nonne', also `Pflegerin eines Kindes'; cymr. nain (*nanī) `grandmother'; russ. njanja `Kinderwärterin' (dial. also `older Schwester'), bulg. neni `the Ältere', skr. nena, nana `mother', sorb. nan `father'; compare also nhd. Nenne, Kinderwort for `milk'.

References: WP. II 317, WH. II 175.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nant-

Meaning: to dare, risk

German meaning: `wagen, sich erkühnen'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. néit m. `fight, struggle (*nanti-); got. ana-nanÞjan `venture, risk', aisl. nenna `übers heart bringen', ahd. preterit ginand ` courage wherefore haben', ginenden, as. nāthian, ags. nēÞan `venture, risk', aisl. nenninn `tätig, strebsam' (`*wagefroh') mhd. genende(c) `keen, eager', ahd. nand (also in names as Ferdinand), ags. nōð f. ` courage '.

References: WP. II 317.

Page(s): 755

Root / lemma: nas-

Meaning: nose

German meaning: `Nase'

Comments: (nās- from den lengthened gradeen case dieses conservative stem, originally dem Nom. Sg.), originally probably `Nasenloch'

Material: Old Indian nas-ā́, -í, -ṓḥ Instr. Lok. Sg., Gen. Du.; nā́sā Nom. Du. `nose' (originally `Nasenloch'), secondary nā́sā f. `nose', nas-táḥ Adv. `from the nose', nasya- `an the Nase befindlich', etc, nā́sikā `Nasenloch, nose'; av. nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- `nose', ap. nāham Akk. Sg. (= lat. nārem) `nose'; lat. nāris, mostly. Pl. -ēs, -ium `Nasenloch, Nüster' (i-stem geworden; Akk. Sg. Pl. still conservative form); nāsum n. (alat.) and nās(s)us m. `nose' (expressives ss);

Note:

lat. (*nāsus) naris f. `the nostrils, nose' reflect common lat. s > r rhotacism.

ags. nōse f. `Vorgebirge', aschwed. norw. nōs `snout', afries. nōsi ds. (*nās-); ablaut. ahd. nasa `nose', anord. nǫs f. `Nasenloch, nose, vorspringende Klippe', ags. nasu `nose' (presumably Dual `die beiden Nasenlöcher'); næs- in compound, anord. nes n., Gen. Pl. nesja `Vorgebirge, Landzunge', mnd. nes (-ss-) m. ds., ags. næss m. ds. (germ. *nasja-); apr. nozy, lit. nósis f. `nose', nasraĩ m. Pl. `Rachen' (old nãsras `mouth'), aksl. nozdri `Nasenlöcher' (from -sr-), поsъ `nose' (russ. `Vorgebirge').

Maybe through metathesis alb. geg. (*nāhus) huna, tosk. hunda `nose' [common alb. n > nd shift] : ags. nasu `nose', (alat.) and nās(s)us m. `nose'.

Note:

Illyr. and lat. must have come from the same root since illyr. lang. and lat. displayed the doubling of consonants in the middle of the word. Hence -ss- is a characteristic illyr., hitt., lat. trend.

Also alb. (*nāhus) nuhas, nuhat, nuhat- (aor.) 'to smell': aruss. uchati 'to smell'; alb. is the only Indo European language that has preserved the old laryngeals. also alb. proves that from Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : (to breathe) derived Root / lemma: nas- : (nose). Both these roots probably derived from a (*k̂u̯onas) > Root / lemma: k̂u̯on-, k̂un- : (dog, animal with sensitive nose).

References: WP. II 318, WH. II 143 ff., Trautmann 193 f., Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 75.

Page(s): 755

Root / lemma: nāgʷh-

Meaning: sober

German meaning: `nüchtern'?

Comments: Only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. naut`i `sober'; gr. vήφω, dor. νά̄φω `bin sober'.

References: WP. II 317.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nā-1

Meaning: to help, be of use

German meaning: `helfen, nützen'

Material: Old Indian nā́-tha- n. `help', m. `Schützer', nā-tha-tē `fleht'; gr. ὀ-νί-νη-μι, -νᾰ-μεν `nütze', Fut. ὀ-νή-σω, Med. ὀ-νί-νᾰ-μαι, Aor. ὠνήμην `have benefit', ὄνειαρ n., more properly ὄνηαρ, -ατος `benefit' (*o-nā-u̯r̥), etc

References: WP. II 315.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nā-2

Meaning: to be afraid, ashamed

German meaning: `sich fürchten, schämen'

Material: Air. nār `bescheiden' (*nā-sro-), ná(i)re `the genitals' (*nā-srii̯ā); hitt. naḫ(ḫ)- `fear, dread, sichfürchten', naḫšarii̯a- `be afraid'.

References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nāu-2 : nǝu- : nū-

Meaning: death; corpse

German meaning: A. `Tod, Leiche', B. `bis zur Erschöpfung abquälen; ermattet zusammensinken'

Material: A. Got. naus ` corpse ' (ga-nawistrōn `bury'), aisl. nār ds., ags. nē(o) m. ds.; aruss. navь ` corpse ', аčесh. náv, -i m. `Jenseits, Hölle', lett. nâwe `death', therefrom nâwêt `slay', nâwîtiês `sich mühen, sich slay'; apr. nowis `trunk'.

B. air. nūne (older naunae) f., cymr. newyn m. `Hungersnot' (*nǝu̯_eni̯o-), bret. naoun (*nǝu_eno-) ds.; mcymr. neued `Sehnsucht, need' (*nāu̯-itā); lett. nâwîtiês (see above), lit. nõvyti `torment, smite, slay', iš-nôvyti `destroy'; Kausat. aksl. čech. unaviti `exhaust', Postverbal čech. únava `Ermüdung', russ. dial. onáva `Müdigkeit', zero grade aksl. unyti `slack sein, erschlaffen', čech. nýti `dahinschmachten', russ. nýtь ` elegiac become'.

nǝu-ti- in got. nauÞs f. `need, Zwang', aisl. nauð, nauðr f. `Zwang, Drangsal, Notwendigkeit', as. nōd, ahd. nōt `Bedrängnis, Drangsal, need', ags. nēad-, nīed f. `need, obligation, Drangsal'; apr. nautin (*nāuti-) (Akk.) `need'; in Slav. forms with u and ǫ, t and d (see Meillet, Slave commun² 61 f.): aksl. nǫžda `Zwang, force, might, Notwendigkeit', poln. nędza `need', abg. nǫditi `nötigen', but also aksl. nužda `Zwang, need', nuditi `nötigen', poln. nuda `Langeweile'; with t poln. nęt `Lockung', bulg. nut `Zwang', poln. nucić (16. Jhdt.) `constrain, oblige'; das -d- steht as idg.extension besides -t-, das ǫ is through sekundäre nasalization originated.

References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.

Page(s): 756

Root / lemma: nāus-1

Meaning: boat

German meaning: `Schiff' (ausgehöhlter Einbaum)

Grammatical information: f. Akk. nāu̯m̥

Material: Old Indian nāu- (Nom. nā́uḥ) `ship, boat' (nāvya- `schiffbar'); ap. nāviyā `fleet' (: gr. νήιος `zumSchiff gehörig'); nāvāja- m. `Schiffer', av. navāza- ds (: gr. ναυ-ηγός ds., compare also lat.nāvig-āre, -ium); av. nāvaya- `schiffbar' (about Old Indian ati-nu s. Brugrnann II¹ 137 Anm. 2); arm. nav `ship' (from dem Pers.?); gr. hom. νηῦς, νηός (*νᾱFός), att. ναῦς, νεώς `ship'; lat. nāvis ds. (originally conservative stem, compare Akk. nāvem = Old Indian nā́vam, gr. νῆα; air. náu (Gen. nōë, Dat. Pl. nōib) `ship'; cymr. noe `flaches vessel, kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ', bret. neo ds. (*nāu̯i̯ā); here gall. (vorrom.) nāvā `Talschlucht', also FlN; gall. nausum `ship'; aisl. nōr m. `ship', nau-st `Schiffsschuppen', nōa-tūn (nōa = gr. νηῶν) `Schiffsburg', ags. nōwend `Schiffer', (but mhd.nāwe, næwe `small ship', nhd. dial. Naue from dem Lat.); norw. nō `trough from einem ausgehöhlten tree truck', nøla (*nōwilōn-) `großer trough, schweres boat' ahd. nuosc, mhd. nuosch m. `trough, gully', afries. nōst `trough', mnd. nōste `Viehtrog, Wassertrog'; here the lit. FlN Nóva, polonis. Nawa.

Maybe alb. *nāviyā, anija ‘ship’

References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int. d'Onom. 4, 3 ff.

Page(s): 755-756

Root / lemma: ne 2, nē

Enclitic particles

German meaning: enklit. Partikeln

See also: see above S. 320 f. (eno-).

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nebh-1

Meaning: to burst

German meaning: `bersten'??

Material: Old Indian nábhatē `cracks'; aisl. nǣfr `die outer birch bark ' as `berstend, sich losschälend'.

References: WP. II 330.

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nebh-2

See also: see above S. 315 f. (enebh-).

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: ned-1 : n_ed-

Meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind

German meaning: `zusammendrehen, knüpfen'

Material: 1. Lat. nōdus `Knoten' (idg. *nōdos); presumably nassa (*nad-s-ā) `Fischreuse, geflochtener Korbmit engem Halse'; nectō, -ere, nexī, nectum `knüpfen, bind' is neologism after plectō; with the meaning `nahe' from `eng joined': osk. nessimas Nom. Pl. f. `proximae', umbr. nesimei `proxime';

air. Kompar. nessa, Sup. nessam `propior, proximus', cymr. nes, nessaf, corn. nes, mbret. nes, nessaff ds.; air. nascim `bind, verpflichte' (*n_ed-skō), arnenas `I will bind' (etc), naidm `das Binden, pact, covenant', for-naidm `band, strap', nasc `ring' (compare zur -sk-formation ahd. nusca, das also imu = _e `übereinstimmt, further av. naska- `Textsammlung', probably eig. `bundle'); bret. naska `anbinden';

got. nati, ahd. nezzi, as. nẹt, nẹtti, ags. aisl. net `Netz', lengthened grade (as lat. nōdus), aisl. nōt f. `big Netz';

with formant -s-k-, -s-t-: ahd. nuska, mhd. nüsche `Mantelschnalle', as. nusk(i)a `Spange' (see above); aisl. nist, nisti n. `Spange am Kleid', nista `zusammenheften'; nesta `festheften, festnageln', mhd. nesten (nesteln) `festbinden, schnüren', ahd. nestilo, nestila `loop, Schnürriemen, Binde', nhd. Nestel, as. nestila `Binde, Haarband', agutn. nast, nestli; reduced grade ags. nos(t)le `band, strap';

daß ned- eine extension from (s)nē- `zusammendrehen' sei, wird besides through die meaning also through die s-anlaut. forms air. snaidm `Knoten' (compare above naidm) and nhd. hess. Schnatz `das geflochtene and um die Haarnadel gewickelte Haar the Frauen, Kopfputz the Bräute' (*snatta- with germ. -tt-) probably.

2. Here presumably die appellation the nettle (as older Gespinstpflanze):

Gr. ἀδίκη (*n̥d-ikā); ahd. nazza, aisl. nǫtr, ahd. nezzila (germ. *natilōn), ags. netele; besides with idg. -t- (also *nǝ-t-, nō-t- as t-extension zur vermutlichen root (s)nē-) apr. noatis, lit. nõterė, notrė̃ `nettle', nõtrynė `Taubnessel', lett. nâtre, nâtra `nettle', slav. *natь `Krautblätter' in slov. nât (Gen. natî), poln. nać ds. and at most (as redupl. urkelt.*ni-nati-?) mir. nenaid, nir. neantóg `nettle', dissimil. bret. linad ds.

References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;

See also: see under (s)nē-.

Page(s): 758-759

Root / lemma: ned-2

Meaning: to sound, roar, etc.

German meaning: `tönen, brüllen, rauschen'

Material: Old Indian nádati ` sounds, bellow, roar, soughs', nada- m. `Brüller, bull, river', nadī́- f. `river, Flut', nadī-na- m., nadī-śa- m. `sea', etc; av. nad- `vilify, scold'; gr. (illyr.) FlN Νέδα (Arkad.), Νέδων (Messen.); thrak. FlN Νέστος; illyr. FlN Νέστος (Dalm.) from *ned-to-.

Note:

Again illyr. displays satem characteristics the same as alb. Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ndati) deti `sea' : Old Indian nadī-śa- m. `sea'.

References: A. Mayer Mél. Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff.

Page(s): 759

Root / lemma: nedo-

Meaning: reed

German meaning: `Schilf?'

Material: Old Indian nadá- m. presumably `Schilfrohr', npers. nai, dial. nad `reed'; arm. net `Pfeil'; lit. néndrė (and léndrė) `Schilfrohr' (with nasal after leñkti `bend'?); lett. našl̨i `reed' from*nadslis?

References: WP. II 329; compare Kuiper, Proto-Munda 82.

Page(s): 759

Root / lemma: neĝh-

Meaning: to pierce, stick

German meaning: `durchbohren, stechen'

Material: Mir. ness `wound' (*neĝh-s-); reduced grade aksl. vъ-nьzǫ `stecke hinein', Infin. vъ-nьznǫti, Kaus. russ.-ksl. vъ-noziti `hineinstechen'; aksl. nožь `knife'; in the case of here Old Indian ákṣu- ` shaft, pole' (*n̥ĝh-su-)?

References: WP. II 326 f., Trautmann 200.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neid-1

Meaning: to scold, put to shame

German meaning: `heruntermachen, schmähen'

Material: Old Indian níndati, Pass. nidyá-tē `vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise ', ánēdya- `not to vilify, scold', níd-, nid́ā, nidā́, nindā́ `Schmähung, reprimand, Verachtung'; av. naēd- (nāismī) `vilify, scold'; arm. anicanem, Aor. 3. Sg. anēc `fluche' (*oneid-s-et);

gr. ὄνειδος `Vorwurf, Schmach', ὀνειδίζω `schmähe' (o-prefix `be-schimpfe', as also arm. anicanem); got. ga-naitjan `vilify, scold', naiteins `Lästerung', ahd. neizzen `torment, smite, plague', ags. nǣtan ds.; lit. níedėti, lett. nîst ` despise ', naîds, naîdus `hate, enmity'.

References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 130, Trautmann 193;

See also: probably to nei- S. 312 f.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid-

Meaning: to flow, stream

German meaning: `fließen, strömen'

Material: Old Indian nēdati ` flows, streams'; gall. FlN Nida `Nidda' and `Nied', brit. FlN Nida, cymr. Nedd `Neath'; full grade poln. FlN Nida, lit. FlN Niedà, apr. FlN Nyda `Neide'.

References: J. Löwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: neigʷ-

Meaning: to wash

German meaning: `waschen'

Grammatical information: Pass. participle nigʷ-to-

Material: Old Indian nḗnēkti `wascht, purifies, cleans', Aor. anāikšīt, Pass. nijyatē, participle niktá-, ninikta Imper. `waschet', Kaus. nējáyati; Aor. naēnižaiti Intens. `wäscht ab, swills weg'; gr. νίζω (*nigʷi̯ō = ir. nigim) `wasche', Fut. νίψω, Aor. ἔνιψα, νίπτρον `Waschwasser', χέρ-νιψ ds., ἄ-νιπτος `ungewaschen' (= Old Indian niktá-, ir. necht); gr. ἀνιγρός `ἀκάθαρτος'; lat. noegeum (*noigʷ-i̯o-) `Schweißtuch';

air. nigid `wäscht' (*nigʷi̯eti, loss the Labialisieruug before i̯), Fut. -ninus = Old Indian (Gramm.) ninikṣati; necht `rein'; mcymr. enneint `spa, bath' (*an-nig-antio-; das g from dem present figurative);

germ. *nikwes, -us- in aisl. nykr (Gen. nyks) `Wassergeist, Flußpferd', ags. nicor `Wasseruntier, Krokodil', ahd. nihhus, nichus `Flußuntier, Wassergeist', nhd. Nix, ahd. nichussa ` female Wassergeist, Nixe', mndl. nicker, mnd. necker `Wassergeist'.

References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gr. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: neik-

Meaning: to winnow grain

German meaning: `Getreide schwingen'

Material: Gr. λικμάω `handhabe die Getreideschwinge', λικμητήρ `the das corn schwingt', λικμός, λίκνον `Getreideschwinge', diss. from *νικμός, *νίκνον, compare νεῖκλον, νίκλον, νικᾳ λικμᾳ Hes., as also ἰκμᾶν λικμᾶν Hes. (or haplology hinter ανᾱ ἀνικμώμεθα); mir. cruth-necht `roter wheat', cymr. nithio, bret. niza `winnow, fan' (also probably cymr. gwenith, bret. gwiniz, corn. gwaneth `wheat'); lit. niekóti, lett. niekât ` corn, grain durch Schwingen clean'; besides lit. liekúoti ds., lett. liekša `winnowing shovel'; das balt. l- läßt sich not through dissimilation define.

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: nei-1, neiǝ- : nī-

Meaning: to lead

German meaning: `führen'

Material: Old Indian náyati (participle nītá-), av. nayeiti `leads', mpers. nītan `guide, lead, drive, push', Old Indian nīthā f. ` direction, way', nītho, netā `guide, leader', nḗtar-, nētár- m. ds., nētrá- n. ` direction, eye'; mir. nē, nīa `warrior, Held' (*neit-s), Gen. Sg. urir. nētas, air. nīath (*nei-t-os; s. also nei-2); hitt. nāi- `lenken, guide, lead'.

References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hitt. p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nei-2, neiǝ- : nī-

Meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine

German meaning: `lebhaft bewegt sein, erregt sein, glänzen'

Material: Lat. niteō, -ēre `gleams, strahle', nitidus `gleaming', nitor ` radiance ' (from einem participle *ni-tó-); perhaps re-nīdeō `erglänzen' (with präsensbildendem -d(h)-); *nei-bho- in mir. nīab ` vitality ', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-bho- in apers. naiba-, npers. nēw `beautiful, good', air. noīb `holy'; *nei-mā in mir. nīam ` radiance, beauty'; *nei-ko- in mir. nīach m. `Held', nīachus m. `Tapferkeit'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd `ferventness, passion', hispan. Kriegsgott Nētō; air. PN Nīall (Gen.Nēill) from *neit-s-lo-s; steckt perhaps also in air. nīa `Held' (see nei-1); germ. *nīÞa- in got. neiÞ n. `Neid', ags. nīð m. `fight, struggle, hate, enmity', as. afries. nīth `Eifer, hate, Neid', aisl. nīð `Hohn, Schmach'; könnten also to air. nīth n. (idg. *nītu-) `fight, struggle' belong; dubious Old Indian nīla- `schwarzblau', nayanā̆- n. f. `eye', nētra- n. ds.

References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nei-3, ni-

See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nek̂-

Meaning: death, dying; dead person

German meaning: `leibliche Todesvernichtung'

Material: Old Indian naśyati, naśati `geht verloren, verschwindet, vergeht', nāśáyati `makes disappear, richtet zugrunde' (lengthened grade compared with lat. noceō), av. nasyeiti `verschwindet', participle Old Indian naṣṭá- `verlorengegangen', av. našta- ds. (= lat. ē-nectus), nasišta- `verderblichst', nas- f. `need, misfortune' (= lat. nex, gr. νέκ-ταρ, νέκες; Old Indian -naś Adj.), nasu- `corpse, Aas' (= gr. νέκῡς, lat. nequ-ālia; compare *n̥k̂u- in air. éc etc), lengthened grade Old Indian nāśa- m. `das Zunichtewerden'; gr. νέκες νεκροί Hes. (therefrom νεκάς `heap Leichen', example δεκάς), νέκῡς, νεκρός `corpse', νω̃καρ n. ` sluggishness, Todesschlaf'; about νένταρ `Göttertrank' s. Kretschmer Anz. Österr. Akad. 1947, Nr. 4 (to toch. В ñäkt `god'?) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. (`about den Tod hinwegrettend'?); lat. nex, necis f. `death, murder', therefrom dēnicāles fēriae `de nece purgantes', necō, -āre `slay', ē-nectus `erschöpft', whereof ēnectāre `umbringen, torment, smite'; perniciēs `ruin, Untergang', interneciēs, -necium ds.; noceō `schhade', s-Konj. noxit; noxa f. `damage, punishment, Schuld'; nequālia `dētrīmenta' (due to of stem nek̂u-); air. ēc, bret. ankou, corn. ancow, cymr. angeu `death' (*n̥k̂u-); bret. (Vannes) negein `slay', aisl. Nagl-far `Totenschiff'; toch. A näk- `vergehen', В `destroy', Med. `vergehen'; about lat. necesse see under sed-.

References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;

See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.

Page(s): 762

Root / lemma: nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s

Meaning: night

German meaning: `Nacht'

Grammatical information: stem nokʷt- f. (originally neutr.??), nokʷti-, nokʷtu- f., nokʷt(e)r n.

Comments: about Ablautformen see under

Material: Old Indian nák (*nákt) Nom. `night' (nag jihītē), naktā f. Du., naktam Adv. solidified Akk. `nachts', Instr. Pl. naktábhiḥ ds. (Nachahmung from áhabhiḥ), Akk. Pl. náktīḥ `Nächte';

gr. νύξ, νῡκτός f. `night', in compound νυκτι-, νυκτο-, νύκτωρ Adv. `nachts' (*Akk. shaped as ὕδωρ), νυκτερός, νυκτερινός `nächtlich' (: lat. nocturnus); unclear are νύχα νύκτωρ Hes., hom. εἰνάνυχες `neun Nächte hindurch', ἔννυχος `nächtlich', παννύχιος `die ganze night lasting ', αὐτονυχί `in derselben night';

alb. natë `night';

Note:

Clearly alb. geg. notë, tosk. natë, net Pl. 'night' derived from aisl. nōtt, nātt 'night'.

lat. nox, noctis `night' (Gen. Pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in Adv. nox `nachts' from Gen. *nokt-es, -os); nocturnus `nächtlich' (: νυκτερινός, νύκτωρ); vom stem *noktu-: lat.noctū `by night', noctua `Nachteule';

air. i-nnocht `hac nocte', mcymr. peu-noeth `jede night', trannoeth `am consecutive Tage', acymr. henoid, cymr. he-no `hac nocte', corn. haneth, mbret. henoz ds.; cymr. corn. nos, bret. noz `night', probably from *nokt-s u- cymr. neithiwyr, neithwyr (invokes hwyr `evening') `last night', corn. nehues mbret. neyzor, nbr. neizeur ds.;

got. nahts (Dat. Pl. nahtam after dagam), aisl. nōtt, nātt, ahd. as. naht, ags. neaht, niht `night' (conservative stem), ags. nihterne `nächtlich';

lit. naktìs (conservative Gen. Pl. naktū), lett. nakts, apr. naktin (Akk. Sg.) `night', nak(t)v-ýnė `Nachtherberge', nak(t)vóti `übernachten', nãkvinas `zur night herbergend', abg. noštь `night', russ. netopýŕ `Nachtschmetterling, Fledermaus';

hitt. neku- `dämmern'; Gen. ne-ku-uz (nekuz) `night'; toch. A n[a]ktim `nächtlich', В nekciye `abends';

zero grade: Old Indian aktā́ `night' (perhaps n-stem), aktú- m. ` darkness, night, light, ray' (actually `dawn, twilight'), compare in latter meaning got. ūhtwō (: lat. noctū etc), aisl. ōtta, ahd.ūhta (uohta), mhd. ūhte (uohte), as. ūtha f., ags. ūth(a) m. `frühe Morgenzeit', got. ūhteigs `zeitig';

eine other ablaut grade *onkʷt- seems lit. ankstì `frühe', ìš añksto `from früh an', ankstùs Adj. `early, matutinal', apr. angstainai, angsteina Adv. `frühmorgens'.

References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht Idg. Dekl. 11.

Page(s): 762-763

Root / lemma: nĕ1, nē, nei

Meaning: negative particle

German meaning: Satznegation der reinen Verneigung

Comments: (ne einzelsprachlich also Wortnegation geworden)

Material: nĕ: Old Indian ná `not', néd (náid) ds., av. ap. na- `not', av. nōit̃ (= Old Indian néd), Old Indian ná-vā = av.na-va `or not' (compare lat. nē-ve, and genauer air. nō see under); Old Indian naca `and not' (= lat. neque etc);

about ne- in Arm. (nuaɫ `languissant' from *ne-val-, etc) s. Dumézil BSL. 40, 48 f.;

gr. νε- only (as replacement from n̥-) before verbalen, then also other Adj. with dem anlaut ā̆, ē̆, ō̆, with denen es contracted is, e.g. νήκεστος, νηλεής, νώνυμ(ν)ος (thereafter secondary νη- in νήποινος `ungerächt', dor. νά̄ποινος, etc);

lat. nĕ- in ne-fās, ne-sciō (ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, n'unquam, nusquam, nūllus, nōn (*n'oin[om], compare ahd. nhd. nein), ne-que `and not, jedenfalls nicht' (= osk. nep, got. nih, air. na[ch] `not', Old Indian na-ca), osk ne `non, nē'; compare also lat. neg[āre, -ōtium] above S. 418; lat. neu, nē-ve, old neive, nīve `or not';

air. ne-ch `aliquis', cymr. nep `quispiam' (= Old Indian nakis `niemand', but with Abstreifung of negativen Sinnes in Sätzen with wiederholter, but einander nicht aufhebender Negation; derselbe Vorgang in lit. nė̃kas `irgend somewhat', nekurìs `quidam', etc; similarly gelangte ne-u̯e `or not' zur positiven meaning `or' in:) air. nō̆, nū̆, cymr. neu, abret. nou `or', also verbal Stützpartikeln (for Pronomina infixa and das relative -n-) air. no-, nu-, mcymr. neu- as originally formelhaft vorgesetztes `or not?': proklitisches *ne ergab *na (as e.g. ir. ass- `ex') in Vorton in the connection air. na[ch], mcymr. nac (etc) `not' from ne-kʷe with urkelt. Apokope (?) of ausl. -e;

got. ni, ahd. as. ni, ne, ags. ne `not'; aisl. nē̆ in the only poet. meaning `non', during nē in the meaning `neque' = got. nih (gleichbed. with ni geworden) from *ne-kʷe = ahd. nih-ein, as. (with gramm. variation) nig-ēn `not' (but as. nec `and not' = lat. neg-, see above S. 418); ahd. Konjunktion noh `yet' from *neh (*ne-kʷe) or from ne + ahd. ouch `also'; ahd. nein, as. nēn `nein' from *ne + oinom `nicht einer' (see above lat. nōn, nūllus); ags. nā `nie, not, nein', engl. nō `nein' (also aisl. nei `nein' from *ni + aiw = as. ahd. nio `nie');

maybe alb. *nio, jo `no'

apr. ni, lit. ne `not', nė̃kas, nekurìs (see above); aksl. ne `not';

maybe alb. *(*ne-kʷe), nuk `not'

hitt. natta `not', nāwi `noch nicht'.

nē: Old Indian (ved.) nā `not'; lat. nē `not' in nē-quidem, nēquāquam, nēquīquam, nēquam, gekürzt probably in nĕutiquam (but né-uter with old *nĕ, see above), nē Konj. `daß nicht', osk. ni `ne' (ni-p `nēve'), marruc. ni `nē'; air. nī̆, mcymr. ny, ncymr. ni, corn. ny, bret. ne `not' (partly with secondary abridgement); air. nī `is not' is das gewöhnliche nī with ausgelassener copula;

got. nē `nein'.

nei betontes `not': av. naē-čiš `keiner', adv. naēčiš verstärkte Negation; lat. nī, altlat.nei Adv. and Konj. 1. older `not, daß nicht', 2. `si non', quid-nī; osk. nei `not' (nei-p `neque'); got. nei (ἅπ.λεγ.) `not', aisl. nī `nein', ahd. nī emphatisches `not'; lit. niẽ-kas `niemand', neĩ `also not, nicht einmal'; aksl. ni `neque', ni-kъto `niemand'; die germ. forms perhaps but = Old Indian nēd `absolutely not, with it nicht', av. nōit, ap. nay from idg. *ne id `das nicht'; perhaps is idg. nei from *ne + ī (compare οὑτοσ-ί:) to deuten.

n̥- Verneinungspartikel as erstes Glied: Old Indian av. ap. a-, before Vokalen (also i̯, u̯) an-; gr.ἀ-, before vowel ἀν-; lat. in-, oldest en- (die vorkonsonantische form); osk. umbr. an-; air. in- (before Med.), ē- (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), cymr. corn. bret. an-; got. ahd. as. un-, aisl. ō-, ū-; in Bsl. absolutely through ne- verdrängt; about ksl. ne-ję-věrъ `ungläubig', ne-ję-sytь `unersättlich = Pelikan' s. Berneker 429; toch. AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through mehrereSprachen durchgehende equivalent are e.g.: Old Indian amŕ̥ta-, ἄμβροτος, immortālis; Old Indian ájñāta-, ἄγνωτος, arm. ancanaut`, ignōtus, air. ingnad, got. unkunÞs; Old Indian anudrá-, ἄνυδρος, etc

References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 431 f., 2, 590 ff.

Page(s): 756-758

Root / lemma: ne-3, nō-, Plur. nē̆s-, nŏs-

Meaning: we

German meaning: `wir'

Comments: (originally außerhalb of Nominativs; Nom. see under *u̯e)

Material: 1. Old Indian Du. Akk. Dat. Gen. nāu, gthav. Gen. nā, aksl. nā, gr. νώ, hom. νῶι from *νω-Fι (dessen 2. Glied the Nominativst. *u̯e-, *u̯i- is); air. nā(tha)r Gen., got. ugkis, as. unc, anord. okkr `uns both(n)' (unc = *n̥-ge, compare mik from *me-ge).

2. Pluralisch: Old Indian naḥ enklit., av. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō, lat. nōs, alb. na Nom. (*nŏs), ne Gen. Dat. Akk. (*nōs); ir. ni etc (seems *s-nēs), Gen. ar n- (*n̥s-rō-m), cymr. corn. bret. ni, ny `wir' (*nēs), got. ahd. uns, as. ūs, anord. oss `uns' (*n̥s), aksl. nasъ Gen. (*nōs-sōm), apr. nōuson (also);

auf *n̥sme (probably n̥s + particle *sm-, related with dem -sm- the Pron.-Dekl., e.g. Old Indian tá-sm-āt) based on av. ahma (Old Indian asmān, ap. Gen. amāxam) = äol. ἄμμ-, dor. ἁ̄μ-, ion.-att. ἡμ-; Poss. lesb. ἄμμος, dor. ἁ̄μός = av. ahma-, ion.-att. ἡμέτερος) etc; hitt. Dat. Akk. anzāš, enkl. naš `uns'.

References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 600 f.

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nem-1

Meaning: to take; to put in order, count

German meaning: `zuteilen, nehmen' (von the Vorstellung der hingestreckten Hand); von `zuteilen' from `anordnen, rechnen, zählen (Geldwesen)'

Material: Av. nǝmah- n. `Darlehen';

gr. νέμω `divide from, lasse weiden'; later `beherrsche', Med. `teile mir to, fresse, weide', Herod. ἀνα-νέμεσθαι `allot, aufrechnen', νομή `distribution; Weideplatz', νομάς, -άδος `weidend, after Weide wandering ', νομεύς `herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler', νομός `Weide, Wohnsitz', νόμος ` alignment, order', νομίζω `sehe as geltend an', νόμισμα ` custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebräuchliche Geldwährung'; lengthened grade νωμάω `divide to'; νέμεσις `Unwille, göttliche Rache' (*νεμετις, eig. `das Zurechnen'), νεμεσ(σ)άω, -άομαι, -ίζομαι `be angry with, rebuke, reproach', νεμέτωρ `Rächer'; alb. namë, nëme `curse, oath, malediction, imprecation', formal = νόμος; nëmës `the Fluchende, Gotteslästerer'; here also air. nāmae, Gen. nāmait `fiend'?

Daß νέμος n. `Weideplatz' here gehöre, is not ganz certainly; see under nem-2;

lat. numerus `number' (*nomes-o-), nummus `Geld, Münze' (from gr. νόμιμος `gesetzmäßig, ordinary ');

air. nem f., mir. neim `Gift' (compare nhd. Gift : geben 'give');

got. as. ags. niman, ahd. nëman, aisl. nëma `take';

maybe alb. causative nem `give'

lengthened grade got. anda-nēm n. `Empfang', ahd. nāma `gewaltsames Nehmen, Raub'; ags. nām f. `das Ergreifen' from aisl. nām m. `das Nehmen, Lernen'; got. anda-nēms `pleasant', ahd. nāmi `genehm'; lett. n̨emt (contaminated from nemt undjemt) `nehmen'; lit. nãmas, mostly Pl. namaĩ `dwelling, house', lett. nams m. `house'; ablaut. lit. dial. numaĩ `namaĩ' (*n_om-); lit. núoma, lett. nuõma, `interest, rental ' (vowel gradation as gr. νωμάω).

References: WP. II 330 f., WH. II 158 f., Trautmann 193, 201, E. Laroche, La racine νεμ-; E. Benveniste BSL. 32, 79 ff.

Page(s): 763-764

Root / lemma: nem-2

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Old Indian námas- n. = av. nǝmah- n. `Verbeugung = worship, veneration, Huldigung', Old Indian námati `beugt sich, neigt sich, beugt, bends' (Kaus. nāmayati), av. nǝmaiti `beugt sich (weg)' (nāmaiti, Kaus. nāmayeiti), with apa-, frā- `entfliehen'; participle Old Indian natá- ` bent, curved ';

gr. νέμος n. `Weideplatz' = lat. nemus, -oris `Hain', etc; gall. νεμητον `heiliger Hain', PN Nemeto-brigā, VN Nemetes, air. nemed `Heiligtum', then `Privileg, privilegierte person'; asächs. nimidas `sacra silvārum'; lit. FlN Nẽmunas `Niemen' (= `sumpfiger stream'), nẽmuogė `Heidelbeere'; gall. nanto `valle', trinanto `drei Täler', VN Nantuates, cymr. nant `valley, stream, brook' (*nṃ-tu-, compare participle Old Indian natá- from nm̥tó-); savoy. nã `stream, brook'; perhaps here air. nem `sky, heaven'; different above S. 315.

References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Fränkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.

Page(s): 764

Root / lemma: nepōt-

Meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant

German meaning: `Enkel; Neffe'

Grammatical information: fem. neptī-

Comments:

Root / lemma: nepōt- : `uncle; nephew' must have come from the concept of falling, descending meaning `descendant' from Skt. nápāt- (RV+) `descendant, grandson' that from an older Skt. pádyate `go, fall' [verb] see Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : `foot'.

Material: Old Indian nápāt (secondary náptr̥-) `Enkel, Nachkomme', av. napāt-, naptar-, ар. napāt- ds., Old Indian apām napāt, av. apąm napå- n. name of a divinity (` primeval offspring of the waters '); hom. νέποδες (δηοη) `Sprößlinge' from einem N. Sg. *νέπωτς; perhaps here lemnisch-tyrsenisch ναφοθ `Abkömmling, son' (Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266); alb. nip `Enkel, Neffe Grandson, nephew '; lat. nepōs, -tis `Enkelkind, Enkel', later alsoo `Neffe'; altlit. nepotis, nepuotis `Enkel'; ahd. nevo `Neffe, kinsman, relative', ags. nefa `Enkel, Neffe', aisl. nefe `Neffe, kinsman, relative' (*nepōts); mir. nïæ, Gen. nïath `Schwestersohn' (zur form lastly Pokorny ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), cymr. nei, nai ds., corn. noi `Enkel', mbret. ni `Neffe'.

Fem. Old Indian naptī́- `Enkelin, female Nachkomme', av. naptī- `Enkelin';

lat. neptis (for -ti(s) after den ĭ-stem) `Enkelin', later `Nichte'; air. necht, cymr. abret. nith, mbret. niz, corn. noith `Nichte'; ahd. nift `neptis, privigna', nhd. (actually nd.) Nichte, anord. nipt `Schwestertochter, Nichte'; alit. neptė `Enkelin'; russ.-ksl. nestera `Nichte' (*nept-terā).

Weiterbildung *nepti̯o-: av. naptya- `Abkömmling, Nachkomme'; alb. mbesë `Nichte' from *nepōtiā;

Note:

The phonetic shift p > mp > m is a typical alb. but also lat. compare alb. gjumë `sleep', për-gjumësh `sleepy' and lat. somnus `sleep' from a common root su̯opnos ; also compare alb. geg. mesa (*nepōtiā), tosk. mbesa `niece'.

gr. ἀ-νεψιός `Geschwistersohn' (*sm̥-neptii̯os); russ.-ksl. netijь `Neffe'.

Probably as `Unmündiger, Unselbständiger' to ne- and potis.

Note:

In alb. m and n behaved as allophones. Hence the derivative alb. (*nepōs) nip `Grandson, nephew' was created as a contrast to zero grade in alb. (*anpōsa > nposa), mbesa `niece ' where n before p changes into m: np > mb. Albanian language shows that alb. (*npōsa > nposa), mbesa `niece ' is much older than alb. (*nepōs) nip `Grandson, nephew'. Clearly it was of feminine gender not masculine. name of a divinity (` primeval offspring of the waters '); which corresponds to lat. nepos -otis, m. a grandson, a nephew; a descendant; a spendthrift. Neptunus -i, m. Neptune, god of the sea; adj. Neptunius -a -um. neptis -is, f. a granddaughter.

Clearly the oldest forms derived from av. napāt-, naptar-, ар. napāt- (*an- pater) which basically meant: an- 'privative particle' + pater 'father' - hence a niece was not from father's bloodline. Both root words for nephew and niece meant offspring from the mother and were created after the victory of patriarchy.

References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196.

Page(s): 764

Root / lemma: ner-1(t)-, aner- (ǝner-?)

Meaning: vital energy; man

German meaning: 1. ('magische) Lebenskraft'; 2. `Mann'

Material: Old Indian nár- (nā́) `man, person', av. nar- (nā) ds. (Old Indian nara-ḥ, av. nara- after dem Akk. náram, narǝm neologism); Old Indian nárī, av. nāirī `wife, woman' (previously ar. Femininbildung); Old Indian nárya-, av. nairya- `mannhaft, virile': probably also Old Indian sūnára- `voll from vitality, jugendlich', av. hunara- m. `Wundermacht', Old Indian nr̥tú- m. `Held', sūnŕ̥tā ` vitality ' (su- bietet also das Kelt.: air. so-nirt, cymr. hy-nerth `valiant, strong'); osset.-kaukas VN Nart- (iran. *nar-ϑra-);

arm. air, Gen. aṙn `man, person' (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse² 83), aru `virile', whereof arvest, arhest `Kunst'; neuphryg. αναρ `man'; luw. annar ds.;

gr. νωρεῖ ἐνεργεῖ Hes. (: lit. nóras, see under), ἀνήρ, -έρα, ἀνδρός `man', ἠνορέη `Mannhaftigkeit' (Hom.; ἠ- metr. lengthening), ἀνδρεῖος `mannhaft, gamy', εὐ-ήνωρ `rich an vitality ', ἀγ-ήνωρ `gamy', δρ-ώψ ἄνθρωπος (*νρ-ωψ `Mannesantlitz habend'); about ἄνθρωπος `person' (*ἄνδρ-ωπος with secondary Aspiration [?]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 426⁴;

alb. njer `man, person';

Note:

Probably alb. cognate njeriu `man' derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified alb. Pl. njerëz `men, people', njerëzim `humanity' where -os, - us ending has been solidified.

lat. neriōsus `resistens, fortis', Neriō, -iēnis `eine with Mars in Kultverbindung stehende goddess' (`*die Starke'), Nerō, Sabine = `fortis ac strenuus' (Schulze Eigenn. 315, 363, 485; sabin. Nerius stimmt to Old Indian nárya-), osk. Gen. Pl. nerum `vir, procer', umbr. nerf Akk. Pl. `proceres, principes';

cymr. ner `Held', air. ner `boar' (also PN), gall. GN Nerios, air. nert (*ner-to-), cymr. corn. nerth `Mannhaftigkeit, Heer', bret. nerz ` power ', gall. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus etc, air. nertaim `I stärke', cymr. nerthu `stärken, unterstützen', bret. nerza `festigen'; air. nār (*nōro-) `edel, großherzig', gall. GN Nāria f.; about air. nār `bescheiden' s. S. 754;

agerm. Nerthus, eine goddess, aisl. Njǫrðr m. Göttername; lit. nóras m. `volition', nóriu, norė́ti `wollen', apr. PN Nor-mans, ablaut. Ner-man; lit. nértėti, ablaut. nartìnti `be angry with', į-nir̃tęs `ergrimmt', nar̃tsas m. (*nar̃-sa-s) `boldness, rage, fury', narsùs `fierce, grim'; apr. nertien Akk. `rage, fury', er-nertimai `wir erzürnen'; slav. *norvъ m. in aksl. nravъ `custom', etc;

gr. hom. νῶροψ χαλκός after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. `Erz from Noricum', also not here; after Kuiper `voll from vitality '.

References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.

Page(s): 765

Root / lemma: ner-2

Meaning: under

German meaning: `under'

Material: Gr. νέρτερος `unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer' (through hybridization with ἔνεροι `die Unterirdischen', s. S. 312 *en `in', also ἐνέρτερος); νέρθε(ν) (and again ἔνερθε(ν), dor. äol. ἔνερθα) `from under'; νειρός `the Unterste' (*neri̯o-); osk. nertrak `a sinistra', umbr. nertru `sinistro' (= νέρτερος); zero grade aisl. norðr n. `Norden', ags. norðerra `mehr nördlich', ahd. nordrōni `nördlich'(Norden is by the Richtung of Betenden after Osten = links);

possible Verwandtschaft from n-er- with *n-ei- `nieder' (see 312).

Maybe alb. geg. nër, alb. ndër `under' [common alb. n > nd shift]

References: WP. II 333 f.

Page(s): 765-766

Root / lemma: ner-3

Meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow

German meaning: `eindringen, untertauchen, Versteck, Höhle'

Material: Gesichert only for the Balt.-Slav.: lit. neriù, nérti `(under)tauchen, durchschwimmen, flee, einschlüpfen', nerìs m. `beaver', nãras m. `Taucherente', narvà `Zelle the Bienenkönigin', lett. nìrt, nirdât ` submerge '; aksl. nьrǫ, nrěti `penetrate', sloven. po-ndrẹ́ti ` submerge ', klr. po-nerty `dive', aksl. nora `φωλεός, latibulum', russ. norá `hole, cave, pit, pothole', aruss. po-norovъ `Erdwurm', serb. nòrac `Taucher'; auf einer zero grade *nъr- (*n_or- to idg. *nor-) based on slav. nyr-, nur- in russ.-aksl. nyrjati, `se immergere', nura `janua' (etc); here probably die FlN apr. Narus, lit. Nar̃-upe, illyr. Νάρων `Narenta' = schott.-gael. Abhainn Narunn `Nairn'; lit. Nerìs, Nerỹs, Neretà, apr. Neria `Nehrung', russ. Neretva (to Bug).

References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;

See also: perhaps to ner-2.

Page(s): 766

Root / lemma: nes-

Meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself

German meaning: `sich vereinigen, geborgen sein'

Material: Old Indian násatē `gesellt sich to, vereinigt sich with jemand', redupl. unthematisch níṁsatē 3. Pl. `sie berühren nahe with dem Körper, kiss' (*ni-ns-atē), participle níṁs-āna- (old Deponentien); GNNā́satyau m. Dual. `die beiden Nothelfer', urind. Našattia, av. Nā̊ŋhaiϑya-, compare H. Güntert, Weltkönig 259;

zero grade Old Indian ásta-, av. asta- n. `homeland, domicile'; gr. νέομαι, ion. νεῦμαι `komme lucky an, kehre heim', Νέστωρ eig. `the immer Wiederkehrende', νόστος m. `Heimkehr', redupl. ep. νί̄σομαι `νέομαι' (*νι-νσ-ομαι with preservation of -σ- after unthematic forms as 2. 3. Sg. *νι-νσ-σαι, -ται); reduced grade ναίω, Fut. νάσσομαι `stay, dwell, bewohne', ναιετάω `stay, dwell, bewohne; bewohnt sein'; *νασ-Fός: dor. thess. νᾱός, lak. νᾱFος, lesb. ναῦος (i.e. νάFFος), ion. νηός, att. νεώς m. `(Götterwohnung =) Tempel, Heiligtum'; zero grade ἄσμενος `gerettet, geborgen'; alb. knelem `erhole mich, werde again lebendig' (prefix k- + *nes-lo-); got. ga-nisan `gerettet become, genesen', ahd. as. gi-nesan ds., ags. ge-nesan `gerettet become, entkommen, überleben', got. ga-nists, ahd. as. gi-nist `Genesung, salvation'; Kaus. got. nasjan `fit, healthy make', ahd. nerian, nerren `retten, heal, cure, nähren', as. nerian, ags. nerian `retten, schützen' (besides with ē, ō: aisl. nǣra and nø̄ra `beleben, erfrischen, nähren', schwed. dial. nöra `fire anmachen'); aisl. aldr-nari m. `(Lebenserhalter =) fire', as. līf-nara f. `nourishment, food', ags. neru f. `Rettung, nourishment, food', ahd. nerī, nara f. `Rettung, nourishment, food'; latter meaning also in ahd. wega-nest, -nist n. `Reisekost', ags. nest n. `nourishment, food', aisl. nest n. `Wegzehrung, nourishment, food'; toch. A nas-, В nes- `sein'; A naṣu- `friend'.

References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wörter, 191 ff.

Page(s): 766-767

Root / lemma: neu-dh-

Meaning: to yearn for smth.

German meaning: `begehren, gelüsten'

Material: Ahd. niot `Begierde', mhd. nietlīche `with desire, with Eifer', nhd. niedlich, as. niud m. `desire, Begier', ags. nīed, nēod f. `Wunsch, Sehnsucht, Eifer'; got. PN Neudis (*Niudeis); lit. pa-nústu, -núdau, -nústi `whereupon Gelüste habben, sich whereupon sehnen'.

References: WP. II 326.

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-d-

Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

German meaning: `Erstrebtes ergreifen, in Nutzung nehmen'

Material: Got. niutan `τυχεῖν, erreichen', ga-niutan `ergreifen, catch', nuta `Fänger, Fischer', aisl. njōta `benutzen, genießen', ahd. niozan `somewhat an sich nehmen, benutzen, genießen', as. niotan, ags. nēotan ds.; got. un-nuts `unnütz', ahd. nuzzi, as. nutti, ags. nytt `wherefore nütze' (zero grade aisl. nȳtr); ags. nyttian `need, lack, genießen', ahd. nuzzen, nuzzōn, nhd. nützen, nutzen; aisl. nyt f. `benefit, milk' (nytja `milk'), ags. nytt f., mnd. nutte, nut `benefit', ahd. nuz, -zzes m. `Nutz', ags. notu f. `yield'; aisl. naut n. `Stück Vieh', nautr m. `wertvoller appanage ', ags. nēat n. `Stück Rindvieh, animal', ahd. nōz m. `(Nutz)vieh', as. notil n. `small cattle' (ksl. nuta `Vieh' from dem Germ.); ahd. ganōz, -o `comrade', as. genōt, ags. genēat, aisl. nautr ds.;

lit. naudà `benefit, profit, gain, property', naũdyti `begehren', lett. nàûda `Geld';

perhaps air. Nuado, Gen. Nuadat GN, cymr. Nudd GN, abrit.-lat. Dat. Nōdonti, Nōdenti GN (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually `Angler, Fischer' after Vendryes RC. 39, 384.

References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 337⁹;

See also: to Folgenden (neu-dh-)

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s-

Meaning: to sniff, smell

German meaning: `wittern, schnüffeln', from which `aufspüren, auskundschaften'

Material: Got. bi-niuhsian `auskundschaften', niuhseins `Heimsuchung', perhaps to aisl. nȳsa `wittern, snuffle, sniff, spähen', njōsn f. ` tidings, Suche', ahd. niusen `versuchen' (to alteration from -hs- to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc;

neus- in: ags. nēosian, nīosan, as. niusian, niusōn `untersuchen, nachspüren'; in addition ags. nosu, engl. nose, ndl. neus `nose', norw. nosa `wittern', nūs `smell, odor, Witterung', nuska `suchen', nhd. nüschen `with the Schnauze wühlen', engl. nuzzle, ndl. neuzelen `snuffle, sniff', mnd. noster(en), nüster(en) `Nüster'; russ. njúchatь `snuffle, sniff, smell', serb. njušiti `snuffle, sniff'.

Maybe alb. (*njúchatь) nuhat, nuhas `snuffle, sniff, smell', through metathesis derived alb. geg. (*nuhas) huna, tosk. hunda `nose' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation]

Clearly Root / lemma: nas- : `nose' derived from Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- : `to sniff, smell' while both nas- : `nose', neu-ks-, neu-s- : `to sniff, smell' are zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : `to breathe'

References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.

Page(s): 768-769

Root / lemma: neuk-

Meaning: dark, indistinct

German meaning: `dunkel, undeutlich, von Gesichts- and Gehörseindrücken'?

Material: Lat. nuscitiōsus `qui propter oculorum vitium parum videret', next to which with l- (after lux, lūcēre?) luscus `blinzelnd; blödsichtig; einäugig', luscīnus `geblendet', lusciōsus, luscītiōsus `nachtblind'; lit. niūksóti `dark emporragen', niūkiù, niũkti `din, drone, dull sound, clink', apsi-niáukti `sich bewölken', lett. apn̨auktiês ds.

References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-1

Meaning: to call, to praise

German meaning: `rufen, preisen'?

Material: Old Indian navatē, nāuti ` sounds, jubelt, preist', air. nūall (*neu-slo-) n. `shriek, din, fuss, noise, proclamation '; perhaps lat. nūntium `Botschaft' (*nou̯ention).

References: WP. II 323, WH. II 188 f.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: neu-2

Meaning: to make a push; to nod

German meaning: `einen Ruck machen or Stoß geben', especially (europ.) `nicken, winken'

Material: Old Indian návatē, nāuti `wendet sich, bewegt sich', nāvayati `wendet, kehrt', as d-present probably nudáti `stößt fort, rückt'; gr. νεύω `nicke, winke' (*νεύσω), νεῦμα `Wink', νευστάζω `nicke'; lat. nuō, -ere `nicken, winken, sich neigen', nūtō, -āre `sich hin and her neigen, waver, wobble', nūtus, -ūs `das sich Neigen, Wink, command, order', nūmen `Wink, volition, Geheiß, esp. göttliches' (*neu-men, or as *neu-smen = gr. νευμα from *νευσ-μα with hier indeed wurzelhaftem σ); air. nóïd `makes bekannt', *ate-no- `entrust', Verbalnomen aithne `depositum' = cymr. adnau ds.;

with formant. -r(o)- russ. (etc) ponúryj (*neu-ro-) `gesenkt (vom Kopfe), niedergeschlagen (from den Augen)'; with the meaning `stupfen' presumably gr. νυρεῖ νύσσει, νυρῶν νύσσων, ξύων Hes., and (?) lit. niùrkyti `press, squeeze';

with g-Weiterbildung: gr. νύσσω, att. νύττω `steche, pricke', νύγω Hes., Pass. Perf. νένυγμαι, participle present νυγείς; with intensive intensification νυκχάζω νύσσω Hes., mnd. nuck(e) `plötzlicher shove, Tücke', md. nucken `einnicken', mhd. ent-nucken ds., perhaps also aksl. n(j)ukati `ermuntern'.

References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 717⁴.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: neu̯os, -i̯os

Meaning: new

German meaning: `neu'

Material: Old Indian náva-, av. nava- `neu', Kompar. navatara- (: gr. νεώτερος), gr. νέ(F)ος, lat. novus, osk. Núvlanúis `Nōlānīs' (from *Núvelā = lat. Nōla), alit. navas, apr. neuwenen certain Nom. Sg. n. (*nawanjan; apr. nauns probably after jauns ` young '), abg. novъ `neu'; -i̯o-form Old Indian návya-, ion. νεῖος, gall. Nevio-, Novio-dūnum (`Neuen-burg'), air. nūë, cymr. newydd, abret. nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, got. niujis, aisl. nȳr, ahd. as. niuwi, ags. nīwe, nēowe, lit. naũjas `neu'; toch. А ñu, В ñune ds., hitt. neu̯a- ds.; with -ro-forms gr. νε(F)αρός, arm. nor `neu' (*nou̯ero-), lat. nover-ca `Stiefmutter';

Maybe truncated alb. (*nou̯ero-) re (fem.), ri (masc.) `new'.

gr. νεάω = lat. novāre `erneuen' (therefrom novālis `ein farmland, the zum ersten Male or after einjähriger Ruhe gepflügt wird'; forms as in aequālis, also `junges Alter habend'); νεότης = lat. novitās `Neuheit'; Feminina with ī- besides ā-suffix (see Specht Idg. Dekl.323 f.) liegen consecutive formations the basic: lat. novīcius `neu, Neuling'; russ. novíkъ `Neuling'; gr. νέᾱξ `young Kerl'; ksl. novakъ `Neuling'; but νεᾱνίᾱς ` youngling ' from νεFο-αν- `young Atmender'; νεοχμός `neu' see above S. 414.

References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.

See also: Changing through ablaut nū̆ `nun' see there; s. also *e-neu̯en `neun'.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nēik- : nīk- : nik-

Meaning: to attack; to fight, rail

German meaning: `anfallen, losstürzen, heftig beginnen'

Material: Gr. νεῖκος n. `quarrel, fight', νεικέω `zanke, streite, schelte', perhaps also νί̄κη, dor. νῑκᾱ f. `victory', νῑκάω `siege'; kelt. (?) FlN Nicros `Neckar'; ags. ge-nǣstan `quarrel'(*naihstian?); bsl. *ninkō `begins violent' in lit. -ninkù, -nìkti ds., lett. nikns `angry, irate', ablaut. naîks `violent', lit. dial. neikom `very', apr. neikaut `wandeln', slav. *niknǫ, *niknǫti in aksl. vъz-niknǫti `again to sich kommen', russ.-ksl. niknuti `hervorwachsen', etc

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 186 f., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 213.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: nē-tr..., nǝ-tr...

Meaning: snake

German meaning: `Schlange, Natter'

Material: Lat. natrix, -icis m. f. `water snake, penis' = air. nathir, Gen. nathrach `natrix, serpens'; cymr. neidr `snake' (*natrī), Pl., nadroedd, corn. nader, mbr. azr, br. aer ds., abret. natrol-ion `Basilisken' (Pl. eines Adj. `sich auf die Schlange beziehend'); got. nadrē Gen. Pl., aisl. naðr m., naðra f. `Natter'; with ē ags. nǣddre, as. nādra, ahd. nātara, nātra f. `Natter' (*nē-trā).

References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;

See also: probably as `die sich Windende', zur root (s)nē-.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: ni-, nei-

See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: niz-do-

German meaning: `Nest'

See also: see under sed-.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nogʷo- or nagʷo-

Meaning: tree

German meaning: `Baum'?

Material: Old Indian naga- m. `tree, mountain'; aisl. nǫkkui m., ahd. nahho, as. naco, ags. naca `Nachen, dugout canoe'.

References: WP. II 340.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no-

Meaning: naked

German meaning: `nackt'

Comments: often tabuistisch entstellt

Material: Anord. nøkkva `naked make'; lengthened grade lit. núogas, lett. dial. nuôgs, aksl. nagъ `naked';

with Dentalformantien: lat. nūdus `naked' from *nogʷed(h)os or *nogʷod(h)os = got. naqaÞs (-d-), anord. nøkkuiðr (also nǫktr), next to which aschwed. nakuÞer, ags. nacod, ahd. nackut, nachut, nhd. nackt; air. nocht, cymr. etc noeth `naked' (*nogʷ-to-s);

with formants -no-: Old Indian nagná- `naked', av. maɣna- ds. (m- through dissimilation, die Vorstufe from westosset. bäɣnäɣ); arm. merk `naked'; hieher also gr. γυμνός, by Hes. λυμνός (for *νυμνός) and ἀπολύγματος ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι; aisl. nakinn, afries. naken `naked' (k instead of nord. ku̯ point at auf rearrangement from *nak(u̯)-na- after den participle auf -inn); hitt. neku-manza `naked'.

References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht Idg. Dekl. 251.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nokʷ-(t)-

See also: s. nekʷ-(t)-.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: no-

German meaning: Pronominalstamm

See also: see above S. 320, eno-.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nōmn̥

See also: s. enomn̥.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nōt-, nǝt-

Meaning: back, behind

German meaning: `Hinterbacke, Hinterer, Rücken'?

Material: Gr. νῶτος, νῶτον `back', changing through ablaut with lat. nătis f., mostly Pl. natēs `buttock, backside'?

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 146.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nū̆-

Meaning: now

German meaning: `nun' and ähnliche Formen

Material: Old Indian nú, nū́, av. nū `nun', Old Indian nū́tana- `jetzig, young, neu', nūnám `now, yet, nun' (as lit. nūnaĩ, aksl. nyně probably adv. solidified case eines Adj. *nū-no- `jetzig'), av. nūrǝm, nūrąm, ap. nūram ds. (after āparǝm `künftig' shaped?); gr. νῦ, νῠ̄ν, νῦν `now, yet' (latter probably from *nū̆-m =) lat. num `nun noch, noch jetzt', then pad for Fragen, etiamnum `noch immer', nunc `now, yet, nun' (*num-ce) = hitt. ki-nun ds., nū-per `neulich, before kurzem; before Zeiten', next to which nu- still in nu-diūs tertius `*nun is the dritte day' (about air. nu-, no-, mcymr. neu Verbal-particle, see under ne `not'); got. nu (nū?), aisl. ahd. ags. nū̆ `now, yet, nun', mhd. nhd. nū̆, previously seit spätmhd. time also nū̆n; lit. nù, lett. nu `nun', apr. in tei-nu `nunmehr', lit. nūnaĩ `nun' (see above); abg. nъ `but', nyně `nun' (see above); toch. А nu В no enkl. `but, denn'; hitt. nu (satzeinleitende particle); ki-nun `now, yet', nū-wa `still', nu-kwit `numquid'; got. naúh `still', afries. noch, as. ahd. noh Adverb `still, also now, yet' from *nu-kʷe; about die Konjunktion `( neither - ) noch' see above S. 757 under ne1.

Idg. nū̆ is probably zero grade to neu̯o- `neu', compare Old Indian nūtane- `jetzig' and `neu', gr. νέον τι `eben, neulich', ahd. niwes (adv. Gen.), lit. naujaĩ `fresh, neulich'.

Maybe alb. ta-ni `now' which derived from apr. in tei-nu

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: n̥dhos, n̥dheri

Meaning: under

German meaning: `under'

Material: Old Indian adháḥ `under' (as preposition m. Akk. under Gen.), av. adǝ̄ `under', arm. ǝnd (m. Instr.) `under', aisl. and ds., toch. А añč `under, after under' (?);

av. aδairi `under, unterhalb', got. undar etc, ahd. untar and untari `under', neologism after idg. *uperi (Old Indian upari etc `about');

Old Indian ádhara-, av. aδara- `the untere', lat. īnferus ds. (*enferos, idg. *n̥dheros), īnfernus ds.(after supernus), infrā `unterhalb' (*inferād) with Anlautsbehandlung of -dh-; gr. ἀθερο- steckt perhaps in ἀθερίζω `verachte' (compare Old Indian adharīṇa- `verachtet'); got. undaro preposition `under' (Abl. auf -ōd) = Old Indian Adv. ádharāt `under';

Old Indian adhamá- `the unterste' = lat. īnfimus ds.

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht Idg. Dekl. 259¹.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: n̥si-s

Meaning: sword

German meaning: `Schwert'

Comments: only Aryan and italisch

Material: Old Indian así- m. `sword, Schlachtmesser'; av. aŋhū- f. ds.; lat. ēnsis `sword'.

References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: n̥si-

Meaning: dirt, black

German meaning: `schmutzfabrig; Schmutz, Schlamm'

Material: Old Indian ási-ta-, fem. ási-knī ` swart, black'; gr. ἄσις `slime, mud (eines Flusses)', ἄσιος `muddy'.

References: WP. I 324, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 116 f.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: obhel-

Meaning: to sweep; to multiply

German meaning: `fegen' and `vermehren'

Comments: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. avelum `I fege' (aṙ-avelum `I vermehre': aveli `mehr'), gr. ὀφέλλω `fege' and `vermehre', ὄφελμα ` besom ' and `benefit, advantage', ὄφελτρον ` besom ' Hes., ὀφελτρέυω `fege'; ὄφελος `benefit', ὠφελέω `nütze'.

References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Wörter 120 ff.

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: obhi-

See also: see above S. 287 (ebhi-).

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: od-1

Meaning: to smell

German meaning: `riechen'

Material: Arm. hot `Duft, smell, odor' (sek. o-stem), hotim `rieche', hototim `wittere';

gr. ὄζω `rieche, dufte' (*ὄδι̯-ω, with lat. olēre under einer extension basis *odēi- compatible), ὄδωδα, hom. etc ὀδμή, dor. ὀδμά:, att. ὀσμή `Duft, smell, odor' (*οδ-μᾱ), δυς-, εὐ-ώδης `evil-, wohlriechend', ὀσ-φραίνομαι `rieche, wittere' with *οδσ- (: lat. odor) as erstem Gliede; alb. amë ` unpleasant smell, odor' (*odmā = ὀδμή); lat. odor `smell, odor', odefaciō, ol(e)faciō `rieche, wittere', oleō, -ēre `smell, stink' (`sabin' l = d perhaps tight, firm geworden through Anlehnung an oleum); schwed. os `smell, odor, erstickendes Gas', norw. dän. os (*ōd-s-o-) `haze, mist, erstickender vapor', aisl. spān-ōsa `neu, neu hergestellt' (vom ship etc), actually: `after chip, splinter smelling ';

lit. úodžiu, úosti `smell' (*ōdi̯ō), lett. uôžu, uôst `smell', lit. úostyti `herumriechen, snuffle, sniff' = lett. uôstît (and uôkstît ds.; with the same parasitischen k lit. úoksauti `unaufhörlich lauern' under likewise); ačech. jadati `forschen, untersuchen' (`*ausschnüffeln').

References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.

See also: see also od-2 ` repulsion'; about gall. odocos s. S. 289.

Page(s): 772-773

Root / lemma: od-2

Meaning: disgust, hate

German meaning: `Widerwille, Haß'

Material: Arm. ateam `I hasse', ateli ` detested, feindlich';

gr. ὀδυς- (as *οδ-υδ- das participle Perf. enthaltend) in οὐδύεται ἐρίζεται Hes. (οὐ- metr. lengthening for ὀ-), ὀδώδυσται, ὠδυσάμην, ὀδύσσασθαι, ὀδυσθῆναι `be angry with, grollen'; lat. ōdī `empfinde Widerwillen, hasse', ŏdium `natürlicher repulsion, hate'; ags. atol, aisl. atall `dirus, atrox'; hitt. ḫatukiš `terrible, dreadful';

as ` repulsion infolge Geruches' perhaps to od-1 `smell'.

References: WP. I 174 f., WH. II 202 f.

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: oid-

Meaning: to swell; strong

German meaning: `schwellen'

Material: Old Indian índra- `strong', also GN 'Indra-, urind. (mitanni) Indar = av. GN Indra-; Old Indian indriyám n. ` power, fortune'; perhaps also índu- m. `drip' (originally `Sehwellung, ball');

arm. ait (i-stem) `cheek', aitnum `I swell' (*oid-nu-mi), aitumn `swelling, lump, growth';

gr. οἰδάω, οἰδέω `swell', οἶδος n. `swelling, lump, growth', οἴδᾱξ `unreife Feige', oἶδμα `Aufschwellung, Schwall of Meeres', Οἰδί-πους `Schwellfuß';

ahd. eiz, nhd. dial. Eis `Eiterbeule, ulcer', and as Bezeichnung from deren giftigem Inhalt ahd. eitar, ags. āt(t)or, aisl. eitr `Eiter' (aisl. also figurative `fury, bitter sense, mind', ostfries. eitel `angry, irate, frenzied '); aisl. eitill m. `Einschluß in einem Stein', norw.eitel `Drüse, Knorren am tree, Knoten, bud' (= mhd. eizel `small eiterndes ulcer'); aisl. eista `testicle' (*oid-s-to(n)-, from the zero grade of es-stem: gr. οἶδος); perhaps also ags. āte, engl. oat `Hafer'; lett. idra `das faule Mark eines Baumes'; with slav. *ĕ-, *ja- from oi- probably abg. -ědro, jadro (etc) `sinus; velum, sail', poln. kaschub. also `Netz' (basic meaning `swelling');

aksl. jadъ ` poison ' (*oidos), slov. jàditi `anger', serb. ijèditi `erzürnen'; lit. aidinti `stir, tease, irritate' and aksl. isto, Pl. istesa `testicle, kidney' from schwundstufigem *id-s-to-, next to which*oid-s-to- (: aisl. eista) perhaps in aruss. jestesě n. Du. `testicles', if with it *ěstesě gemeint is; nasalized *ind-ro to *ęd- (jęd-) in slav. *jędro, *jędrъ: aksl. jędro `quick, fast' (from `*strong' = `*swollen'), serb. jédar `full, strong, fresh, strong' and r.-ksl. jadro `nucleus, testiculus', russ. jadrovítyj `kernig, strong', jádrica `Gersten-, Hafergrütze', poln. jądro `Kern; Pl. testicles', jędrny `kernig, strong, rüstig';

in addition die balt. FlN Indus, Indura, Indra, Indrajà and Indrica, also die Innerste, NFl the Leine (Hildesheim), old Indrista (probably ven.-illyr.).

References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, Güntert Weltkönig 13 f., Machek KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oi-no-, oi-u̯o-

See also: see above S. 286 (e-).

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oiu̯ā

See also: see above S. 297 (ei-).

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: ok-

Meaning: to think over

German meaning: `überlegen'

Material: Gr. ὄκνος `Bedenklichkeit, Zaudern', ὀκνέω `zaudere', ὀκνηρός `saumselig';

got. aha `sense, mind, Verstand', ahjan `believe, mean', ahma m. `ghost'; ahaks `Taube' (as Seelenvogel); ahd. ahta `Beachtung, Aufmerken' (nhd. achtgeben), ags. eaht f. `Überlegung, Beratung, Schätzung', ahd. as. ahtōn, ags. eahtian `consider, beachten, schätzen', nhd. achten, beachten, aisl. ǣtla (*ahtilōn) `mean, denken, intend, mean, aim'.

References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 211 to okʷ-.

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u)

Meaning: eight

German meaning: `acht'

Material: Old Indian aṣṭā́, aṣṭā́u (besides aśītí- f. `achtzig'), av. ašta to av. ašti- `Breite from vier Fingern' (to Sg. *ašta-), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; arm. ut` (probably from *optō with from the Sieben übernommenem p); gr. ὀκτώ; alb. tetë (*ok̂tō-t-); compare maked. Otto-lobus `8 hüglig'; lat. octō;air. ocht n- (Nasalwirkung after secht n- and nōi n-); cymr. wyth, ncorn. eath, bret. eiz (*ochtī, older -ū from -ō); got. ahtau, aisl. ātta, ahd. as. ahto, ags. eahta; lit. aštuo-nì; aksl. osmь (after dem ordinals оsmъ reshaped); toch. В okt, A okät.

ordinals: lat. octāvus (compare also osk. Uhtavis `Oktavius') probably from *octōu̯os; aphryg. οτυFοι Fετει `in 8. years' (*ok̂tōu̯oi u̯etesi); gr. ion. att. ὄγδο(F)ος (ὁ after ἕβδομος), verbaut in ὀγδοήκοντα (hom. to ὀγδώκοντα reshaped after ὀκτώ), compare lat. octuāgintā `80', das einstigeVorbild from septuāginta and in very later time after latter again neu aufgekommen; after dem ordinals to septm̥ (and dek̂m̥) gerichtet haben sich Old Indian aṣṭamá-, av. aštǝma-, gall. oxtumetos, air.ochtmad, cymr. wythfed, lit. ãšmas, apr. asman (Akk.), aksl. osmъ (ok̂tmo-); compare toch. A oktänt, В oktante `the achte'.

An other Übereinstimmungen are to name ved. aṣṭā́daśa- 18, av. aštadase- `the 18.', gr. ὀκτω(καί)δεκα, lat. octōdecim, ahd. ahtozehan 18; gr. ὀκτακόσιοι, lat. octingentī `800'.

References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.

Page(s): 775

Root / lemma: okʷ-

Meaning: to see; eye

German meaning: `sehen'

Comments: besides ok-, see there

Material: Arisch außerhalb the compounds only forms vom stem *okʷÞ- (worauf partly the i- and n-stem geschichtet is):

Old Indian ákṣi n. `eye' (this i-stem ved. only Nom. Akk. Sg. and in compounds, akṣi-pát `ein wenig', nachved. also in den bh-case and in Lok. Pl.), Gen. Sg. akṣ-ṇ-áḥ etc, Nom. Du. akṣī́ = av. aši `die (beiden) Augen' (compare *okʷī ds. in lit. akì, abg. oči and as base from arm. ač̣-k` and gr. ὄσσε), formation vom conservative stem *akṣ-; this stem akṣ- also in ved. an-ák `blind'; av. aši for *axšī after uši `ears', compare av. aiwy-āxšayeinti `sie beaufsichtigen', aiwyāxštar- `Aufseher'; redupl. Old Indian ī́kṣatē `sieht' (idg. *īkʷ- from *i-_okʷ-); akṣá- m. `dice, cube', i.e. `with Augen versehen';kṣaṇa- m. n. `Augenblick' (seems from einem Lok. *[a]kṣán grown); not übergewuchert is the Þ-stem in die verdunkelten compounds Old Indian prátīka- `zugewandt, entgegengesetzt', n. `Antlitz' (: πρόσ-ωπον), ánīka- n. `das Zugekehrte, Vorderseite', av. ainīka- m. `Antlitz' (*proti, *eni + _okʷ-; compare slav. nicь under *ni- `nieder'), ghr̥tā́cī f. `fettig (aussehend); Opferlöffel', śvitīcī́ f. `gleaming';

also alb. geg. ag-u, alb. tosk. agim-i [m] (tg): `dawn, early morning; black mark round the eyes' compared to gr. αὐγή `day-light, splendor', Other Alb. forms: agull [m] (g) `alba, aurora' {1}, Other cognates: Lith. akìs `eye'; OCS oči [NomAccdn] `eyes'; Lat. oculus [m] `eye'; Gr. ὄσσε [NomAccdn] `eyes'

It has been suggested that, according to the most probable interpretation of the development of *g^w, the stressed e-grade *ag̲^wén- yielded *aw-en- (Lehmann s.v. augo, POK 777). The sequences *aw-(-én-) and *ag-(-ōn-/-on-) occurred in one paradigm, which yielded *aug-/ag- due to contamination of two stems. Later, *aug- was generalised. Influence of *from-en- `ear' (Goth. auso) is also held responsible for the spread (or even rise) of *au in `eye', cf. also Av. aši `eyes' for **axši after uši `ears'.

alb. (*auge) agu ‘dawn, darkness, bad eyesight’ is the oldest IE cognate related to Old Frisian: age ‘eye’, subst. n. OFris. also āg, āch, ōge

Apocope yielded āg (Steller 43). Final devoicing yielded āch. The form ōge must be a loan; it shows the non-Ingveonic monophthongisation of *au > ō, cf. Mod.

Du. oog.

Proto-Frisian: *āgi

Germanic cognates: Goth. augo, ON auga, OE ēage, OS ōge, OHG ouga, MHG ouge, MLG ōge, MDunder oghe

All forms unambiguously point to a neuter n-stem containing the diphthong *au, which is problematic in view of the IE evidence (see below). The diphthong is absent in Gmc. cognate forms:

*ag^w- > *ag- in OHG ac-siuni feat, dead, act. `appearances' (with *-g- > -k- <c> before voiceless -s-; NB in glosses also auc-siuno `evidenter' with diphthong;

*ag^w- > *aw- (regular development before [stressed?] palatal vowels, i.e. *ag^wí-): OHG awi-zoraht `openly', OE ēawis < *ēaw-wīs `apparently', apparently also in OFRis. ā-, aubere `public' (q.v.), auwia, āwia `show' Overview of the evidence in Lehmann (s.v. augo), POK 776-7.

Comments on Indo-European reconstruction: Skt. án-ak `blind' ákṣi- `eye' *h₃ek-ti- (?), Gr. dual ósse < *h₃e/ok^w-i-h₁ `(two) eyes', ōps < *h₃ōk^w-s `face', Lat. oculus < *h₃e/ok^w-el-os `eye', Lith akìs `eye'.

arm. (with expressive Geminata) akn, Gen. akan `eye, aperture, hole' (n-stem), Nom. Pl. ač̣-k` pluralisiert from dem Nom. Du. *okʷi;

gr. ὄσσε Nom. Du. `Augen' (*okʷi̯e for *okʷī), att. *ὄττε, whereof τριοττίς `Halsschmuck with drei gläsernen Augen'; ὄσσομαι `sehe (geistig), ahne', att. ὀττεύομαι `ahne, dread'; ὄψομαι `I werde sehen', ὄπωπα `have seen'; ὀπῑπεύω `gaffe after', παρθενοπί̄πης `Mädchengaffer' with redupliz. root ὀπ (ι + οπ > ῑπ-); ὄμμα `eye' (*ὄπ-μn̥), ὀφθ-αλ-μός `eye' (*okʷÞh- with expressive Aspirata?); without Aspirata böot. ὄκταλλος; with (after ὀπός etc) analogischem π; lak. ὀπτίλος, epidaur. ὀπτίλλος; similarly behaves ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν to lesb. ὄππατα `ὄμματα' (probably with expressive Geminata); ὀπή `Lücke, aperture ' (ἐνόπαι f. Pl. `Ohrringe' under likewise, πολυ-ωπός `Netze with vielen apertures or Maschen'); lengthened grade ὤψ `face'; πρόσωπον `Antlitz', μέτωπον `forehead', Κύκλ-ωψ, βο-ῶπις under likewise; μύ-ωψ `kurzsichtig'; besides αἶθ-οψ under likewise with Kürze (comparable lat. atr-ōx, fer-ōx); perhaps gr. ὄπις `ehrfürchtige Scheu; punishment, Vergeltung', eig. `animadversio'?; ἴψαο `du hast zurechtgewiesen, bestraft', ἐν-ιπή `tadelnde, rügende Anrede', ἐνί̄σσω (geneuert = renamed, has changed?? ἐνί̄πτω), Aor. ἠνί̄παπον and ἐνένῑπον `rebuke, reproach, rügen, ahnden, tätlich zurechtweisen' (idg. *īkʷ- from redupl. *i-_okʷ, compare Old Indian ī́kṣatē);

alb. sü `eye' (: lit. akìs);

Note:

Alb. definitive forms are older than indefinite forms. Therefore alb. geg süni `eye' : arm. (with expressive Geminata) akn, Gen. akan `eye'. Clearly alb. süni `eye' is a zero grade of proto alb. *asʷni `eye' : Avestan: LAv. aši `eye', gr. ὄσσε Nom. Du. `eyes', as all derived from a satem root *hesʷni while Germanic cognates derived from a centum root *hekʷni. The old laryngeal has been preserved only in gr. ὄσσε Nom. Du. `eyes'

Comments:

hitt. šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes', šakuu̯āi- `see' : alb. (*sekʷo-) šikoj, shikoj `see, care, follow', abbreviated shoh `see'. Hence Hittite šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes ': Scottish sùil `a look, expectation, orifice'.

Hitt. and alb. prove that Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye' derived from Root / lemma: sekʷ-2 : `to see, show; to speak'

lat. oculus `eye' (ōkʷelo-s); atr-ōx `gräßlich' (to āter, above S. 69), fer-ōx `wild' (to lat. ferus, above S. 493), etc (: gr. μύ-ωψ `kurzsichtig', etc);

air. enech, mcymr. enep `face, Antlitz', mbret. enep ds. and preposition `against', and cymr. wyneb `Antlitz', acymr. let-einepp `halbe Seite' are unclear;

in Germ. finden wir besides dem stem *aʒw- (*ókʷ-, ahd. ac-siuni f. `species', auc-siuno `evidenter') : *awi- (*okʷí-) in ahd. awi-zoraht `augenscheinlich', ags. ēawis (*ēaw-wis) `apparent, manifest, obvious', ēawan `show, offenbaren', afries. āwia, auwia ds. (*awjan), mhd. z-ounen, mndl. t-ōnen `show' (with verkürztem prefix); besides germ. *aun- (*okʷ-én-); through Ausgleich and influence of *ausō `Ohr' entstand ein stem *auʒan-: krimgot. Pl. oeghene (oe = ö), then got. augō, aisl. auga, ahd. ouga, ags. ēage n. `eye'; stem *augja- in got. and-augi n. `Antlitz', ags. and-ēages, amd. and-ouge `angesichts', aisl. -eygr, ahd. -ougi, ags. -ēaged `-äugig';

maybe alb. geg. (aug-) agu `dawn, sunshine, dark', agull `blindness'

lit. akìs `eye', akì (= abg. oči) `die beiden Augen', lett. acs `eye', apr. ackis Nom. Pl. `Augen', abg. oko (russ. óko), Gen. očese, Du. oči `eye'; lit. akýlas ` attentive ', poln. obaczyć (lengthened grade) `see, bemerken, behold ', from which durcb Suffixverkennung (in the case of : o): baczyć `look out, aufpassen, wahrnehmen, see'; vom n-stem serb.-ksl. okno `window'; compare engl. (aisl.Lw.) wind-ow ds., eig. `Windauge';

affiliation from lit. ākas `Wuhne, hole in Eise', lett. aka `gegrabener stream, brook', russ. river name Oká (different above S. 23), lit. eketė̃ (aketė̃, akytė) `in das Eis gehauenes hole zumWasserschöpfen, Wuhne', lett. akate `with Wasser gefüllte pit, pothole in morass' probably: `Wasserauge', compare `Meeraugen' as Bezeichnung the Tatraseen;

toch. A ak, Du. aśäṃ, В ek, Du. eśane n. `eye'; A ak-mal `face' (`eye + nose'); compare W.Schulze Kl. Schr. 248.

References: WP. I 169 ff., WH. II 200 ff., Benveniste Origines 1, 48, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299, Petersson Heterokl. 121.

Page(s): 775-777

Root / lemma: ol-(e)-

Meaning: to destroy

German meaning: `vernichten'

Material: Gr. ὄλλῡμι (*ὀλ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλέσω `verderbe', ὀλετής `Vernichter', ὀλέκω `destroy', ὀλοός (*ὀλοFός) `verhängnisvoll';

lat. ab-oleō `destroy'; perhaps with sek. h- umbr. hondu, holtu `prosternito';

hitt. hullāi-, hulliya- `bekämpfen', etc

References: WH. I 4 f. (the die Zusammenstellung bestreitet), Couvreur H̯ 143.

Page(s): 777

Root / lemma: om(e)so-s

Meaning: shoulder

German meaning: `Schulter'

Material: Old Indian áṃsa- m. `shoulder'; arm. us, Gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade gr. ὠμός ds. from *ōmsos, compare ἐπ-ομμάδιος by Theokr.; lat. umerus from *omesos ds., umbr. uze, onse `in umero'; got. ams ds. (germ. *amsa-), aisl. áss `Bergrücken'; toch. A es `shoulder' (*omso-), B āntse (*omeso-).

References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Toch. 250; W. Schulze KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: omǝ-

Meaning: to proceed with energy; to make firm; to suffer

German meaning: `energisch vorgehen'; out of it `fest worauf bestehen, festmachen = eidlich bekräftigen' and `zusetzen, quälen, schädigen'

Material: Old Indian ámīti `bedrängt, versichert eindringlich, swears', themat. sam-amantē `sie geloben' (: συν-ομόσαι), abhy-amīti `plagues, schädigt', ámīvā `Drangsal, affliction, disease, malady' (: gr. ἀνί̄η), with themat. Gestaltung the 2. syllable ámatē `bedrängt', ámatra- `tight, firm', ámavān- ` boisterous, strong' =av. amavant- `strong, mighty, vast, grand', Old Indian áma- m. `Andrang, Ungestüm' = av. ama- ` power, männliche Potenz, Angriffskraft', Adj. `strong', Old Indian āmáyati `schädigt; is schadhaft, krank', āmaya- m. `disease, malady'; av. amáyavā `affliction, Drangsal';

gr. ὄμνῡμι, ὀμνύω `schwöre' (ὀμόσαι, ὀμώμοκα; Fut. ὀμεῖται neologism), συνομόσαι (: Old Indiansam-amantē), hom. ὀμοίιος `plagend, leidvoll' (probably metr. lengthening from ὀμοFιος, to *ὀμο-Fᾱ); ἀνί̄ᾱ, ion. ἀνί̄η `Kummer' (dissimil. from *ἀμί̄Fᾱ, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 259, 309);

aisl. ama `plague, belästigen', amask `Anstoß nehmen, Unwillen fühlen, sich wherewith abplagen', nisl. ami `plague', amstr `rastlose work, Anstrengung', aml n. `unaufhörliche, esp. erfolglose Beschäftigung with einer thing', norw. amla `sich abmühen, work, esp. without Erfolg', aisl. PN Ǫmlungr; Amali the name of ostgotischen Königshauses, die Amalunge, Amulinge the deutschen undags. Heldensage, ahd. Amal-olf under likewise; ahd. emiz `beständig, fortwährend', emizzīg, emazzīg `beständig, beharrlich', nhd. emsig.

toch. A. amiśkäññe `Unzufriedenheit', B omäskeṃ `evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 178 f.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: om-

Meaning: raw, bitter

German meaning: `roh, bitter'

Comments: reduced grade _om-

Material: Old Indian amlá-, amblá- `sour, Sauerklee' (= maked. ἀβρο-, germ. *ampra-), dehnst. āmrá- m. `Mangobaum', āmá- `raw, unreif' (= gr. ὠμός), āmād- `rohes Fleisch essend'; skyth. VN ᾽Αμάδοκοι from iran. *āmād-aka- `Rohfleischesser';

Note:

Phonetically the closest cognate to Old Indian amlá-, amblá- `sour' is alb. geg. amla, tosk. ëmb(ë)la `sweet' common alb. shift m > mb. This proves that alb. is the oldest living Indo European tongue. The shift -ml- > -mbl- has been attested only in Old Indian and alb. Clearly the cognate of Old Indian amlá- `sour' derived from alb. geg. ama `mother', t’amlë ` sour milk (of the mother), breast milk '. while the milk of the mother is sour, the milk of the animals is sweet. Hence alb. is the only IE tongue that distinguishes between two types of milk as bitter and sweet.

arm. dehnst. hum `raw, cruel, savage';

maked. ἀβρο- `zusammenziehend', ἀβαρύ ὀρίγανον Hes.;

gr. ὠμός `raw, cruel, savage', ὠμηστής `rohes Fleisch fressend' etc (= Old Indian āmād- with already idg. Kontraktion from ōmo- and ed- `eat');

alb. tamlë `(sour) milk', ambëlë, ëmblë `sweet', tëmblë `Galle' (article t-);

lat. amārus `bitter'; air. om `raw', cymr. of ds., in addition air. um(a)e `Kupfer, Erz' = cymr. efydd `Kupfer, Bronze' (*omii̯o-);

germ. *ampra- (from *ambra- < *am-ro-) in ndl. amper `sharp, bitter, unreif', aisl. apr (*ampraR) `sharp', Subst. ags. ampre, ahd. ampfaro `(Sauer)ampfer'; doubtful ags. ōm m. `Rost', ōme f. `Rotlauf', aisl. āma f., āmu-sōtt f. `Rose' (disease, malady), āmr ` reddish brown ', nhd. Ahm, Ohm `Rotlauf';

lett. amuols `Sauerklee'.

References: WP. I 179, WH. I 35, Frisk nominal formation 14.

Page(s): 777-778

Root / lemma: ond-, n̥d-

Meaning: stone

German meaning: `Stein, Fels'?

Material: Old Indian ádri- `Stein, esp. zum Somaschlagen gebrauchter; Fels, mountain', apers. Ark-adriš (?); mir. ond, onn, Gen. uinde (stem *ondes-) n. `Stein, Fels'.

References: WP. I 181.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: oner-

Meaning: dream

German meaning: `Traum'

Grammatical information: older r/n-stem

Material: Arm. anurj `dream' (*onōr-i̯o-, compare gr. τέκμωρ : τέκμαρ `mark, token, sign'); gr. ὄναρ Nom. Akk. n. `dream' and Adv. `in dream'; ὄνειρος, -ον, äol. ὄνοιρος, kret. ἄναιρος (probably through influence der Präpos. ἀν-) `dream', Gen. att. ion. ὀνείρατος (originally *ὄνατος); alb. gegh. âdërrë, tosk.ëndërrë `dream' (onri̯o-).

Note:

Common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation

References: WP. I 180, Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.² 150.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-)

Meaning: coal

German meaning: `Kohle'

Material: Old Indian áṅgāra- m. `coal', npers. angišt ds.; gael. nir. aingeal `light, fire';

balt.-sl. *angli-: apr. anglis, lit. anglìs, lett. ùogle `coal' (lett. ùogle is neologism); aksl. ǫglь m. ds., but russ. ugolь, skr. ȕgalj, poln. węgiel ds. etc (i̯o-stem).

References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Dict. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3, 134.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: ongʷ-

Meaning: to anoint

German meaning: `salben'

Material: Old Indian añj-, anákti (3. Pl. añjánti) `salbt, bestreicht, schmückt', participle Perf. aktá-, Pass. ajyáte; añjanam `das Salben, Salbe', áñjas- n. `Salbe', añjí- `salbend'; m. n. `Salbe, jewellery', ā́jyam n. `Opferschmalz' (ā + ajya- < *n̥gʷi̯o-);

arm. aucanem `salbe' (compare Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.² 37);

lat. unguō, unctus; umbr. umtu `unguito'; apr. anctan, ancte `Butter'.

Maybe a truncated form in alb. (*unguō) ngjyej `to wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue'.

ongʷen- `Salbe, Schmiere'.

Lat. unguen, unguen-tum `fat, Salbe', umbr. umen ds., ahd. ancho, anco m., mhd. anke `Butter', alem.-südschwäb. Anke (m., seldom f.) `Butter'.

n̥gʷ-en-: ir. imb (Gen. imbe) `Butter', acorn. amen-en, bret. amann, aman-enn, cymr. ymen-yn(from umgelautetem *emen-yn); compare above Old Indian ā́jyam.

References: WP. I 181, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 122.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: onogh- (: ongh-, nogh-; kelt. n̥gh-), ongh-li-

Meaning: fingernail, claw

German meaning: `Nagel an Fingern and Zehen, Kralle'

Comments: partly with formants -u- (extended -ut-) and -lo-

Material: Old Indian áṅghri- f. `foot' (presumably with r from l, *oŋgh-li-); with ar. kh Old Indian nakhá m., n., nakhára- m. n., `nail, Kralle', np. nāxun ds. (ar. kh- eine innovation); perhaps arm. eɫungn ds. (*e-nungn):

gr. ὄνυξ, -υχος `nail, Kralle' (from *ὀνχυ-?);

lat. ungu-is `the nail an Fingern and Zehen', ungula `Klaue, Huf', later also `nail' (*ongh-(e)lā);

maybe zero grade in alb. *ungula, glisht `finger, toe'

air. ingen f. Dat. Pl. ingnib, Nom. Pl. ingnea, acymr. eguin, ncymr. ewin f., corn. euuin, bret. ivin (m. geworden) `nail' (*n̥ghu̯-īnā); ahd. nagal, ags. nægel `nail', aisl. nagl ds. (conservative stem geworden, Pl. negl); negl perhaps originally Sg. i-stem, compare Old Indian áṅghri-, and to Pl. umgedeutet, woran sich die additional conservative Dekl. angliederte), got. ga-nagljan `annageln'; lit. nãgas m. `nail an Fingern and Zehen; Klaue bei bird of prey', lett. nags ds.; lit. nagà `Huf', apr. nage `foot', abg. noga, russ. nogá `foot' (kollektive ā-formation); lit. nagùtis, apr. nagutis `Fingernagel', abg. nogъtь, russ. nógotь `nail, Kralle';

after Specht to gr. ὄγκος (above S. 46), also root on-.

Maybe alb. (*ungula) ngul `jab (a nail)', (*nægel) ngel `be stuck, remain'.

References: WP. I 180 f., Trautmann 192, Specht Idg. Dekl. 253¹.

Page(s): 780

Root / lemma: ono- and onǝ-, also (o)no-d-

Meaning: to scold

German meaning: `schmähen'

Material: Gr. ὄνομαι `schelte, tadle', ὀνοτός `getadelt, tadelnswert', ὀνοτάζω `schelte, tadle'; with -ǝ- the zweiten syllable hom. ὤνατο and ὄναται ἀτιμάζεται. μέμφεται Hes.; mir. on `Schande'; perhaps with Red.-stem also the ersten syllable mir. anim (i-stem) `Makel, fault, error', acymr. anamou `mendae', ncymr. anaf, mbret. anaff `Makel, fault, error'.

extension (o)no-d- in: av. nadǝntō `schmähende, lästernde', gr. ὀνόσσασθαι `rebuke, reproach' etc, ὀνοστός `tadelnswert'.

References: WP. I 180.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: opi

See also: see under epi.

Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: op-1

Meaning: to work, perform

German meaning: `arbeiten, zustande bringen; Ertrag der Arbeit, Reichtum'

Material: Old Indian ápas- n. `work' (= lat. opus), av. hv-apah- `good work (verrichtend)'; ā́pas- n. `work, religiöse action'; ápnas- n. `yield, property, appanage ', av. afnah-vant- `rich an Besitz';

gr. ὄμπνη f. `nourishment, food, Brotfrucht', ὄμπνιος ` nourishing ';

lat. opus, -eris `work, Beschäftigung, action, work', opus est `es is nötig' (`*is Mußarbeit'), whereof operō, -āre `work', osk. úpsannam `operandam', upsatuh sent (`factī sunt'), Perf. upsed `fecit', uupsens `fēcērunt', (lengthened gradees Perf. as in lat. ōdī), umbr. osatu `facitō', pälign. upsaseter `fieret'; lat. ops, opis `fortune, Reichtum, power; help, Beistand', by Ennius also `Bemühung, Dienst', officium ` obligation ' < *opi-ficium `Arbeitsverrichtung', Ops `goddess of Erntesegens', inops, cōpia (*co-opia), opulentus `rich an Vermögen, mighty', probably also optimus `the best' (eig. `the Wohlhabendste') ; perhaps the name the Oscī, Opscī, ᾽Οπικοί as `die Verehrer the Ops' and lat. omnis `all, whole, jeder' (*op-ni-s); perhaps air. somme `rich', domme `arm' (su-, dus-op-smi̯o-);

ags. efnan, aisl. efna `wirken, do'; lengthened grade ahd. uobo `Landbauer', uoben `ins work place, ausüben, worship ', nhd. üben, ahd. uoba m. Pl. `Feier', mhd. uop `das Üben, Landbau', as. ōƀian `hold festivities', aisl. ø̄fa `üben', ø̄fr `vast, grand, violent', aisl. efna ` commit ', efni `Stoff, Zeug for etwas'; about aisl. afl ` power ' etc see above S. 52; hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `rich make'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ḫappinaḫḫ-) puna `work, labor' not from lat. opus `work'.

Note: lat. opus, -eris (*opines)`work' is a truncated cognate of older hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich', alb. punoj `work, gain ealth'. The shift i > u is common in alb. m. ending alb. ahi, ahu `beech, oak'. In lat. the same as in alb. the definite form was primary hence lat. operis (definite) > opus (indefinite), also rhotacism in lat. n/r is regular.

Not only lat. opulentus -a -um, also opulens -entis, adj. `rich, wealthy' derived from hitt. cognate but lat. also displayed common alb. n > nt phonetic mutation. Also Old Indian ápas- n. `work', ā́pas- n. `work' derived from hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' which has preserved the old laryngeals. Hence we are dealing with historic developments and not word roots. Clearly hitt. is the oldest language of IE family. Phonetically hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' is a real treasure as it shows that proto Indo European and initially Hittite not only used laryngeals at the begging of the word but also at the end of it. The reason for that was the common sandhi or agglutination of the end of the first word with the laryngeal of the subsequent word in the sentence. In hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' was the first part of a compound clearly marked by -ḫḫ- gemination of laryngeals.

In lat. initial laryngeals disappeared while in gr. and partly in alb. they were preserved. In lat. and gr. ending laryngeals became spirants: proto IE aḫ > gr. -os, lat. -es, -us. Illyr. and alb. dropped the ending laryngeals to give f. -aḫ > -a, m -uḫ > -u, -iḫ > -i endings. Grammatically speaking illyr. and later alb. derived from Hittite. In Indic and Avestan the ending laryngeals were preserved as in av. hv-apah- `good work ' while in Old Indian initial laryngeals were frequently dropped.

References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.

Page(s): 780

Root / lemma: op-2

Meaning: to choose; to suggest

German meaning: `auswählen, den Vorzug geben, vermuten'

Material: Gr. ἐπιόψομαι to ἐπι-οπ- `wählen, auslesen'; lat. *opere is through *praed-opiont (Festus p. 205 praedotiont) `praeoptant' belegt; derived *opiō(n) `Erwartung, opinion', wherefore Denominativum opīnor, -āri `vermuten, wähnen, mean' opīnio `opinion, Erwartung'; Frequentativum to *opiō, -ere is lat. optō, -āre `wünschen', wherefore >optiō f. `freie Wahl', m. `Gehilfe';

umbr. upetu `optātō', opeter Gen. `lēctī', osk. ufteis `optātī';

aksl. za-(j)apъ `Vermutung', ne-vъz-apьnъ `unvermutet' (compare lat. in-, nec-opīnus `unvermutet', welche Rückbildungen from inopīnatus are);

toch. A opyāc, В еруас `Verstand' (iran. Lw.?).

References: WP. I 176 f., WH. II 212 f.

Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: orbho-

Meaning: orphan; servant; work

German meaning: `verwaist, Waise'; out of it (arm. gr. with -ano-, kelt. germ. with i̯o-derivative) `Waisengut = Erbe', whereof `the Erbe'; `Waise' = `small kid, child, klein, schwach, hilflos' (Old Indian, slav.); `verwaistes, schutzloses kid, child, das fürs Gnadenbrot alle niedrige Arbeit to verrichten hat, Knecht, Sklave' (slav., arm.), whereof `Knechtesarbeit'

Material: Old Indian árbha- `small, weak; kid, child'; arm. orb, -oy `Waise'; arbaneak `servant, Gehilfe'?;

gr. ὀρφο-βόται ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν Hes., ὤρφωσεν ὠρφάνισεν Hes., ὀρφανός `verwaist' (compare arm. arbaneak), lat. orbus `einer thing beraubt, verwaist';

maybe alb. geg. verbum `blind, (deprived of sight)' from lat. orbus -a -um through Fr. mur orbe `blind wall' a contamination from germ. verblenden `blind'.

also alb. geg. (*ὀρφανός) vorfën `poor'; initial alb. prosthetic v- proves the presence of old laryngeals in archaic alb hence it si not a loanword.

air. orb(b)e, orpe m. n. `the, das Erbe' (*orbhi̯o-), comarbe `Miterbe', gall. Orbius MN (in addition das verb air. no-m-erpimm `committo me', ro-eirpset `sie übergaben' etc, maybe from*air-orb-);

got. arbi n. `das Erbe', ahd. arbi, erbi n. ds., ags. ierfe, yrfe n. ds. (aisl. arfr m. `das Erbe' is to arfi, arfa `the Erbe, die Erbin' neologism), aisl. erfi (run. arƀija) n. `Leichenmahl'; got. arbja, aisl. arfi (f. arfa), ahd. arpeo, erbo `the Erbe', ags. ierfe n. `das Erbe'; die germ. words derive because of Folgenden barely from dem Keltischen;

from ein intr. verb *arƀē-i̯ō `bin verwaistes, zur harten Arbeit verdingtes kid, child?' one leads back got. arbaiÞs f. ` hardship, work', aisl. erfiði n. ds., as. araƀēd f., arƀēdi n., ags. earfoÞ f., earfeÞe n. `toil, work', ahd. arabeit `work' (aisl. erfiðr, ags. earfeÞe `beschwerlich'), basic form *arƀēi̯iðiz; very doubtful is formation from *arƀ-ma- for got. arms ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', aisl. armr ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', ahd. as. ar(a)m, ags. earm `arm, dürftig'; basic meaning wäre perhaps `armes Waisenkind';

abg. rabъ `Knecht', rabota `servitus', čech. rob `slave', robě `small kid, child', russ. rebjáta `Kinder', rebënok `kid, child'; die russ. forms gehen auf rob-, proto slav.. *orb- back (Vasmer brieflich);

maybe alb. rob `slave of war, captive'

perhaps hitt. arpa- `Ungunst, Mißerfolg'.

References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.

Page(s): 781-782

Root / lemma: oreu̯-, _ereu-

Meaning: entrails, intestine, bowel, gut, *skin

Material: Gr. ὀρύα `Darm' (kann also for *ἀρύα stand, compare :) lat. arvīna `Schmer, fat, esp. between skin and Eingeweiden' (wäre `das to den Darmen Gehörige, Gekrösefett'); ἀρβίννη κρέας. Σικελοί Hes. (kann lat. Ursprungs sein).

References: WP. I 182 f., WH. I 71.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: org-

German meaning: ` kill; kill off; zap; deaden ' (?)

See also: see under perg-.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: orĝhi-, r̥ĝhi-

Meaning: testicle

German meaning: `Hode'

Grammatical information: m.

Material: Av. ǝrǝzi- m. `Hodensack', Du. ǝrǝzi `testicles';

arm. orji-k` Pl. `testicles', orji `not kastriert' (*orĝhi-i̯os), mi-orji `μόνορχις';

gr. ὄρχις m. `testicle'; alb. herdhe f. `testicle' (*orĝhi-ā); mir. uirgge f. `testicle' (*orĝhiā), nir. uirghe with secondary gh; lit. aržùs `lüstern', er̃žilas `stallion', lett. ḕrzelis ds.

Note:

Common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal alb. herdhe f. `testicle'.

References: WP. I 182 f., Trautmann 71.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: ort-

Meaning: vine, *grape

German meaning: `Rebe'?

Material: Arm. ort` `Rebe'; alb. hardi `Weinstock'.

alb. hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit' and herdhe `testicle' prove that from Root / lemma: orĝhi-, r̥ĝhi- : `(testicle)' derived Root / lemma: ort- : `(vine, *grape)'.

Note:

Common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal in alb. herdhe f. `testicle', hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit'. consequently arm. cognates derived from alb.

References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: ost(h)-; ost(h)i, ost(h)r(g), obl. ost(h)-(e)n-

Meaning: bone

German meaning: `Knochen'

Material: Old Indian ásthi n., Gen. asth-n-áḥ `leg, bone', av. ast-, asti- n. `bone', Gen. Pl. astąm, Instr. Pl. azdbīš, asti-aojah- `Knochenkraft', astǝn-tāt ` vitality '; pāli aṭṭhitaco `Krebs' (*asthi-tvacas `knochenhäutig', compare to meaning gr. ὀστακός `Meerkrebs'); gr. ὀστέον `bone' (probably *οστέι̯-ον `*Beinernes' = lat. osseum ds.), lat. оssu, ossua probably as innovation after genu, genua; ὀστακός (hellenist. to ἀστακός assimil.) `Meerkrebs' from *ὀστ-τFακο- `dessen skin bone are', next to which vom r-stem ὄστρακον `hard bowl, shard', ὄστρεον `Auster' (probably also ὀστρύς, ὀστρύα, ὀστρυΐς `tree with hartem, weißem wood' through dissimilation from *ὀστρο-δρυς), ἀστράγαλος `Knöchel' (assimil. from *ὀστράγαλος; places einen Nom. *ost(h)r̥g ahead); wenat. ostüakon `ossuārium';

alb. asht, ashtë `bone'; lat. os, more properly oss, Gen. ossis n. `leg, bone' (oss am ehesten Auslautentwicklung from *ost); alat. also ossum;

unclear is das a- in air. asil `Glied' (acorn. esel, bret. ezel ds.), mir. asna m. `Rippe' (*astoni̯o-?), mcymr. ass-en, Pl. eis (*astī), asseu `Rippe, lath, shaft, pole', cymr. asgwrn (see under), wherefore probably lat. asser `lath, shaft, stake, pole'; perhaps here air. odb m. `Knoten, Auswuchs', cymr. oddf ds. from *ozbho-, older *ost-bho-, welter to gr. ὀσφύς `hip, haunch' (different S. 773);

hitt. ḫastāi- `bone, Widerstandskraft'.

Note:

hitt. ḫastāi- `bone' : alb. geg. ashti `bone' prove the common origin of those two cognates.

A ko-derivative *ost-ko- lies the basic in: av. asća- `shinbone, calf', arm. oskr `bone'; cymr. asgwrn `bone', Pl. esgyrn, corn. ascorn, bret. askourn ds. (kelt. forms -rno-).

References: WP. I 185 f., WH. II 225 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 518, Benveniste Origines 1, 6 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 74; Meillet BSL 33, 259.

Page(s): 783

Root / lemma: oug-, ou-?

Meaning: cold

German meaning: `kalt'

Material: Arm. oic `cold' (*oug-);

gall. Monat Ōgron...; mir. ūar `cold' = cymr. oer ds. (*ougro-); air. ōcht, ūacht m. `coldness' (*ougtu-);

lett. aũksts `cold'; lit. áušti `cold become' (*aug-sk̂e-ti?); Kausat. lett. ausît, lit. áušyti `abkühlen'; after Pedersen KGr. I 103 wäre lit. áušti from *au-s-ti to define and to Old Indian ō-man- `coldness', av. aota- `cold', ao-dar- `coldness', also to einer root au- (ou-) `cold' to stellen.

References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, Mühlenbach-Endzelin 1, 222 f.

Page(s): 783

Root / lemma: óu̯i-s

Meaning: sheep

German meaning: `Schaf'

Grammatical information: m. f. Gen. Sg. óu̯i̯os; f. ou̯ikā ds.

Material: Old Indian ávi- m. f. `sheep', avika- m. ds., avikā́ ` female sheep (= abg. оvьca), ávya- `vom sheep', compare gr. οἴα; arm. hov-iw (*ou̯i-pā-) `Schäfer'; gr. οἴς, οἶς (argiv. Akk. Pl. ὄFινς) `sheep', οἴεος `vom sheep', οἴα, ὄα `Schaffell', lengthened grade ᾤα `Schaffell, hem' (as Old Indian āvika- n.); lat. ovis, umbr. oui, uvef Akk. Pl. `oves' (au-bubulcus `pastor bovum', also avillus `lamb', see belowagʷhnos); air. ōi `sheep'; cymr. ewig, acorn. euhic `cerva' (*ou̯īkā); aisl. ǣr, ags. ēowu, ēowe, as. ewi, ahd. ouwi, ou `sheep (*awī, Gen. *awjōz), got. awistr `Schafstall', ags. ēowestre ds., ahd. awist, ewist (with to stā- `stand' gehörigem 2. Gliede -sto-, -st[ǝ]tro-), got. awēÞi, ags. ēowde, ahd. ewit `Schafherde'; lit. avìs, lett. avs f. `sheep'; lit. ãvinas, lett. avins, àuns, apr. awins `aries, ram' = abg. ovь-nъ ds.; abg. ovь-ca `sheep'.

Maybe alb. zero grade in alb. geg. (*ovь-ca) voc, voca Pl. 'young boy, child'.

References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f.

Page(s): 784

Root / lemma: o 1

German meaning: `to, with'

Comments: in addition thrak. VN ᾽Ο-δρύσαι `Waldanwohner'.

See also: s. S. 280 f. (e-, o-)

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: ozdo-s

Meaning: branch

German meaning: `Ast'

Material: Arm. ost `twig, branch, bough', gr. ὄζος ds., got. asts, ahd. ast `bough'; with Vriddhi *ōzdos in ags. ōst, mnd. ōst `Knoten in wood, Knorren' (= `die Stelle, wo ein Ast vom stem ausgegangen is'); probably (?) -ozdo-s `(am stem) ansitzend', s. prefix ē̆-, ō̆- and sed- `sitzen'.

References: WP. I 186, W. Schulze KZ 63, 28.

Page(s): 785-786

Root / lemma: ozgho-

Meaning: bud, sprout, branch

German meaning: `Knospe, Pflanzentrieb, Zweig'??

Material: Pehl. azg `bough', npers. azaɣ `twig, branch, bud': gr. ὄσχος, ὄσχη, ὤσχη `twig, branch, sprout';

die gr. words eventuell also eine dem idg. *o-zdos `ὄζος' parallel Zusammensetzung ō̆-zgho- (: ἔχω, σχεῖν) `sich (am stem) festhaltend'?

References: WP. I 185, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491.

Page(s): 786

Root / lemma: ō̆d(e)go- or ō̆d(e)gʷo-

Meaning: stalk

German meaning: `Stengel'

Material: Old Indian ádga- m. `Rohrstab, Stengel'; lit. uodegà `Stengel, Stiel; tail', lett. uodega `Schweif'.

References: WP. I 175;

See also: in the case of here air. odb `Knoten', under S. 783 (ost(h)-)?

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: ōg-, ǝg-

Meaning: to grow; fruit, berries

German meaning: `wachsen; Frucht, Beere'

Material: Lit. úoga `berry, Kirsche', lett. uôga `berry; blister, bubble, Pocke'; aksl. agoda, jagoda `καρπός, fruit', russ. jágoda `berry', ksl. vin-jaga, slov. vin-jága `wilde Weinrebe';

reduced grade: got. akran n. `fruit, partly from Bäumen, partly vom corn, grain ', aisl. akarn, ags. æcern, mhd. ackeran, eckern `wilde Baumfrucht, esp. Eichel, Buchecker', nhd. Ecker, wherefore keltorom. *agraniō, ir. āirne (*agrīni̯ā) `Schlehe', cymr. aeron `Baumfrüchte', eirin-en `plum' (umlaut), mbret. irin, nbret. hirin `Schlehe'; perhaps here arm. ačem `grow' (*ǝgi̯ō); here also air. āru `kidney' (sek. from *ārann < *agrīnā), cymr. aren f. `kidney, testicle' (Neubild. to Pl. eirin `testicles, plums').

Maybe Tokharian: A, B oko 'fruit' (Adams 109)

References: WP. I 174, Trautmann 202, Pokorny KZ. 50, 46 ff.

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: ōk̂ú-s

Meaning: quick

German meaning: `schnell'

Grammatical information: Kompar. ōk̂i̯ōs, Superl. ōk̂isto-

Material: Old Indian āśú- `quick, fast', Kompar. ā́śīyān, Superl. ā́śiṣṭha-, av. āsu- `quick, fast', Kompar. āsyā̊, Superl. āsištō; gr. ὠκύς, ὤκιστος, poet. ὠκύτατος, lat. ōcior `schneller', Superl. ōcissimus (Positiv fehlt), acymr. di-auc, ncymr. di-og, corn. di-oc, bret. di-ec `idle', actually `unschnell';

perhaps in ablaut to ak̂-, ok̂- `sharp' (above S. 18 f.); then könnten lat. acu-pedius `schnellfüßig' and accipiter ` hawk, Falke' (above S. 19) also here belong;

maybe alb. (*accipiter) skifter `hawk, flying fast', probably illyr. gr. *āk̂ú-lios, Achilles `swift footed'.

ein cognate *ōk̂-ro- (compare to forms *ak̂-ro- besides *ak̂-u-) is perhaps the base from ksl. jastrębъ ` hawk'.

References: WP. I 172, WH. II 198.

Page(s): 775

Root / lemma: ōr-, ǝr-

Meaning: to speak; to call

German meaning: `reden, rufen'

Material: Old Indian ā́ryati `preist' (?);

gr. att. ἀρά: (*αραFᾱ), hom. ἀρή `prayer' (*αρFά̄, compare ark. κάταρFος `verflucht'), whereof ἀράομαι `bete, fluche'; ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει, βοᾳ; ἀρύουσαι λέγουσαι, κελεύουσαι; ἀρύσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι Hes., lat. ōrō, -āre `spreche eine Ritualformel, verhandle vor Gericht, rede, bete'; osk. urust `ōrāverit'; russ. orú, orátь `cry', serb. oriti se `widerhallen' (perhaps also lett. urdēt `antreiben, scold, chide'?); hitt. aruu̯āi- `sich prostrate, anbeten' (also arii̯a- `eine Orakelfrage stellen'?).

maybe alb. uroj `wish, pray', urtë `sage'.

References: WP. I 182, WH. II 224.

Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: ōus-1 : ǝus-

Meaning: mouth

German meaning: `Mund, Mündung, Rand'

Material: Auf idg. *ōus gehen back: Old Indian ā́-ḥ n. `mouth' (compare ās-án- sd., āsyám n. `mouth, aperture '), av. āh-, ā̊ŋhan- ds.; lat. ōs, ōris `mouth, Antlitz, edge, bank, border, shore'; but mir. ā Gen. Sg. `mouth' from *ōsos;

in addition ā-derivative: ved. āsayā́ `from mouth to mouth' (Instr.); lat. ōra `edge, hem, limit, boundary, esp. Meeresküste', in addition cōram Adv. (under preposition) `angesichts, in Gegenwart, before', Nachbildung from palam, clam from *co-ōro- `vor dem Angesicht befindlich'; aureae (ōreae) `Gebiß am bridle, rein', therefrom aurīga (ōriga) `Wagenlenker' (-igā to agō); ōsculum `kiss' is Demin. from ōs;

aisl. ōss m. `Flußmündung' (germ. *ōsaz), moreover ags. ōr n., ōra m. `edge, Anfang'; from ags. ōr is mir. or `ora, margo, linea', acymr. ōr ds. borrows.

The schwache grade idg. *ǝus- proves: alb. anë `Seite, hem, bank, border, shore, Borte' (*ausnā); eventuell also hitt. aiš, Gen. iššaš n. `mouth' (*ai̯es, *aisos)? s. Pedersen Hitt. 47 f.

t- derivatives are Old Indian ṓṣṭha- m. n. `lip', av. aošta-, aoštra- ds. (*ǝus-), lat. ōstium `Eingang, Flußmündung' (= slav. *ustьje); aksl. usta Pl. `mouth'; slav. *ustьje n. ` estuary ' is must be assumed after bulg. ústije, russ. ústьje etc; compare aksl. ustьna, slov. ûstna `lip'; aksl. ustiti (naustiti) `move, anregen, überreden'; probably aksl. uzda etc `bridle, rein'; lett. ap-aûši (*-austi̯-) `Halfter'; apr. austo `mouth' (Nom. Plur.?; Akk. Sg. āustin), lit. áuščioti `schwatzen, munkeln', lett. aũšât `schwatzen'; changing through ablaut lit. uostà f., úostas m. `Flußmündung, Haff', lett. uosts m., uōsta f. `Hafen'.

References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.

Page(s): 784-785

Root / lemma: ōus2 : ǝus- : us-

Meaning: ear

German meaning: `Ohr'

Comments: extended with -i (ǝusi-s), -es (ǝusos- n.) and -en

Material: Av. uši Nom. Du. ` both ears, understanding, mind, sense', Instr. Du. uši-bya, npers. hoš (Iran.*auš-) `ear';

arm. unkn `ear' (*us-on-ko-m); kn after akn `eye';

gr. dor. ὦς (*ōus) `ear'; ōu also in ὤFατα ` auricular, ears ' Alkm., ἀμφ-ῶες Theokr. ` with two handles ', dor. ἐξ-ωβάδια ` earrings ', ὑπερ-ώιη ` palate ', att. λαγ-ώς, hom. λαγ-ωός n. ` hare ' (*slǝg-ōusos) `with schlaffen ears'; ǝus- in gr. lak. αὖς `ear', Pl. ἄανθα (*αυσ-ανθα) Alkm., tarent. ἆτα (*αυσατα); ion. παρ-ήιον, att. παρ-εία, lesb. παρ-αύα `Schläfe' (: air. arae); gr. ous- (hybridization of nominativischen ōus- with ǝus-) in att. οὖς (*οὖσος) `ear', hom. Gen. οὔατος (*ουσn̥τος), ὠκίδες `Ohrringe' Hes. (*ous-n̥-ko-); about ἀκούω see above S. 18, 587; about att. ἀκροᾶσθαι (*ακρ-ους-)s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348;

alb. vesh m. `ear' (*ōus-, ōs-);

Note:

This seems erroneous etymology. Alb. cognate proves that illyr. used a prothetic v- before bare initial vowels. While gr. preserved the old laryngeal H-. Hence alb. and vesh (*eus-) `ear' : dor. ἐξ-ωβάδια ` earrings '.

Also alb. (*ves) vath `earring', vathë `loop, sheepfold, pen', [the common alb. -s > -th shift].

lat. auris f. `ear' (*ausi-s); from-cultō `horche' see above S. 552;

air. āu, ō n. `ear' (*ǝusos-); air. arae m. `Schläfe' (*par-ausi̯os), Plur. in PN Arai; gall. PN Arausiō `Orange' (Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausiā f. `with nice, beautiful ears';

got. ausō n. `ear' (germ. *ausan-); with gramm. variation (*auzan-): aisl. eyra, ags. eare, afries. are, as. ahd. ōra n. `ear'; therefrom ahd. ōri, mhd. ære `Öhr';

lit. ausìs f. (older also m.), Gen. Pl. ausų̃ (konson. stem), lett. àuss f.; apr. Akk. Pl. āusins `die ears', besides ausins Vok. m.;

aksl. ucho, Gen. ušese (s-stem).

References: WP. I 18, WH. I 85 f., Trautmann 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348, 520.

Page(s): 785

Root / lemma: ō(u̯)i̯-om

Meaning: egg

German meaning: `Ei', d. h. `das zum Vogel gehörige'

Grammatical information: schwache form ǝióm

Material: Av. ap-āvaya- `entmannt' (?), whether from apa-āvaya- `ohne testicle', compare apers. xāya `Ei';

gr. att. ὠιόν (*ōu̯i̯-om), äol. ὤιον (*ōu̯ii̯-om), dor. ὤεον (*ōu̯ei-om) `Ei';

cymr. wy, acorn. uy `Ei' (*āu̯i̯on from *ōu̯i̯om);

without u̯, das probably in langdiphthong. *ōu̯i̯om geschwunden war:

arm. ju, Gen. jvoj `Ei' (*i̯ōi̯o-, through assimilation from *ōi̯o-); lat. ōvum `Ei' after Szemerényi KZ. 70, 64 f. from lat. *oom, idg. *ōi̯om;

Maybe alb. geg. *ōvum, voe, alb. tosk. ve, vezë `egg' [common alb. -g- > -z- shift]

aksl. ajьce, slov. jájce, ačech. vajce, čech. vejce (*ōi̯a- n.) `Ei';

difficult, hard are krimgot. ada (got. *addja);

Note:

The shift -g- > -d-, -z- is an illyr. alb. phonetic mutation.

aisl. egg, ahd. ei, ags. ǣg `Ei' (germ. *ajjaz-; ahd. Pl. eigir, ags. ǣgru prove -es-stem); perhaps after Specht from *ǝi̯óm, not verkürzt from urgerm. *āii̯am, idg. *ōi̯om.

References: WP. I 21 f., WH. II 230, Trautmann 202, Specht Idg. Dekl. 29; Specht expounded lat. avis `bird' from dem endbetonten idg. Nom. Sg. ǝu̯eís; compare above S. 86, wo I noch gr. οἰωνός `Raubvogel' (from *αἰωνός, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 662) hätte erwähnen sollen.

Page(s): 783-784

Root / lemma: ō 2

Meaning: vocative particle

German meaning: Ausruf

Material: Old Indian a (partly also from idg. ā, s. d.).

Gr. ὦ, ὤ Ausruf esp. of Erstaunens, Vokativpartikel (therefrom ὤζειν `oh; rufen', ὠή `heda!', compare also ὠόπ, ὄπ `ermunternder Zuruf the Ruderer'! after Kretschmer KZ. 38, 135 also in gr. ὠ-ρύομαι `howl, roar, bellow').

Lat. ō Ausruf verschiedenster Stimmung.

Maybe alb. ō `vocative particle'.

Ir. ā, a = cymr. corn. bret. a Vokativpartikel.

Got. ō (dreimal `ὦ', once = `οὐα, fie!'), mhd. ō esp. beim Vokativ, and (nowadays oh geschrieben) Ausruf the amazement, Rührung, Klage (see also Weigand-Hirt; germ. ō might partly also phonetically Entwicklung from idg. ā sein, s. d.).

Lit. о `Ausruf of Tadels, the amazement, Vokativpartikel'; lett. a `Vokativpartikel'.

Aksl. о `ὦ' (neologism).

References: WP. I 165, WH. II 192.

See also: s. also ē S. 281.

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: pando-s

Meaning: crooked

German meaning: `gekrümmt'

Material: Lat. pandus `gekrümmt, bent, curved, geschweift' (pandō, -āre `bend, crook') = aisl. fattr (*fanta-) `zurückgebeugt, zurückgebogen'.

Maybe a truncated alb. pier (*pandō, -āre) `bend, incline'.

References: WP. II 6;

See also: see under pet-1.

Page(s): 788

Root / lemma: pank-, pang-

Meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Comments: bedeutungs- and ursprungsverwandt with ba^xmb-, pa^xmp-, bu-, pu- etc (above S. 94 f.) `inflate, bloat, schwellen'

Material: Lat. pānus (*pank-no-) `entzündliche Geschwulst, tussock of the millet, sorghum', rom. pāna; therefrom pānīcum `plant with a tussock '; panceps `ἕλκος κτήνους ἐπὶ τραχηλίου' Gloss. (from *pāno-caps), pantex `paunch, Gedärme (due to eines participle *panc-to-s `swollen, aufgeblasen');

aksl. počiti sę `inflāri', pǫčina `mare', poln. pąk `bud', pęk `bundle', russ. puk `bundle, tussock, Strauß', púc̀a `Blähung' etc; with voiced-nonaspirated aksl. pǫgy `corymbus', pǫgvica `globulus'.

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 248.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pap(p)a

Meaning: Daddy; meal

German meaning: Kinderlallwort for `Vater; Speise'

Material: Gr. πάππα Vok., -ου Gen. `Papa', πάπας πατρὸς ὑποκόρισμα, πάππος `grandfather' (out of it lat. pappus), παππίᾱς `Väterchen', παππάζειν `Papa say'; skyth. Ζεῦς Παπαῖος; lat. pāpa, pappa Kinderlallwort for `dish, food; father', pappō -āre `eat'; nhd. pappen `eat' (with stockender consonant shift through nebenhergehende neologism).

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 249, 250;

See also: compare appa above S. 52.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: parīkā

Meaning: concubine

German meaning: `Buhlerin, Konkubine'

Comments: only iran. and Irish

Material: Av. pairikā `dämonische Buhlerin', mp. parīk, np. parī `Peri' (iran. *parīka); mir. a(i)rech `Konkubine'.

References: Thurneysen IF. 42, 146 f., WP. II 7.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pasto-

Meaning: solid

German meaning: `fest'

Material: Old Indian pastyá-m `Wohnsitz'; arm. hast (i-stem) `tight, firm'; aisl. fastr, ags. fæst, as. fast, ahd. festi, nhd. fest.

References: WP. II 7 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: paus-

Meaning: to let go

German meaning: `los-, ablassen'

Material: Gr. παύω `make cease', Med. `hear auf, lasse ab', παῦλα `Ruhe', παυσωλή `Rast';

apr. pausto `wild', aksl. pustъ `öde, wüst'; pustiti, russ. рustítь, puskátь `(los)lassen', sloven. delo-pust `Feierabend' etc

maybe alb. pushtoj `hug, not let go', alb. geg. p(ë)shtoj, alb. shpëtoj `escape, save, rescue'.

References: WP. II 1, Trautmann 208 f.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-

Meaning: to repair, strengthen

German meaning: `festmachen', teils durch Einrammen (Pflock, Pfosten), teils durch Zusammenfügen (Fuge; festgefügt, kompakt, fest: partly also Fessel, Strick)

Grammatical information: present *pāĝ-mi, pāk̂-si, pāk̂-ti

Material: Old Indian páś- (Instr. Pl. paḍbhíḥ) `Schlinge, rope', pā́śa- m. ds., pajrá- ` thickset, strong';

av. pas- `aneinander befestigen, zusammenfügen', fšǝ̄biš `with Fesseln' (about pourupaxšta- `much, a lot of, reich gefaltet' s. Benveniste BSL. 29, 106 f.);

gr. πάσσαλος, att. πάτταλος m. `peg, plug, nail' (-κι̯-), πήσσω, att. πήττω `πήγνυμι'; πήγνῡμι (dor. -ᾱ-) `befestige durch Hineinschlagen, Hineinstecken; lasse erstarren' (ἐπάγην, πέπηγα, πηκτός), πῆγμα n. `plant, Gestell', πηγός `tight, firm, strong', πήγανον n. `Raute', ναυ-πήγος `Schiffbaumeister', πηγυλίς Adj. f. `reifig, eisig', πάγος m. `Eis, hoarfrost ' (also Dat. Pl. πάγεσι `frost'), hom. `Felsspitze, -klippe'; πάχνη (*παξνᾱ) ` hoarfrost, frost', πάγη `Schlinge, Falle', πακτόω `make tight, firm, verschließe, verstopfe', ἅ-παξ `simple, just'; πάξ Adv. `genug!'; here πηγή, dor. πᾱγά̄ `ueulle';

lat. pacīscō (sek. -or) `einen pact, covenant or comparison moor, abschließen', alat. paciō `pactiō', pacunt `paciscuntur', pāx, -cis f. `peace; freundliche Gesinnung' (umbr. pase tua `pāce tuā' in the Anrede an Gottheiten), pālus `picket, pole' (from *pak-slos, compare Demin. paxillus); pangō (pepigī; geneuert = renamed, has changed?? pēgi after frēgi, and panxi) `befestigen, einschlagen; aneinanderfügen, schriftlich verfassen, festsetzen' (zur nasalization of present compare germ. *faŋχan), compāgēs `Fuge', pāgina (*die zum leaf gefügten Papyrusstreifen) `leaf Papier, Seite, Kolumne', pāgus `Landgemeinde, village, Bau', prōpāgō, prō̆pāgēs `Setzlinge', prō̆pāgāre `einen seedling in the Erde festmachen, hence fortpflanzen'; umbr. pase (see above), paca Adv. `causā', osk. prupukid `ex antepacto?', umbr. päl. marruc. pacri- `propitius, plācātus'; mir. āge `Glied, Pfeiler' (*pāgi̯o-), āil `pleasant' (*pāgli-; or as *pōkli- to aisl. fǣgiligr ds., s. *pek̂-1?); cymr. aelod `Glied' (*paglātu-);

germ. Nasalpräs. *faŋχan (: lat. pangō) in got. fāhan, aisl. fā, ags. fōn, ahd. fāhan, as. fāhan and fangan `fangen', got. gafāh n., aisl. fengr, ags. feng m., ahd. fang m. `Fang, booty'; ahd. fuoga `Fuge', gafuogi ` fitting', hī-fuoge `Ehestifterin', ahd. fuogen, as. fōgian `fügen', ags. gefēgan `passen, verbinden', mhd. vagen `fügen'; from *pag-: as. fac `Umfassung, Umzäunung', mnd. vak m. ds. and `dividing off, partitioning off', ahd. fah `moenia', nhd. Fach, einfach; from zeitlicher dividing off, partitioning off ags. fæc `Zeitraum', mnd. vaken, vake, spätmhd. gevach `often', mhd. drīer vacher `dreimal';

slav. *pāža- m. in sloven. pâz `Fuge', pâž `Bretterwand'.

References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209.

Page(s): 787-788

Root / lemma: pā̆n-

Meaning: fabric

German meaning: `Gewebe'

Material: Gr. πη̃νος n., πήνη f. `Gewebe' Hes., πηνίον `aufgewickelter filament, Gewebe, garment ', πηνίζομαι `webe' (dor. πᾱνίσδεται Theokr.); ablaut. lat. pannus ` a piece of cloth, garment of cloth ' (expressives nn); got. fana m. `rag, Schweißtuch', ahd. fano `stuff, kerchief, cloth', nhd. Fahne, ags. fana m. `banner, ensign, flag, kerchief, cloth; Iris', fane, fanu f. `banner, ensign, flag, Schwertlilie'; unclear. mir. an-art `leinernes kerchief, cloth'; dürfte man das gr. and lat. ă as expressive auffassen (compare above S. 211 to gall. drappus), could relationship to (s)pen- `spannen, spinnen' angenommen become.

References: WP. II 5, WH. II 247 f.

Page(s): 788

Root / lemma: pā̆r-

Meaning: to show; be visible

German meaning: `zeigen; sichtbar sein'

Material: Gr. πεπαρεῖν `vorzeigen', πεπαρεύσιμον εὔφραστον, σαφές Hes.; lat. pāreō, -ēre `appear, seem, be visible, sich zeigen; Folge leisten, gehorchen', appāreō, compāreō `erscheine' (parret, after Festus for pāret, as bāca : bacca etc).

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 252 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pāsó-s

Meaning: a relation

German meaning: `Verwandter'?

Material: Gr. πηός, dor. πᾱός `Verschwägerter', παῶται συγγενεῖς Hes.; lat. pāri-cīda (*pāso-kaidā) newer parri-cīda `murderer an nahen Verwandten'; after Wackernagel Gnomon 6, 458 from *parso-cīda to ind. puruṣa- `person' from Old Indian *purṣa-.

References: WP. II 7, WH. II 253 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pāuson- : pūson-

Meaning: name of a deity

German meaning: `Göttername'

Material: Old Indian Pūṣáṇ- m. `vedischer god, Hüter and Mehrer the Herden and of menschlichen Besitzes überhaupt', gr. Πά̄ν, ark. Πά̄ων (*Πᾱυσων); illyr. (messap.) PN Pausō, -onos, gall. (venet.) PN Pusa m.; doubtful, in the case of to Old Indian puṣyati, puṣṇā́ti, póṣati `gedeiht, wächst to, makes thrive, ernährt', pṓṣa- m. ` prospering; flourishing, Wachstum';

References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier Idg. Jb. 19, 90.

See also: see under pū̆-1.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pā- : pǝ- and pā-t- : pǝ-t-

Meaning: to feed, graze

German meaning: `füttern, nähren, weiden'

Material: Arm. hauran `herd' (*pā-tro-), hoviv `herdsman, shepherd' (*ou̯i-pā-); gr. dor. πανία πλησμονή, πάνια τὰπλήσμια; lat. pāscō, -ere, pāvi, pāstum `lasse weiden, füttere', Dep. `fresse, weide' (*pās-scō), pāstor `herdsman, shepherd', pābulum `Futter' (*pā-dhlom), pānis `bread' (because of pastillus `Kügelchen from meal, flour' from *pa-st-nis); messap. πανός `bread' is lat. Lw.; air. ain-chess `Brotkorb'; perhaps as ven.-illyr. Element in Keltischen *pā-ro- `Weide' in cymr. pawr `Weide', Pl. porion, therefrom Verbalnom. pori, mbret. peuriff, bret. peuri `Weiden'; with -tro- suffix aisl. fōðr n., ags. fōðor n., ahd. fuotar `Futter'; aksl. pasǫ, pasti `weiden' (*pāsk̂ō); toch. A pās-, В pāsk- `beware, guard'; hitt. paḫš- (paḫḫaš-) `schützen'.

With -t- Weiterbildung: gr. πατέομαι `esse and trinke'; ἄπαστος `ohne Speise and Trank'; doubtful air. ās(a)id `wächst' (`es mehrt einen'), mir. ās `Wachsen' (*pāt-to-); got. fōdjan `ernähren', aisl. fø̄ða, ags. fēdan, as. fōdian, ahd. fuoten ds., ags. fōda, engl. food `nourishment, food', ags. fōstor ds., aisl. fōstr ` upbringing, sustenance, livelihood' (*pāt-tro-); ablaut. ahd. kauatot `pasta' (ahd. Gl. 2, 333, 65), fatunga `nourishment, food', mnd. vedeme f. `Eichelmast'.

References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;

See also: compare also pen-1 `füttern'.

Page(s): 787

Root / lemma: (peg- :) pog- : pōg-, pō̆k-s-

Meaning: shoulder, hip, side

German meaning: `Achsel, Hüfte, Lende, Seite'

Material: Old Indian pákṣa- m. `shoulder, Flügel' and `Seitenpfosten', pákṣas- n. `Seite'; lat. pectus `breast'; lett. paksis `Hausecke'; toch. А päśśäṃ, В päšcane `die beiden Brüste'; langvokalisch Old Indian pājasyá- n. `Bauchgegend, Weichen', russ. (etc) pach `Leistengegend', pacha `armpit', pachva `armpit, Leistengegend'; besides ein i̯o-stem *pōgi̯o- in čech. paže `Arm' under likewise

Comments:

Root / lemma: (peg- :) pog- : pōg-, pō̆k-s- : `shoulder, hip, side' is a reduced root of balt. lit. pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. `place under the arm, armpit'.

A common satem Root / lemma: dous- : `arm' (see above) derived from an archaic root *ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique apers., balt., celt., illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation.

Two other roots, respectively Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root ĝheus + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indian hásta-ḥ m. `hand', av. zasta-, apers. dasta- ds.;

The key link between Root / lemma: dous- (*ĝheus-): `arm' derived from an archaic root *ĝheus `hand, arm' and Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- (*ĝheus-): `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 (*ĝheus-): `hand, arm' are balt. : lett. pa-duse (zero grade) ` armpit ' : lit. pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. ` place under the arm, armpit '.

References: WP. II 3 f., WH. II 270, Specht Idg. Dekl. 237 f.

Page(s): 792

Root / lemma: peig-1 and peik-

Meaning: coloured, speckled

German meaning: `Kennzeichnen durch einritzen or färben; bunt, farbig' (besides words for `stechen'

Material: A. Old Indian piŋktē (unbel.) `malt', piŋga-, piŋgalá- `reddish, brown', pinjára- `reddish, goldgelb'; gr. πίγγαλος (Hes.) `Eidechse', πίγγαν `Kücken' Hes.; lat. pingō, -ere, pinxī, pictum `malen; with the needle sticken', pictor `Maler'; abg. pěgъ `varicolored'; toch. A pik-, pek- `schreiben, malen' (pekant- `Maler'), В pink-, pai(y)k- `schreiben'.

Maybe alb. pikë 'dot, stain', pis 'dirty, stained'

B. Old Indian piṃśáti `haut from (esp. Fleisch), cuts, slices zurecht, gestaltet, schmükt', pḗśaḥ- n., pēśa- m. `shape, form, paint, color', pēśalá- `verziert; mellifluous; skilful' (compare ποικίλος); piśáŋga- `reddish, reddish brown ', piśa- m. `Dammhirsch' etc; perhaps śilpá- `varicolored', whether from*piślá- (Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.);

Maybe alb. pis 'dirty, stained'

av. paēs- `farbig make, adorn', paēsa- m. paēsah- n. `jewellery, Zierat', apers. ni-pištā `niedergeschrieben', av. fra-pixšta- `verziert';

gr. ποικίλος `varicolored'; πικρός `sharp (vom Pfeil), bitter, shrilly, screaming, feindselig' (formal = abg. pьstrъ `varicolored'); lat. pignus, -oris `Pfand' (if `festgestecktes'?); got. filu-faihs `very mannigfaltig' (compare Old Indian puru-pēśa- `mannigfaltig'), ahd. as. fēh `varicolored', ags. fāh, fāg `varicolored', whereof aisl. fā (*faihōn) `färben, adorn', fā rūnar `Runen ritzen' (originally `red färben'), fāinn `bunt dappled ', ags. fāgian, ahd. fēhen `adorn';

lit. piẽšti `malen, schreiben', paĩšas, piẽšas `Rußfleck', piešà `smut', paĩšinas, puišinas, puišus `rußig, dirty, filthy', išpaišãu `adumbrō'; apr. peisāi `sie schreiben'; aksl. pišǫ pьsati `schreiben', pьstrъ (= πικρός) `varicolored', pьstrǫgъ `Forelle' (also рьsъ `dog' from the Farbe genannt).

References: WP. II 9 f., WH. II 301 f., 305 f., Trautmann 210 f.

Page(s): 794-795

Root / lemma: peiĝ-1 and peik̂-

Meaning: hostile

German meaning: `feindselig gesinnt', teils in aktiver animosity or Heimtücke, teils in passivem Widerwillen or Dummheit sich äußernd

Comments: (balt. peik- probably with westidg. guttural)

Material: A. Lat. piget `es verdrießt mich, erregt Widerwillen', piger, -gra, -grum ` querulous, slow, faul'; aisl. feikn n. `ruin', ags. fācen, as. fēcan n. ` betrayal, malice, deceit' (ags. fǣcne ` deceitful, mad, wicked, evil'), ahd. feihhan n. ` guilefulness, deceit', ags. gefic `deceit', ficol `arglistig, unzuverlässig'.

B. Old Indian píśuna- `bösgesinnt, verräterisch, verläumderisch', piśācá- `demon'; here the gall. (ven.-illyr.) VN Pictones, Pictāvi (: lit. pìktas) `Poitou'; wgerm. *faihiÞō in ahd. fēhida `hate, fight', nhd. Fehde, ags. fæhÞ(u) f. `enmity, Fehde'; ahd. fēhan `zēlāre' and `hate', as. ā-fēhjan `feindlich behandeln', vom Adj. ahd. gifēh `feindlich', ags. fāh, fāg `geächtet, verfemt' (engl. foe `fiend'); in addition also ahd. feigi `dem Tode verfallen', nhd. feige `timorous' (dial. also `dem Tode verfallen', `fast reif', or `faul'), as. fēgi `of Todes', ags. fǣge `dem Tode nahe, bang' (engl. fey), aisl. feigr `dem Tode verfallen' (*poiki̯ós, compare lit. paĩkas `stupid');

lit. paĩkas `stupid', peikiù, peĩkti `rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold'; pìktas `mad, wicked, evil, angry, irate', pykstù, pỹkti `rage against, mad, wicked, evil sein'; lett. peiksts `unzuverlässiger person'; apr. paikemmai 1. Pl. Konj., aupaickīt `cheat, deceive', pickuls `devil', lit. pikùlas `devil', lett. -pikìs, pikuls `devil'.

References: WP. II 10 f., WH. II 300 f., Trautmann 203 f.

Page(s): 795

Root / lemma: pei-m(i)-

Meaning: quick, perky

German meaning: `rasch, flink'?

Comments: Only kelt. and german.

Material: Air. ēim (*peimi-) `rash, hasty, flink'; aisl. fimr ds., orð-fimi f. ` adroitness in words'; but norw. fimra `umhertappen', mnd. fimmelen, fimmeren ds., engl. dial. fimble ds.; schwed.famla, fumla, ndd. fummeln, engl. fumble `umhertappen' are distinct lautnachahmend.

References: WP. II 11, Sommer IF. 51, 247.

Page(s): 795

Root / lemma: peisk-, pisk-

Meaning: fish

German meaning: `Fisch'

Material: Lat. piscis m. `Fisch', piscīna `Fischteich', piscor, -āri `fischen'; got. fisks m., aisl. fiskr, ahd. ags. fisk `Fisch' (*piskos), got. fiskōn, nhd. fischen (: lat. piscāri; compare mhd.vischīn : lat. pis-cīna); full grade air. īasc (*peiskos), Gen. ēisc `Fisch', Kollekt. `Fische'; poln. piskorz `Peißker', russ. piskárь `Gründling'; based on die Übereinstimmung with mir. esc `water', schott. FlN Esk (kelt. *iskā): acymr. FlN Uisc, ncymr. Wysg (kelt. *ēskā from *eiskā or*eidskā) auf chance, luck? s. also above S. 794.

Note:

From PIE the cognate for fish passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *púsa ( ˜ -i̯o-)

Meaning: a k. of fish

Mongolian protoform: *basiŋga

Tungus protoform: *puse-

Japanese protoform: *pansai

References: WP. II 11, WH. II 310, Max Förster Themse 840 f.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: (peis-1?) : pis-

Meaning: to grind

German meaning: `zerstampfen, zermalmen' (especially Getreide)

Material: Old Indian pináṣṭi `zerreibt, zerstampft' (3. Pl. pįṣánti = lat. pinsunt), piṣṭá- `gemahlen', n. `meal, flour', pēṣṭar- `Zerreiber' (: lat. pistor), av. pišant- `zerstampfend'; gr. πτίσσω `stampfe, schrote' (probably expressives σσ), πτίσμα, πτισάνη `enthülste barley', πτίσις, πτισμός `das Stampfen', περιπίσματα `ausgepreßte Weintrauben' (diss. from *περιπτίσματα); lat. pīnsō, -ere, pinsiō, pi(n)sō, -āre `zerstampfen, zerstoßen' (pīs- with Nasalreduktion from pins-), *pīstum, pīnsum, pinsitum; pistor `Bäcker', pīsō `mortar', pīla ds., pīlum `Mörserkeule' (and `spear, lance'), pistillum `Stampfer'; umbr. pistu `pistum'; mnd. vīsel `mortar', mhd. fisel `penis'; lit. Iterat. paisýti `(barley) abklopfen, den Gerstenkörnern die Grannen abschlagen', primär pìsti `coire cum femina'; aksl. pьsǫ and pьchajǫ, pьchati `bump, poke', *pьšeno `meal, flour', russ. pšenó n. `enthülste millet, sorghum', čech. Iterat. pěchovati `stomp'.

References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 692.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: peis-2, speis-

Meaning: to blow

German meaning: `blasen'

Material: With s-: lat. spīrō, -āre `blow, breathe, breathe' (*speis-), spīritus, -ūs `breath, breeze, breath, soul, ghost'; spirāculum `Luftloch';

without s-: Old Indian piččhōrā `Pfeife, flute'; mhd. vīsen, vī̆sten `einen wind streichen lassen', vī̆st `breaking wind, fart', ags. fīsting ds., ndd. fīster `podex', ndl. veest (*faist) `breaking wind, fart', aisl. fīsa `furzen', norw. fīsa ds. and `blow', nhd. fispern, fispeln `hiss'; baltoslav. *pīṣketi `piept, pfeift' in lit. pyškė́ti `knallen', slav. *piščǫ, *piščati in russ. piščú, piščátь `piepen, kreischen', ksl. pištalь f. `Pfeife', aksl. piskati `whistle' etc;

maybe alb. piskat 'to srceam', piscamë 'scream'

with n-formants: cymr. ffun (*spoi-nā) `breath'.

References: WP. II 11, WH. II 575 f., Trautmann 221.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: pei̯(ǝ)-, pī̆-

Meaning: fat; milk

German meaning: `fett sein, strotzen'

Material: Old Indian páyatē `schwillt, strotzt, makes schwellen, strotzen', pipyúṣī `strotzend, milchreich', av. (a)-pipyūšī- `(keine) milk in the Brust habend, (not) säugend' (: lit. pa-pìjusi), Old Indian pīná- `fat, fat, obese, thick', pyā́yatē `schwillt, strotzt', pinvati `makes schwellen', av. fra-pinaoiti `bringt zum Gedeihen'; Old Indian páyas- n. `juice, sap, water, milk', av. payah- n. `milk', av. paēman- n. `Muttermilch' (: ags. fǣmne); np. pīnū `sour milk, fresh cheese' (: lit. píenas `milk'), Old Indian pḗru-, pērú- `anschwellend, tumescent making ' (probably with idg. l, so that to norw. fēl);

norw. fēl `Rahm, dickgemachte milk'; ags. fǣmne `virgin, young wife, woman', as. fēmea `schwangere wife, woman', aisl. feima `girl' (: av. paēman- `Muttermilch');

lit. papìjusi kárvė `cow, die beim Melken die milk nicht zurückhält', pýdau, -dyti `zum Milchen stir, tease, irritate', pýti `milk spenden', píenas `milk';

pīmo-s `fat' in gr. πῑμελή `fat', lat. opīmus `fat, wohlgenährt; fertile; rich' (probably pīnguis `fat': hybridization from *pīmos and *finguis, see above S. 128).

u̯-formations:

att. πόα, ep.-ion. ποίη, dor. ποία `grass, Rasenplatz', from *ποιFᾱ = lit. píeva `meadow' (*poiu̯ā);

pīu̯o-s- and pīu̯-er/-en- `fat, fat': Old Indian pīvas- n., av. pīvah- n. `fat, bacon'; Old Indian pī́van-, f. pī́varī `tumescent, strotzend, fat, obese, fat', pīvará- ds., newer formation vom Fem. from, with dem likewise not old gr. πιερός, πῑαρός = gr. πί̄ων, f. πί̄ειρα `fat, fertile, rich', πῖαρ (only Nom. Akk. Sg. *pī-u̯r̥) `fat'; air. īriu, Gen. īrenn (*pī-u̯er-i̯ō) `Erdboden, land', if eigentl. `πίειρα γῆ';

tu-stem pei-tu-, pī̆-tu- `fat, juice, sap, Trank, nourishment, food': ei in lit. piẽtūs `Mittagsmahl'; compare Old Indian pḗtv-a- m. ` he-goat; billy goat, Hammel' (eig. `fat, obese'), av. pōiϑwa `fat, obese';

pī̆-tu- `Trank, dish, food': Old Indian pitú- m., av. pitu-š m. `juice, sap, Trank, nourishment, food, dish, food', av. arǝmpiϑwā, ra-piϑwā f. `Mittag, Mittagszeit', eig. `die zum Mahle passende time'; air. ith `(*nourishment, food), corn, grain', acymr. it, ncymr. yd (*pitu-) etc `ds.'; lat. pītuīta `reiche Feuchtigkeit, catarrh'; mir. īth `tallow, suet' (*pītu-); wherefore as denominative aksl. pitěti, jüngerpitati `füttern, ernähren, aufziehen'; here from the meaning `resin' from: Old Indian pītu-dāru `eine Fichtenart', eig. `Harzbaum', and as Kurzformen eines solchen Kompositums pamird. pit `fir, spruce', gr. πίτυς ds.; full grade mir. īath n. (`fette) meadow, land' (*pei-tu-); die meaning `resin' also in the k-derivative *pi-k-: gr. πίσσα att. πίττα f. `tar', πιττάκιον n. `Schreibtäfelchen, Pflaster', lat. pix, picis f. `tar' (out of it ahd. peh etc), perhaps mnd. vī(g), vīhe `swamp, marsh, break'; (lit. pìkis `tar' is germ. Lw.), aksl. pьcъlъ, russ.-ksl. pьkьlъ `tar'; but lat. pīnus, -ūs and -ī `fir, spruce, pine, pine tree' because of alb. pishë `fir, spruce, pinewood torch' (*pit-s-i̯ā) probably from *pit-s-nu-s;

extension poi-d-, pī̆-d-: gr. πῑδήεις `quellenreich', πῖδαξ `wellspring', πῑδύω `lasse durchsickern, quelle hervor', Nom. Pl. n. πί̄σεα `feuchte Orte, Wiesen' (*pī-d-s-es-); aisl. fita f. `fat', germ. *faitian `mästen' (ahd. feizen, ags. fǣtan, aisl. feita), *faita- `fat'(ahd. feiz, aisl. feitr), participle germ. *faitida-: ahd. feizzit, mhd. veiz(e)t, nhd. feist, ags. fǣted, engl. fat, mnd. vet `fat'; aisl. fit `meadow', ostfries. `puddle, slop'; lett. pìsa, pīse `morass, Buschwald'; about mir. esc `water' (see above S. 45 about mir. esc-ung `Aal'), wherefore mir. esca f. `swamp, marsh', see under peisk- `Fisch'; or esc from *pid-skā?

References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217.

Page(s): 793-794

Root / lemma: pek̂-1, pēk̂-, pōk̂-

Meaning: to make pretty; to be joyful

German meaning: etwa `hübsch machen, aufgeräumt or vergnügt sein'

Material: Ahd. gifehan, ags. gefēon `sich freuen'; as. ahd. fehōn `consume', ahd. gi-fehōn ds. = ags. ge-fēon, ahd. gi-fehan `sich erfreuen'; Kaus. got. fulla-fahjan `Genüge leisten, befriedigen, dienen', ahd. fagōn `beistehen'; got. fahēÞs `pleasure, joy', aisl. feginn, ags. fægen `blithe, glad', got. ahd. faginōn, ags. fægenian `sich freuen', aisl. fagna ds., got. ga-fēhaba ` fitting, ehrbar', aisl.fǣgiligr `pleasant'; got. fagrs `geeignet', aisl. fagr, ags. fæ̆̄ger `beautiful' etc; got. ga-fahrian `prepare, concoct'; in materieller meaning mhd. vëgen `clean, scour, rub, clean, fegen', aisl. fāga `adorn, clean', fǣgja `gleaming make, putzen' and lit. púošiu (*pōk̂ei̯ō), púošti `adorn', lett. pùost `clean, säubern, adorn', refl. `sich putzen'; perhaps hieher mir. āil `pleasant' as *pōkli- (yet s. also under pāk̂- ` moor ').

References: WP. II 16, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.

Page(s): 796-797

Root / lemma: pek̂-2

Meaning: to fleece; cattle

German meaning: `Wolle or Haare rupfen, zausen'

Material: Old Indian páśu-, paśú- n., Gen. paśváḥ; paśú- m. `Vieh'; av. pasu- m. `Vieh' (mostly still `small cattle'), in compound fśū̆-, -fśū̆-, wherewith Old Indian kšu-mā́n- `nahrungsreich', puru-kšú ds. (twice also basic kśu) as Diss.-forms for pśu- identical; = lat. pecū, -ūs n. `a head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd', next to which pecus, -oris n. (formal = gr. τὸ πέκος), pecus, -ŭdis f. ds.; derivatives pecūnia `property, riches, wealth', pecūlium `property'; umbr. pequo Pl. n. ` pecua '; = got. faíhu ` appanage, fortune', aisl. fē, ags. feoh, as. fehu, ahd. fihu `Vieh'; = lit. pekus, apr. pecku `Vieh' (westidg. Gutt.); got. bi-, ga-faíhon `übervorteilen' are after W. Wissmann (The ältesten Postverbalia 79 ff.) Denominativa from faíhu, and bi-faíh `deceit' is noun post-verbal;

arm. asr, Gen. asu `Schafwolle, Fließ', asveɫ `fleecy' (*pok̂u + r, with а from о in offenerAnlautsilbe); gr. πέκω (= lit. pešù), πέκτω (= lat. pectō, ahd. fehtan), πεκτέω `comb, schere', πέκος n. `Fließ, wool', πόκος m.; `Fließ', κτείς, κτενός `comb' (from zero grade *πκτεν-; lat. pecten);

alb. pilë `tool zum Flachskämmen, -hecheln' (*pek̂lā); lat. pectō, -ere, pexī `comb', pecten, -inis `comb', umbr. petenata ` pectinatam '; ahd. as. fehtan, ags. feohtan `fechten'; ahd. as. fahs, ags. feax `(Haupt)-haar', aisl. fax `Mähne' (*-pok̂-s-o-, compare den es-stem πέκος), aisl. fǣr, aschwed. fār `sheep' (*fahaz = πόκος), aschwed. fǣt (*fahti-) `wool, Fließ', ags. feht `Fließ', ndl. vacht f. `wool, Schur', ags. fihl ` a piece of cloth, garment of cloth '; lit. pešù, pèšti `pluck, an den Haaren zausen', Iter. pašýti, susipẽšti `to tear, rend'.

Here probably Old Indian pakṣ-man- n. `eyelashes, hair', pakṣ-malá- `with starken eyelashes, dichthaarig', av. pašna- n. `eyelid', compare in not so spezialisierter meaning np. pašm `wool'.

References: WP. II 16 f., WH. 11 269 f., 270 ff., Trautmann 217, Specht KZ 68, 205 ff.

Page(s): 797

Root / lemma: pekʷ-

Meaning: to cook

German meaning: `kochen'

Grammatical information: participle pekʷ-to- `cooked, boiled'

Material: Old Indian pácati, av. pačaiti `kocht, bäckt, brät' (= lat. coquō, cymr. pobi, alb. pjek, abg. pekǫ, compare also lit. kepù); Fut. pákṣyati: gr. πέψω); Supin. paktum = lat. coctum, aksl. peštь; participlepaktá- (= gr. πεπτός, lat. coctus, cymr. poeth), Old Indian pácyatē `reift', pakvá- `cooked, boiled, reif', paktí- f. `das Kochen, gekochtes Gericht' (= gr. πέψις, lat. cocti-ō, abg. реštь, apr. pectis), paktár- `the Kochende' (= lat. coctor, fem. gr. πέπτρια) pāká- m. `das Kochen, Backen, Reifen', av. nasu-pāka- `Leichen(divide) cooking, verbrennend'; arm. probably hac̣ `bread' as *pokʷ-ti-; gr. πέσσω, att. πέττω `cook, verdaue' (*pekʷi̯ō), to-present πέπτω; πέψις f. `Kochen'; πέπων, -ονος `reif' (f. πέπειρα after πίων : πίειρα), πόπανον `Gebäck, Kuchen'; umgestelltes *kʷopos in ἀρτο-κόπος (besides ἀρτο-πόπος) `Brotbäcker'; alb. pjek `I bake'; lat. coquō, -ere `cook' (ital. kelt. Assim. from *pekʷō to *kʷekʷō), coquus `Koch' (: ἀρτο-κόπος), coquīna `Küche', as osk.-umbr. Lw. popīna; cymr. pobi (o from e), corn. pobas, bret. pibi `backen', bret. pobet `gebacken', cymr. poeth (*kʷekʷ-tos) `hot', bret. poaz `cooked, boiled', mcymr. poburies `Bäckerin', corn. peber, bret. pober `Bäcker'; air. cuchtar `Küche' from lat. coctūra ds.; ags. ā-figen `roasted'; lit. (reconverted) kepù, kèpti, lett. cepu, cept `backen, fry', ceplis `oven'; without rearrangement apr. pectis `Ofenschaufel' = aksl. peštь `Ofen, Нöhle'; lit. pèktas `roasted', aksl. *pekǫ, *pešti `backen' in serb. pèčêm, pèći ds., etc; aksl. pekъ `heat', potъ `Schweiß' (*pokto-), peštь `Ofen', peštera `cave, Ofen' etc; toch. AB päk- `zum Reifen bringen, cook', participle Pass. В pepakṣu; A pukäl, В pikul `year' (= ` ripeness').

References: WP. II 17 f., WH. I 270 f., Trautmann 211 f.

Page(s): 798

Root / lemma: pelǝ-, plā-

Meaning: wide and flat

German meaning: `breit and flach, ausbreiten; durch Druck or Schlag flach formen, breitschlagen, breitklatschen'

Material: Arm. hoɫ `earth, dust, powder, bottom, land'; lat. palam `offen, öffentlich' (eig. `in flat, open Hinbreitung'), Akk. as clam, from einem *p_elā́- or р_olā́-; alb. sh-pal `offenbare'; air. lāthar n. `plan, place, Lage' (*plā-tro-), to cymr. llawdr ` britches ', acorn. loder `caliga', bret. loer `bas, chaussure' (originally `Unterlage'); lett. plóti `breitschlagen', lett. plāt `thin aufstreichen'; russ. pólyj `offen, free, unbedeckt, ausgetreten (vom water)', aksl. polje `field' (`ausgebreitete surface, plain, area', hence das Land Polen); aschwed.-nschwed. fala f. `Ebene, Heide'; hitt. palḫi- `breit';

as dh-present probably here gr. πλάσσω (*πλαθι̯ω, phonetically dem present from Gutturalstämmen angeglichen), Aor. ἔπλασα, ἐπλάσθην `from weicher Masse bilden, gestalten', κατα-, εμ-πλάσσω `streiche auf', πλάσμα n. `Gebilde', πλάστης m. `Bildner', ἔμπλαστρον n. > lat. emplastrum > nhd. `Pflaster'; in addition πλάθανος m., πλαθάνη f. `Kuchenbrett', πηλο-πλάθος `clay formend, a worker in clay, potter '; nominales dh in παλάθη `flat Fruchtkuchen';

with formants -no-: lat. plānus `platt, eben, flat' (idg. *plā-no-s) = gall. Medio-lānum eig. `mitten in the Ebene?', lit. plónas `thin', lett. plãns `flat, eben, thin', plãns `Tenne', apr. plonis (alit. plānas) `Tenne':

slav. *pol-no- in osorb. pɫoń `Ebene', klr. poɫonýna `Hochebene', čech. plauý `unfruchtbar, field-, wood, forest-', pláň `Ebene, Prärie', sloven. plân, f. plána `free from Baumwuchs', plánja `offene, freie surface, plain, area', skr. planína `Bergwald' etc;

here - perhaps vom ziellosen sich Ausbreiten weidender Herden - gr. πλάνος `irrend, wandering ', πλάνος m., πλάνη f. `irrender run, flow', πλανᾶν `vom rechten way abführen', -ᾶσθαι `herumirren', πλάνης, -ητος f. `herumirrend', aisl. flana `umherfahren', frz. (from dem Germ.) fláner `sich auf the road umhertreiben';

with n-formants: gr. πέλανος `flat Opferkuchen, flat Münze';

with m- or n-forms, meaning esp. `flat hand': *p_elǝmā (pl̥̄mā): gr. παλάμη f. `flat hand';

maybe alb. (*p_elǝmā) pëllëmba `palm' [common alb. m > mb shift].

lat. palma `flat hand; also Gänsefuß, Geweihschaufel of Damhirsches, shovel of Ruders, Palme', palmus `die Hand as measurement of length, span', palmes, -itis `Rebenschoß', air. lā;m, acorn. lof, cymr.llaw `hand' (in the case of in addition air. fo-laumur `wage'?); ahd. folma `hand', ags. folm `flat hand'; other ablaut in Old Indian pāṇí- m. `hand' (mind. from *parṇi-), av. pǝrǝnā `hohle hand';

with r-formants: aisl. flōrr m. `Diele of Viehstalles; cattle shed', ags. flōr `Diele', mnd.vlōr `Diele, meadow', mhd. vluor `bottom, meadow, sown field ', nhd. Flur; air. lār, cymr. etc llawr (*plā-ro-) `solum, pavimentum';

with dentalem forms *pél-tos n., *pel-tu-s m., *pl̥-tā́ `surface, plain, area': ahd. as. feld n. `field, bottom, Ebene', ags. feld (u-stem) ds.; aisl. fold f. `earth, land', also `Fjord' and FlN, ags. folde, as. folda `earth' (Old Indian pr̥thivī), ahd. FlN Fuld-aha `Fulda'; finn. pelto `farmland' from dem Germ.; obige examples belong actually to extension plet-.

References: WP. II 61 ff., WH. II 237, 240 f., Trautmann 204, 222;

See also: extensions under plāk-, plet-.

Page(s): 805-807

Root / lemma: peli-s-, pel-s-

Meaning: rock

German meaning: `Fels'

Material: Old Indian pāṣāṇá- m., pāṣyá- n. `Stein', (from *parṣ- = idg. *pels-); gr. πέλλα λίθος Hes. (*πέλσα); Pashto parša mir. all n. (*pl̥so-) `Klippe' (s-inflection after slīab `mountain'); germ. *falisa- ins Gallorom. as *falī̆siā borrows (afrz. falise, faleise); ahd. felis m., felisa f., mnd. vels (*falis-), nhd. Fels, aisl. fjall, fell n. (*pelso-) `Fels'; vorrom. (illyr.) *pella: *palla ds.

References: WP. II 66 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: pelk̂- : polk̂-

Meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `wenden, drehen'

Material: Ahd. as. felga, ags. fielg `Radfelge', germ. *felgam, `wenden' in ahd. ungifolgan `inflexus'; ablaut. gall. olca `Brachland', ags. fealg, bair. falg ds., russ. polosá `dividing off, partitioning off eines Feldes, Streif'.

addendum to S. 807:

Gall. olca `Pflugland' (frz. ouche `good Ackerland') = ags. fealg `Brachfeld' (germ. *falgō), engl. fallow, ostfries. falge, bair. falg ds., mhd. falgen, felgen `umackern', nhd. Felge `gepflügtes Brachland'; ablaut. germ. *felgō `Radfelge' in ags. fielg, engl. felly, ahd. felga `Felge, harrow'; besides germ. *falgiz in mnl. felghe, ags. felg(e), engl. felloe ds.; germ. felgan `wenden' in ahd. un-gifolgan `ungewendet';

russ. polosá etc `stripe, Ackerfurche';

perhaps here pelĝ-, polĝ- in slav. *ръlzо, *pelzti, russ.-ksl. plězetъ `crawls' etc and slav. polzь in russ. póloz `Schlittenkufe', slov. plâz `Pflugsohle, stripe'.

WP. I 516, Trautmann 218 f., Vasmer 2, 396, 397, Kluge-Götze 197 f.

References: WP. I 516.

Page(s): 807, 850

Root / lemma: pel-1, pelǝ-, plē-

Meaning: full, to fill; to pour; town (?)

German meaning: `gießen, fließen, aufschütten, füllen, einfüllen'; also `schwimmen, fließen machen, fliegen, flattern' and `schütteln, schwingen, zittern (machen)'

Material: A. Arm. heɫum `I gieße from' (*pel-nu-mi), zeɫum (*z-heɫum) `lasse stream', Pass. `fließeüber';

cymr. llanw m. `Flut', Verbalnom. llanw, llenwi `Füllen, Fließen', mbret. lano, lanv `Flut', corn. lanwes `fullness, wealth' (*pl_en-u̯o-);

lit. trans. pilù, pìlti `pour, schütten, aufschütten, füllen', intrans. `flow', lett. pilêt `drip, trickle', pile `drip', pilt `drip, trickle', pali `Überschwemmung', lit. am̃palas (*ant-palas) `Aufwasser auf dem Eise'; russ. vodo-polъ(je), pol(n)o-vodьje `Hochwasser', kslov. polъ `Schöpfgefäß'.

B. pel `castle' in Old Indian pū́r, Gen. purás `castle, town, city', pura- n., newer puri-, purī ds., compare Singapur `Löwenstadt', gr. (äol.) πόλις `castle, town, city, Staat' (*p_eli-s), hom. kypr. πτόλις ds., lit. pilìs, lett. pile `castle, Schloß' (see Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 344, Specht KZ 59, 65f., 11 f., Trautmann 217).

C. words for `swamp, marsh' (pel-, pel-eu-), as osset. farwe, färer `Erle', ahd. fel(a)wa, nhd. Felber `Weidenbaum' (as `Sumpfbaum'), and lat. palus, -ūdis f. `stehendes water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop' (*p_el-ou-d-), probably to Old Indian palvalá- n. `pond, pool' and palvalya- `sumpfig'; in addition still pelǝk- : plāk- in gr. πάλκος πηλός Hes., παλάσσω (*παλακι̯ω) `bespritze', lit. pélkė `Moorbruch', apr. pelky ds., lett. pel̃ce `puddle, slop': plācis `morass'; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 112 alle originallyFarbenbezeichnungen, also to pel-8.

D. `füllen, fullness, wealth': Old Indian píparti : pipr̥máḥ; pr̥ṇā́ti (pr̥ṇáti) `füllt, sättigt, nourishes, spendetreichlich, beschenkt', also pr̥ṇṓti ds., pū́ryatē, pūryátē `füllt sich', Aor. áprāt (: πλῆτο), Imp. pūrdhí, Perf. paprāu (: lat. plēvī), participle prātá- (= lat. -plētus, alb. pĺot; compare also prātí- : lat. com-plēti-ō), pūrtá- `full', prāṇa- `full' (= lat. plēnus, av. frāna- `Füllung', air.līn-aim `fülle'), pūrṇá- `full' (= got. fulls, litt. pìlnas, abg. plъnъ, air. lān; from *pel- whereas av. pǝrǝna- `gefüllt'); parīṇaḥ n. `fullness, wealth' (: av. parǝnah-vant- `rich'), parī-man- `fullness, wealth, Spende' (*pelǝ-); av. par- `füllen';

arm. li, Gen. liog `full' (from *plē-i̯o-s = gr. πλέως? or from *plē-to-s = Old Indian prātá-?), lnum `fülle' (*linum, neologism), Aor. eli-c̣ `I füllte'; lir (i-stem) `fullness, wealth'; presumably holom, holonem `häufe auf, sammle an';

gr. πίμπλημι `fülle' (originally πίπλημι, the nasal from πίμπρημι), Fut. πλήσω, Aor. πλῆτο `füllte sich', πλήθω `bin voll, fülle mich', πλῆθος n., ion. πληθύ̄ς `bulk, mass', πληθύω `bin or werde voll, swell an' (: lat. plēbēs), πλήσμη `Flut', πλησμονή `Anfüllung, Sättigung', πλήσμιος `light füllend, sättigend', πλῆμα `Füllung' Hes. (: lat. plēmināre `anfüllen'); hom. πλεῖος, att. πλέως, ion. πλέος `full' (*πλη-[ι̯]ο-ς; = arm. li?), πλήρης `full', πληρόω `make voll' (from *πληρο-ς = lat. plērus, compare arm. lir `fullness, wealth', i-stem); πλή-μῡρα, -μυρίς f. `Flut', to μύ̄ρω S. 742;

alb. plot `full' (*plē-t-os); also pjel `beget, gebäre'? intrans. `full = pregnant sein'?? with formants -go- here plok, plogu `heap' (*plē-go-? compare ahd. folc `heap, Kriegshaufe, people', ags. folc `troop, multitude, crowd, Heer, people', aisl. folk `troop, multitude, crowd, people' as *pl̥-go- or *р_elǝ-go-);

lat. pleō, -ēre mostly com-pleō, im-pleō `fülle', participle Pass. (com)plētus; plēnus `full', umbr. plener `plenis'; plērus, -a, -um `zum größten parts', plૃrusque, plērīque `eine big, giant number, very much, a lot of, am meisten'; plēbēs, -ei and -ī, plēbs, -is `Volksmenge; die Masse of Volkes in contrast to den Adeligen' (*plēdhu̯ēs), manipulus `eine handful; bundle; Hanteln the Turner; Soldatenabteilung' (*mani-plo-s); plēmināre `anfüllen' to *plēmen = gr. πλῆμα;

air. līn(a)im `I fülle' (from einem Adj. *līn = *plēno-s), līn `numerus, pars'; air. lān, acymr. laun, ncymr. llawn, corn. luen, leun, len, bret. leun `full' (= Old Indian pūrṇa- etc), air. comalnur `I fülle' (Denom. from comlān `full'); u(i)le `whole', Pl. `alle' (*poli̯o-);

got. fulls, aisl. fullr, ags. as. full, ahd. fol (-ll-) `full' (= Old Indian pūrṇá- etc, see above); = lit. pìlnas, abg. plъnъ, skr. pȕn `full'; about ags. folc etc see above; mhd. vlǣjen `spülen' to πλή-μῡρα above S. 799.

pélu `bulk, mass', einzelsprachlich also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter `much, a lot of'; besides idg. p_elú- Adj. `much, a lot of'; Kompar. plḗ-i̯os, -is-, Superl. plǝ-is-tó- `mehr, mostly':

Old Indian purú-, av. pouru-, ap. paru `much, a lot of' (= gr. πολύς, if these from *παλύς, lit. pilus), Kompar. Old Indian prāyas- Adv. `meistens, gewöhnlich', av. frāyah-, Superl. fraēšta- `the meiste'; here iran. *pelu̯-, *polu̯- in Plejadennamen npers. parv, av. paoiryaēinī (*paru̯ii̯ainī-), ablaut. gr. Πλειάδες, hom. Πληιάδες (*pleu̯ii̯-), originally `Sternhaufen';

gr. πολύς `much, a lot of' (assimil. from *παλύς = Old Indian purú-), übrige case vom stem πολλό-, πολλά̄-, wohlausgegangen vom f. *πολFι̯ᾱ Old Indian pūrví; Kompar. Superl. originally *πλη[ι̯]ων > πλέων (*plēisōn) : πλαῖστος (*plǝisto-), das through influence of *πλεῖς `mehr' (*plēis = air. līa) and of Kompar. to πλεῖστος wurde; from einem idg. *pleu̯-es- `Überfluß, big, giant bulk, mass' wurde secondary the gr. Kompar. n. πλέον, wherefore the achäische Nom. Pl. πλέες neologism wurde; also wurde alat. plous, lat. plūs to Kompar., and with plīs- (older Kompar. *plē-i̯es- in alat. pleores, and *plēis- in Superl.plīsima) to *plois- contaminated, from which lat. plūrimus `mostly' (old ploirume, plouruma, plusima); compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 537 f., E.-M.² 783;

air. il `much, a lot of' (= got. filu), līa `plus, plures' (*plē-is); acymr. liaus, ncymr. lliaws `multitudo' (plē-i̯ōs-tu-s or -to-);

got. filu adv. neuter m. Gen. (altes Subst.) as replacement from gr. πολύς, also `very; um vieles (beim compounds)', similarly in den other germ. Sprachen: ahd. as. filu, filo, ags. fela, feala, feola `much, a lot of, very', aisl. fiǫl- `much, a lot of', n. `bulk, mass'; compounds Sup. aisl. fleiri, fleistr `mehr, most' (*plǝ-is-, -isto-, av. fraēšta-);

lit. pilus `in Überfluß'.

E. pel-ed- in gr. πλάδος n. `Feuchtigkeit, Fäulnis', πλαδαρός `humid, wet', πλαδάω, -ᾶν `damp sein'; ahd. fledirōn, nhd. flattern, ahd. fledar-mūs `Fledermaus'; lett. peldêt `schwimmen', peldêtiês `baden', peldinât `baden, schwemmen': pildinât (*pl̥d-) ds.; pledinât `with den Flügeln hit', pledins ` butterfly'; compare E. Fraenkel Mél. Boisacq 1, 357 ff.

F. words for ` butterfly': reduplicated lat. pāpiliō, -ōnis m. (*pā-pil->); germ.*fīfalðrōn- in aisl. fīfrildi n., ags. fīfealde, ahd. fīfaltra, mhd. fīfalter, nhd. Falter; lit. petelìškė ds., lett. petelîgs `flatterhaft' (*pel-tel-);

from derselben root die balto-slav. words (*paipalā-) for `Wachtel': lit. píepala f., lett. paîpala, apr. penpalo (in addition apr. pepelis, Pl. pippalins `bird'); čech. přepel, křepel, slov. prepelíca (also ` butterfly') etc

G. words for `swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen' etc: gr. πάλλω (*pl̥-i̯ō), Aor. ἔπηλα `swing, brandish, shake', Med. `spring, zapple', παλτός `geschwungen', παλμός `Zucken, Vibrieren', πάλος m. `lot, fate', παλάσσομαι `lose'; redupl. παιπάλλω Hes. `shake'; aisl. fǣla `frighten', ags. eal-fē̆lo `fürchterlich', mhd. vālant `devil'; perhaps to aksl. plachъ `zitternd, ängstlich' (*polso-?), plašiti `frighten' etc;

die extension pelem- in gr. πελεμίζω `swing, brandish, erschüttere', Pass. `erbebe', πόλεμος, πτόλεμος `battle, war, fight' (PN Νεο-πτόλεμος, Πτολεμαῖος), got. us-filma `erschrocken', aisl. felms-fullr ds., felmta `bange sein' (*falmatjan), ahd. bair. felm `fright';

da aisl. falma likewise `überrascht become', as `tap, fühlen' stands for, könnten here lat. palpor, -āri (also palpō) `streichle', palpitō `zucke', palpebrae ` eyelids ', alb. palun `flatternd, zitternd' and `Ahorn' as well as westgerm. *fōljan (ahd. fuolen, mhd. füelen, ags. fǣlan etc) `fühlen' belong, also mnd. vlader `Ahorn', vladarn `flutter'.

References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;

See also: die words under G. könnten also to pel-2 belong; here also pleu- `flow'.

Page(s): 798-801

Root / lemma: pel-2a, pelǝ- : plā-

Meaning: to cause to move, drive

German meaning: `stoßend or schlagend in Bewegung setzen, treiben'

Material: Lat. pellō (probably from *pel-nō), -ere, pepuli, *pultus (vorausgesetzt from pultāre `bump, poke'), pulsus (after perculsus : percellō) `stoßend or schlagend in Bewegung place, forttreiben', pulsus, -ūs `blow, knock', umbr. ař-peltu `appellitō, admovētō', lat. ōpilio (*ou̯i-pili̯ō) `Schafhirt' (`Schaftreiber'), Palēs `Hirtengöttin'; appellō, -āre `address, speak to';

air. ad-ella (*pel-nā-t) `besucht' (= lat. appellat), di-ella `weicht ab'; das Futur. to agid `treibt' : eblaid (*pi-plāseti) and die brit. Konjunktive with el- (above S. 307); air. laë `day' (*plāi̯om), originally *` turn '; about aksl. popelъ `ash' see under pel-2b;

probably auf einem d-present *pel-d-ō based on: ahd. anafalz m., ags. anfilte n. `Ambos', ags. felt, m., ahd. filz m. `Filz' (*`gestampfte Wollmasse'), ahd. falzan `anfügen, anlegen', nhd. falzen `zusammenlegen';

eine spez. gr. meaning-Entwicklung `anstoßen' = `sich nähern, nahe' probably in πέλας `nahe', πελάζω (äol. πλά̄ζω), πελάσσαι `sich nähern'; trans. `näherbringen, heranbringen' (πέλασε χθονί `warf to bottom'), πελάτης `Nachbar, Taglöhner'; πίλναμαι `nähere mich', πλησιόν, dor. πλᾱτίον `nahe, by', ion. ἄ-πλητος, dor. ἄ-πλᾱτος `dem man nicht nahen kann, entsetzlich', πλᾶτις `Gattin' (Ar. Ach. 132), ἔμπλην `ganz nahe', πλήν, dor. πλά̄ν preposition `besides'.

References: WP. II 57 f., WH. II 276 f.;

See also: hieher probably also pel-3 `meal, flour'.

Page(s): 801-802

Root / lemma: pel-2b, pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u̯-

Meaning: powder, flour

German meaning: in Worten for `Staub, Mehl', weiter also `Mehlbrei'

Material: Old Indian pálala- n. `zerriebene Samenkörner, porridge, mash, smut'; gr. πάλη `dust, powder, Staubmehl', παι-πάλη, ποι-σπάλη `feines meal, flour'; παλύνω `bestreue'; lat. palea f. `chaff, straw, Getreidehülse';

with t-formants: πόλτος `porridge, mash from meal, flour', Demin. πολτίον, πολτάριον; lat. puls, -tis `thick Brei from Speltmehl' (*poltos); mir. littiu (Gen. litten), nir. lite, cymr. llith (i instead of y after llith `bait') `Mehlsuppe, pulmentum' (*pl̥t-; with expressive Gemination);

with u̯-formants: lat. pulvis, -eris `dust, powder' (*polu̯i-; inflection after cinis); gall. (rom.)*ulvos ds.;

maybe truncated alb. geg. (*pulvereum) pluhun 'dust, powder' [M/N allophones] from lat. pulvereus -a -um, 'full of dust, dusty'

here (idg. *pelṓus, pelu̯-ós) Old Indian m. Pl. palā́vās `chaff', baltoslav. *pelū- and *pēlu̯ā- f. `chaff' in lit. pẽlūs f. Pl., lett. pelus, pelavas f. Pl. ds., apr. pelwo f. and lett. pelvas f. Pl. ds.; aksl. plěvy f. Pl. `ἄχυρον', klr. poɫóva ds. etc;

with n-formants: lat. pollen, -inis `very feines meal, flour, Staubmehl' (ll from n. Ausgleichung einer inflection *polen, *polnes); pollenta f. `Gerstengraupen'; here also apr. pelanne f. `ash', lit. pelenaĩ m. Pl., lett. pę̀lni ds., wherefore apr. pelanno f. `Herd', lit. pelẽnė `Herd'; apr. plieynis `Staubasche', lit. plė́nys f. Pl. `Flockasche', lett. plẽne `weiße Asche auf Kohlen'; s. S. 805;

without n-forms, but with Redupl. russ. pépel, aksl. etc popelъ `ash', am ehesten as `zerstoßenes, zermalmtes' to pel-2a `pellens, pultāre'.

References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225;

See also: probably to pel-2 `bump, poke'.

Page(s): 802

Root / lemma: pel-3a

Meaning: to fold

German meaning: `falten'

Material: α. plo- as 2. composition part in Adj. as gr. ἁ-πλός `simple, just', δι-πλός, δίπλαξ ` twofold ' (compare arm. haɫ `Mal'), lat. simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex `ein-, two-, dreifach', umbr. dupla ` double, twice as large, twice as much ', tuplak Akk. Sg. n. `duplicem', tripler `triplis'; mir. dīabul `double' (*du̯ei-plo-); got. twei-fls `doubt', ahd. zvīfal `dubious', m. `doubt', probably also av. bifra- n. ` comparison, Ähnlichkeit', in Gr. besides die Umbildungen of type ἁπλόος (to πλοῦς) and ion. διπλήσιος; further with older t-Ableitg. (see under) διπλάσιος, dor. διπλάτιος etc `double, double so groß' (*pl̥ti̯o-; δίπαλτος ` twofold ' from *δίπλατος).

β. alb. palë (*pol-nā) `Falte, row, Joch, pair'; gr. πέπλος m. `Frauengewand'; aisl. fel f. (*falja-) `furrow, stripe, Falte', norw. fela f. `Faltenmagen'.

γ. -to-nouns and Verba: Old Indian puṭati `umhüllt with', puṭa- m. n. `Falte, Tüte, Tasche' (*pulta-), mir. alt `junctura, artus' (a Redukt. from idg. о, as perhaps also Old Indian puṭa-), redupl. strong. V. got. falÞan `fall', aisl. falda `den Kopf bedecken', ags. fealdan, ahd. faltan `fold', weak. V aisl. falda `fold', ags. fealdian, ahd. faltōn ds., aisl. faldr m. `Falte, Zipfel, Kopfputz the Frau', feldr m. (*faldi-) `mantle', mhd. valte `Falte, convolution, Winkel'; got. ain-falÞs, ahd. einfald, -t, aisl. einfaldr, ags. ānfeald `simple, just' under likewise

References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;

See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.

Page(s): 802-803

Root / lemma: pel-3b, pelǝ-, plē-

Meaning: to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth

German meaning: `verdecken, verhüllen; Haut, Fell; Tuch, Kleid'

Material: Gr. πέλας `skin', ἐρυσί-πελας `Hautentzündung', ἄ-πελος `nicht verheilte wound'; πέλμα n. `Sohle am foot or Schuh', πάλμη `leichter shield' (*from Häuten), lat. palea f. `Läppchen am Hahnenschnabel', palear n. `Wampe, Wamme'; afries. filmene `skin', ags. filmen `Häutchen'; here with k-Erweit. germ. *felh- `save, store' in got. filhan etc `conceal, bury', aisl. fela `conceal, übergeben', ags. fēolan `anhängen, eintreten' with gramm. variation got. fulgins `hide, conceal', aisl. folgenn ds.; germ. bi-felhan `entrust, save, store' in ags. be-fēolan, ahd.bi-fel(a)han, mhd. bevelhan, nhd. befehlen.

With n-formant: gr. πέλλᾱς Akk. Pl. `Häute', πελλο-ράφος `pellārius', lat. pellis `fell, fur', ahd. fel, -lles, ags. fell, aisl. fjall n. `skin', got. Þrūts-fill ` leprosy '; (lat. pellīnus `from fell, fur' = ahd. fillīn, ags. fellen `ledern'); with other Wurzelstufen aksl. pelena, russ. pelená ` diaper, kerchief, cloth, Hülle' (compare without n-forms russ. pélьka ds.) and russ. plená (for plěná), sloven. plẹ́na, čech. pléna, plína ds., lit. plėnė, plėnìs `Häutchen', apr. pleynis `Hirnhaut';

lat. palla `langes Obergewand the Frauen, curtain', pallium `Bettdecke, esp. ein further Überwurf the Griechen', maybe from *par(u)lā (?), Lw. from gr. φάρος `mantle'?

With t-formants: Old Indian paṭa- m. `Stück Zeug, linen, garment ', paṭála n. `Hülle, cover, Schleier, Membrane', gr. πέλτη `leichter shield'; aksl. platьno `canvas, fabric'.

With u̯-formant: gr. ἐπί-πλο[F]ος `die Netzhaut um die Gedärme'; lit. plėvė̃ f. `feine dünne skin', sloven. plẹ́va `eyelid'; perhaps aisl. fǫl, fǫlva f. `dünne Schneeschicht' (*falwō?), as norw. folga ds. to got. filhan etc `conceal'.

References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226;

See also: perhaps to pel-4 `fold'.

Page(s): 803-804

Root / lemma: pel-4

Meaning: a kind of vessel, dish

German meaning: in Gefäßbezeichnungen

Material: Old Indian pālavi `a kind of Geschirr'; pārī `Melkeimer', pāla- m. `Almosentopf, ein bestimmtes Hohlmaß', pālikā `Kochtopf' probably also pala- n. `ein bestimmtes Hohlmaß' palya- n. `ein sack, bag for corn, grain '; lat. pēluis `Becken, platter ', (*pēlou̯i-s); gr. πήληξ, -ηκος `Helm' (from *πηλF-) and πέλλα `Melkeimer' (from πελ(F)ια or *peli̯ā, compare Old Indian pārī `Melkeimer'); from πέλλα is λλ for λ figurative auf πελλίς, -ίδος ` platter, Becken', compare πελίκη, πέλιξ, Demin. πελίχνη (ending nachκύλιξ, -ίχνη) `Becher', die likewise *pelu̯-i- sein können (or *peli-);

aisl. ags. as. full `Becher' (*pl̥-no-m).

References: WP. II 56 f., WH. II 278;

See also: perhaps to pel-4 and pel-5 as originally ` container from skin'.

Page(s): 804

Root / lemma: pel-5

Meaning: to sell; to make money

German meaning: `verkaufen, verdienen'

Material: Gr. πωλεῖν `verkaufen', dor. πωλά:, att. (Gramm.) πωλή f. `sale'; ahd. fāli `verkäuflich, feil' (*pēlio-), aisl. falr ds. (*polo-); ahd. feili, mnd. veile, afries. fēl `feil' are not related;

lit. pel̃nas ` earnings, Lohn', pelnaũ, -ýti `verdienen', peldė́ti `spare', lett. pe'lns, pel'na ` earnings, Gewinst', pe'lnīt `verdienen, gewinnen, verschulden', aksl. plěnъ, russ. polōn `booty'.

References: WP. II 51, Trautmann 213.

Page(s): 804

Root / lemma: pel-6

Meaning: grey; pale

German meaning: in Ausdrücken for unscharfe Farben as `grau, fahl', also `scheckig'

Material: Old Indian palitá-, fem. páliknī (from *-tnī) `altersgrau, greis' (: πελιτνός), paruṣá- `fleckig' = av. pouruša-, paouruša- `gray, old'; pers. pūr `gray' (*parya-);

arm. alik` `die (weißen) waves, billows; white Bart, weißes hair' (*pl̥ii̯o-);

gr. πελιτνός `gray' (for *πελιτός = Old Indian palitá-ḥ after dem Fem. *πελιτνια = Old Indian paliknī); ion. πελιδνός out of it after μακεδνός etc reshaped; πελιός (*peli-u̯o-) `farblos, pallid, grauschwarz, schwarzblau' (here the PN Πέλοψ), πελλός ds. (*πελι̯ός? *πελνός?), πολιός `gray, greis' (*poli-u̯o-), πιλνόν φαιόν Κύπριοι Hes.; πέλεια, πελειάς `wilde Taube' (after the Farbe benannt, compare πέλειαι, πελειάδες, eig. die grauköpfigen, old, as Bezeichnung the Priesterinnen in Dodona as well as πέλειος `age' Hes.; also lat. palumbēs, apr. poalis `Taube'), πελᾱργός `swan' (`the schwarzweiße'); from *πελαF(ο)- + αργός; maked. πέλλης `τεφρώδης' Hes.; probably here also πηλός, dor. πᾱλός (*παλσός) `Lehm, slime, mud, ordure, morass';

lat. palleō, -ēre `pale, wan sein', pallor `paleness', pallidus `pale, wan' (at first from *palu̯os, older *polu̯os = germ. falwa-, lit. paɫvas, aksl. plavъ); pullus `schwarzgrau' (ul from l̥ infolge of anlaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbēs or -is `wood-, Ringeltaube' (*p_elon-bho-? rather parallel formation to columbus, -a, see above S. 547);

Note:

Alb. (*palumb) pëllumb `Taube' shares the same root with lat. palumbes -is, m. and f. `a wood pigeon, ringg dove'. It is not a lat. loanword otherwise the ending -es, -is would have been solidified in alb. like lat. radius > alb. rreze `ray'; actually lat. could have borrowed this cognate from illyr. since the shift m > mb is a typical alb. not lat. phonetic mutation.

alb. plak `Greis, Ältester';

mir. liath, cymr. (etc) llwyd `gray' (from *pleito-, compare Old Indian palitá-, gr. πελιτνός);

germ. *falwa- in aisl. fǫlr, ags. fealo, as. falu, ahd. falo, falawēr `sallow, paled, falb' (in addition as `graue ash' aisl. fǫlski m., ahd. falawiska `ash, Aschenstäubchen'); *falha- (: lit. pálšas) in aleman.-rheinfränk. falch `falb, esp. from hellbraunem Vieh'; *fela- or *felwa- in westfäl. fęl `falb', fęle `fahles roe deer, fahles horse'; with dem germ. k-forms as in other bird name here presumably ahd. (etc) falco `Falke' (spätlat. falco from dem Germ.);

lit. pal̃vas `blaßgelb' (= germ. *falwa, lat. palli-dus) = abg. plavъ `white', serb. plûv `blond, blue'; lit. pelė̃ `Maus', lett. pele ds., apr. peles Pl. `Maus (= Armmuskel)', apr. pele `consecration'; as derivative from pelė̃ `Maus' also lit. pelė́kas, lett. pelēks `mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray'; lit. pelė́da, lett. pęlêda `Eule' (`Mäusefresserin'); from einem *pelė̃ `Schimmel' derives lit.pelė́-ju, -ti `schimmeln', pelė́siai Pl. `Schimmel' and in ablaut plė́k-stu, -ti `schimmeln, modern'; in ablaut lit. pìlkas `gray', pélkė `Moorbruch', also pálšas, lett. pàlss `sallow, paled' (*polk̂os) as well as apr. poalis `Taube' (*pōlis); slav. *plěsnь in russ.-ksl. plěsnь, ačech. pléseň `Schimmel' and ksl. peles `pullus', russ. pelësyj `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored'; das forms idg. -so- or -k̂o-.

References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212;

See also: see above S. 799 C (pel-1).

Page(s): 804-805

Root / lemma: (pel-9), pol-, plē-, plō̆-

Meaning: to burn, be warm

German meaning: `brennen, warm sein'

Comments: also with -u̯o- extended; perhaps = (s)p(h)el- `gleam, shimmer'

Material: Aisl. flōr (*flō-wa-) `lukewarm, warm'; ndl. flouw `faint, languid, lukewarm', nhd. flau (*plē-u̯o-); aksl. poljǫ, polěti `burn' intr., Kausat. paliti `burn' tr., vъs-planetъ sę `καταφλεγήσεται', plamy, plamenъ m. `flame' (*polmen-); in the case of here lit. plė́nys above S. 802?

in addition probably cymr. go-leu `light', bret. gou-lou ds. (*plo-u̯o-); different Lewis-Pedersen 29 (to GN Lugus), compare above S. 690.

References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157.

Page(s): 805

Root / lemma: pelpo- or polpo-

Meaning: woodwork

German meaning: `from Brettern, Holz gezimmertes'?

Material: Old Indian parpá- (Lex.) ` bench or Wägelchen for Krüppel and Fußlahme', parpá-m (Lex.) `house' (`Bretterbude'), lat. pulpitum `Brettergerüst as Bühne or Tribüne'.

References: WP. II 66.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: penkʷe

Meaning: five

German meaning: `fünf'

Material: A. Old Indian páñca, av. panča; arm. hing; gr. πέντε, äol. πέμπε; πεμπάζειν `an den 5 Fingern zählen' (: bret. pempât `die Garben [to 5] zusammenlegen'); alb. pesë, geg. pęsë (*peŋkʷti̯ā); lat.quīnque (ī after quīn(c)tus), osk.-umbr. *pompe (compare osk. pumperias, umbr. pumpeřias `quincuriae'); air. cōic, acymr. pimp, mcymr. nc. pump, corn. pymp, bret. pemp, gall. πεμπεδουλα `πεντάφυλλον'; got. fimf, aisl. fimm, ahd. fimf, finf, as. ags. fīf (schwäb. fuchze 15 after sechze; das u these forms as well as ahd. funf, funfzich and of Ord. ahd. funfto point at not auf idg. n̥); lit. penkì (flektiert); aksl. pętь 5 (t from kt after dem ordinals; originally collective = Old Indian paŋktí- `Fünfzahl', aisl. fimt f. `number from fünf'; also umbr. puntes if `quiniones'); toch. А pëñ, B piś; hier.-hitt. paⁿta.

B. 15: Old Indian pañca-daśat, av. pancadasa, arm. hnge-tasán, gr. πεντε(καί)δεκα, got. fimftaíhun, ahd. finfzehan.

C. 50: pañcāśát, av. pancāsat, arm. yisun (from *hingisun), gr. πεντήκοντα, lat. quinquāgintā (after quadrāgintā), air. coīco (with diphthong).

D. ordinals penkʷtos: Old Indian pakthá-, av. puxδa- (after *kturtha `vierter', compare paŋtahva- `Fünftel'); gr. πέμπτος, lat. quīntus, osk. *pontos (compare above Púntiis, Πομπιες, päl. Ponties `Quinctius' = lat. Quinctius, also osk. pomptis `quinquies'; -m- after dem Kardinale, as also das n from Quinctius and quinctus); ahd. fimfto, finfto, as. fīfto, aisl. fim(m)ti, got. (in compound) fimfta-; lit. peñktas, abg. pętъ, toch. A pant, В pinkce; *penkʷetos: Old Indian pañcathá- (gewöhnlicher pañcamá- after saptamá-), alb. ipesëte, ipestë, gall. pinpetos, air. cōiced, acymr. pimphet etc; with einem r-forms arm. hinger-ord `the fünfte'; compare perhaps air. cōicer `number from fünf' and got. figgrs, aisl. fingr, ags. finger, ahd. as. fingar `finger' (*finʒʷraz, idg. *penkʷrós).

References: WP. II 25 f., WH. II 407 f., Trautmann 213 f.

Page(s): 808

Root / lemma: pen-1

Meaning: to feed

German meaning: `füttern; Nahrung; Aufbewahrungsort der Nahrung'

Material: Lat. penus, -oris n. and penus, -ūs m. `Mundvorrat', also `dass Innere of Hauses' (wo die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); penes (solidified Lok.) preposition with Akk. `by'; penitus `(from) innen, deep, gründlich' (*pene-to-); in addition (after intus : intrō) penetrō, -āre `penetrate';Penātēs `die Götter in Inneren of Hauses'; perhaps got. fenea (*finja) `Gerstenspeise'; lit. penù, penė́ti `füttern, mästen', lett. penêt `verwöhnen', lit. pẽnas `Futter'.

References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.-M.² 753 f., Trautmann 214;

See also: perhaps to pā- `füttern'.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: pen-2, pen-ko-

Meaning: swamp; water, wet

German meaning: `Schlamm, Sumpf, Wasser; feucht'

Material: Mir. en (*peno-?) `water', enach `swamp, marsh', en-glas `wässerige milk', cymr. en-wyn ` buttermilk ', mir. on-chū `Fischotter' (`Wasserhund'), FlN On, PN Onach (`swamp, marsh'), kelt. FlN ῎Ενος, newer *Eni̯os `Inn', gall. FlN *Ona `river', also as suffix (Bebronna `Biberbach' etc); zero grade mir. an f. `water, Urin', gall. anom `paludem';

got. fani n. `slime, mud', aisl. fen n. `swamp, marsh', ahd. fenna, fennī f., mhd. venne n., as. feni n. ds., mnd. venne f. `moorige Weide', ags. fenn m. n. `swamp, marsh, moor, fen', wherefore changing through ablaut ags. fyne `Feuchtigkeit', fynig `schimmelig', mnl. vunsc, mndl. vuns `muffig'; apr. pannean `Moorbruch' (= germ. *fanja-), lit. paniabùdė `Fliegenpilz', lett. pane f. `Jauche'; also illyr. Pannonia.

With ko-formants: Old Indian paŋka- m. n. `slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh'; mir. ēicne `salmon' (*penk-īni̯o-); tiefstufige -t(i̯)o-derivative *fuŋχt(j)a- in ahd. fūht, fūhti, ags. fūht `humid, wet'.

References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.

Page(s): 807-808

Root / lemma: pent-

Meaning: to go, walk; way

German meaning: `treten, gehen; worauf treten = antreffen, finden'

Comments: (in Ar. with th)

Material: Old Indian pánthāḥ (= av. pantā̊), Akk. Sg. pánthām (= pantąm), and pánthānam (= av. pantānǝm), Instr. Sg. pathā (= paϑa); i-stem in Instr. Pl. pathíbhiḥ (av. padǝbīš), apers. Akk. Sg. раϑim; av. pantā̊ also `room, place', as in ablaut. Old Indian pā́thas- n. `place, homeland';

arm. hun, Gen. hni `ford, way' (*pont);

gr. πόντος m. `Meerespfad, sea', zero grade πάτος m. `Pfad, Tritt', πατέω `trete'; ἀπατάω ` deceive ' (*ἀπο-πατάω `bringe vom Wege ab'), ἀπάτη ` deception, deceit';

lit. pons, -tis `Prügelweg durch Sümpfe, bridge'; pontifex `Oberpriester', originally `Brückenmacher';

germ. *paÞa- in ags. pæð `Pfad, way' (engl. path), ahd. nhd. pfad derives probably from einer iran. Mundart, compare av. paϑ-;

got. finÞan `find, learn', aisl. finna ds., ags. findan, as. fīthan and findan, ahd. findan, fintan st. V. `find, learn, erfinden'; as. fāthi n. `das Gehen' (*fanÞio-); ahd. fend(e)o `Fußganger', mhd. vende `Fußganger, young Bursche', ags. fēða m. `troop, multitude, crowd, Fußvolk' (*fanÞjan-); ahd. fandōn = ags. fandian `untersuchen'; mhd. vanden `besuchen', nhd. fahnden; as. fundon `sich aufmachen after, strive, gehen, hurry' = ags. fundian ds., ahd. funden ds., aisl. fūss `geneigt, willing', as. ags. fūs `quick, fast, keen, eager, willing', ahd. funs `willing, ready, willing' (*fund-sa-), norw. fūsa `quick, fast run';

maybe alb. fus, fut `insert, thrust in, plant, put in'.

aksl. pǫtь etc m. `way' (*pontis), zero grade apr. pintis ds.

References: WP. II 26 f., WH. II 336 f., Trautmann 205 f.; Wackernagel KZ 55, 104 ff., Old Indian Gr. 3, 1, 306 f.

Page(s): 808-809

Root / lemma: perd-

Meaning: to fart

German meaning: `laut furzen'

Material: Old Indian párdatē `furzt' (Gramm.), av. рǝrǝδaiti `furzt'; gr. πέρδω, πέρδομαι (mostly Med. as in Old Indian) ds., ἔπαρδον, πέπορδα; πορδή `breaking wind, fart'; perhaps here πέρδιξ m. f. `Rebhuhn' (vom schwirrenden Fluge); alb. pjerth `pedo' (Aor. pordha), pordhe `breaking wind, fart' (*pērdā); ahd. ferzan, ags. feortan, aisl.freta `furzen', ahd. firz, furz, aisl. fretr `breaking wind, fart'; lit. pérdžu, pérsti, lett. pir̂du, pir̂stds., lit. pir̃dis (= nhd. `breaking wind, fart'); sloven. prdẹ́ti, russ. perdětь `furzen'; cymr. rhech `breaking wind, fart' (*rikkā from *pr̥d-kā); for schallmalenden Ursprung the root spräche schwed. dial. prutta `furzen (esp. from horses)'.

References: WP. II 49, Trautmann 219 f.;

See also: compare pezd-.

Page(s): 819

Root / lemma: perg-1

Meaning: pole; trunk

German meaning: `Stange, stem'

Comments: (originally `abgehauener stem?')

Material: Aisl. forkr m. ` shaft, pole, stick'; (ags. feorcol, as. fercal `bar, bolt, Verschluß' from lat.veruculum);

lit. pérgas `Fischerkahn' (*dugout canoe);

aksl. pragъ `Schwelle', porógъ ds., poln. próg `Schwelle, house, dwelling', progi Pl. `Dielen, Bänke';

maybe alb. prag `threshold, doorstep'.

perhaps here lat. pergula ` protrusion, Vorbau an einem Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube' as Demin. eines *pergā `Gebälk'.

Maybe alb. pjergull `pergola'.

References: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Mitte (per-3, per-g-).

Page(s): 819-820

Root / lemma: perg-2

Meaning: fear, to fear

German meaning: `Furcht, sich fürchten'?

Material: Got. fauŕhrtei, ags. fyrhtu f. `fear'; got. faurhts, ahd. as. for(a)ht, ags. forht `timorous'; ahd. as. forhta `fear'; got. faurhtjan, ahd. furhten, for(a)hten `fear, dread'; perhaps to toch. А В pärsk-, A prask-, В prāsk- `fear, dread', A praski, В prosko, proskye `fear' (-sk- from -k-sk-).

References: WP. II 48, Holthausen Altengl. etym. Wb. 112.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk-1, prek-

Meaning: to fill

German meaning: `füllen, auffüllen'

Comments: ? Only indisch and Irish.

Material: Old Indian pr̥ṇákti (pr̥ñcati, piparkti) `füllt, gives rich; mengt, mischt', participle pr̥kta- `gemischt, erfüllt, voll from', Aor. aprāk; upala-prakṣiṇ- `die Handmühle drehend', saṁ-pŕ̥c `in Berührung stehend'; pracura- `much, a lot of, rich'; mir. ercaim `fülle'.

References: WP. II 47, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 81.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: (perk-2): pr̥k-

Meaning: glowing ashes, coals

German meaning: `glühende Asche, Kohle'

Material: Lit. pir̃kšnys f. Pl. `ash with glühenden Funken', lett. pìrkstis, pirkstes Pl. ds.; air. riches f. `glowing coal', bret. regez `Kohlenglut' (*pr̥ki-stā, compare das lett. forms); unclear cymr. rhys-yn, Pl. rhys-od `glowing ash', with anderem forms acorn. regihten, Kollekt. regyth ds.; in the case of as `sprühend' to *sp(h)er- `strew, distribute, sprühen'? compare lett. spirgsti `glowing coals under the ash' under sp(h)er(e)g- ` twitch, sprühen'.

References: WP. II 47, Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 223.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk̂-1

Meaning: rib; breast

German meaning: `Rippe; Rippengegend, Brust'

Material: Old Indian párśu- f. `Rippe, gebogenes knife', pārśvá-, -m `Rippengegend, Seite', av. parǝsu- f. `Rippe', pǝrǝsu- m. `Rippe, Seite', osset. fars `Seite, line, region'; aksl. prъsi `Bruste', f. Pl. probably from `Rippengegend'; compare lit. žem. pìršys f. Pl. `Brust of Pferdes'.

References: WP. II 44 f., Trautmann 220.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk̂-2, prek̂-

Meaning: spotted

German meaning: `gesprenkelt, bunt', often zur Bezeichnung gesprenkelter, farbig getupfter Tiere

Material: With n-formant: Old Indian pŕ̥śni- `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored', gr. περκνός, originally `ποικιλός', then, dunkelfleckig, dark, blauschwarz', περκαίνει `wird dark'; πρακνόν μέλανα Hes.; Πρόκνη `die swallow'; without -n- mir. erc `mottled, speckled, *tabby, oxblood, indigo ', also `salmon, Forelle, cow, Eidechse', cymr. erch `mottled, speckled, *tabby' (= πέρκος); ahd. forhana, mhd. forhe(n), forhel `Forelle', as. furnia, ags.forn(e) ds. (*pr̥k̂-nā), ablaut. schwed. färna ` dace ' (*perk̂-nā);

with -u̯o: ahd. faro, mhd. vare, flekt. varwer `farbig', substantivized ahd. farawa `paint, color' (*pork̂-u̯ó-); lat.-germ. fariō `Lachsforelle' (germ. *farhjōn-, older *farhwjōn-);

other formations: gr. πέρκος m. `Sperber' (Aristot.), περκό-πτερος `weißköfige Geierart', περκάζει `wird dark, black'; πρόξ, -κός f. and προκάς, -άδος `Hirschkalb', πρώξ, -κός `Tautropfen'; πέρκη (lat. perca Lw.) `barse, perch', lat. porcus `ein Fisch with Stachelflossen', ligur. FlN Porco-bera (`Forellen führend'); mir. orc (and erc, see above) `salmon'; aisl. fjǫrsungr `trachinus draco' (*perks-ṇkó-); redupl. perhaps πάπραξ ein thrak. Seefisch (`Forelle?');

perhaps here through Diss. eines *perk-ro-s to *pelcro-, *polcro-: lat. pulc(h)er, alat.polcher `beautiful' (= `varicolored').

References: WP. II 45 f., WH. II 384;

See also: extension from per-1.

Page(s): 820-821

Root / lemma: perk̂-3, pr̥k̂-

Meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow

German meaning: `aufreißen, aufwühlen, aufkratzen'; `Furche, and die besides aufgewühlte Erde'

Material: Old Indian párśāna- m. `cleft, gap, abyss, Einsenkung';

lat. porca `furrow in farmland', `Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland' (porcu-lētum `Ackerbeet' mars. umbr. `porculeta'); cymr. rhŷch `furrow' (with expressive -kk) perhaps = bret. rec'h `Kummer', against it with k abret. rec, gl. `sulco', ro-ricse[n]ti `sulcavissent'; gall. rica `furrow', frz. raie `stripe'; ahd. furuh, ags. furh f. `furrow', aisl. for f. ` drainage ditch, canal' (*pr̥k̂-); zero grade norw. fere m. `Ackerbeet'; after F. R. Schröder, Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here aisl. Fjǫrgyn f. as `goddess the Ackerfurche';

lit. pra-per̃šis `Blänke in Eis', pra-par̃šas `ditch, trench, channel', peršė́ti ` burning schmerzen' (from Wunden);

in addition *pork̂ós `swine' (`Wühler').

References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.

Page(s): 821

Root / lemma: perk̂-4, prek̂-, pr̥k̂-

Meaning: to ask, ask for

German meaning: `fragen, bitten'

Material: 1. sk̂o-present *pr̥k̂-sk̂ō, worfrom *pr̥sk̂ō: Old Indian pr̥ccháti `fragt', av. pǝrǝsaiti `fragt, begehrt' (participle paršta-), ap. aparsam `I frug'; arm. e-harc̣ `er hat gefragt' (: Old Indian á-pr̥cchat), therefrom das present harc̣anem; lat. poscō `fordere, verlange, er bitte'; ir. arco `I bitte', cymr. archaf, corn. arghaf ds., mbret. archas `il commanda' (air. imm-chom-arc `gegenseitiges Fragen, Begrüßen' etc) with ar from r̥ before dem s the basic form *pr̥skō (from *pr̥k̂-skō); lit. peršù, pir̃šti `for jemanden freien' (piršlỹs `Freiwerber'), if with analogischem present-ablaut e instead of i; in addition Old Indian pr̥cchā́ `question, Erkundigung' = arm. harc̣ ds.; ahd. forsca `Forschung, question' is post-verbal to forscōn `fragen, forschen'; lat. postulō `fordere' (diminutive vom participle *posctos to poscō);in Osk.-Umbr. is *porscō to *perscō reshaped: umbr. persnimu Imper. Med. `precātor', in addition with (forms -(e)lo-) umbr. persklu, pesklu `supplicātiōne', further mars. pesco `sacrificum', and vom participle *pes[c]to- from: osk. pestlúm, peeslúm ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ', from which messap. πενσκλεν `Bethaus'.

2. Old Indian prāś- `(gerichtliche) Befragung', av. frasā f. `question', Old Indian pr̥ṣṭhā- (= av. parštå-) `Gerichtsfrage', praśná-, av. frašna- m. `Befragung, question' (= ahd. fragan `Specht' KZ 62, 31, 2), arm. harsn `bride, Neuvermählte, Schwiegertochter' (compare got. fraíhnan); lat. procus `Freier', prex f. `request', precor, -ārī `bid, beg, ask', umbr. pepurkurent 3. Pl. Fut. `poposcerint'; got. fraíhnan `fragen', aisl. fregna, ags. frignan (and i̯o-present fricnan) ds., as. preterit fragn; ags. friccea `Herold'; germ. *frehti- in aisl. frētt f. `question, Erforschung', ags. freht f. `Wahrsagung'; ahd. frāga `question' (*frāg-ōn, -ēn, frāhēn `fragen'), aisl. frǣgr, ags. ge-frǣge, as. gi-frāgi `illustrious'; ablaut. ahd. fergōn `bid, beg, ask'; aisl. prositi `bid, beg, ask';

Maybe alb. porosit `order, demand' : aisl. prositi `bid, beg, ask'

lit. Iterat. prašaũ, -ýti `arrogate, bid, beg, askk'; toch. A prak-, В prek- `fragen'

References: WP. II 44, WH. II 346 f.

Page(s): 821-822

Root / lemma: perkʷu-s

Meaning: oak

German meaning: `Eiche'

Comments:

Because of the common lat., gr., illyr., celt. kʷ- > p-, gʷ- > b- phonetic mutations, lat. quercus f. `oak' is the oldest IE cognate, hence Root / lemma: perkʷu-s : oak derived from an earlier Root kʷerkʷu-s.

Material: Old Indian parkatī- `heiliger Feigenbaum', nind. pargāi `Steineiche'; ven. VN Quarquēni `Eichenmänner' (lat. Relikt?); Nymphis Percernibus perhaps ligurisch (Vaucluse); lat. quercus f. `oak'; ital.-trent. porca `pine' (rät. *porca); kelt. Hercynia silva `das deutsche Mittelgebirge' (from *Perkuniā, older *Perkʷuniā), cymr. perth f. `bush, Hecke' (*kʷerkʷ-t-?); kelt. VN Querquerni (goidel.) in Hispania Tarrac.; from *Perkuniā probably borrows germ. *ferguniō, ahd. Fergunna `Erzgebirge', mhd. Virgunt f. `Waldgebirge westlich Böhmens', got. faírguni n. `mountain range', ags. firgen `Waldhöhe'; ahd. fereheih, langob. fereha `Speiseeiche', aisl. fjǫrr m. `tree, man'; ablaut. ahd. forha `pine tree', ags. furh; aisl. fura f. `pine', fȳri n. `Föhrenwald'; from ahd. *forh-is `Föhrenwald': nhd. Forst; from ahd. kien-forha (kien- to ags. cen `pinewood torch', ablaut. to ags. cīnan, above S. 355) wird nhd. Kiefer; doubtful in the case of after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff. here also got. fairƕus `world', ags. feorh, ahd. ferah `life', westgerm. Alaferhuiae (= *Alaferhwiōs), to aisl. fīrār (*firhw-jōR), ags. fīras Pl. `Männer' etc; alit. perkúnas Donnergott, lit. perkúnas `thunder', perkúnija f. `Gewitter', lett. pę̄̀rkuôns `thunder, Donnergott', apr. percunis `thunder';

Maybe alb. përkund `shake' : lett. pę̄̀rkuôns `thunder, Donnergott'

aruss. Perunъ `Donnergott', russ. perún `thunderbolt, lightning' are volksetymol. after slav. *perō `hit' transfigured; unclear is Old Indian Parjánya- ` thunderstorm God ' (see above under per-3, perg-).

Maybe alb. pirun `fork (sharp weapon of the sky god)?' corresponding to engl. fork, [OE forca, force corresp. to OFris. forke, OS furka, OHG furcha (Du. vork, G (dial.) Furke), ON forkr, f. Gmc f. L furca pitchfork, forked stake, whence (O)Fr. fourche, ONFr. fourque (which reinforced the wd in ME).]. Since lightning usually strikes the oak tree, Aryans and Illyrians named the fork, weapon, after the thunder goddess.

Also alb. (*Perunъ) perëndi f. `goddess', perëndim m. `west, sunset'.

References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme, Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71.

Page(s): 822-823

Root / lemma: per-1, perǝ- : prē-, preu-

Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet

German meaning: `sprühen, spritzen, prusten, schnauben'

Comments: identical as sper- `sprühen etc'

Material: А. perǝ- : prē: gr. πίμ-πρη-μι, *πρήθω (πρήσω, ἔπρησα) `(fache an =) zünde an, verbrenne; blow; spritze from', πρηδών, -ονος f. `entzündliche Geschwulst', πρημαίνω `blow violent', πρημονάω `tobe', πρηστήρ `Blitzstrahl, Sturmwind, reißender stream'; slav. *prēi̯eti in poln. przeć `sicherhitzen, schmoren', russ. prejet, pretь `schwitzen, simmer, seethe, boil', aksl. para `smoke, vapor', (apr. pore `vapor' from poln. para); hitt. parāi- `anfachen, blow';

with t-forms aschwed. fradha `scum, froth, foam, slobber', mnd. vradem, vratem `haze, mist, breath, breeze'; with s-forms aisl. frǣs f. `das blast, Zischen', reduced grade norw. frasa `knistern'; ō-grade(?) norw. frøsa `effervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen' (perhaps contaminated from frȳsa and fnøsa).

B. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in Old Indian vi-pru- `after allen Seiten hin sprühen' (but compare pravatē `springt auf', eig. `auseinanderspringen');

preus-: Old Indian pruṣṇóti `spritzt from', Intrans. prúṣyati `spritzt', aisl. frȳsa `prusten, pant, sniff, snort', schwed. frusta ds., frūsa `spray'; lautmalend mnd. ahd. prūsten; baltoslav.*prausiō `spritze' in lit. praũsti `das Gesicht waschen', lett. praũslât `leise lachen', prūšl̨uôt `prusten', lit. prùsnos, lett. prusnas `Lippen, mouth', apr. Akk. Sg. prusnan `face'; aksl. prysnǫti, russ. pryskatь `spray'; from baltoslav. *prūṣa- (: schwed. frūsa) slav. *prychati in ksl. prychanije n. `fremitus' etc; in addition perhaps as ven.-illyr. Element in Gallischen die PN Pruso, Prusonius and the VN Prausi (leg. *Prousi);

preu-t(h)-: Old Indian prṓthati `prustet, schnaubt (vom Rosse)', av. fraōϑat̃-aspa- `with schnaubenden Rossen', Old Indian apa-prōthati `schnaubt weg, bläst weg', pra-prōthati `aufpusten, inflate, bloat'; aisl. frauð n., froða f. `scum, froth, foam', ags. ā-frēoðan `schäumen';

here einige germ. words for `frog', as `the Geiferige': aisl. frauðr (compare frauð `slobber'), mengl. frūde ` toad '.

C. Kons. extensions from per- s. still under perk̂-, prek̂- ` dappled ', pers- `sprühen, spray, dappled '.

References: WP. II 27 f., Trautmann 230 f.

Page(s): 809-810

Root / lemma: per-2

Meaning: to go over; over

German meaning: `das Hinausführen about'

Material:

A. Dient as Präposition, preverb and Adverb: a. per, peri (Lokative of Wurzelnomens) `vorwärts, in Hinausgehen, Hinübergehen about, in Durchdringen, in Übermaß', from which `about - out, durch - toward ';

Old Indian pári, av. pairi, apers. pariy, gr. περί, πέρ, alb. për (partly also = idg. *pro), pej, pe; besides per (*peri) with wiederhergestelltem r; lat. per (*per or *peri); osk.-umbr. per- and pert (*per-ti); gall. eri-, air. ir-, er- (analogical *ero-); cymr. corn. bret. er; got. faír-, ags. fyr-, ahd. fir- `ver-', ahd. as. firi- ds.; apr. per, lit. per̃, per-; slav. per- in aksl. prě- etc; from `vorwärts' entwickelte sich schon idg. die meaning `very' (Old Indian pari-prī́- `very lieb', gr. περι-καλλής `very beautiful', lat. per-magnus `very groß'; lit. per̃-didis `to big, large', aksl. prě-blagъ `very good'), then die the Überlegenheit (Old Indian pári - as-, pári - bhhū- `übertreffen', gr. περι-εῖναι ds.), of Übermaßes or hohen Grades (Old Indian pári-vid-, gr. περί-οιδα, lat. per-vidēre `genau wissen'); esp. Old Indian and gr. is die meaning `ringsum, umherum' (Old Indian pári i- `umhergehen', gr. περι-ίεναι; gr. περι-ζώννυμι = lit. pér-jousti `umgürten');

derivatives are:

Got. faírra Adv. `afar', as preposition `fern from', aisl. fjar(ri) Adv. `afar' (therefrom Kompar. firr, Superl. first), ags. feor(r), engl. far, as. ferr, ahd. ferro Adv. `afar, very', Kompar. ferrōr (*fer-ro- from *fer-ero-); aksl. prědъ `before; voran; das Vordere' (as na-dъ), prězъ `about - toward '; -ko-Adj.: prěkъ `quer', čech. příč(ka) `Querholz' = umbr. percam `virgam', osk. perk[ais] `perticis';

in zeitlicher Verwendung: Old Indian par-út, gr. πέρυσι etc (see under u̯et- `year') and die derivatives lit. pérnai `in vorigen years', lett. pērns Adj. `vorjährig, firn', mhd. verne `vorjährig', vern `in vorigen years', got. only in af faírnin jēra `vom Vorjahre', as. fernun gēre, fernun iāra `in Vorjahre', therefrom with i̯o-forms got. faírneis `παλαιός', aisl. fyrnd f. `age', ahd. firni `old; wise', nhd. Firn `alter snow'; also to zero grade got. faúr das aisl. forn `old', besides dem i-stem as. an furndagun, ags. fyrn, firn `old'; compare Old Indian purāṇá- `vormalig' to purā́, ap. paranam `vormals' to parā; lat. perendiē `übermorgen' from *peren-die?

auf per- in other Verwendung point at *per-u̯-r̥/n- in hom. πεῖραρ (Pind. πεῖρας), πείρατος, att. πέρας, -ατος `ending, end', hom. ἀπείρων `unendlich' = (att.) ἀπέρονα πέρας μη ἔχοντα Hes., hom. πειραίνω, att. περαίνω `vollende'; - besides in Old Indian eine gleichlautende family the meaning `Knoten': Old Indian párva- Nom. Akk. Pl. n. `Knoten, Gelenke' (instead of *parvr̥), páru- m. `Knoten, Gelenk, Glied (Ozean, sky, heaven)', paruṣ- n. `Knoten, Gelenk, Glied'; gr. πεῖραρ `Knoten' is doubtful (G. Björck Mél. Boisacq 1, 143 ff.).

b. Adj. pero-s `further': Old Indian pára-ḥ `further, jenseitig, fiend; früher; later', Superl. paramá-ḥ `fernster, letzter, best', av. ap. para- `ulterior, the other, spätere, künftige', para-tara- `fiend'; Old Indian paráḥ (Nom. Sg. m. with adv. Endbetonung) preposition m. Akk. `about - out', with Abl. `fern from', with Instr. `jenseits from', seldom adverbal = av. parō preposition m. Akk. `besides - apart from'; Old Indian párā, av. para (Instr. Sg.) adverbal `fort, weg, zur Seite'; Old Indian parḗ (Lok. Sg.) `darauf, fernerhin'; Old Indian param (Nom. Akk. Sg. n. = osk. perum) `out about, jenseits, after', preposition with Abl.;

arm. heri `remote, distant, afar';

gr. πέρᾱ(ν), ion. πέρην (Akk. Sg. f.) `darüber out, jenseits', Adv., preposition m. Abl. (Gen.); lat. per-perām `verkehrt', per-perus `falsch', from which gr. πέρπερος `Geck'; gr. πέρᾱ `darüber out, jenseits' (Instr. Sg. f. vom stem *pero- = Old Indian párā `weg, fort') ; therefrom περαῖος `jenseitig' (περαίτερος), πέραθεν `from jenseits her', τῇ περάτῃ (γῇ) `gegen Westen';

from einer schwundstufigen additional form from πέρᾱ through -ko- extended is delph. πρᾱκος `with e. Geldstrafe belegt', ion. πρήσσω att. πρά̄ττω `durchfahre, vollstrecke, vollführe, verrichte, do';

osk. perum (= Old Indian param) `sine';

air. ī̆re `further, länger' (*peri̯o-, das ī after sīr `long');

hitt. parā (= gr. πέρᾱ) `vorwärts, further, further', Postpos. `from - heraus'; perii̯a(n) `darüber out', Postpos. `about - out', parranda ds. (*= gr. πέραν + δε).

c. prai, p_erai (Richtungsdativ of stem per), also prei, pri, p_eri.

Old Indian parḗ `daraufhin' (Lok. Sg.);

gr. παραί `παρά', außerhalb of hom. (ion. att.) only in compounds, as kyren. Παραι-βάτᾱ; πρίν (hom. also πρί̄ν) `vorher; before'; probably reshaped from *πρῐς (*pri-is, to lat. prior, prīscus) compare kret. πρειν from *πρεις;

alb. pa `bevor', if from *pari̯- (in vowel after parë `erster' reshaped?);

lat. prae Präf. `voran, ahead, überaus', preposition `before, because of', osk. prai, prae-, umbr. pre `ргае', Präf. and preposition, pre-pa `priusquam', Kompar. lat. praeter `vorbei an = besides, ausgenommen' (*prai-tero-), umbr. pretra `priōrēs';

alat. prī (*prei) `prae' (prehendō `ergreife' from *praehendō), Kompar. *pri-i̯ōs, *pri-is (from which prīs-) in prior `the frühere', prīmus (from *prīs-mos), päl. prismu `prīma', presumably also prīdem `before längerer time, längst'; prīs-cus `archaically' (*preis-ko-, compare arm. erēc̣, Gen. eric̣u `Ältester, priest', *preis-ku); prīstinus `vorig, vormalig, old', pälign. pri-trom-e `prōtinus', pristafalacirix `*praestibulātrīx'; here probably also lat. prīvus (*prei-u̯os) `for sich bestehend, einzeln; eigentümlich; einer thing beraubt', prīvō, -āre `einer thing mug, rob', <prīvātus `beraubt; jemandem as Sondereigentum gehörig', umbr. prever `singulis', preve `singulāriter', osk. preiuatud Abl. `prīvātō, reō';

p_eri- = kelt. [p]ari- in gall. are- (Are-morica, Are-brigium, abrit. Are-clūtā etc) `by, before, esp. östlich from' (compare ir. an-air `from Osten');

ahd. as. furi `before, for, vorbei', aisl. fyr (and with Komparativendung fyrir) `before, for'; Kompar. ahd. furiro `the frühere, vordere', Superl. furist, mhd. vürst `erster, vornehmster', as. furist, ags. fyr(e)st, engl. first, aisl. fyrr adv. `früher, vorher', fyrri `the frühere', fyrstr `the erste', ags. fyrsta, as. ahd. furisto `prince, lord'; got. fri-sahts `Bild, example, Rätsel' invokes zero grades *pri-, as also ahd. fri-liez besides fir-, far-, fra-liez.

prei- in lit. priẽ, žem. prỹ `by, an', Nominalpräf. príe-, priẽ-, prie-, prý- (also prei-kãlas m. `Amboß'), preverb pri-; Präpos. priẽš `against', príeš `before'; lett. prìe(k)ša `das Vordere' (*preiti̯ā); lett. pìere `forehead, Vorderseite' (*̲prìere?); apr. prei `to, by', as Präf. `also, before, an', prēisiks m. `fiend'; aksl. pri preposition and Präf. `by, an, to';

from einem dem lat. prī[s]mus similar *prĭs_emi-, -ei: air. rem- Präf. (lenierend) `before, voran' (rïam `vor ihm', remi `vor ihr'), remi- as preverb, Präpos. re (nas.).

d. p_eres, p_eros (and as 1. composition part pres- `before', Gen.-Abl. of stem per-):

Old Indian puráḥ Adv. and Präf. `voran, vorn', preposition `before', av. parō Adv. `vorn, before', preposition `before', gr. πάρος Adv. `früher; voran, vorn', preposition `before'; pres- in gr. πρέσ-βυς, -γυς `old' (`*in Alter vorangehend', compare Old Indian purō-gavá- `guide, leader' (*Leitstier), see under gʷou- `rother, cattle'; to kret. πρεῖσγος see above); ahd. frist m. n., as. frist n., ags. first m. `Frist' from *pres-sti-, aisl. frest n. ds. from *pres-sto-, compare Old Indian puraḥ-sthita- `bevorstehend'; from *p_eros-stăti-s `in Alter voran seiend' probably air. arsaid, arsid `vetus' (Old Indian purástāt `before, voran, vorn, vorher' is freilich puraḥ + Abl. -tāt).

e. pr̥- `hervor', perhaps Nom. Sg. n. of stem per-: gr. πάρ in Eigennamen as Παρ-μενίσκος, in el. παρ-βαίνω under likewise, πὰρ τὸν νόμον under likewise; lat. por-tendō (: got. faúraÞanjan), -rigō, pol-liceor among others, umbr. pur-douitu `porricito', falisk. por-ded `brachte dar, widmete'; got. faúr, as. for, fur preposition `before, for', ags. for ds., aisl. for- `before', with steigender meaning aisl. for-ljōtr `very ugly', ags. for-manig `gar viele, allzu viele';

germ. derivatives: aisl. forr `hasty, voreilig' (*furha-, compare from *pro: gr. πρόκα under S. 815); as. afries. forth, ford, ags. forð `fort, vorwärts'; mhd. vort `vorwärts, further, fort', norw. fort `quick, fast, bald', aisl. forða, ags. ge-forÞian `fortbringen'; Kompar. *furÞera- in as. furÞor, furdor Adv., ags. furðor Adv. `further', furðra Adj. `größer, higher', ahd. furdir, -ar Adv. Adj. `vorder, vorzüglicher, früher, vormalig'.

compounds with forms from stā- `stand' in Old Indian pr̥ṣṭi- f. `Rippe', pr̥-ṣṭhá-m `hervorstehender back, acme, apex ', av. par-šta- m. `back', par-šti- f. (Du.) `back', mnd. vorst- f. `ridge of the roof' from *for-stō, ags. fyrst ds. from *fur-sti-; besides with hochstuf. prefix ahd. first m., ags. fierst f. `First' from *fir-sti-; probably also lat. postis `Pfosten, doorpost ' (*por-sti-s `hervorstehendes'); gr. παστάς (besides παραστάς) `Pfosten, Pfeiler, Türpfeiler', παρτάδες ἄμπελοι Hes. (*παρ-στάς), lit. pir̃štas, aksl. prъstъ `finger' (`hervorstehend');

f. peră Instr. Sg. of stem *per; Old Indian purā́ Adv. `vormals, früher; ehe, bevor', preposition `(to Schutze) before, ohne. besides', av. para, ap. parā Adv. `zuvor', preposition `before', therefrom Old Indian purāṇá- `vormalig, früher, old', ap. paranam Adv. `vormals'; gr. παρά, πάρα Verbalpräf. `before - toward, dar-', preposition `an etwas hin, along, besides; during'; `by, from the Nähe weg, from seiten'; got. faúra, ahd. as. fora Adv. `vorn, vorher', Verbalpräf. `vorher, ahead, before', preposition `before', ags. fore preposition `before'.

g. pro, prō `vorwärts, vorn, voran', formation as *apo, *upo; prō with Auslautsdehnung.

Old Indian prá- Präf. `before, vorwärts, fort' (before Subst. and Verben), `very' (before Adj.), av. frā, fra-, ар. fra- Präf. `vorwärts, voran; fort, weg'; gr. πρό preverb `before', preposition `before', πρω-πέρυσι (rhythm. lengthening) `in vorvorigen year'; lat. prŏ-, prō- in compounds, prō preposition `before, for'; prōnus `vorwärts geneigt' (from *prōne, compare pōne `hinten' from *post-ne); about prōdest s. WH. II 365; osk.-umbr. preverb. pro-, pru-;

air- ro-, cymr. ry-, abret. ro-, ru-, mbret. nbret. ra-, preverb and intensive prefix, e.g. air. ro-már `to big, large', gall. GN f. Ro-smerta;

got. fra-, ahd. fir-, nhd. ver- preverb (latter partly also = got. faír-, see above A.);

apr. pra, pro `through', as preverb `ver-', lit. pra, prõ `vorbei', as preverb `vorbei-, durch-, ver-', compare prã-garas `Vielfraß' = lett. pra-garis ds.; lett. pruô-jãm `weg, fort'; aksl. preverb pro- `durch-, ver-', Präpos. russ. čech. pro `because of', ablaut. russ. prá-děd, serb. prȁ-djed `Urgroßvater';

gedoppelt: Old Indian prápra, gr. πρόπρο `immer vorwärts'.

pru- (Reim auf *pu, s. *apo?) lies the basic in gr. δια-πρυ-σιός `durchgehend', πρυμνός `das äußerste end from perhaps forming' (πρύμνη `Hinterschiff' etc).

prō- `early, matutinal, morgens' in Old Indian prā-tár `early, matutinal, morgens', gr. πρωΐ (att. πρῴ) `early, matutinal, morgens', πρώιος `morgendlich', dor. πρώᾱν, πρά̄ν (*πρωᾱν), att. πρῴην (*πρωFιᾱν scil. ἡμέραν) `kürzlich, vorgestern', ahd. fruo `in the Frühe', fruoi, mhd. vrüeje (= πρωίος) Adj. `early, matutinal' (idg. *prō); lit. prõ `vorbei', slav. pra- see above.

derivatives from pro-:

pro-tero- in Old Indian pratarám, -ā́m Adv. `further, künftig', av. fratara- `the vordere, frühere', gr. πρότερος `the vordere, vorige'; osk. pruter pan `priusquam' is einzelsprachlich to *prō- shaped, also Old Indian prātár `early, matutinal, morgens' see above;

in addition with Superlativsuffix -t_emo-: Old Indian pratamām `vorzugsweise', av. fratǝma-, ар. fratama- `the vorderste, vornehmste, erste' (besides Old Indian prathamá- `erster' and einzelne iran. forms with th); gr. *πρό-ατος (from πρότατος?) perhaps in dor. πρᾶτος `erster'; but gr. πρῶτος ds. from *pr̥̄-to- (reshaped from *pr̥̄-mo- ds.); in addition πρητήν m. ` one-year-old lamb' (see above S. 314);

pro-mo-: gr. πρόμος `Vorderster, Vorkämpfer, guide, leader', umbr. promom Adv. `prīmum', got. fram Adv. `further', preposition `from - her', aisl. fram Adv. `vorwärts', frā (*fram) preposition `weg from', ahd. fram Adv. `vorwärts, fort, further, sogleich', preposition `fort from, from - her', ags. from Adv. `fort', preposition `weg from'; aisl. framr `voranstehend, vorwärtsstrebend, distinguished ', ags. fram `tüchtig keck';

pr_e-mo- in gr. πράμος `guide, leader' (rather korrupt for πρόμος ds.?), got. fruma `erster' (Sup. frumists), mhd. frum, vrom `proficient, brav' (nhd. fromm; ahd. as. fruma f. `benefit', nhd. Frommen); similarly lat. probus `good, proficient, brav', umbr. profe `probe' from *pro-bhu̯o-s : Old Indian pra-bhú- `salient, superb an power and Fülle', as well as in abg. pro-stъ `rechtschaffen, simple, just, schlicht', and (from *pr̥̄-mo-) as. formo, ags. forma `erster' (Superl. fyrmest), lit. рìrmas apr. pirmas `erster', probably lat. prandium `Frühmahlzeit' from *prām-edi̯om (*pr̥̄m-).

prō̆-ko- `voran seiend': gr. πρόκα (Nom. Akk. Pl. n.) Adv. `sofort', lat. reci-procus eig. `rückwärts and vorwärts gerichtet', alat. procum Gen. Pl., `procerum', after pauperēs reshaped to procerēs, -um `die Vornehmsten; die from the wall herausragenden Balkenköpfe'; procul `afar' (compare simul);

lat. prope `nahe by', Superl. proximus, eigentl. *pro-kʷe `and vorwärts (an etwas heran)', with Assimil. p - kʷ to p - p; in addition propter `besides' (*propiter) and propinquus `benachbart, related' (compare Old Indian praty-áñč- `zugewandt'); compare above S. 813 germ. *furha;

aksl. prokъ `übrig', proče Adv. `λοιπόν, igitur' (*proki̯om);

auf ein *prō-ko- goes back bret. a-raok `vorwärts, voran, früher', cymr. (y)rhawg `auf lange', with Proklisenkürzung: bret. rak, corn. rag, cymr. rhag `before'.

prō̆-u̯o-: in Old Indian pravaṇā- `(vorwärts) geneigt, abschüssig', n. `slope, Halde'; about lat. prōnus see above; gr. πρᾱνής, hom. πρηνής `vorwärts geneigt' after Leumann Homer. Wörter 77 f. from *προ-ᾱνης `face ahead'; with other meaning ahd. frō, as. frao, ags. frēa `master, mister' (*frawan-), got. frauja `master, mister' (aisl. Freyr GN to o-stem geworden), as. frōio ds., aisl. freyja `mistress; name the goddess', ahd. frouwa `wife, woman'; besides as. frūa, mnd. frūwe `wife, woman' from *frōwōn, idg *prō-u̯o-, das also in att. πρῷρα (lat. Lw. prōra) `Schiffsvorderteil' (πρωFαιρα-, -αρι̯α idg. *prōu̯-r̥i̯ā); perhaps lat. prōvincia, if auf einem *prōu̯iōn `master, mister, Herrschaft' beruhend; abg. pravъ `recht, right' (`*gradaus');

with the same forms, but as lit. pìr-mas `erster' from *perǝ- `shaped', idg. р_еrǝ-u̯o- in: Old Indian pū́rva-, av. paurva-, pourva-, ар. paruva- `the vordere, frühere' (Old Indian pūrvyá-, av. paouruya- paoirya-, ap. paruviya `prior', then `primus'), alb. parë `erster', para `vor'; aksl. prъvъ prьvъ `the erste'; probably also die base from ags. forwost, forwest `the erste'.

h. preti, proti `compared with, entgegen, against', partly in sense of Entgelts; preti̯-os ` equal in '.

Old Indian práti (in Iran. through paiti verdrängt) Präf. `against, back etc' preposition `against' etc; gr. hom. προτί (kret. πορτί reconverted), ion. att. lesb. πρός (compare πρόσ(σ)ω `vorwärts' from *proti̯ō, πρόσθε(ν) `from vorn'), pamphyl. περτί (reconverted from *πρετί), äol. πρές, Adv. `yet in addition, überdies', Präf., preposition `against - toward, to, against', `an', `after einem Bereich hin; by (in Schwüren)', `from - her, from'; lat. pretium `Wert, Preis einer thing' (Neutr. eines Adj. *preti̯os), compare Old Indian prati-as- `gleichkommen', apratā (stem *pratay-) `ohne Entgelt, umsonst', av. pǝrǝskā (*pr̥t-skā) `Preis or Wert', aksl. protivъ, protivǫ `entgegen', kaschub. procim; wruss. preci, poln. przeciw `against' (also in sense, mind of Tauschverhältnisses); lett. pret etc

i. porsō(d): arm. aṙ `by, an, besides', Verbalpräf. and preposition; in addition aṙaj `Vorderseite, Anfang', aṙajin `erster'; gr. πόρρω, πόρσω (Pind.) `vorwärts' = lat. porrō `vorwärts, fürder'; durch ihren o-vocalism auffällige formation.

References: WP. II 29 ff., EM.² 754 f., 801, 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351, 364 ff., Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff., 541 f., 543 ff., 654 ff.

Page(s): 810-816

Root / lemma: per-2: B. per-, perǝ-

Meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, fare

German meaning: `hinüberführen or -bringen or -kommen, übersetzen, durchdringen, fliegen'

Comments: not certainly from per 2: C. to separate

Material: Old Indian píparti `führt hinüber, geleitet, furthers, übertrifft', Kausat. pāráyati ` places about' (= pālayati `schützt'), av. par- (with Präfixen) `hindurch-, hinübergehen', Kaus. -pārayeité, Old Indian pāra- `hinüberbringend, übersetzend', m. n. `jenseitiges bank, border, shore, Ziel, äußerste limit, boundary' (in addition pārya- `wirksam'), av. pāra- m. `bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end';

arm. hord `begangen, betreten', hordan `fortgehen', hordantam `lasse fortgehen', and heriun `Pfrieme'; thrak. πόρος, -παρα in place names = gr. πόρος `ford';

gr. περάω `dringe durch', πείρω (πεπαρμένος) `durchdringe, durchbohre' (= ksl. na-perjǫ), διαμ-περής `durchbohrend', περόνη `cusp, peak, sting, prick, Spange'; πόρος `Durchgang, Zugang, Übergang, ford; Ausweg; Pl. Einkünfte', hom. πορεῖν `verschaffen', Aor. ἔπορον; πέπρωται `is, war vom Schicksal bestimmt' (*pr̥̄-), πορεύω `lead, guide, verschaffe', Med. `fare, journey', πορίζω `grant, bestow Durchgang; verschaffe', πορθμός `Überfahrt, Meerenge';

alb. pruva, prura `brachte, führte', sh-poroj `durchbohre, durchsteche' (dis- + *pērā-i̯ō), sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay `ds., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein' (dis- + *pērei̯ō), sh-pie `lead, guide hin' (*sem- + *perō); pirr(ë) f. `thorn' (*p_er-nā) etc;

lat. portō, -āre `bear, carry, guide, lead, fahren, bringen, darbringen', umbr. portatu `portato', portust `portaverit' (*poritō, to einem iterative *porei̯ō);

got. faran, for `wandern, pull, drag', farjan `fahren, schiffen', st. V. ahd. ags. faran, aisl. fara `fahren', schw. V. as. ferian, ahd. ferien, ferren, aisl. ferja `fahren, schiffen'(farjan = *porei̯ō); aisl. fǫr f. `journey, Fahrt', ags. faru f. `Fahrt, journey, pull', mhd. var f. `Fahrt, way, kind of, Weise' (fem. to gr. πόρος); aisl. farmr, ags. fearm m. `shipload', ahd.farm `Nachen' (= russ. porom); lengthened grade Kaus. as. fōrian, ahd. fuoren, nhd. führen, aisl. fø̄ra ds., ags. (as Iter.) fēran `gehn, pull, drag' (= av. pāráyati, aksl. pariti); ahd. fuora `Fuhre, Fahrt etc', ags. fōr f. `Fahrt, Wagen'; aisl. fø̄rr `fahrbar, geeignet', ahd. gi-fuori ` fitting, bequem, nützlich'; Verbalabstr. aisl. ferð, ags. fierd, ahd. mhd. fart `Fahrt' (*por-ti-);

russ.-ksl. na-perjǫ (= πείρω), -periti `durchbohren'; perǫ, pъrati `fliegen'; Iter. pariti `fliegen, schweben' (= Old Indian pārayati, germ. *fōrjan); pero ` feather '; russ. poróm, skr. prȁm `Fähre' (= aisl. farmr); presumably here also aksl. porjǫ, prati `carve, slit'; about nhd. Farn etc s. addendum S. 850.

per-tu-, por-tu-, Gen. pr̥-teus `Durchgang, ford': av. pǝrǝtu-š m. f. (urar. *pr̥tú-š) and pǝšu-š m. (urar. *pŕ̥tu-š) `Durchgang, ford, bridge' (hu-pǝrǝϑwa- `good to überschreiten' = `Euphrat'); lat. portus, -ūs `Haustüre' (XII tab.); `Haafen', angi-portus `narrow Passage, Nebengäßchen'; besides ā-stem porta `Stadttor, gate' = osk. [p]úrtam; illyr. PN Nau-portus; gall. ritu- `ford' in Ritumagus, Augustoritum, acymr. rit, ncymr. rhyd, corn. rit `ford'; ahd. furt, ags. ford `ford' (zero grade aisl. fjǫrðr `narrow Meerbusen' from *per-tu-s); besides f. i-stem in nhd. PN Fürth (*furti-).

Maybe alb. portë 'door' from lat. porta 'gate', port 'harbor' from lat. portus 'harbor'.

addendum to S. 817:

To ksl. pero ` feather ' belong *por-no- ` feather ' in Old Indian parṇá- n. ` feather, leaf', av. parǝna- n. ` feather, Flügel', as. ahd. farn `Farnkraut' (*Federkraut), ags. fearn m. ds., lit. spar̂nas, lett. spàrns m. `Flügel' (das s- from the root spher-);

*prǝti-s in gall. ratis, mir. raith f. `Farnkraut', bret. rad-enn collective ds.;

*po-port-i̯o- in lit. papártis, papartỹs `Farnkraut', lett. paparde, paparske ds.; with lengthened grade slav. *paparti- f. in russ. páporotь etc ds.

WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313.

References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.

Page(s): 816-817

Root / lemma: per-2: C. per-, perǝ-

Meaning: to sell

German meaning: `verkaufen (eig. to Verkauf hinüberbringen'), `hinüberhandeln, zuteilen'; from dem Wert and Gegenwert in Handel also Wörter for `gleich, compare, begleichen'

Material: α. Gr. πέρνημι (present and Impf.), περάω, -ῶ (formal = περάω `dringe durch'), ἐπέρασ(σ)α, and πιπρά̄σκω, περάσω (att. περῶ), ἐπέρασα, πέπρᾱκα `verkaufe', (gr. stem *perā̆-), πόρνη `meretrix'; air. ren(a)id `verkauft' (*pr̥-nǝ-: gr. περνᾱ-), Konj. 3. Sg. -rïa- (*rïā-after Indik. *[p]ri-na- for *[p]erā- eingetreten), Perf. 3. Sg. -rir (*ri-r-e); Verbalnomen reicc (Dat.) `Verkaufen' (in final sound after ícc `healing, Bezahlung' directed); compare with einer old Gutt.-extension lit. perkù pir̃kti `kaufe'.

β. Av. pairyante `sie become compared', aipi-par- `(seine Schuld) begleichen, penance, atonement make', a-pǝrǝti-š `Sühne', pǝrǝϑa- n. `Ausgleichung (einer Schuld), Sühne, punishment ', pāra- m. `Schuld' (in addition probably also par- `verurteilen'); lat. pār (lengthened grade), păris `gleichkommend, gleich, pair', therefrom parō, -āre `gleichschätzen', comparāre `compare' (umbr. parsest `par est' hat das s from mers est).

γ. Old Indian pūrtá- n., pūrtí- f. `Lohn' = lat. pars, -tis `part' (*p_ereti-), portiō `part, Anteil' (nachklass.; klass. only prō portiōne, assim. from *prō partiōne); air. rann, cymr. rhan, mcorn. ran, abret. Pl. rannou `part' (*p_erǝ-snā); air. ern(a)id `grants', Konj. r-a-ǽra `er möge esgewähren', preterit ro-ír `er hat gewährt' (*pēr-e), Fut. *ebraid (*pi-prā-s-e-ti); ro-rath `is gewährt worden' (*prǝ-to-?); hitt. parš- `break, rupture, grind, split up, cut up, divide'.

References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.

Page(s): 817

Root / lemma: per-2: D. per-

Meaning: to bear (child)

German meaning: `gebären, hervorbringen'

Comments: (as ferō: `gebäre' in einstiger relationship to per-2: C `allot')

Material: α. Lat. pariō, -ere, peperī, partum, paritūrus ` to give birth to children ', reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum ``wiederfinden, find, learn', partus, -ūs ` to give birth to childreen, birth; Leibesfrucht', Parca (*parica) originally `Geburtsgöttin', Propertius eig. `the Frühgeborene' = umbr. Propartie `Propertii', parō, -āre `bereite, erwerbe, kaufe', comparō `kaufe' (`sich etwas besorgen, verschaffen'); imperāre `anschaffen = order';

lit. periù, perė́ti `brüte', peraĩ Nom. Pl. `Bienenlarven'.

β. Old Indian pr̥thuka- m. `rother, cattle, calf, Tierjunges', arm. ort`, -u `calf of Rindes or Hirsches' (with formants -thu-); gr. πόρις, πόρταξ, πόρτις `calf, young cow'; cymr. erthyl `abortus'; ahd.far, farro, nhd. Farre, ags. fearr, aisl. farri (*farz-) `bull', with gramm. variation mhd. verse, nhd. Färse `young cow' (germ. *fársī, Gen. *fársjōs), to ags. héah-fore, engl. heifer; originally from jungen animals, compare engl. farrow `not pregnant', wfries. fear `gelt'; lengthened grade ags. fōr, mnd. vōr `Schweinchen'; aksl. za-prъtъkъ `wind-Ei', čech. s-pratek `früh geborenes calf', klr. vy-portok `Frühgeburt'.

References: WP. II 41 f., WH. II 255 f., Trautmann 215.

Page(s): 818

Root / lemma: per-2: E. per-

Meaning: to try, dare, risk; danger

German meaning: `versuchen, probieren, riskieren, Gefahr'

Comments: (= per- `hinüberführen, durchdringen')

Material: Arm. p`orj `Versuch' (express. p`-); gr. πεῖρα f. `Erfahrung, Versuch', äol. πέρρα (*περι̯α), πειράω, -άζω `versuche', ἔμπειρος ` skillful, smart, adroit'; lat. experior, -īrī `versuche, prüfe', <experīmentum `Versuch, Prüfung', comperiō, -īre `erfahre genau', opperior, -īrī, -ītus (and >-tus) sum `warte, erwarte', perītus ` skillful ', perīculum `Versuch, Probe; danger; Prozeß; accusation '; das ī from perī-tus, -culum derives from den compounds with -perior; air. a(i)re `Wachen, Aufmerksamkeit', nir. faire, because of gallo-brit. areānī Pl. `Kundschafter' from *pǝrei̯ā; germ.*firina- `das Außergewöhnliche' in got. faírina f. `Schuld', ahd. firina `Verbrechen' etc; germ.*fēra- `danger' in aisl. fār n. `danger, misfortune', ags. fǣr m., ahd. fār(a) ` pestering, temptation; snare, danger', to got. fērja m. `Aufpasser', ahd. fārēn `auflauern' etc; perhaps in addition with Abtönunggr. ταλαί-πωρος ` afflicted ' as `Gefahren erduldend'.

References: WP. II 28 f., WH. II 288 f.

Page(s): 818

Root / lemma: per-3, per-g-

Meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: Arisch only with t-formants: Old Indian pŕ̥t-, pŕ̥tanā `fight, struggle, fight', av. pǝrǝt-, pǝšanā `fight, struggle, battle', pǝrǝtamna `die miteinander Kämpfenden', paiti-parǝtata `bekämpft';

arm. hari `I schlug' (Aor. to present harkanem, see below), harac `vulnus'; orot `thunder', orotam `donnere';

alb. pres `haue ab, nieder; cut, bite', Aor. preva, më pret `es kümmert mich, is mir angelegen', pritem `werde geschnitten; zerkratze mich; kümmere mich um etwas';

lat. premō, -ere, pressi, pressum `push, press', prēlum `Presse, Kelter' (*pres-lom); root pr-em- (with durativem -em-) and pr-es- as gr. τρέμω `tremble: τρέω' (*tresō) ds.;

lit. periù, per̃ti `with dem Badequast hit, jemanden baden; hit', lett. peŕu, pèrt ds.; lit. pirtìs, lett. pìrts `Badestube';

aksl. perǫ, pьrati `hit, esp. with dem Bläuel hit, waschen', skr. pȅrêm, prȁti `waschen'; ablaut. aksl. pьrjǫ, *pьrěti `contendere', sǫ-pьrja, sъ-роrъ `fight', čech. pr̂u, přiti se `quarrel' and aksl. *pьrǫ, *perti in russ. pru, pratь, peretь `press, urge, press, push', naporъ ` shove ' etc, aruss. pьrtь `Badestube';

perg-: arm. harkanem (pr̥g-) `hit, zerhaue (wood), fälle (Bäume), slay, kämpfe'; air. orcaid, mir. oirggid `erschlägt, tötet, verwüstet'; mir. cymr. orn `Morden, Zerstören'(*[p]org-no- od. -nā); abret. treorgam `perforō', orgiat `caesar' (= caesor), gall. orge `occide', PN Orgeto-rīx; different about kelt. org- s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to hitt. harganu- `destroy'; compare das air. Verbalnomen orcun from *orgenā); perhaps here Old Indian Parjánya- rain- and Gewittergott; see under perkʷu-s.

References: WP. II 42 f., WH. II 288, Trautmann 215;

See also: further to perg-1.

Page(s): 818-819

Root / lemma: persnā, -snī̆-, -sno-

Meaning: heel

German meaning: `Ferse'

Material: Old Indian pā́rṣṇi- f., av. pāšna- n. `Ferse'; gr. πτέρνη f.; lat. perna f. (*pērsnā) `Hinterkeule, Schweineschinken, Schenkel, leg', pernīs `quick, fast' (with the Ferse); got. faírsna, as. fersna, ahd. fersana `Ferse' (*persnā), ags. fiersin f. ds. (*pērsni-); hitt. paršina (leg. paršna) `thigh, Lende', parš-(a)nāi- `hocken' (auf den Oberschenkeln).

References: WP. II 50 f., WH. II 289 f., Pedersen Hitt. 258.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: pers-

Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes

German meaning: `sprühen, stieben, spritzen (bespritzt = gesprenkelt), prusten'

Material: Old Indian pŕ̥ṣat, pr̥ṣatá-m n. `drip'; pŕ̥ṣant-, f. pŕ̥ṣatī ` dappled, scheckig, varicolored', pr̥ṣatī `scheckige cow, gefleckte Antilope'; av. paršuya- `vom water', n., perhaps `Schneewasser'; aisl. fors, foss m. `waterfall';

lit. pur̃slas, pur̃sla `Schaumspeichel', pur̃kšti `as eine Katze prusten, schnarchen'; lett. pā̀rsla `Flocke' (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. pę̃rsla ds.; (compare lett. spurslā́t `prusten'); slav. *parṣa- m. `dust, powder' > *porchъ in aksl. рrachъ ds.; slav. pьrstь in aksl. prъstь `χοῦς', (*p_ers-), besides sloven. pr̂h m. `dust, powder, ash' (= aisl. fors), pŕhati `strew, distribute, whisk ', čech. pršeti ds. etc; toch. А В pärs- `sprinkle'; participle Akt. papärs, hit. papparš- `spritzen, sprinkle '.

References: WP. II 50; Trautmann 206 f.,

See also: extension from per-1 `sprühen'.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: perth-

Meaning: pole; sprout

German meaning: `Stange, Schößling'?

Material: Arm. ort` (o-stem) `Weinstock, Rebe'; gr. πτόρθος m. `sprout' (compare πτόλεμος : πόλεμος etc); perhaps lat. pertica ` shaft, pole', whether not from per-ti-ca to osk. pert `bis to' from *per-ti, also originally `Querholz'; compare čech. příska ds., S. 810.

References: WP. II 49, WH. II 292 f.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: pes-3, pesos

Meaning: membrum virile

German meaning: `das männliche Glied'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian pásas- n. = gr. πέος n. `penis', gr. πόσθη f. ds., lat. pēnis (*pesnis); ahd. fasel, ags.fæsl, ahd. faselt `penis', mhd. vaselrint `Zuchtstier', nhd. Faselschwein ` breeding pig ', ablaut. mhd. vesil `fertile', visel `penis'.

Maybe truncated alb. (*bisel) bil `penis'.

References: WP. II 68, WH. II 281.

Page(s): 824

Root / lemma: pet-1, p_et-, petǝ-

Meaning: to open wide (the arms)

German meaning: `ausbreiten', especially die Arme

Material: Av. paϑana- `wide, breit' (das ϑ after pǝrǝϑu- ds.);

gr. Aor. πετάσσαι, πετάσαι, thereafter πετάννῡμι `breite from, öffne', altes present πίτνημι, πίτνω (from *p_et-), πέτασμα n. `curtain', πέτασος m. `breitkrempiger Hut', πέταλος `ausgebreitet', πέταλονn. `Platte, leaf', πατάνη f. ` platter ' (from *πετάνᾱ; out of it lat. patina ds.);

lat. pateō, -ēre `sich erstrecken, offenstehen'; in addition pandō, -ere `öffne, breite from' (the variiation t : d expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalpräs. 163), passus m. `Schritt, Klafter'; patera `flat bowl' (from patina through influence of crater ?); in the case of hierherpetīlus `thin and schmächtig'??; osk. pat[ít?] `patet', patensíns `panderent', volsk. Imper. an-patitu `*adpanditō';

schott.-gäl. aitheamh (*eitheamh) ` filament ' (as Maß), = acymr. etem, ncymr. edau ds. (*petimā);

aisl. faðmr `Umarmung, Klafter, filament ', FlN Fǫð, Gen. Faðar, ags. fæðm mf. ds. ` filament, Klafter', engl. fathom, ahd. fadam, fadum ` filament '; here also ags. foðer, engl. fother, nhd. Fuder?, ahd. fuodar, as. fōther, ags. fōðor `Wagenlast', nhd. Fuder, from germ. *fōðra- `das Umfassende'; got. faÞa, mhd. vade f. `fence' (as `Umfassung'); ahd. fedel-gold `Blattgold' (:gr. πέταλον), doubtful ags. gold-fell `Goldplatte', mhd. golt-vel ` gold plating ';

lit. petỹs `shoulder', apr. pette f. ds.; pettis m. `shovel, scapula';

hitt. pattar, Dat. paddani `Tablett (?)'.

References: WP. II 18, WH. II 244 f., 262, Trautmann 217.

Page(s): 824-825

Root / lemma: pet-2, petǝ- : ptē-, ptō- (gr. ptā-)

Meaning: to fall; to fly

German meaning: `auf etwas los- or niederstürzen, fliegen, fallen'

Material: Old Indian pátati `flies, wirft sich, fällt' (= πέτομαι, lat. petō, acymr. hedaṅt), Aor. apaptat; petǝ- in Fut. patiṣyati, Supin. pátitum, participle patitá-); patáyati `flies' (= gr. ποτέομαι), pātáyati `läßt fliegen, schleudert, läßt fall' (lengthened grade as pāta- m. `Flug, fall, Sturz', gr. πωτάομαι `flattre'), pra-pat- `hineilen, fall', pátman- n. `Flug, Pfad, pathway' (: πότμος, ποταμός); av. pataiti `flies, hurries ', ap. ud-apatatā `erhob sich', av. patayeiti `flies', acapastōiš Inf. `hinabzufallen', paitipasti- f. `Entgegengehen, -treten' (compare Old Indian ati-patti- `Zeitablauf'), from einem u-present parapaϑwant- `fortfliegend (vom Pfeil)'; av. tāta- (*ptātá-), `fallend (vom rain': gr. πτωτός ds.);

arm. t`ṙč̣im `I fliege' (*pter-i-skō).

gr. hom. πέτομαι `fliege' (ἐπτόμην); otherwise also πέταμαι, ἔπτατο `entflog', πτά̄ς, ἔπτην, dor. ἔπτᾱν, Fut. πτήσομαι; ὠκυπέτης `quick, fast fliegend', πετεηνός, (*πετεσᾱνός), πετεινός (*πετεσνός) `geflügelt, flügge', ποτή `Flug', ποτᾱνός, -ηνός `zum Fliegen befähigt, beflügelt, fliegend', ποτάομαι (and ποτέομαι, see above) `flattre', πωτάομαι ds., πτῆσις, by Suidas πτῆμα `Flug', πτηνός, dor. πτᾱνός `fliegend';

stem πετα-, πτᾱ- `fliegen', but πετε-, πτη-, πτω- with the meaning `fall': πί:-πτω (for *πῐ-πτω after ῥί̄πτω) `fall'; Perf. πέπτωκα, participle πεπτηώς, att. πεπτώς from *πεπτᾱώς; ἀπτώς(Pind.), ἀπτής (dor. inschr.) `not fallend, nicht dem Falle ausgesetzt'; πίτνω `fall', εὐ-πετής `bequem, günstig', προ-πετής `vorwärts fallend, geneigt' (: Old Indian pra-pat-), πέσος n.(Gen. πέσεος from *πέτεος) `cadaver', πότμος `lot, fate, fate, destiny, esp. trauriges', ποταμός `river', eig. `Wassersturz'; πτῶμα, πτῶσις `fall' (: πέπτωκα); πτωτός `fallend';

with the meaning-färbung of lat. petere: gr. πίτυλος `heftige movement' (: lat. petulans; compare also ἐμπεσεῖν `impetum facere');

finally hat πτᾱ- : πτω- : πτα- also die probably from `niederstürzen' entw. meaning `sich niederducken' and `verzagt, in fear sein': κατα-πτήτην `(die Pferde) scheuten', πεπτηώς `geduckt', πτοίᾱ `Scheu, fright' (*πτωFιᾱ, compare Λητώ Πτῴα, ᾽Απόλλων Πτῴος), πτο(ι)εῖν `frighten, in Bestürzung versetzen', Pass. `from Schrecken ergriffen become'; with gutt. extension πτήσσω (*πτᾱκ-ι̯ω) `ducke mich' (Aor. ἔπτηξα, dor. ἔπτακα also trans. `frighten'; κατα-πτᾰκών), πτωσκάζω `ducke mich timorous, flee', πτώσσω (*πτώκσκι̯ω) ds.; πτώξ, -κός `shy, fleeting ' (m. `hare'), ablaut. πτάξ m. f. ` wimp ', Gen. πτακός; πτωχός `Bettler'; to letzteren, as it seems, also arm.t`ak`č̣im, t`ak`eay `sich conceal';

lat. petō, -ere, -īvī, ītum `auf etwaas losgehen, to erlangen suchen, long, want' (petī-tor, -tio, also probably petīgo `Räude' as `Befall'); petulans `aggressiv, keck, bratty, ausgelassen', petulcus `stoßend' (from *petulus, compare to l-forms gr. πίτυλος), impetus `Anfall, attack', praepes `in Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast';

acymr. hedant `volant', ncymr. eh-edeg `das Fliegen'; eh-edydd m. `Lerche';

lett. pētît `desire haben, nachforschen'.

r- and n-formations: 1. with dem g-forms Old Indian pataṁgá- `fliegend, bird', pataga- `bird' (*petn̥-go-s; from den Indern as `in Fluge gehend' umgedeutet); av. fraptǝrǝjāt- (-jant-) `bird'; gr. πτέρυξ, -υγος `Flügel' (compare Old Indian patáru-); das Denom. πτερύσσομαι `hit with den Flügeln' after αἰθύσσω `shake'; ahd. fed(e)rah `Flügel', anfrk. fetheracco `alarum' (-a-c- through influence of ahd. fedara-, anfrk. fethera);

2. Old Indian páttra-, páta-tra- n. `wing, feather ', patará-, patáru- `fliegend', av. patarǝta- `fliegend'; arm. t`ir `Flug', t`iteṙn ` butterfly' (redupl.), t`ert` `leaf, Laub' (*pter-); gr. πτερόν ` feather, Flügel'; πτέρις `Farn';

lat. acci-piter, -pitris ` hawk, Falke' (to 1. Glied see under *ōku- `quick, fast'); penna ` feather, Flügel' (*petnā); alat. pesna from *pets-nā; pinna is probably dial. form for penna; pro(p)tervus ` boisterous vordringend, cheeky ' (*pro-pteru-o-);

Maybe alb. (*penna) pendë `feather' [common alb. n > nd shift].

acymr. eterin `bird', Pl. atar, ncymr. aderyn, adar ds. (a secondary from e); air. ēn `bird' (*petno-), cymr. edn, acorn. hethen ds., abret. etn-coilhaam `hold Vogelschau', mbret. ezn, nbret. evn, ein `bird', acymr. atan (*pet_eno-), ncymr. adain `Flügel, Arm' (*pet_en-), bret. (h)adan `Nachtigall', with secondary a, as cymr. adaf `Flügel, hand' (*pet_emā); abret. attanoc `volitans'; mir. ette, nir. eite `Fittich' (from *pet-enti̯ā), mir. ethait `bird' = Old Indian pátanti `fliegend' (*pet-ontī); mir. eithre n. `tail' (*peteri̯o-);

ahd. fedara, anfrk. fethera, ags. feðer, aisl. fjǫdr f. ` feather ' (*pétrā); ahd. fettāh, mhd. vittich, mnd. vit(te)k, nhd. Fittich;

hitt. pattar n., Gen. Pl. paddanaš `Flügel'.

*ptē̆i-, pti-: gr. πταίω `stoße an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune' (πταίσω, ἔπταισμαι, ἐπταίσθην), seltener tr. `bump, poke, umstürzen', πταῖσμα `damage, loss, misfortune, Niederlage', ἰθυπτί̄ων `geradaus fliegend' (probably eig. `geradaus treffend = stoßend, aufschlagend'), πτίλον ` feather, Flaumfeder'.

References: WP. II 19 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.

Page(s): 825-826

Root / lemma: peuk̂- and peuĝ-

Meaning: to stick; to punch

German meaning: `stechen', also `boxen' ('with vorgestrecktem Knöchel of Mittelfingers')

Material: 1. peuk̂-: gr. *πεῦκος n. `cusp, peak, sting, prick' in gr. περι-πευκές, hom. ἐχε-πευκές `with einer cusp, peak versehen'; πευκεδανός ` pricking, verwundend', later `bitter', πευκάλιμος `sharp, eindringend';

here as `die stechende' das root nouns peuk̂- : puk̂- `fir, spruce' in gr. πεύκη f. ds., thrak. PN Πεύκη, illyr. VN Peucetii, mir. ochtach f. (*puk̂tākā) `fir, spruce, spear, javelin'; ahd. fiuhta, asächs. fiuhtia (*fiuhtjōn) `fir, spruce', apr. peuse f. `pine tree' (balt. *piaušē), zero grade lit. pušìs f., Gen. Pl. pušų̃, ostlit. Nom. Pl. pùšes (conservative stem).

2. peuĝ-: gr. πύξ Adv. `with the fist', πυγμή f. `fist, Faustkampf', πυγμαῖος `eine Faust high, Zwerg', πυγών, -όνος m. `ulna, ell', πύγ-μαχος, πύκτης `Faustkämpfer'; lat. pugil ds., pugnus m. `fist', pūgnō, -āre `fight', pungō, -ere, pupugī, punctum `steche', pūgiō m. `Dolch'.

References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Dekl. 57 f.

Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆-

Meaning: to clean, sift

German meaning: `reinigen, läutern, sieben'

Material: Old Indian Trans. punā́ti, Med. pávatē `purifies, cleans, läutert (sich)', pávitum; pavītár-, pṓtar- m. `Reiniger, Läuterer', pavítram `Läuterungsmittel, Seihe, Sieb'; pāvana- `reinigend', pāvaká- (also pavāká-) `lauter' = mpers. pavāg, np. pāk `lauter, rein'; Old Indian pūtá- `rein', pū́ti- f. ` cleaning, purification '; av. pūitika- `zur Läuterung dienend';

lat. pūrus `rein' (formation as clā-ru-s), pūrgō, older pūrigō, -āre `clean'; pŭtus `rein', nepus `non pūrus' (*nepūt-s); putāre `clean, putzen'; mir. ūr `neu, fresh, edel', cymr. ir `fresh, green'; ahd. fowen, mhd. voewen `sieben, corn, grain clean' (*fawjan = Old Indian paváyati `purifies, cleans, läutert');

doubtful gr. πτύον, πτεόν `Wurfschaufel' (: ahd. fowen?).

References: WP. II 13, WH. II 390 f.

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu-2

Meaning: to research, to understand

German meaning: `erforschen, begreifen, verständig sein'

Material: Gr. νή-πιος (*νη-πF-ιος) and νη-πύ-τιος `unverständig, kindisch', πινυτός `smart', πινυμένην συνετήν Hes. (due to eines present *πι-νῡ-μι from *πυ-νῡμι); lat. puto -are (putāre ) `to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts; hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think'; aksl. is-py-tъ `perscrutatio', pytajǫ, -ati `scrutāri, quaerere'.

maybe alb. (*peus) pyes `ask questions', pyetje `question' : gr. πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question'.

Proto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: pytati `examine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian: pytát' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat' `ask' [verb], Polish: pytać `ask' [verb], Serbo-Croatian: pítati `ask' [verb], Slovene: pítati `ask' [verb], Other cognates: lat. putāre `cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb].

Note:

From Root / lemma: bheudh-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : `to be awake, aware' derived Root / lemma: peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆- : `to clean, sift' , Root / lemma: peu-2 : `to research, to understand' (see above).

References: WP. II 13 f.; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696².

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu-3

German meaning: `Schaum'

See also: see under pū̆-1, S. 847.

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu̯ǝ-

See also: s. pū̆-2.

Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, Gen. pu-n-és, Lok. puu̯éni

Meaning: fire

German meaning: `Feuer'

Comments: with mannigfacher Ausgleichung the r- and n-forms and of vocalism

Material: Arm. hur (Gen. hroy) `fire' (*pū̆r-), hn-oc̣ `Ofen' (*pū̆n-); gr. πῦρ, πῠρός `fire', wherefore πυρά̄ `Feuerstätte, Herd, Scheiterhaufen', πυρετός m. `fever', πυρσός m. `Brandfackel', korinth.ΠυρFος `Pferdename' (*`feuerrot'), πυρρός, poet. πυρσός `feuerrot' (*πυρσFός);

umbr. pir `fire' (*pūr), Akk. purom-e `ins fire' (*pŭr-), osk. aasaí purasiaí `in araigniaria';

aisl. fūrr m. `fire' (*pūr-) and fȳrr, fȳri; ahd. as. afries. fiur (*peu̯ri); ahd. older fuir (disyllabic, compare Musp. vugir), ags. fȳr (from dem Lok. *puu̯éri);

got. fōn `fire' (*pu̯ōn), Gen. Dat. funins, funin (latter from *puneni, einer hybridization from *puu̯éni : *pun-és), aisl. funi m. `fire'; ahd. funko, mengl. fonke `spark'; with ablaut (*pu̯on-) mnd. vanke `spark';

apr. panno `fire', panu-staclan `Feuerstrahl' (*pu̯on-u), Lw. finn. panu `fire';

slav. *pūri̯a- m. `glowing ash' in čech. pýř m. and pýři n. ds.; in addition ačech. pyřina `favilla', čech. pýřeti `glow', serb. upíriti `anfachen' etc;

hitt. paḫḫur, paḫḫuwar, Dat. paḫhu(e)ni `fire'; toch. A por, В puwā̆r, pwār ds.

References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10; Pedersen Hitt. 187 f.

Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: pezd-

Meaning: to break wind

German meaning: `leise einen Wind streichen lassen'

Comments: (compare *perd- `loud furzen')

Material: Gr. βδέω `leise einen streichen lassen' from *βzδέω (reconverted from *pezdō), wherefore βδό-λος ` fetidness ' with neugebildeter o-grade, and *βδε-λύ-ς `pēdens, verachtend' in Βδελυ-κλέων `Cleontī oppēdēns', as well as as base from βδελυρός `ekelhaft', βδελύσσομαι `verabscheue, empfinde Ekel', βδύλλω `verabscheue, dread', but also `βδέω'; lat. pēdō, -ere `furzen' (*pezdō), pōdex `the Hintere' (*pozd-ek-s), pēdis `louse' (because of Demin. pēdiculus older *pēdex);

klr. pezdíty and zero grade (ursl. *bьzd-) bzd́íty, russ. bzdětь `leise einen streichen lassen', sloven. pezdë́ti, lit. bezdù, bezdė́ti, lett. bezdêt `leise einen streichen lassen', lit. bìzdas `podex', bìzdžius `Stänker'; balt. *bezdēti based on auf *pzdēti besides *pezdēti; perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root bhes- `blow', above S. 146.

References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221;

See also: compare above pes-1.

Page(s): 829

Root / lemma: pē̆d-1, pō̆d-

Meaning: container, vessel

German meaning: `fassen; Gefäß'

Material: Old Indian perhaps palla- m. `Kornbehälter', pallī `Getreidemaß' (whether -ll- from -dl-); ahd. fazzōn, mhd. vazzen `in ein vessel tun, fassen, rüsten, sich bekleiden', ahd. fezzil, mhd. vezzel `band, strap, manacle', ags. fetel(s) m. `Gürtel', aisl. fetill m. `Schulterband' (germ. *fatila-), ahd. vazz ` container, Kasten', as. fat n. `vessel', ags. fæt n. `vessel, barrel, vat, cask', aisl. fat n. `vessel, fur'; ags. fǣtels `vessel', ahd. givazzi `Bagage', mhd. gevæzze, nhd. `vessel'; got. fetjan, ags. fǣtan `adorn', aisl. fǣta `es with jemandem to tun haben (`adorn' from `beautiful tunmit?'); lit. pė́das `Getreidegarbe', lett. pêda `Bund, Armvoll', ablaut. lit. púodas, lett. puôds m. `pot, pan'.

References: WP. II 22, Trautmann 227.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d-

Meaning: foot, *genitalia

German meaning: `Fuß'; verbal `gehen, fallen'

Grammatical information: m. Nom. Sg. pō̆ts, Gen. ped-és/-ós, Nom. Pl. péd-es

Material: 1. Old Indian pad- `foot' (pā́t, pā́dam, padáḥ), av. pad- ds.; apers. pādaibiyā `with den Füßen'; arm.ot-k` `πόδες', ot-n `πούς, πόδα'; gr. πώς, att. πούς, Gen. ποδός `foot' (ἑκατόμπεδος `100 feet long'); lat. pēs, pĕdis ds., umbr. peři, persi `pede' (dupursus `bipedibus', -u- probably from -ō-); air. īs `unterhalb' (whereof īse `niedrig') m. Dativ, from dem Lok. Pl. *pēd-su `to Füßen' deutbar = alb. posh in përposh `under', posh-të `herab, unterirdisch; under, downwards '; got. fōtus, aisl. fōtr, ags. fōt (Nom. Pl. aisl. fø̄tr, ags. fēt from *fōt-iz) ahd. fuoz `foot'; hitt. luv. pata-, Hierogl.-hitt. pat ds.; toch. A pe, В pai, Dual A peṃ, В paine;

Note:

Maybe alb. (*po-s) poshtë ` below, under ' from the same root as slav. languages slav. po-dъ ` below, under ' from Root / lemma: apo- (pō̆, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : (foot, *genitalia).

to ped- `foot' belongs gr. dial. πεδά `μετά', originally `(jemandem) auf dem Fuße', compare lat. pedisequus, -a `servant, -in' eig. `auf dem Fuße folgend' and under die arm. from het `Fußspur' gebildeten Präpositionen;

with -i̯-ós, -i-t- `gehend' are shaped: gr. πεζός `pedestris', lat. ped-es, -i-t-is `Fußgänger, Fußsoldat'; from lat. pēs derives pedāre `with einem Fuß versehen, prop, support', and therefrom again pedum `Hirtenstab, pad';

pédi̯o- in Old Indian pádya- `den Fuß betreffend', pádyā `Fußtritt, Huf', av. paiδyā `foot', gr. πέζα f. `foot, unterer edge, border, hem, small Fischernetz', lat. acu-pedius `schnellfüßig', ahd. fizza `Gewinde, Garn' (= gr. πέζα), nhd. `Fitze', (wherefore germ. *fetī f. in aisl. fit `Schwimmhaut, edge', ags. fitt `break, section, Gedicht', norw. dial. fior-fit `Eidechse', `τετράπεζος'), lit. lengva-pė̃dis `leisefüßig'; pedī- in gr. πέδῑλον n. `sandal' and germ. *fetī; podi̯o-m: mir. u(i)de n. `journey'.

2. Verbal: Old Indian pádyate `goes, fällt' (ā-patti- `Unfall'; padāti-, pat-tí- m. `Fußknecht'), av. paiδyeiti `bewegt sich after downwards, legt sich nieder'; aksl. padǫ, pasti `fall' also po-pasti `fassen' eig. `auf jemanden fall, anfallen' (or to pē̆d-1?); napastь `casus'; lit. pė̃dinu, -inti `slowly gehen, leise tread', pėdúoti `Fußtritte make', gr. πηδάω `spring, hüpfe'; compare zur ē-grade still lit. pėdà `Fußspur', pė́sčias `to foot' from *pēd-ti̯os, lett. pę̂da `Fußsohle, Fußstapfe, foot as Maß', pēc (from pêdis, Instr. Pl. from pę̂ds `Fußspur', compare lit. pė́das ds.) `after, because of, gemäß', aksl. pěšь `to foot', gr. πηδόν `Ruderblatt', πηδάλιον `Steuerruder'; auf the verbalen meaning `mehr abfallend or to Fallen, Verkommen geneigt' based on letzten Endes also the Kompar. lat. peior `bad' (*ped-i̯ōs), Superl. pessimus `the schlechteste' (*ped-s_emos); pessum `to bottom, zugrunde' (*ped-tu-m) = Infin. Old Indian páttum; aisl. feta st. V. (also with leiÞ, veg, heim) `den way find' ags. ge-fetan st. V. `fall', ahd. fezzan `labare', gi-fezzan `exire, excidere', aisl. fata `seinen way finden', ags. fatian (wīf) `uxorem ducere', ahd. sih uazzon `scandere', ags. fetian, engl. fetch `get, fetch' (ags. fatian and fetian könnten also to pē̆d-1 belong, as überhaupt die beiden Sippen not sharp to separate are).

3. pedo-m etc: Old Indian padá- n. `Schritt, Tritt, Fußstapfe', av. paδa- n. `spoor' (and `foot as Maß'), ap. pati-padam `an seine Stelle zurückkehrend';

arm. het, Gen. hetoy `Fußspur', Präpos. y-et (*i-het `in the Fußspur') `after', z-het, zetoy `hinter after'; mir. ined (*eni-pedo-) `spoor (the Füße); place', air. ed n. `Zeitraum', gall. candetum `spatium, centum pedum' probably for cant-[p]edum; compare lat. peda `vestigium humanum', aisl. fet n. `Schritt; foot as Maß'; lit. pėdà `Fußspur', lett. pę̂da `Fußsohle' etc (see above); gr. πέδον `ground, bottom', πεδίον `Ebene, field' (ἔμ-πεδος `tight, firm stehend'; about δάπεδον see above S. 198); lat. oppidō `vollig, ganz and gar' (in the case of + *pedom `auf the Stelle'); umbr. peřum, persom-e `πέδον `solum'; hitt. pedan n., place';

o-grade: lit. pãdas `Fußsohle, Stiefelsohle' = aksl. *podъ `bottom, Untergrund, Unterlage' (preposition podъ `unterhalb, under'), lit. pãdžiai Pl. `Untergestell einer barrel', aksl. poždь `fundamentum, locus subterraneus';

schwundstufige forms: Old Indian upa-bdá- m. `Getrampel', av. fra-bda `forefoot' (from ped- `foot'), a-bda- `wo man nicht hintreten, nicht festen Fuß fassen kann'; gr. ἐπί-βδαι `day after dem Feste'.

4. Bedeutungsgruppe `(Fuß)fessel, hindrance for die Füße': av. bi-bda- `zweifache manacle'; gr. πέδη `manacle', πεδάω, ποδίζω `feßle', ἀνδρά-ποδον n. `slave', ἐκ-ποδών `from dem Wege', ἐμ-ποδών `in Wege, obstructive'; lat. pedica `manacle, Schlinge' (wherewith e.g. ein Tier an einem foot angebunden wird); lat. peccāre `fehlen, sündigen' to *peccos < *ped-cos `einen Fehler am foot habend', wherefore also umbr. pesetom `peccatum', compes `Fußschelle, Fußblock', impediō, -īre `hinder', Gegensatzbildung expedīre `das Hindernis wegnehmen' (probably to *pedis f. `Fußfessel' shaped); in addition oppidum `die Schranken of Zirkus (also `quod pedibus obest'); Landstadt' (originally with Hindernissen verrammelte refuge); at most umbr. tribřic̨u, tribrisine `ternio' as *tri-pedikiō `Dreikoppelung'; aisl. fjǫturr m. `manacle, band, strap', ags. fëter, feotor f., as. fëtur, ahd. fëzzer ds.

maybe alb. pengë < lat. pedica -ae, f. `a fetter; a trap, snare (for animal's feet)'; alb. pengoj (nasalized *pędica ) `hinder' = lat. * pedica, impediō, -īre ;

References: WP. II 23 ff., WH. I 428 f., II 214 f., 269, 272 f., 293 ff., Trautmann 209 f.

Page(s): 790-792

Root / lemma: pē(i)-, pī-

Meaning: to harm, scold, put to shame

German meaning: `weh tun, beschädigen, schmähen'

Material: Old Indian pī́yati `schmäht, höhnt', pīyú-, píyāru- `höhnend, schmähend';

gr. πῆμα `ruin, affliction', ἀπήμων `unbeschädigt; unschädlich', πημαίνω `stifte mischief, richte zugrunde' (idg. *pē-mn̥), πήσασθαι μέμψασθαι Hes., ἠ-πανία `lack, Entbehrung'; πηρός, dor. πᾱρός `verstümmelt, blind', ἄ-πηρος `unverstümmelt'; lat. paene (pēne) `beinahe, fast; ganz and gar' (originally neuter eines Adj. *pē-ni-s ` damages, mangelhaft'), paenitet `es reut, tut leid', pēnūria `lack'; from einem participle *pǝ-tó-s `geschädigt' derives patior, -ī, passus sum `duldde, erdulde, suffer';

idg. pēi- in got. faian `rebuke, reproach', pī- in got. fijan, aisl. fjā, ags. fēon, ahd. fīēn `hate', participle present in got. fijands, ahd. fīānt etc `fiend';

with fractured Red. Old Indian pāpá- `schlimm, mad, wicked, evil'; pāpmán- m. ` mischief, damage, affliction ' previously after dem perhaps lallwortartigen pāpá- for *pāman- eingetreten; Old Indian pāmán- stands for `eine Hautkrankheit, Krätze', pāmaná-, pāmará- ` scabby ', as av. pāman- `Krätze, surface, plain, area, Trockenheit', wherefore presumably lat. paeminōsus, pēminōsus `brüchig, rissig'; Old Indian pāpá- = arm. hivand- `krank' (Ernst Lewy).

References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.

Page(s): 792-793

Root / lemma: pē̆s-1

Meaning: to blow

German meaning: `blasen, wehen'

Comments: (see also pēs-2 `dust, powder, sand')

Material: Aisl. fǫnn f. ` snowdrift, Schneehaufe' (*faznō), -fenni n. ds.; as `in Winde wehender Faden': ahd. faso m., fasa f. ` fibre, filament, fringe, hem', ags. fæs(n) n. `fringe', engl. feaze ` fibers '; aisl. fǫsull m. `band, strap', mnd. vese(n) `chaff, fibre, filament, fringe', ndl. vezel ` filament ', ahd. fesa `chaff, Spelze', nhd. Fehse, dän. fjæser, older f(j)øs ` fibers ', ahd. fasōn `untersuchen' (*rub, wear out);

aksl. рěchyrь ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble', pachati `ventilare, agitare', russ. pachnútь `blow', páchnutь `duften, smell', zápachъ `smell, odor, Duft' etc; russ. pásmo `Garnstränne', lett. puõsm(i)s `dividing off, partitioning off between zwei Endpunkten', `as much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht'; čech.-poln. pochva `tail' (`wedelnd'), aksl. о-раšь ds.; nasalized poln. pęchnąć `anblasen, anwehen', pąch, pęch `Witterung (of Hundes') etc; perhaps bulg. pasmina `Rasse' (compare Old Indian tántu- ` filament, fibre, Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny ').

References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer 2, 320.

Page(s): 823-824

Root / lemma: pēs-2, nasalized pēns-

Meaning: dust, sand

German meaning: `Staub, Sand'

Material: Old Indian pāṁsú-, pāṁsuká- `dust, powder, sand', av. pąsnu-š ds.; ksl. pěsъkъ `sand';

presumably as `the wehende, gewehte' benannt and to pēs-1 `blow'.

References: WP. II 68, Trautmann 216 f.

Page(s): 824

Root / lemma: pēu- : pǝu- : pū̆-

Meaning: to hit; sharp

German meaning: `schlagen; scharf, schneidend hauen'

Material: Lat. paviō, -īre `hit, stomp', depuvere `caedere', pavīmentum `geschlagener Boden, Estrich'; from einem participle *putos derives putō, -āre `cut, clip', amputāre `rings beschneiden, abschneiden', (?) puteus `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole, stream, brook' (`ausgestochene pit, pothole'); auf einem d- present `niedergeschlagen make, n. sein' based on probably pudet, -ēre `sich schämen', prōpudium `Schandtat, Scheusal', perhaps repudium `Verstoßung', tripudium `dreischrittiger Tanz', umbr. ahatripursatu `abstripodato'; here also lat. pāveō, -ēre `sich ängstigen' (pavor `Angst', pavidus `timorous') as `niedergeschlagen sein'; nd. fūen `with dem Fuebusch hit' (Fastnachtsgebrauch), ahd. urfūr `Verschnittener', arfūrian, ags. ā-fȳran `verschneiden';

lit. pjáuju, pjáuti (*pēu̯i̯ō) `cut, clip, reap, schlachten', ablaut. pjúklas m. `Säge', pjūtìs f. `Erntezeit, August', lett. pĺaũt `mähen, reap', pĺava f. `meadow' (= lit. piovà ds.), apr. piuclan n. `sickle';

daß nachhom. παίω `hit' = lat. paviō sei, is immerhin möglich; then müßte the Aor. ἔπαισα etc (instead of *ἔπαυσα) new neologism zum present sein; to παίω jedenfalls dor. παιά̄ν, ion. παιήων, att. παιών as `the die Krankheiten through Zauberschlag heilende (Apollo)', then with den words ἰη πᾱιήων anfangender Lobgesang.

References: WP. II 12, 76 f., WH. II 266, 267, 381 f., 393 f., Trautmann 217.

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: pǝtḗ(r) Gen. pǝtr-és, -ós

Meaning: father

German meaning: `Vater, Haupt der Großfamilie'

Material: Old Indian pitár-; av. pitar- besides Nom. pta, ta etc; arm. hair (*pǝtēr), Gen. haur (*pǝtros); gr. πατήρ, πατρός, in compound εὐ-πάτωρ `ein good father'; lat. pater, -tris `father'; patres `Vorfahren, Patrizier'; osk. patir `father', umbr. Iu-pater `Juppiter', Dat. Sg. osk. patereí, mars.-lat. patre; air. athir (*pǝtēr), Gen. athar (*pǝtros) `father'; about gall. gutu-ater see above S. 413; got. fadar, aisl. faðir, ags. fæder, ahd. fater `father'; toch. A pācar, В pācer ds.; about Old Indian Dyāus pitā etc see above S. 413.

Ableitnngen: Old Indian pítrya-, gr. πάτριος, lat. patrius `väterlich', mir. aithre f. `väterliche family'; Old Indian pítr̥vya-, av. tūirya- (*ptǝrvya-), lat. patruus, ahd. fetiro, fatirro, fatureo (germ.*faðuru̯ia-) `Vaterbruder', nhd. `Vetter', ags. fædera `Vatersbruder' (compare gr. πάτρως from*pǝtrōus ds., with verschobener meaning πατρώιος `väterlich'); apers. hama-pitar- = gr. ὁμο-πάτωρ, compare aisl. sam-feðra `from the same Vater' (*-fadrjans); compare gr. πατρυιός `Stiefvater' (after μητρυιά̄ `Stiefmutter'), arm. yauray ds.; only einzelsprachlich are gr. πάτρη, att. πάτρᾱ `Vaterland', πατρίς, -ίδος f. ds., lat. patria ds., patrōnus `Schutzherr', patrō, -āre `vollbringe, vollziehe'; proprius `eigen, eigentümlich, beständig' from *prop(a)trios `from den προπάτορες, den Altvorderen as ererbter Besitz überkommen' (?), s. WH. II 374 f.; mcymr. edryð `dwelling'could originally as `väterlicher appanage ' with mir. aithre identical sein; aisl. feðgar Pl. `father and son' (compare gr. πατρικός `vaterlich'); feðgin Pl. `parents' (*feðr-gin).

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 263 ff.; vom babble-word pā- derive ? Kretschmer WZKM. 51, 315 f; or to pō(i)- schützen?

Page(s): 829

Root / lemma: phel-

See also: s. (s)p(h)el-.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: pher-

See also: s. (s)p(h)er-.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: phō̆l-

Meaning: to fall

German meaning: `fallen'

Material: Arm. p`ul `Einsturz' (*phōlo-), p`lanim `I falle ein'; ahd. as. fallan, aisl. falla `fall' (*phol-n-), Kausat. ahd. fellan, aisl. fella `fällen' etc; lit. púolu, pùlti, lett. pùolu, pult `fall' (*phōlō); apr. au-pallai `findet' (*verfällt worauf).

References: WP. II 103, Trautmann 229.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: phu-

See also: see above pū̆-1.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: pid-

Meaning: to bear (child)

German meaning: `gebären'?? originally `stark ziehen'?

Comments: only germ. and kelt.

Material: Got. fitan ` to give birth to children ', perhaps to ags. fitt `fight', engl. fit `Anfall einer disease, malady', nwfries. fits `bissig'; mir. idu, Gen. idan, Nom. Pl. idain `throes of childbirth, pain'; die mir. inflection geht auf air. ā-inflection back, as e.g. mir. persu `person' auf air. persan; the air. Nom. Sg. muß somit *idan (*pidunā) gelautet haben.

References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.

Page(s): 830