Part V

Root / lemma: pik(h)o-

Meaning: lump, knot

German meaning: `klumpiges, Knoten'?

Material: Av. pixa- `Knoten' in nava-pixǝm `neunknotigen'; lett. piks, pika `Erd- and Lehmklumpen', sniega-pika `Schneeballen'.

References: WP. II 70.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-lo-

Meaning: hair

German meaning: `Haar'

Material: Lat. pilus m. `hair', whereof as collective `Haarknäuel' also pila f. `Ball, Ballen, Strohpuppe'; auf einem s-stem based on *pil-s-os `verfilzt', in gr. πῖλος m. `Filz', πῑλέω `filze', lat. pilleus, -eum `Filzkappe, Filzmütze' (*pilsei̯o-); aksl. plъstь `Filz'.

References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-n-

Meaning: a piece of wood

German meaning: `Holzstück'

Material: Old Indian pínakā-m `staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. πίναξ, -ακος `Sparre, balk, beam, board, Schreibtafel, Gemalde'; ahd. witu-fîna f., mnd. vîne `Holzhaufen'; aksl. pьnь m., serb. pânj etc `tree truck, -strunk'.

References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;

See also: probably to spei- `sharp, spitzes bit of wood'.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīp(p)-

Meaning: to squeak

German meaning: `piepen'

Comments: also unredupl. pī̆- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indian píppakā `ein certain bird', pippīka- `ein bird'? gr. πῖπος f. or πίππος m. `young bird', πῑπώ, πίπρα f. `a kind of Baumhacker', πιπ(π)ίζω `piepe'; lat. pīpilō, -āre, pīpiō, -īre, pīpō, -āre `piepen', pip(p)itāre `vom Naturlaut the Mäuse', pīpulum `das Wimmern', osk. pipatio `clamor plorantis', nhd. (nd.) piepen (with verhinderter consonant shift); lit. pỹpti `whistle' (Lw.?); čech. piptěti `piepsen', sloven. pípa `Huhn; duct, tube, pipe', serb. piра, eine disease, malady the Hühner' (nhd. Pips) etc;

čech. pikati `piepen', under likewise; bulg. pile, skr. pïle `Küchlein' under likewise; similarly alb. bibë `young Wasservogel', arm. bibem `pigolare', gr. πίφιγξ, πιφαλλίς `ein bird'.

References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīzdā-

Meaning: vulva

German meaning: `vulva'

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Alb. pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'; čak. pizdà, russ. pizdá, poln. pizda ds., out of it borrows (?) lit. pyzdà, lett. pīzda f. ds., and apr. peisda `Arsch'.

References: WP. II 69, Trautmann 211;

See also: compare also pezd- S. 829.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: plab-

Meaning: to babble, etc.

German meaning: `plappern under likewise Schallvorstellungen'?

Material: Air. labar `redselig', cymr. llafar `language, sound', acorn. lauar `sermo', bret. lavar `word', ir. amlabar `stumm', cymr. aflafar, acorn. aflauar `infans', air. labraid, rel. labrathar `speaks', cymr. llafaru `talk, speak',

Maybe alb. llaf `word, speech', llafos `talk', llafazan `talkative'.

corn. lauaraf `I rede'; kelt. FlN Labarā ` Labor ' (Bayern); perhaps to ndd. mengl. flappen `hit, klatschen, schwatzen', engl. flap `hit';

Maybe illyr. TN Labeatae (Labeates) `talkative people, babblers '? : kelt. FlN Labarā ` Labor '

in the kind of the onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung jedenfalls different is lat. plōrāre `clamāre (alat.); loud weep, cry'.

Maybe truncated alb. *lápati, llap `chat, talk, speak', llaf `word, speech' [see above Root / lemma: lep-1 : (expr. Root)]

References: WP. II 93.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: plā-k-1: plǝ-k-, ple-k- : plō̆-k-, plei-k- and pelǝ-g- : plā-g- : plǝ-g-

Meaning: wide and flat

German meaning: `breit and flach, ausbreiten'

Comments: extension from pelǝ- S. 805

Material: Gr. πλάξ, -κός `surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte' (= aisl. flǣr Pl. from *flahiz), πλακόεις `platt', πλακοῦς, -οῦντος m. `flat Kuchen' (out of it lat. placenta) under likewise;

lat. placeō, -ēre `gefallen, compliant sein', placidus `flat, eben, glatt, ruhig, friedlich', ablaut. plācāre `ebnen, besänftigen', nasalized perhaps plancus `Plattfuß';

aisl. flā, Pl. flǣr (*flah-iz = πλάκ-ες) and flār (*flahō) f. `Absatz an einer Felswand', norw.flaa ds.; norw. flag n. `offene sea', aisl. flaga `dünne Erdschicht', mnd. vlage `Erdschicht'; zero grade aisl. flō (*flōhō) f. `Schicht, Lage', ags. flōh (stānes) f. `Steinfliese', ahd. fluoh, mhd. vluo `Felswand, jäh abstürzender Fels', nhd. Flühe, schweiz. Fluh, Flüh `Felswand, Felsplatte';perhaps germ. ō from idg. ō because of lett. pluoci m. Pl. `Lage, Schicht';

lit. plãkanas `flat', plõkas `Estrich', plãkė `the lead, Bressem';

lett. plāce `scapula', plācenis `flat Kuchen'; plùoku (*planku) plakt `flat become', plaka `Kuhfladen', plakans `flat';

doubtful is die formale Beurteilung from lit. plókščias `flat, platt', plaštakà `flat hand' (at first durch Dissim. from *plāskti̯os), lett. plāskaîns `glatt, flat and breit zugleich', aksl.ploskъ `flat' (*plā̆k-sko-);

toch. AB plāk- `einverstanden sein', A plākäm `Erlaubnis', В plāki `Einverständnis', am-plākätte `ohne um Erlaubnis to bid, beg, ask';

auf einer light root form *plek- based on probably lit. pleksnė̃ `breite Rübe', lett. pl'ęka (besides plaka `Kuhfladen'), plece `Plattfische, Butten', plęcs `shoulder', further:

zero grades *pl̥kā́ f., kelt. *(p)lika in gall. Arelica (Gardasee), eig. `eastern from the Felsplatte from Sirmione', fass. lia `bottom of Backofens' (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.), expressives -kk- in mir. lecc `Steinplatte', cymr. llech, bret. lec'h ds.

A i-root plei-k- in lit. pleikiù, pleĩkti `breit make', plaikstýti `die Oberkleider about Brust and Schultern, lüften', eig. `sich breit aufmachen'; to mhd. vlīen, vlīgen `schichtweise lay, place, fügen, sort, order, arrange, zurechtmachen, adorn', md. vlī(h)en ds.

root form auf -g: gr. πέλαγος `offene sea' (`aequor'), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner the thessalischen Ebene, die Πελασγοί `Flachlandbewohner' (*πελαγ-σκοί); herald. πλάγος n. `Seite', τὰ πλάγια `die Seiten, Flanken', πλάγιος `(*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant, skew'; lat. plaga `surface, plain, area, Netz, Überzug; region, landscape ', plagula `BIatt einer Toga, leaf Papier', plagella `rag';

nisl. flōki m., ags. flōc m. `Flunder', engl. flook-footed `plattfüßig'; ahd. flah (-hh-), ndl. flak, flach `glatt', as. flaka f. `Fußsohle', norw. flak n. `Scheibe, Eisscholle', aisl.flaki, fleki m. `Bretterverschlag', tirol.-kärnt. flecken `board, plank, balk'.

References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.

Page(s): 831-832

Root / lemma: plāk-2, plāg- , also plēk-, plēg-

Meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: Gr. πλήσσω (*plāki̯ō), πλήγνῡμι `hit', πληγή, dor. πλᾱγα `blow, knock', πλῆκτρον `beetle, hammer etc'; nas. πλάζω (*πλαγγι̯ω) `hit, verschlage' (πλάγξω, ἐπλάγχθην); lat. plāga `blow, knock, wound', plangō, -ere `hit: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve '; mir. lēn, Gen. lēoin `affliction, wound' (*plakno-), léssaim `schlage violent' (*plang-sō); got. faiflōkun `ἐκόπτοντο, betrauerten', ags. flōcan `Beifall klatschen', as. flōcan `verwünschen, verfluchen' (at first from `loud die Brust hit'), ahd. fluohhon ds., fluoh `Fluch', aisl. flōki `gestampfter Filz'; from dem Germ. here probably also words for `Anprall, gust of wind' and `with den Flügeln hit, flutter, flicker': aisl. flaga `plötzlicher Anfall', mnd. mhd. vlage ` shove, attack, storm', engl. flaw `gust of wind, Sprung, crack'; aisl. flǫgra `flutter', ahd. flagarōn `umherfliegen'; with germ. k: aisl. flǫkra (flakurōn) `umherschweifen', mhd. vlackern, ndl. vlakkeren `flicker', ags. flacor `fliegend', flicorian `flicker', aisl. flǫkta (*flakutōn) `umherstreifen, flutter', expressive aisl. flakka `flutter, umherschweifen', older ndl. vlacken ` twitch '; nasalized mnd. vlunke (`Flügel'); aisl. flengja `thrash' (engl. fling `throw' from dem Aisl.), wherefore (?) lat. lancea `die originally spanische Lanze' (kelt. word);

lit. plakù, plàkti `hit, chastise, castigate', plõkis m. `Rutenstreich'; aksl. plačǫ, plakati sę `sich an die Brust hit, weep, cry, klagen';

besides plāk/g- steht plēk/g-: lat. plectō, -ere `punish, curse, chastise, casttigate', lit. plíek-iu, -ti `hit, thrash, chastise, castigate', dial. plėgà `Prügel, Züchtigung'.

References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.;

See also: probably to pelǝ-: plā- S. 805, also originally `breit hit'.

Page(s): 832-833

Root / lemma: plā̆t- (plā̆d-), plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plǝt-

Meaning: wide, flat

German meaning: `breit and flach; ausbreiten'

Comments: extension to pelǝ- : plā- ds., see there; to Vokalverhältnis compare plāk- : plēk- ds. and plāk- : plēk- : plĕk- `hit'

Material: Arischen *pleth-: Old Indian práthati `breitet from', -tē `dehnt sich from, verbreitet sich', pr̥thá- m. `flat hand', práthas- n. = av. fraϑah- n. ` Breite', Old Indian pr̥thú-, av. pǝrǝϑu- `wide, breit, geräumig', fem. Old Indian pr̥thvī́, av. pǝrǝϑwī (also as Subst. `Oberfläche'), besides from *pl̥t(h)ǝu̯- : pr̥thivī́ f. `earth' (`Erdoberflache') = gr. Πλάταια, gall. GN Litavī f., gall.-lat. Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw `die Bretagne', mir. Letha ds.;

arm. lain `breit' (*pl_etǝ-no-).

gr. πλατύς `platt, breit' (= Old Indian pr̥thú-), πλάτος n. `Breite' (reshuffling from *πλέτος = Old Indian práthas- after πλατύς), πλάτη `Ruderschaufel', ὠμο-πλάτη f. `scapula', πλάτανος `sycamore' (`breitästig'); πλαταμών `jeder flat Körper' (: Old Indian prathimán- m. `Breite, Ausdehnung'); πλαταγή `das Klatschen'; formal nicht recht clear, bright are παλαστή `flat hand', πλάστιγξ `flat bowl';

lat. planta f. `Fußsohle' (*pla-n-tā); planta `Setzreis' is back-formation to *plantāre `den Boden ebnen';

cymr. lled, corn. les, bret. let, led m. `Breite' (from dem n. *pletos = Old Indian práthas-), cymr. lledu, bret. ledaff ` outspread ', air. lethaim `dehne from, erweitere' (probably also air. leth n. `Seite' etc), Kompar. cymr. lled `wide, further' (*plet-is), air. letha `wide', Positiv*pl̥t_eno- in air. lethan, cymr. llydan, bret. corn. ledan `breit', gall. Litana (silva), Litano-briga; mir. leithe `shoulder' (*pleti̯ā), mir. lethech `Flunder'; air. less, cymr. llys `castle' (*pl̥t-to-?);

in Germ. with ablaut. а : ō: mhd. vluoder `Flunder', nasalized mhd. nd. flunder ds., mnd.vlundere ds., ndl. vlonder `thin board', aisl. flyðra f. ` deadwood ', schwed. flundra ds., norw. also `small platter Stein'; germ. *flaÞōn in ahd. flado `Opferkuchen', mhd. vlade `wide, dünner Kuchen', nhd. Fladen, Kuh-fladen, norw. flade m. `small Ebene, flaches field'; mnd. vladder `dünne Torfschicht';

lit. plõtyti ` outspread ', plótas `Platte', plõtis `Breite', lett. plãtît, plèst, thin aufstreichen'; aksl. *plastъ `tortum', russ. plast `Schicht' (root form *plāt-); lit. splečiù, splė̃sti `breiten, breitlegen' (doubtful because of anl. s-, das in our family otherwise nirgends), platùs `breit' (a = o, different from πλατύς, pr̥thú-), plantù, plàsti `wide become', apr.plasmeno f. `Vorderhälfte the Fußsohle'; from the root form plĕt-: lit. plėtóti `sich ausbreiten', aksl. plesna `Fußsohle' (*plet-s-nā, to es-stem Old Indian práthas-); but slav. *plęsati `tanzen' because of lit. plęšti not here (*plenk̂-);

aksl. plešte `shoulder', russ. plečȅ ds. (russ. bělo-plekij `weißschultrig', neologism to plečȅ = abg. plešte, compare above mir. leithe).

With auslautender voiced-nonaspirated: aisl. flatr, ahd. flaz `eben, flat', as. flat `flat, untief' (full grade mnd. vlōt ds.), aisl.-ags. flett n., as. flet, fletti `Fußboden in Haus', ahd. flazzi, flezzi `geebneter bottom, Tenne, Hausflur, Vorhalle' (nhd. Flötz `ebene Bergschicht'); ahd. flazza `palm'; lett. plañdît `breit make'.

References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.

Page(s): 833-834

Root / lemma: plek̂-

Meaning: to plait, weave

German meaning: `flechten, zusammenwickeln'

Comments: presumably Weiterbildung from pel- `falten'

Material: Old Indian praśna- m. `netting, lurban' (also plā́śi- m. ` intestines, entrails '); av. ǝrǝzato frašnǝm `with silbernem Panzerhemd'; gr. πλέκω `flechte' (= lat. plicō), participle πλεκτός; πλεκτή `rope, cable, Netz', πλέγμα n., πλέκος n., πλόκανον `netting, Flechtwerk', πλοκή `netting; Ränke', πλόκος, πλόκαμος, πλοχμός (*πλοκ-σ-μος, compare den es-stem τὸ πλέκος) ` braid, plait, Locke', alb. presumably plaf `bunte, wollene cover' (*plok̂-s-ko-), plëhurë `grobe canvas, fabric'; lat. plicō, -āre `zusammenwickeln, zusammeenfalten', with i after den compounds explicāre, implicāre, applicāre; t-present plectō, -ere, -xi, -xum `flax, wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten' = ahd. flehtan, ags. fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.), aisl. flētta `flax, wattle, braid'; aisl. flētta f. `lichen', ags. fleohta m. ` hurdle ', got. flahta ` hair lock '; ahd. flahs, ags. fleax n. `Flachs' (about ndl. vlijen `flax, wattle, braid' s. Franck van Wijk 749); aksl. pletǫ, plesti `flax, wattle, braid' (if with `westidg.' guttural from *plek-tō), ablaut. aksl. plotъ `fence';

References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.

See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek̂-.

Page(s): 834-835

Root / lemma: pleuk-

Meaning: flake, feather, hair

German meaning: `Flocke, Feder, Haar, Abfall'

Material: Ahd. (expressive) floccho `lanugo', nhd. Flocke, mnd. vlocke `Woll-, snowflake ', norw. dial. flugsa, flygsa ` snowflake '; lit. pláukas `ein hair', plaukaĩ `Haare', lett. plauki `Schneeflocken; Abfall beim weaving; dust, powder; Mutterkorn', plaũkas `Abfall beim spinning, Flocken, fibers; Hülsen'; lett. plūcu, plūkt `pluck, tear, rend, pluck, schleißen', lit. plùksna, plùnksna ` feather '.

References: WP. II 97.

Page(s): 837

Root / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti̯o-

Meaning: lung

German meaning: `Lunge'

Material: Old Indian klṓman- m. n. `die right Lunge' (Dissim. from p - m to k - m) = gr. πλεύμων `Lunge' (durch Anlehnung an πνέω also πνεύ̄μων); lat. pulmō, mostly Pl. `Lunge' (from *pelmōnes or *plumṓnes);

baltoslav. *pleuti̯ā- and *plauti̯ā- n. Pl. in lit. plaũčiai and lett. plàuši, plàušas m. Pl., apr. plauti (sekund. f.) `Lunge'; aksl. plušta and *pljušta n. Pl. (aruss. pljuča `Lunge'), serb. pljûća f. `Leber'.

The Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also as `Schwimmer' to pleu- (pel-) `πλέω'.

References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.

Page(s): 837-838

Root / lemma: pleus-

Meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell

German meaning: `ausrupfen; gerupfte Wollflocken, Federn or Haare, Vlies, Zotten'

Material: Lat. plūma `Flaumfeder, Flaum' (*plusmā); mnd. vlūs, vlūsch `Schaffell, Vlies', nnd. vlūs(e), vlūsch ` tussock Haare, Büschel Wolle', mhd. vlius (*flūsi-) `Vlies', nhd. Flaus, Flausch; mhd. vlies, nhd. Vlies;

ags. flēos, flīes n. ds., with gramm. variation norw. flūra `zottiges hair'; aisl. flosa `splinter, offal', norw. dial. flos, flus(k), flustr ds. and ` dandruff, Schuppe auf dem Kopfe', as lett. plauskas and plaukstes ` dandruff ', lett. plūsni `in Winde flatternde birch bark ', lit.pliū́šinti `rub, wear out', plūšà `Bastfasern' (in addition рlìūšė̃ `reed') etc;

lit. plùskos Pl. `Haarzotten, Haare', lett. pluskas `Zotten, rag', ablaut. plauskas f. Pl. `Schelfer'; lit. pláuzdinis `(Feder)bett, Deckbett', apr. (with g-Einschub) plauxdine `feather-bed'.

References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pleu-

Meaning: to run, flow; to swim

German meaning: `rinnen (and rennen), fließen; schwimmen, schwemmen, gießen; fliegen, flattern'

Comments: probably extension from pel- `flow, schwimmen', and originally ds. as pel(eu)- `füllen voll' (`Überfluß, überfließend')

Material: Old Indian plávatē `schwimmt, hovers, flies' (= gr. πλέω, lat. perplovēre, aksl. plovǫ), pravatē `springt auf, hurries ' (hier and in av. ava nifrāvayenta `sie lassen in Fluge heimkehren', usfravā̊nte `(die Wolken) steigen auf' kann also ein idg. preu- `spring' vorliegen); Kaus. plaváyati `läßt schwimmen, überschwemmt' (= serb. ploviti, ahd. flouwen, flewen);

lengthened grade Old Indian plāváyati `läßt schwimmen', av. usfrāvayōit `daß er wegschwemmen could' (= aksl. plavljǫ, plaviti `schwimmen lassen, schwemmen');

plavá- `schwimmend; m. boat, Nachen' (= russ. plov); plutá- `überschwemmt' (= gr. πλυτός `gewaschen'), pluti- f. `Überfließen, Flut' (= gr. πλύσις `das Waschen'), uda-pru-t- `in Wasser schwimmend';

arm luanam, Aor. luapi `waschen' (*plu(ʷ)a-);

gr. πλέ(F)ω (ἔπλευσα, πλεύσομαι) `schiffe, schwimme' (Inf. ion. πλέειν, πλῶσαι `schiffen', but πλώειν, πλῶσαι `schwimmen'); ion. πλόος, att. πλοῦς m. `Schiffahrt', (=klr. plov), πλοῖον `Fahrzeug' (= aisl. fley `ship'); πλύ̄νω `wasche' (*πλῠ-ν-ι̯ω; Fut. πλῠνῶ, Aor. Pass. ἐπλύθην), πλυνός m. `Waschgrube', πλύμα n. `Spülicht', πλυτός, πλύσις (see above); πλοῦτος m. `Fulle, Reichtum'; from the lengthened grade plō[u]- besides πλώειν, πλῶσαι (see above), ἐπέπλων `beschiffte', πλωτός `schwimmend, fahrbar', hom. δακρυπλώειν `in Tränen schwimmen' (from *δακρυπλώς);

illyr. FlN Plavis: lit. sea N. Plavõs;

lat. perplovēre (Fest.) `durchsickern lassen, leck sein', plovēbat (Petron.), pluit, -ere `rain'; pluvius, pluor `rain';

air. loun `Reisekost', loan, loon `adeps' (*plou̯_eno-; see under mnd. flōme); air. lu- `move', Abstr. luud `Antrieb', luud `aries = Mauerbrecher'; also cét-lud `coitus'; ess-com-lu- `proficisci', ess-lu- `fortgehen, entkommen', fo-lu- `fliegen', lūamain `das Fliegen', lūath `quick, fast', lūas ` quickness '; air. lū(a)ë f. `Steuerruder, Ferse, tail', (*pluu̯i̯ā), cymr. llyw `ruler, tax, tail', acorn. loe `ruler', mir. lūam `Steuermann', cymr. llong-lywydd ds., bret. levier ds.;

ahd. Kausat. flouwen, flewen `spülen, waschen' (= Old Indian plaváyati), aisl. flaumr `current', ahd. floum `colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend)', mnd. flōme f. `rohes Bauch- and Nierenfett', nhd. Flom, Flaum m. ds., aisl. fley (= πλοῖον, *plou̯iom) n. `ship'; aisl. flūð f. `blinde Klippe' (i.e. `überflutete'; ū : ō[ū] : ēu); plē- in mhd. vlǣjen `spülen'; plō[u]- in aisl. flōa, ags.flōwan `überfließen', got. flōdus (: πλωτός), aisl. flōð f. n., ahd. fluot `Flut', aisl. flōi m. `swamp, marsh';

lit. Kausat. pláuju, plóviau, pláuti `waschen, spülen', Fut. pláusiu (*plōusi̯ō); plū́tis `offene place in Eise'; plevėsúoti `flutter';

aksl. plovǫ, pluti `fließe, schiffe', plujǫ `schwimme', Kaus.-Iter. serb. plòviti `schwemmen, schwimmen', russ. plov `boat', klr. plov `natātiō', lengthened grade aksl. plaviti `schwimmen lassen', -sę `navigare', plavati `schwimmen'; serb. plȕta f., plȕto n. `cork'; *plū- in Inf. russ. plytь, serb. plȉti;

toch. А В plu- `fliegen, schweben', В plewe `ship'.

extensions:

pleu-d-: air. im-lūadi `exagitat', imlūad `agitatio', for-lūadi `schwenkt', lūaid- `move, erwähnen, äußern'; in addition mir. loscann `frog' (`Springer'); aisl. fljōta, ags. flēotan, as.fliotan, ahd. fliozan `flow'; ags. flotian `schwimmen', flota `ship', floterian `to flutter', änhd. flutteren `volitāre'; fragwürdig is die apposition from got. flauts `prahlerisch', flautjan `sich großmachen', ahd. flōzzan `superbire'; lit. pláudžiu pláusti `waschen, clean', lett.plaûst ds., lit. plústu, plū́dau, plū́sti `stream, fluten, überfließen', pludė̃ `Schwimmholz', plūdìmas `das Strömen, Überfließen', lett. pluduôt `obenauf schwimmen', pludi, pludińi `Schwimmhölzer', plûdi Pl. `Überschwemmung, Flut', plūdît `ergießen, stream; bewässern'; lit. plúostas `Fähre' (*plōud-tā), pláustas ds. (*ploud-tā).

pleu-k-: schwed. norw. fly `moor, fen, puddle, slop' (*fluhja-); aisl. fljūga, ags. flēogan, ahd. fliogan `fliegen' (die Beseitigung of gramm. Wechsels probably durch Differenzierung against fliehen = got. Þliuhan); in addition ags. fleoge, aisl. fluga, ahd. flioga `fly'; dissimil. from germ. *flug-la- (compare ags. flugol `fugax') probably die words for `bird': aisl. fugl, fogl, got. fugls, m., ags. fugol, as. fugal, ahd. fogal m.; lit. plaũkti `schwimmen'; plùnksna f. ` feather ', older plū́ksna.

References: WP. II 94 f., WH. II 326 f., Trautmann 223 f.

Page(s): 835-837

Root / lemma: plēi-, plǝi-, plī-

Meaning: naked, bare, bald

German meaning: `kahl, bloß'

Material: Norw. dial. flein `naked, bald, bleak, naked', Subst. `kahler Fleck', fleina `entblößt, baldheaded become' and `die Zähne show, grinsen'; lit. plýnas `eben, bare, baldheaded ', lit. plýnė, pleĩnė `kahleEbene'; plìkas ` baldheaded ', plìkė `Kahlkopf, nackte Ebene', pleĩkė `Glatze', plinkù, plìkti ` baldheaded become', lett. pliks, pleiks `entblößt, naked, bald, bleak'; r.-ksl. plěšь `Kahlheit', plěšivь `naked, bald, bleak', čech. pleš f. `Glatze' etc, compare also norw. flisa `grinsen, lachen, kichern', fleis `face' (eig. `grinsendes face, Grimasse'), flire `kichern, lachen', aisl. flim ` derision ';

here also the oberital. (raet.) PN Plinius.

References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;

See also: compare under under plēk̂- etc

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plēk̂-, plǝk̂- and plēik̂-, plīk̂-

Meaning: to tear, peel off

German meaning: `reißen, abreißen (abschälen)'

Material: 1. Aisl. flā (*flahan), ags. flēan `die Haut abziehen', aisl. fletta (*flahatjan) `(den bag, die dress) abziehen', norw. flaga `abgeschält become (from the bark)', aisl. flagna `sich abschälen'; nasalized aisl. flengja `throw', norw. ds., `losreißen'; with germ. -k- (= idg. g), aisl. flakna =flagna (skip-flak `Schiffswrack'), flaka `aufklaffen, sich unpick, gähnen';

lit. plė́š-iu, -ti ` rend ' (trans.), nuplė́šti `abreißen (e.g. dress), die Haut abschinden', plėšzinỹs `fresh aufgerissener farmland'; lett. pluôsît Iter. ` rend, pull';

perhaps alb. plas `berste, break', plasë `Ritze = col, gap, Sprung; Schießscharte', pëlsás, Aor. plasa `berste, spring, gehe zugrunde'.

2. ēi-, ī-forms: lit. pléišu, -ėti ` rend, platzen (from the Haut)', plaiš-inti `break, crack make', plýš-ti ` rend, Intr.', plyšỹs, plyšė̃ `crack, col, gap'; lett. Intrans. plîst ` rend ', plaîsa, plaîsums `crack', plaisât `Risse bekommen'; diese alien i-forms gestatten also die Heranziehung from norw. dial. flīk(e) `gähnende wound' (eig. `crack, col, gap'), aisl. flīk, Pl.flīkr and flīkar f. `scrap, shred, rag', ags. (kent.) flǣc (*flaiki) `Fleisch' (k probably from kk), flicce `Speckseite', aisl. flikki ds., mnd. vlicke ds., `Flicke, abgetrenntes Stück'; ahd.flëc, flëccko, mhd. vlec, vlecke (urgerm. *flikka) `Stück Zeug, Stück Haut, Stück Land, place, andersfarbige place, macula'; aisl. flekkr `Fleck, Stück Land' (mnd. vlacke `Fleck' is neuerAblaut);

because of ags. flǣc `Fleisch' is also Verwandtschaft from ags. flǣsc, as. flēsk, ahd. fleisk `Fleisch', aisl. flesc (*fleisk) `bacon, ham' to consider, yet barely under einer basic form *flaik-sk-, da mnd. mndl. vlēs, vlees `Fleisch', aisl. flis `abgeschnittenes Stück, splinter', schwed. flīs, flīsa ds., norw. mdartl. flīs ds., kjøt-flis `dünnes Stück Fleisch' eine verwandte, germ. root form auf -s instead of guttural show, die in schwed. flister `Schinnen' and lit. pléiskanos `Schinnen in Haar', lett. pliska `zerlumpter person' wiederkehrt.

References: WP. II 98 f.,

See also: derived from plē-, plǝ-, above S. 834.

Page(s): 835

Root / lemma: plē-, plǝ-

Meaning: to split, cut off

German meaning: `abspalten, abreißen'

Comments: with -s- extended

Material: Aisl. flasa f. `dünne Scheibe, splinter', fles f. `flat Klippe', isl., aschwed. flas ` dandruff, Schuppe', norw. flasa `absplittern, abspalten', isl. flaska `gespalten become'; lit. plãskanos Pl. `Schinnen in Haar'.

References: WP. II 93;

See also: compare under plēk̂- etc

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plǝi-, plǝu-

Meaning: to expand; to boast

German meaning: `breit schlagen, breit machen'

Material: 1. plǝi-t- (compare pleik- under 1. plāk- `breit') in gr. πλαισίον n. `längliches Viereck', lit. plaitýtis `sich breit machen, brag, boast'; with anlaut. s-: lit. splintù, splitaũ, splìsti `breit become'.

2. plǝu-d-, plǝu-t- in lat. plaudō, -ere, -sī, -sum `klatsche, hitt, klatsche Beifall', plausus, -ūs `Beifall' (compare apl&ūda `chaff, Kleie' from *ab-plaudā `die abgeschlagene') ; lat. plautus `breit, platt, plattfüßig', PN Plautus, prän.-lat. Plautios, päl. Plauties, with umbr. ō:Plōtus; umbr. Imper. pre-plotatu `prosternito'; lett. plaũksta `flat hand' (different Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 325).

References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;

See also: extensions the root pelǝ- `flat, eben', above S. 805.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: plouto-, pluto-

Meaning: a kind of wooden stockade

German meaning: `from Brettern or Stangen Gefertiges'

Material: Lat. pluteus, -um `Schirmdach, Wandbrett, Zwischenwand', changing through ablaut with lit. plaũtas `Steg am beehive', lett. plāuts `Wandbrett', plautaĩ `die Bänke an the wall the Badestube' and aisl. fleyðr f. `Dachsparren', norw. expressive flauta f. `crossbar, crossbeam an einem sled '.

References: WP. II 90.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pneu-

Meaning: to breathe

German meaning: and andere with pn- anlautende Sippen for `keuchen, atmen'; schallmalend

Material: Gr. πνέω (πνεῦσαι) `blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell', πνεῦμα `das Wehen, breath, breeze, breath etc', πνοή `das Wehen, snort'; in addition perhaps also ποιπνύ̄ω `sich rühren, rege sein', trans. `sich eifrig wherewith beschäftigen', Perf. πεπνῦσθαι `geistig rege, sensible, wise sein', πνυτός ἔμφρων, σώφρων Hes., ἀμπνῦσθαι `again zum Bewußtsein kommen', if `sich rühren, rege, esp. geistig rege' from `beim Laufe keuchen' and `breathe = agile, lively sein' has evolved;

aisl. fnȳsa `pant, sniff, snort', ags. fnēosan `sneeze' (fnora `das Niesen'), mhd. pfnūsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze' (pf- schallverstärkend for f), pfnust m. `unterdrücktes Lachen', norw. fnysa `kichern'; besides germ. *fnēs-, *fnōs-, *fnas-: ags. fnesan `anhelare', fnǣst m. `breath, breath, breeze', fnǣsettan `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', mhd. pfnāsen `pant, sniff, snort', pfnāst m. `das snort', ahd. fnāsteōn `anhelare'; aisl. fnø̄sa `pant, sniff, snort'; aisl. fnā̆sa `pant, sniff, snort'; ahd. fnaskazzen, fneskezzen, mhd. phneschen `pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp';

germ. fnē̆h-: ahd. fnehan, mhd. pfnehen `breathe, pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp', ahd. fnāhtente `schnaubend' (mhd. pfnuht m. `snort' braucht nicht die zero grade from idg. pneu- widerzuspiegeln).

References: WP. II 85, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696.

Page(s): 838-839

Root / lemma: pn̥ksti-

Meaning: fist

German meaning: `Faust'?

Material: Ahd. fūst, ags. fȳst = abg. pęstь (*pìnstь) `fist'.

Note: Obviously Root / lemma: pn̥ksti- `fist' derived from penkʷe `five (fingers)'

References: WP. II 84, Trautmann 218 f.;

See also: to germ. faŋχan (pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-, S. 788) or to penkʷe `fünf'.

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: polo- : pōlo-

Meaning: swollen, fat, big

German meaning: `geschwollen, dick, groß'

Material: Lat. polleō, -ēre `bin strong, vermöge', Denomin. eines *pollos from *pol-no-; in addition pollex, -icis m. `Daumen, big, giant toe'; proto slav.. palъ in russ. bez-palъij `fingerlos'; aruss.-ksl. palъcъ `Daumen' (*poliko-), etc ; perhaps in addition as `with dem Daumen betasten' npers. pālidan `suchen, spüren', bulg. pálam `search, seek', ahd. fuolen, nhd. fühlen, ags. fǣlan, engl. feel, (*fōljan), aisl. felma `tap, tasten', ablaut. falma ds.

References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.

Page(s): 840-841

Root / lemma: pork̂o-s

Meaning: pig

German meaning: `Schwein' ('neugeborenes Tier, Ferkel')

Material: Sakisch pāsa (*parsa), kurd. purs, borrows finn. porsas, mordw. puŕts `swine';

lat. porcus `das zahme swine', umbr. porca, purca `porcās'; mir. orc m. `Ferkel, young animal', abrit. Orcades (with gr. ending) = mir. Innsi Orc `Orkney-islands';

ahd. far(a)h n., ags. fearh m. n. `swine', (dän. fare `Ferkel throw'); lit. par̃šas `a castrated boar', apr. prastian `Ferkel' (*parsistian); abg. prasę, -ęte `swine, Ferkel' (deminut. nt-Suff.); to lat. porcīnus `vom swine' compare lit. paršienà `Ferkelfleisch', to lat. porculus `Schweinchen' das lit. paršẽlis `Ferkel', ahd. farheli, mhd.varchelīn, nhd. Ferkel.

References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BSL. 45, 74 ff.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 34 to perk̂- `aufreißen' (see 821).

Page(s): 841

Root / lemma: pos

Meaning: by, about, around, beside

German meaning: `unmittelbar bei, hinter, after'

Comments: probably *p + os, Gen.-Abl. to *(e)p-, above S. 53 f.

Material: Gr. in ark.-kypr. and auf gr. Inschriften Phrygiens πός, vor vowel also πο-, geltungsgleich with πρός (see *per `out - about', Nr. 8) and dor. ποτί; lit. pàs preposition `an, by'; probably also aksl. po in the meaning `hinter, after'; compare das erhaltene s- in aksl. poz-dъ Adj. `late', poz-dě Adv. `late', pozderije (paz-derije) `καλάμη, στυπεῖον'. To lit. pàs also pãstaras `the letzte, hinterste'.

derivatives: 1. with -ti probably arm. ǝst `after', Adverbal and preposition `after = secundum, gemäß'; in addition stor `the untere part'?; lat. post, alat. poste `after, hinter', örtlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. Akk., osk. púst, post, umbr. post, pus `post' örtlich and zeitlich, preposition m. Abl., therefrom lat. posterus, osk. pústreí `in postero', umbr. postra, lat. postumus, osk. pustma[s] `postremae'; umbr. postne, lat. pōne from *posti-ne; osk. pústin, umbr. pustin (from *posti en) `je after' preposition m. Akk.; umbr. pust-naiaf `posticas', purnaes `posticis'; lat. postīcus `hinten befindlich'.

2. -ko- Old Indian paścā́ (Instr.) Adv. `hinten, westlich, later' = av. pašca preposition `hinter, after', örtlich and zeitlich, Old Indian paścā́t (Abl.) preposition `hinter, after, westlich', av. paskāt̃ Adv. `vonhinten her, hinterdrein' spacial and zeitlich; lit. paskuĩ, pãskui (Dat.) Adv. `hinterher, nachher', preposition `after'.

3. In ending still strittig is ap. pasā `after', preposition örtlich and zeitlich; alb. pas, geg. mbas preposition `hinter, after' (idg. *pos + Demonstr. si).

References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508.

Page(s): 841-842

Root / lemma: poti-s

Meaning: owner, host, master, husband

German meaning: `Hausherr, Herr; Gatte'

Material: Old Indian páti-, av. paiti- `master, mister, lord, master, Gemahl'; Old Indian pátnī `mistress, Gattin', av. paϑnī- `mistress'; Old Indian pátyatē `herrscht, is teilhaftig' (: lat. potior);

av. x ̌aē-pati- `er selbst';

gr. πόσις `Gatte', πότνια `mistress (of Hauses), Gattin'; δέσ-ποινα `mistress of Hauses' (*δεσ-πονι̯α, from *δεσ-ποτνι̯α), δεσ-πότης, -ου `master, mister of Hauses' (see above S. 198); alb. pata `hatte', pashë `gehabt' (*pot-to-) (to einem present as lat. potior, Old Indian pátyatē);

lat. potis (potior, potissimus) `vermögend, mighty', possum, alat. also potis sum `kann', potui, potens from einem ē-denominative as osk. pútíad `possit', pútíans `possint', lat. potestās `power', potior, -īrī (potĭtur and potītur) `sich bemächtigen'; com-pos `teilhaftig' (*`Mitherr'), hospes, -itis `Gastfreund', pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots `Gastherr'); ein unflektiertes *poti `selbst' steckt in utpote `as natürlich, da nämlich, nämlich', eig. *ut *pote (est) `as es möglich is = natürlich', further with syncope in mihī-, meō-, suāpte etc;

got. brūÞ-faÞs `Bräutigam', hunda-faÞs `Befehlshaber about 100 Mann'; engl. fad `strong, valiant, big, large';

lit. pàts `husband' and `selbst' (old patis), lett. pats ` householder ' and `selbst', lit.viẽšpats `master, mister' (old viešpatìs), apr. pattiniskun Akk. f. ` matrimony '; f. alit. viešpatni; *patnī under influence of *pati- transfigured to *patī in apr. waispattin Akk. `wife, woman', lit. patì `wife', lett. pati `Wirtin'; indekl. particle lit. pàt, lett. pat `selbst, sogar, straight'; about aksl. gospodь `master, mister', see above S. 453;

hitt. -pat `eben(so), also, rather'; toch. A pats `husband'.

References: WP. II 77 f., WH. I 660 f., II 350 f., 379 f., Trautmann 208, Benveniste Origines 1, 63 f., Pedersen Hitt. 77 f., Endzelin Lett. Gr. 396 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: po-ti

Meaning: against

German meaning: `compared with, entgegen, gegen'

Comments: durch das Adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from *po (see under *apo `ab') extended

Material: Av. paiti, ap. patiy preverb. and preposition `against, entgegen, to, auf, by'; `an; for, um'; `from - from'; `in - toward, in'; hom., böot.., lak. etc ποτί `πρός' preverb. and preposition `against - toward, against, compared with; an, to', `in - toward, from-'.

References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: pougo- or pougho-

Meaning: clear, sound

German meaning: `integer, lauter'

Comments: only kelt. and slav.

Material: Air. ōg `jungfräulich', ōge `Jungfräulichkeit'; čech. pouhý `lauter, bare, simple, just'.

References: WP. II 77.

Page(s): 843

Root / lemma: pō(i)-1 : (pǝi-?:) pī-

Meaning: to graze

German meaning: `Vieh weiden, hüten'; out of it `schützen, also durch Bedecken'

Material: Old Indian pāti, av. pāiti `hütet, bewacht, schützt', Old Indian gō-pā́- m. `herdsman, shepherd', av. rāna-pā `Beinschutz, -schiene', Old Indian pāyú- `Hüter' (compare πῶυ), pālá- m. `Wachter, herdsman, shepherd', -pāvan `schützend', ар. xšaϑ^ra-pāvan `Landvogt, Satrap'; Old Indian nŕ̥-pī-ti- f. `Mannerschutz'; nr̥-p-a- m. `Männerschützer =king'; pā́tra- n. ` container ' (= got. fōdr);

gr. πῶυ `herd' (n. to Old Indian pāyú-), ποιμήν `herdsman, shepherd' (: lit. piemuõ), ποίμην `herd', ποιμαίνω `treibe auf die Weide, hüte; ziehe auf; πῶμα (pō-mn̥) `cover';

got. fōdr n. (= Old Indian pā́tra-, yet stimmt in addition in Akzent only ags. fōðor) `θήκη, vagina', ags. fōðor, fōdor `Futteral, vagina'; spätaisl. fōðr n. `Futter (of Kleides)' from mnd. vōder ds.; ahd. (fedar)fōtar `canna', spätahd. fūoter `theca', nhd. Futter (of Kleides), Futteral;

lit. piemuõ `herdsman, shepherd', Akk. píemenį (*pōimen-).

References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: pō(i)-2 : pī- and (from pō- from) p_o-

Meaning: to drink

German meaning: `trinken'

Grammatical information: Aoristwurzel, wherefore secondary present pi-pō-mi, pi-bō-mi, themat. pi-bō

Material: Old Indian pā́ti `trinkt', Aor. ápāt, pāy-áyati, páyatē `tränkt' (: aksl. pojǫ, pojiti), pānam n. `Trunk' (: gr. εὔπωνος `pleasant to drink' Hes., mir. ān f. `vessel'), Inf. pātavē `to drink' (= apr. poūtwei ds.), pā́tar-, pātár- m. `Trinker' (= lat. pōtor ds.), -pā́yia-, -pāyya- `to tränken, Trunk' (= apr. poūis m. `das Trinken'), pātra- n. `Trinkgefäß' (*pō-tlo-m = lat. pōculum `Becher'); participle Pass. ablaut. pītá- `getrunken (habend)', pītí- f. `das Trinken, Trunk', av. vispo-pitay- `alltränkend'; Old Indian Inf. pātum, pātavē, Gerund. pītvā- (: lat. pōtus m. `Trank'); redupl. athematic present 3. Pl. pi-p-atē, participle pí-p-āna-, Aor. á-pipī-ta-; thematic píbati `trinkt' (= air. ibid);

arm. ǝmpem `trinke' (formation unclear);

gr. πί̄νω, lesb. πώνω (vom Nominalst. *pō-no-, compare above εὔπωνως) `trinke', Fut. (Konj.) πίομαι, Aor. ἔπιον, Imper. πῖθι, Perf. πέπωκα, Med. πέπομαι `trinke', πῶμα, πόμα n. `Trinken, Trank', πότος m., πόσις, -ιος and -εως f. ds., ποτήρ m., ποτήριον n. `Trinkbecher', πῖνον n. `Gerstentrank', πιπί̄σκω (Fut. πί̄σω) `give to drink';

alb. pī `trinke' etc;

lat. bibō, -ere `trinke' (assimil. from *pibō; falisk. pipăfo `I werde drink'; lat. pōtō, -āre `trinke strong', pōtus `betrunken, getrunken' (= lit. puotà f. `Zechgelage'), pōtus, -ūs m. `Trank' (= Old Indian <pātum Inf.), pōtiō f. `Trinken, Trank' (: gr. ἄμ-πωτις f. `Ebbe', apr. poūt `drink' from *pōti-), pōculum `Becher' (*pō-tlo-m), pōtor m. `Trinker' (= Old Indian pā́tar-); umbr. puni, poni `milk' (: Old Indian pānam `Getränk'); air. ibid (*pibeti) `trinkt', Verbalnom. Dat. Sg.oul (disyllabic) `Trinken' (*poi̯ǝ-lo-); acymr. iben `bibimus', corn. evaf `bibo', mbret. euaff ds.; mir. ān f. `Trinkgefäß' (: Old Indian pānam `Trunk');

baltoslav. *pōi̯ō and *pii̯ō `trinke' in apr. poieiti `trinkt', poūis m. `das Trinken', aksl. pijǫ, piti `trinke'; pirъ m. `Bankett', pivo n. `Getränk', čech. etc `beer'; Kaus. aksl. pojǫ, pojiti `tränke'; baltoslav. *pōta- and *pīta- `getrunken' in lit. puotà f. `Trinkgelage' and aksl. pitijь `trinkbar'; baltoslav. *pōti uud *pīti f. `das Trinken' in apr. Inf. poūt (*pōti-) and slov. pît f. `Getränk' (Infin. *piti); baltoslav. *pōtu- m. `das Trinken' in apr. Inf. puton, pouton and poutwei `drink', ablaut. passive russ.-ksl. pitъ.

References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.

Page(s): 839-840

Root / lemma: pōu- : pǝu- : pū̆-

Meaning: small, little; young (of animals)

German meaning: `klein, gering, wenig', vielfach for `Junges, Tierjunges, kleines Tier'

Material: 1. With -o-suffix; got. fawai Pl. `wenige', aisl. fār `wenig, wortkarg', fā-tøkr `arm' (as lat. pauper), ahd. fao, fō `wenig', Dat. Pl. fouuem, as. fā, ags. fēa, Pl. fēawe, engl. few `wenige'.

2. With formants -ko-: lat. paucus `wenig', pauper `arm' (*pauco-paros or pau-paros? `wenig erwerbend, wenig sich constituting, originating '); ahd. fōh `wenig';

maybe alb. (*pauc-) pak ` little'.

With suffix -lo-: lat. paul(l)us `small, wenig' (*pauks-lo-), pauxillus `ganz wenig' (*pauk-s-lo-lo-).

3. With formants -ro-: gr. παῦρος `small, gering', lat. with rearrangement parvus `small', parum (*parvom) `to wenig'.

4. `Junges, Tierjunges':

gr. παῦς (att. Vasen), Gen. παFός (kypr., in addition ein neuer Nom. πας), παῖς, Gen. παιδός m. f., hom. πάις, παFιδ- `kid, child'; lat. puer `kid, child, knave, boy, girl' (*puu̯ero-), puella `girl';

got. fula, aisl. foli m., fyl n. (*fulja-), under fylja f., ags. fola, ahd. folo, fulī(n) `Füllen, foals'; besides *pō[u]los in arm. ul `goat', am-ul `unfruchtbar' (*n̥-pōlo-), yɫi f. `pregnant'(*i-pōlniyā); gr. πῶλος `foals', also `young man, young girl', πωλίον `small foals, Junges', alb. pelë, pēlë `mare' (Fem. to *pōlos); perhaps med. Arbu-pales, if es `weiße foals besitzend' stands for.

5. With t-formant: putrá- m., av. ар. puϑ-ra- m. (latter from pūtlo- = osk. puklo-) `son, kid, child';

maybe alb. putra `paw (of a young animal', puta `sole'

gr. names as Πώ-ταλος; lat. putus, putillus `knave, boy', next to which *pūt-so- in pūs(s)us, -a `knave, boy, girl', but pŭsillus `very small' is Demin. from pullus (*putslo-lo-s); osk. puklo- `kid, child' (= Old Indian putrá-), pälign. puclois Dat. Pl. `pueris', mars. pucles; lat. pullus ` young, Tierjunges' (*put-s-lo-);

maybe alb. (*putillus) pulisht `donkey's colt'

baltoslav. *putā `bird' in russ.-ksl. pъta `bird', pъtištь `small bird' (`bird' eigentl. `young bird'), lit. putýtis `young animal, young bird' (Zärtlichkeitsausdruck), balt. *put-n-a- in lett. putns `bird'; with other, demin. Formansverbindung lit. paũ-kštis `bird'.

maybe alb. pata `goose' : russ.-ksl. pъta `bird'

References: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233.

Page(s): 842-843

Root / lemma: prāi-, prǝi-, prī- (pri-)

Meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly

German meaning: `gern haben, schonen, friedlich-frohe Gesinnung'

Material: Old Indian prīṇā́ti `erfreut', Med. `is vergnügt about etwas', prīyatē ds., `liebt', prītá- `vergnügt, befriedigt; geliebt', prītí- f. `pleasure, joy, Befriedigung', priyāyátē `behandelt liebevoll, befreundet sich' (: got. frijōn, aksl. prija-jǫ), priyá- `lieb, erwünscht, beliebt', m. ` lover, Gatte', f. `Geliebte, Gattin' (= av. frya-, aisl. Frigg etc, and got. freis, c. rhydd `free'), priyatvá-m `das Liebsein or -haben' (: got. frijaÞwa f. `love'), priyátā ds. (= ags. frēod `love'); with*prǝi- : práyaḥ n. `pleasure, enjoyment', prēmán- m. n. `love, Gunst', prētár- `Wohltäter, Liebhaber, Pfleger', Superl. práïṣṭha- (ved.), prḗṣṭha- `liebst, teuerst', whereupon Kompar. prḗyas- `lieber' for older *prāyas-; av. frāy- `befriedigen', e.g. frīnāmahi participle frita-, frīna-, friϑa- `blithe, glad; befriedigt; geliebt', friti- f. `prayer', frya- `lieb, wert'; perhaps the hispan. (ven.-illyr. ?) VN Praesta-marci (: ags. frīd-hengest);

Maybe alb. geg. frynj 'impregnate, make love, swell, blow, wind, exhale', frymë 'breath, air blow'.

Note:

alb. geg. prende, tosk. Premte [*prēmán- dies] 'Friday' was created on the same basis as lat. L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk Aphrodites hemera day of Aphrodite, germ. Freitag 'day of Freya = goddess of love' similar to gr. παρασκευή 'Friday' from gr. πρᾱΰς ` soft, mild '

gr. πρᾱΰς `gentle, mild' from *πρᾱι̯υ- with jüngerer o-inflection πρᾳος, beweist idg. āi; whereas. belongs air. rīar f. `volition, Wunsch' to erei-, S. 330;

cymr. rhydd `free' = got. freis (akk. frijana), ahd. as. frī, ags. frēo, frī `free, los, free from', aisl. in frjāls from *frīhals (die meaning `free' originally `to den Lieben gehörig'); aisl. Frigg, ahd. Frija `Gattin Wotans', ags. frēo f., as. frī n. `Weib from edler Abkunft' (`die liebe'); got. frijōn `lieben', aisl. frjā ds., ags. frīogan `lieben, befreien', mdn. vrīen, as. friohan `freien, werben', participle got. frijōnds `friend', aisl. frǣndi, Pl. frǣndr `friend, kinsman, relative', ags. frīond, as. friund `friend, lover, kinsman, relative', ahd. friunt `friend, lover '; aisl. frīðr `beautiful', ags. frīd-hengest `stattliches horse'; from *frīða- in the meaning `geschont' derives got. freidjan `spare, look after', ahd. vrīten `hegen' (frīthof `eingefriedigter courtyard ', nhd. Freithof and volksetymologisch Friedhof); with ĭ aisl. friðill ` lover, Buhle', f. friðla, frilla, ahd. fridel, f. fridila `Geliebte(r)', next to which from participle *frijōða- from: as. friuthil, ahd. friudil ds.; ahd. fridu m. `peace, protection, certainty, Einfriedigung', as. frithu m. `peace', ags. frioðu m. `peace, protection, certainty ', aisl. friðr m. `love, peace', got. ga-friÞōn `spare, look after', aisl. friða `Frieden make, versöhnen', ags. friðian `schützen', ahd. gifridōn `beschützen';

aksl. prějǫ ` be favorable to, take care of ', prija-jǫ, -ti ds., prijatel<ь `friend, lover '; probably also lett. priêks `pleasure, joy'.

maybe alb. prek `touch, make love' : lett. priêks `pleasure, joy', alb. geg. me pritë `to host, protect, expect, wait.

References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231.

Page(s): 844

Root / lemma: prā-

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Comments: ?; only lat. and kelt.

Material: Lat. prāvus `verkehrt; slant, skew; evil, bad'; in addition prātum `meadow' (as `Einbiegung of Bodens', compare e.g. lit. lankà `Einsenkung, meadow': leñkti `bend') and (as `Aufbiegung, Wölbung, hill'); mir. rāth, rāith m. f. `Erdwall, fortress', mcymr. bed-rawt, ncymr. bedd-rod m. `burial mound, grave', bret. bez-ret f. `Begrabnisplatz, Friedhof', gall. rātin Akk. Sg. `castle(hügel)', PN Argento-rāte.

References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.

Page(s): 843-844

Root / lemma: preg-

Meaning: willing, covetous, active

German meaning: `gierig, heftig'

Material: Got. (faihu-)friks `(geld-)gierig', aisl. frekr `gierig, strong, hard, agile, lively', ags. frecc `gierig, audacious' (*frakja-), ahd. freh `gierig', nhd. frech dial. also `agile, lively, fresh'; ags.fræc `begierig, audacious', mnd. vrak, norw. schwed. dial. frak, dän. frag `quick, fast, gamy'; norw.frǣc ds. (*frākja-); aisl. frø̄kn, frø̄kinn `gamy', ags. frēcne `audacious, wild', as. frōkni `wild, cheeky, foolhardy ', ahd. Frōhn, Fruochan- in PN; frōhni `iactura'; poln. pragnąć `gierig long, want', čech. prahnouti `begehren' etc; here aisl. frakkr `gamy' and the VN Franken.

References: WP. II 88;

See also: belongs to gr. σπαργάω `bin horny, lustful', see under sp(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: prep-

Meaning: to come in sight

German meaning: `in die Augen fallen; Erscheinung, Gestalt'

Material: Arm. erevim `werde visible, erscheine', erevak `shape, Bild, mark, token, sign', eres (*prep-s-), mostly Pl. eresk` `face, Miene, sight, Vorderseite', eresem `zeige mich, erscheine'; also orovain `belly' etc (*prop-n̥-i̯o-)?

gr. πρέπω `falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne mich from', πρέπει `es ziemt sich', ἀρι-, δια-, ἐκ-, εὐ-, μετα-πρεπής `hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend'; θεο-πρόπος `Seher' (`the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende'); perhaps πpαπίς `Zwerchfell'; different above S. 620.

air. richt `form, shape', cymr. rhith `species' (*pr̥p-tu-);

ahd. furben `clean, putzen, fegen' (`in die Augen fallend machen, ein Ansehen give'), mhd. vürbe ` cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe', and. wel gifurvid `casta'.

References: WP. II 89.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: pret-, prō̆t-

Meaning: to understand

German meaning: `verstehen'

Material: Mir. rāthaigid `bemerkt'; got. fraÞi n. `sense, mind, Verstand', fraÞjan, frōÞ `verstehen', frōÞs `smart, sensible, wise', aisl. frōðr, as. ags. frōd, ahd. fruot ds., mhd. vruotec, vrüetec `quick, fast entschlossen, alert, awake, smart, valiant', nhd. schweiz. fruetig `blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast', also ahd.frad `strenuus efficax', fradah-līh `procax'; perhaps ahd. ant-frist `interpretatio' (*pret-sti-); lit. prantù, pràsti `gewohnt become', su-pràsti `verstehen', prõtas `Verstand', lett.prùotu, prast `verstehen, begreifen, merken', pràts `Verstand, sense, mind, volition, opinion, Gemüt', apr.prātin Akk. `Rat', iss-prestun `verstehen', is-presnan Akk. `reason', issprettīngi Adv. `nämlich';

toch. A pratim, В pratiṃ `Entschluß'.

References: WP. II 86, WH. I 711, Trautmann 230.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: preus-

Meaning: to fry; to burn

German meaning: `frieren' and `brennen'

Material: A. Old Indian pruṣvā́ f. `drip, hoarfrost, gefrorenes water'; lat. pruīna ` hoarfrost, frost' (*prusu̯īnā); got. frius `frost, coldness', aisl. frør, frer n. `Frostwetter', aisl. frjōsa, ags. frēosan, ahd. friosan `frieren', ahd. frōren `gefrieren make', ahd. as. frost (*frus-taz); ags. forst m. aisl. frost n. `frost';

B. Old Indian plṓṣati `versengt, burns', pluṣṭa- `versengt, verbrannt'; alb. prūsh `burning coals, blaze, glow'; lat. prūna `glowing coals' (*prusnā), prūrīre `jucken'.

References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: preu-

Meaning: to jump

German meaning: `springen, hüpfen'

Material: Old Indian právatē `springt auf, hüpft, hurries ', pravá- `flatternd, schwebend, fliegend', upa-prú-t `heranschwebend, heranwallend' (Zusammenschluß with den Abkömmlingen from *pleu- `rinnen', see there), plava- m. `frog', eig. `Springer', maṇḍūka-pluti- m. `Froschsprung = Überspringung mehrerer Sutra', plava-ga-, plavą-gama- m. `frog, ape' (d. h. `in Sprunge gehend'); aisl. frār `quick, fast, flink', urnord. Frawa- (eig. `springend' = Old Indian pravá-), as. frā `blithe, glad', ahd. frao, frō, frawēr `strenuus, alacer (Gl.); blithe, glad', whereof ahd. frouwen, frewen `sich freuen', frewī, frewida `pleasure, joy'; russ. prytь f. `schneller run, flow', prýtkij `hurtig, hasty'.

Maybe rum. (*breuska) broască `toad, frog' : alb. (*breustka) bretkosa `toad, frog'; gr βάτραχος `frog'; also rum. broască-ţestoasă `tortoise, water animal ' : alb. (*breuska ) breshkë `turtle, tortoise '.

guttural extension in aisl. frauki, ags. frogga `frog'; from *prug-skō `hüpfe' germ. *fruska- in aisl. froskr, ags. frosc, forsc, nhd. Frosch; russ. prýgnutь `einen Sprung, einen Satz make', prýgatь `hüpfen, spring', pryg `Sprung, Satz'.

also alb. pragu (*preug) `(high) threshold', bregu (*breug) `shore, hill'

References: WP. II 87 f.

Page(s): 845-846

Root / lemma: prīs-

Meaning: to granulate

German meaning: `zerkleinern'??

Comments: only gr. and alban.

Material: Gr. πρί̄ω (ἐπρίσθην, πριστός) `durchsäge, knirsche with den Zähnen', πρί̄ων, -ονος `Säge', πρῖσμα `das Gesägte, Sägespäne; dreiseitige column ';

alb. prish `verderbe, rupture, destroy, smash'.

References: WP. II 89.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: prōk̂to- : prǝk̂to-

Meaning: buttocks

German meaning: `Steiß'?

Comments: only gr. and armen.

Material: Arm. erastank` Pl. `ἕδραι' (from *erast = prǝk̂to-) kann die Redukt.-stem besides gr. πρωκτός `rump, After' sein.

References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse² 142.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: prō̆-

See also: s. per-2 S. 813 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pr̥so- (?)

Meaning: onion

German meaning: `Lauch'

Comments: is mediterranes loanword

Material: Gr. πράσον `Lauch': lat. porrum, porrus `Lauch'.

References: WP. II 84, WH. II 343, Szemerényi Gl. 33, 261 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pster-, pstereu-

Meaning: to sneeze

German meaning: `niesen', schallmalend

Material: Arm. p`ṙngam, p`ṙnč̣em `niese'; gr. πτάρνυμαι, πταίρω `niese', πταρμός m., πτόρος m. `das Niesen' (with Inlautbehandlung the Anlautgruppe pst- : ἀποφθαράξασθαι `schnarchen' Hes.); lat. sternuō, -ere `sneeze'; air. srëod< `das Niesen', cymr. ystrew, trew ds., ystrewi, trewi ds., mbret. streuyaff, nbret. strefia `sneeze' (*striw-).

References: WP. II 101, WH. II 591.

Page(s): 846-847

Root / lemma: ptel(e)i̯ā

Meaning: a kind of tree

German meaning: Baumname?

Material: Gr. πτελέᾱ, epidaur. πελέᾱ `elm, Rüster' (letzteres with probably older Anlautsvereinfachung; unclear are τιλίαι `Schwarzpappeln' Hes. and because of Anlauts ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος Hes.); lat. tilia `Linde' (mir. teile derives from dem Engl.); ven. FlN Tiliaventus?

arm. t`eli `elm' is Lw. from πτελέα;

perhaps *ptel-ei̯ā `die Breitblättrige' or at most `weit die Äste Breitende'.

References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.

Page(s): 847

Root / lemma: puk̂-2

Meaning: to enclose, put together

German meaning: `zusammendrängen, eng umschließen'

Material: Av. pusā- f. `Stirnband'; gr. ἄμ-πυξ m. `Stirnband', Adverb. πύκα `tight, firm, dense, sensible, wise, painstaking ', in compound πυκι- (πυκι-μήδης `sensible, wise'), out of it πυκι-νός newer πυκνός `dense, tight, firm, proficient', πυκάζω `make tight, firm, umhülle dense'; alb. puth `küsse', eigentl. `umarme'.

References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gr. etym. Wb. 290.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pu-lo-

Meaning: hair

German meaning: `steifes Haar'

Material: Old Indian pula-, pulaka- m. `das Sträuben the Härchen am Körper', pulastí- m. `schlichtes Haupthaar bearing, carrying'; Substantiv `Haupthaar', Patronymikon Pāúlastya-; gr. Plur. πύλιγγες `Haare am Hintern, Locken' Hes.; mir. ul `beard' (*pulu-), ulach `bearded', ulcha f. `beard', Ulaid `die Leute from Ulster' (*Ulutī).

Maybe alb. (*pulaka-) flokë `hair'.

References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 191.

Page(s): 850

Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk-

Meaning: thick-haired, *fox

German meaning: etwa `dense behaart, buschig (buschiger Schwanz), dichtwollig'

Material: Old Indian púccha-, -m `tail, Schweif, rod' (kann *pu[k]-sko- sein); after dem buschigen Schwanz benannt, seems got. faúhō, aisl. fōa, ahd. foha `Füchsin' (germ. -ōn), besides with masc. -s-: ags. fox, ahd. fuhs `Fuchs' etc; lit. paustìs `Tierhaar'; russ.-poln. puch (*peukso-, poukso-) `Flaumfedern, Daunen, feines wolliges Haar an animals' (out of it lit. pũkas `Flaumfeder'), russ. pušistyj `fleecy, dense, buschig', pušnój továr `Pelzwerk', čech.-nsorb. o-puš (*puchъ), opyš `tail', russ. opúška, opušina `edge (of Waldes), hem, Verbrämung'.

Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk- : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of older lat. volpes ‘fox’, gr. alôpêx a fox. Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)].

References: WP. II 82 f.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pū̆-1, peu-, pou- also phu-

Meaning: to blow, blow up

German meaning: von der Schallvorstellung der aufgeblasenen Backen; `aufblasen; aufgeblasen, angeschwollen, angeschwollen, aufgebauscht' etc

Material: Old Indian phupphukāraka- `keuchend' (Lex.), pupphula- `Blähung' (Lex.), phuphusa-, -m `Lunge', pupphusa- `Lunge, Samenkapsel the Wasserrose' (Lex.), phū̆t-karóti `blows, pustet, schreit from vollem Halse'; arm. (h)ogi `breath, breeze, breath, soul' (*pou̯io-), heval `short or heavy breathe' (*peu̯ā-), hoylk` `congregation, meeting. Truppe'; mir. ūan `scum, froth, foam' = cymr. ewyn, bret. eon ds. (*pou̯-ino-), Pl. eien `Quellen' (compare lit. putà `Schaumblase'); abret. euonoc `schäumend'; lett. pùlis `heap, herd, nest, Strichregen', pùl̨uôt `eitern', pūl'i `Regenwolken', russ. púlja, klr. púl'a `ball';

lit. pūrė̃ `Quaste', lett. paurs, paûre `Hinterhaupt, cranium; acme, apex ' (`Wölbung'), lit. púras `Hohlmaß', lett. pūrs `Hohlmaß for corn, grain, Aussteuerkasten', puns, pune, punis `Auswuchs am tree, Höcker', paûns, paûna `cranium, Stirnknochen', also probably apr. pounian `buttock', lit. púnė̃, lett. paũna `Ränzel, bundle'.

pu-g-: gr. πυγή `the Hintere'; aisl. fjūk `Schneesturm', fjūka `quick, fast durch die Luft fahren, whisk ', fok `Schneegestöber', mhd. fochen `blow'; lett. pũga `gust of wind', pauga `Polster, head'.

p(h)u-k-: arm. p`uk` `breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart', Pl. `bellows', p`č̣em `hauche', p`k`am `blase mich auf'; npers. pūk `das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows', afgh. pū, pūk `a puff, a blast, the act of blowing';

lit. puknė `blister, bubble', pukšlė `swelling, blister', pūkščiù, pūkšti `pant, gasp, wheeze', pūkỹs, pũkis `Kaulbarsch' (*`Dickkopf'); lett. pukuls ` tassel ' (eig. `dicke Quaste').

pu-p- (probably gebrochene Redupl.): alb. pupë `curd, grape, hill', púpëzë `bud, Mohn', púpulë `back'; lat. pūpus `small kid, child, knave, boy, Bübchen', *pūpa `small girl' and (late) `Pupille of Auges' (das small Spiegelbild of Beschauers in Auge of Angesprochenen'), vulgär-lat. *puppa (frz. poupe, ital. poppa) ` nipple '; air. ucht `breast' (*puptu-); lett. pups `Weiberbrust', paupt `to swell', pūpuol'i pūpuol'i `Weidenkätzchen' (with voiced-nonaspirated pubulis `bubble auf beer, Knoten in Garn'), lit. pupele, pupela, pupuole `bud', probably also lit. pupā, lett. pupa `bean'.

p(h)u-s-: Old Indian púṣ́yati, puṣṇā́ti, pṓṣati `gedeiht, makes thrive, wächst to, ernährt', puṣṭá- `wohlgenährt, rich', púṣti-, puṣtí- f. ` prospering; flourishing, Wachstum, fullness, wealth', pṓṣa- ds., púṣpa-m `flower, blossom, bloom, blossom', puṣkalá- `rich, prächtig, in voller vitality '; gr. φῦσα `blast, bellows, bubble' (*φῡσσα or *phūt-i̯a), φῡσάω `blow, blase auf', φῡσιάω `snort', φῦσιγξ f. `Knoblauch, onion, bulb', φυσαλ(λ)ίς f. `bubble', φύσκα f. `bubble, weal, callus', φύσκη f. `Darm, Wurst', φύσκων `Dickbauch', ποι-φύσσω `blow, snort'; lat. pussula, pustula `bubble, vesicle, blister, bubble'; norw.føysa (*fausian) `swell up, aufgähren', f(j)usa `sausen, with Gewalt ausströmen'; lit. pūslė̃ `bubble', lett. pùslis ds., lit. pusnìs, pusnýnas `zusammengewehter Schneehaufe', pùšė (pũšė) `blister, bubble', pùškas `Hitzbläschen auf the Haut', lett. pušḱis `Blumenstrauß, Banderstrauß, tussock ' under likewise; aksl. *puchati `blow', *opuchnǫti `to bloat, bulge, swell', puchlъ `cavus (aufgedunsen)', russ.pychátъ `pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give', pýchatь `aufgeblasen, hochmütig sein', pýšnyj ` luscious, aufgeblasen, hochmütig' etc, aksl. napyštiti sę `sich aufblasen', russ. pýščitь ds. (*pyskiti; probably also čech.-poln. etc pysk `snout, muzzle with dicken Lippen'); compare above S. 790 pāuson-?

pu-t-: Old Indian puppuṭa- `Anschwellung an palate and gums'; gr. πύννος `rump' Hes. (*put-snos); lat. praepūtium `Vorhaut' (from einem *pūtos `penis', compare wruss. potka ds.); perhaps ir. uth `udder' (*putus); balt. *puti̯ō `blow' in lit. pučiù, pũsti `blow', reflex. `to swell', puntù, pùsti `to swell, sich aufblasen', pūslė̃ f. `bubble, bladder', putlùs `sich blähend, aufgeblasen, stout, proud', putà `Schaumblase', pùtmenos f. Pl. `swelling, lump, growth', pari-pũtėlis `aufgeblasener person', pãpautas `weal, callus', also paũtas `Ei, testicle', pùšu, pùst `blow, breathe, breathe', pũsma ` breath ', pūte `bubble, blister, bubble', probably also lit. putrà `Grütze', lett.putra `Grütze, porridge, mash'; auf voiced-nonaspirated: lett. pudurs, puduris ` tussock, heap', pudra `heap'; wruss. potka (*pъtьka) `male Glied'.

References: WP. II 79 ff., WH. II 389 f., 392, Trautmann 233 f.;

See also: compare above b(e)u-2.

Page(s): 847-848

Root / lemma: pū̆-2 : peu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to rot, stink

German meaning: `faulen; stinken'

Comments: presumably from einem pu `fie!' evolved

Material: Old Indian pū́yati `wird faul, stinkt' = av. puyeiti `wird faul', Old Indian pūya-, -m `Eiter', pū́ti- `faul, stinkend; Jauche, Eiter' = av. pūtay- `Fauligwerden, Verwesung'; pashto pūl `Trübung of Auges', westosset. ambud `faul'; Old Indian pū̆tāu (: aisl. fuð) `buttocks'; with -sk̂o-: mpers. pūsinītan `faulen', aisl. fauskr `morsches wood'; arm. hu `eitriges blood'; gr. πύ̄θω `manche faulen', πύ̄θομαι `faule', πύον (*puʷom), πύος, -εος n. `Eiter'; perhaps also πῡός m., πῦαρ, πύ̄ατος, πῡετία ` beestings '; lat. pūs, pūris `Eiter' (*puu̯os), pūteō, -ēre `faulen', pūtidus `faul' (from einem participle *pū-to-s), pŭter, -tris, -tre `faul, morsch' with ŭ;-, as mir. othrach `Misthaufen', probably also othar `ein sicker' (*putro-), othar-lige `Krankenbett, Begräbnisplatz'; aisl. fūinn `verfault, rott', fūi `Fäulnis', fūna `faulen', feyja `verfaulen lassen, verrotten lassen', got. fūls, aisl. fūll, ags. ahd. fūl `faul';

aisl. fuð f. `cunnus', mhd. vut `cunnus', alem. vüdeli Kinderwort `Popo', geminated mhd.votze; lit. pųvù, púti `faulen', Kausat. púdau, -yti `faulen make', lett. pũt `faulen', Kausat. pũdêt `faulen make', lit. piáulas (*pēu-lo-s) m. `verfaulter tree', lett. praûls `verfaultes wood' (*pĺauls), lit. púliai m. Pl. `Eiter', puvė̃s(i)ai m. Pl. `verfaulte Sachen', lett. puveši m. Pl. `Eiter', pũžńi m. Pl. ds., papuve f. `Brachfeld'.

with ĝ: aisl. fūki `Stank', nisl. fūki also `verfaultes Seegras, Seetang', as lett. pũnis `faulendes, eiterndes', pũnes Pl. `Modererde';

with s: norw. føyr (*fauza-) `morsch', ndl. voos `schwammig', schweiz. gefōsen `morschgeworden'; about aisl. fauskr see above;

References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -ti- 151.

Page(s): 848-849

Root / lemma: pū̆-3

See also: see under peu- and pōu-.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pū-ro-

Meaning: corn

German meaning: `Korn(frucht)'; griech. also `Kern, Stein von Obstfrüchten'

Material: Gr. πῡρός, dor. σπῡρός `Weizenkorn, wheat', πῡρήν `Kern from allerlei Obst and sonstigen Früchten', διός-πυρος, -ον `eine the Weichselkirsche similar fruit'; lit. pūrai `Winterweizen', lett. pûr̨i `wheat', apr. pure f. `Trespe, Bromus secalinus', aksl. pyro `Spelt', čech. pýr `Quecke', slov. pîr m., píra f. `Spelt' etc; ags. fyrs `Quecke, Ackerunkraut', engl. furze.

References: WP. II 83, Trautmann 232; compare georg. puri `bread'.

Page(s): 850

Root / lemma: rabh- or rebh- : r_ebh-

Meaning: to rage, be furious

German meaning: `von Ungestüm, Wut ergriffen sein'?

Material: Lat. rabiēs `fury, Tollheit', rabiō, -ere `toll sein, wüten' berührt sicch in the meaning very nahe with Old Indian rábhas- n. `Ungestüm, force, might', rabhasá- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand', saṁ-rabdha- `wütend', das above S. 652 irrig to rábhatē `erfaßt, hält sich fest' = Iábhatē, lambhatē `erfaßt, ergreift', gestellt wurde; compare mir. recht `plötzlicher Anfall, fury', das also to lat. rapiō, root *rep- belong could; ags. rabbian `rasen' from vlat. rabiāre ds.; toch. A rapurñe `ferventness, passion'.

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 413.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rāp-, rēp-

Meaning: turnip

German meaning: `Rübe'

Comments: Wanderwort unbekannter origin

Material: Gr. ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς f. `Rübe', ῥάφανος, ῥαφάνη `Rettig', att. `Kohl', ῥαφανί̄ς, -ῖδος `Rettig'; lat. rāpum, rāpa `Rübe', rāpistrum `wilde Rübe', rāpīna `Rübenfeld' (as lit. ropienà) and `Rüben'; ahd. ruoba, ruoppa (*rōbjō) `Rübe', besides j-lose additional form in aisl. rōfa `the knochige part of Pferdeschwanzes', norw. rôva `tail', in addition in ablaut ahd. rāba, mhd. rābe, rāpe, rappe ds., schweiz. räb(e) bair. räben (also is ahd. rēba as jō(n)-stem must be assumed); die germ. forms können nicht from dem Lat. derive; certainly lat. Lw. is only ndl. raap, engl. rope;

lit. rópė `Rübe', ropienà `Rubenfeld'; r.-ksl. rěpa `Rübe'; alb. repë `Rübe' from dem Lat. or Slav.; unclear is cymr. erfin `Rüben' (Plur.), bret. irvin ds. (*arbīno-);

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell, Pflanzennamen 1, 659.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rā̆̆s-

Meaning: to sound, cry

German meaning: `ertönen, schreien'

Material: Old Indian rásati, rā́sate `bellow, roar, wiehert, heult, schreit, ertönt'; Old Indian rasitá- n. `Getön, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder'; got. razda `voice', ahd. rarta f. `modulatio', aisl. rǫdd f. `voice'; with ablaut ags. reord f. `voice, sound, language';

in the case of here dän. ralle, schwed. dial. ralla etc `glucksen, schwatzen' (*razlōn)?

References: WP. II 342.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rebh-1

Meaning: to move, hurry

German meaning: `sich bewegen, umher eilen'

Material: Npers. raftan `gehen', mparth. raf- ` assail, fight', osset. räväg `quick, fast';

mir. reb `game, Tücke' (*rebā), rebrad `Kinderspiel', rebaigim `I spiele';

germ. *reb- `in heftiger Bewegung sein', mhd. reben st. Vb. `sich bewegen, rühren', nhd. bair. rebisch `alert, awake, smart', schweiz. räbeln `rant, roister', mhd. reben `träumen, baffle sein', mnd. reven ` nonsensical talk, speak, denken', norw. dial. rava `hin and her taumeln' etc

References: WP. II 370, Szemerényi ZDMG. 101, 207 ff.;

See also: extended from er-.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rebh-2

Meaning: to roof

German meaning: `überwölben, überdachen'

Material: Gr. ἐρέφω, ἐρέπτω `überdache' (*überwölbe), ὑψ-ηρεφής `with hoher Bedachung', ὄροφος `das reed, wherewith man die Häuser deckt, Dach, Zimmerdecke', ὀροφή `Bedachung'; ahd. hirnireba `cranium' (*`Hirn-bedachung'); ahd. rippa, rippi, as. ribbi, ags. ribb, aisl. rif n. `Rippe' (*rebhi̯o-; die Rippen cover die Brusthöhle, as das Dach das Haus); russ.-ksl. rebró `Rippe'; engl. reef `Riff' is dän. Lw.

References: WP. II 371, Trautmann 241.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: red-, rod-

Meaning: `flow'

German meaning: `fließen'

See also: see above S. 334 (ered-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: reg-1 (and sreg-?)

Meaning: to paint

German meaning: `färben'?

Material: Old Indian rájyati `färbt sich, rötet sich', newer rajyate, Kaus. rajayati `färbt', secondary rañjayati; rāga m. `das Färben, rote paint, color';

gr. ῥέζω, Aor. ῥέξαι `färben', ῥέγμα `gefärbter Stoff', ῥαγεύς (also ῥογεύς) `Färber', χρυσο-ραγές χρυσοβαφές Hes.; daß ῥέζω keinen Vokalvorschlag erfahren hat, is auffällig; compareSchwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 310 and Boisacq 838.

References: WP. II 366.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: reg-2

Meaning: to see

German meaning: `sehen'?

Comments: only albanesisch and Baltic

Material: Alb. ruaj `sehe an, look, see'; lit. regiù, regė́ti `see', rãgana `Hexe' (compare `böser look'), régimas `visible, apparent, manifest, obvious', lett. redzêt `see'.

References: WP. II 366, Jokl Stud. 75.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: reĝ-1

Meaning: right, just, to make right; king

German meaning: `gerade, gerade richten, lenken, recken, strecken, aufrichten' (also unterstützend, helfend); direction, line (Spur, Geleise) under likewise

Grammatical information: forms idg. neither root present nor perfect tense; participle Perf. Pass. reĝ-to- ` law '

Note:

Alb. shqipe `eagle' seems related to Old Indian r̥ji-pyá ` darting along ' epithet of the bird śyená- (`eagle, falcon'), [rum. şoim `falcon'], Av. ǝrǝzi-fya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), arm. arcui (< *arci-wi) `eagle' which is evidently a form of the same word; that it is Macedonian confirms its reality.

Alb., gr., av., and Old Indian prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'.

Material: Old Indian ŕ̥jyati, nasalized r̥ñjáti ` stretches itself, it hurries (from horses)'; probably also irajyáti (with unclear i-) ` arranges, orders, enacts, decrees '; r̥jú-, av. ǝrǝzu- ` just, right ' (in addition ǝrǝzuš ` finger ', Gen. ǝrǝzvō), Kompar. Superl. Old Indian rájīyas-, r̥jīyas- ` straight ', rájiṣṭha-, av. razišta- ` the justest, justest ';

Old Indian r̥jrá- from horses = r̥ju-gāmin, r̥jrāśva-, av. ǝrǝzrāspa- EN eig. ` whose steeds haste straight on ', next to which compound form *r̥ji- in r̥ji-pyá- (2. part unclear) ` soaring straight ahead ' (epithet of śyēná- ` eagle, falcon '), av. ǝrǝzi-fya- m. ` eagle, name of a mountain or mountains ', by Hes. ἄρξιφος (i.e. ἄρζιφος) ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις, arm. arciv (*arcivi) ` eagle ' (beside it *r̥ju-pya-, ap. *ardufya- in npers. āluh `eagle', compare gr. αἰγυπιός, if transfigured by folk etymology after αἴξ from *ἀργυπιός); r̥ji-śvan- EN eig. ` with fast dogs ', compare in gr. ἀργός (from *ἀργ-ρος diss.) ` fast, quick ', above S. 64;

maybe truncated alb. (*ἄρξιφος), ξιφο-, shqiponjë `eagle', alb. geg. Shqipni, alb. tosk. Shqipëri ‘land of the eagles’.

Old Indian rají- `sich aufrichtend, straight', ráji- RV perhaps `line, row' (= mnd. reke under S. 856); rájas- (av. razah-) n. `Raum';

av. raz- (rāzayeiti, participle rā̆šta-, gr. ὀρεκτός, lat. rēctus, got. raíhts; av. rāštǝm `in gerader direction') `richten, gerade richten, sort, order, arrange', razan- `order, statute ', rašnu- `gerecht' (compare gr. ὀρέγνῡ-μι), probably also razura- n., razurā f. `wood, forest', rāzarǝ, rāzan- ` command, alignment '; rasman- m. n. `Schlachtreihe' (: gr. ὄρεγμα, lat. regimen);

Old Indian rāj- (Nom. Sg. rā́ṭ) `king' (= lat. rēx, air. rī, s. also got. reiks), rā́jan- ds., rā́jñī `queen, Fürstin', rā́ṣṭi, rā́jati `is king, herrscht, glares, gleams' (denominative), rājyá- `königlich' (= lat. rēgius, compare also ahd. rīhhi), rājyá-, rā́jya- n. `Herrschaft' (= mir. rīge, compare also got. reiki), rāṣṭrī `Herrscherin', rāṣṭrá- n. `Herrschaft, Reich', av. rāstar- `Lenker, ladder';

arm. arcvi see above; doubtful thrak. PN ΏΡῆσος;

gr. ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνῡμι only in hom. participle ὀρεγνύ̄ς) `recke' (ὀρεκτός = av. rašta- etc), ὀριγνάομαι `strecke mich, long, reiche' (ὀ- is prefix), ὄργυια or ὀργυιά, ion. ep. ὀργυιή `Klafter', ὀρόγυια ds. (probably from *ὀρέγυια ass.); in compound ὠρυγ-, e.g. δεκώρυγος; ὄρεγμα (= av. rasman-) `das Recken the Hände, the Füße (Schritt); Darreichen'; about ἀρήγω see under beim Germ.; about ἀργός see above;

venet. Reitia `Geburtsgöttin (compare gr. ᾽Ορθία), die die Kinder in die richtige Lage bringt' or `goddess the Erektion?';

lat. regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctum (ē sekundäre lengthening) `gerade richten, lenken, herrschen' (= ὀρέγω, ὀρεκτός), ērigo `richte auf (= ir. ēirgim `surgo') etc; about pergō, porrigō, surgō, Adv. corgō, ergō, ergā s. WH. s. vv.), regiō `direction, line; line, region', rēgula `Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath' etc, rēgillus `with senkrechten Kettenfäden gewebt'; osk. Regaturei `Rectōri'? (from einem verb *regāre); lat. rogō, -āre `(die Hand ausstrecken =) ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, fragen'; rogus `Scheiterhaufen' (gr. sizil. ῥογός `Getreidescheune' is lat. Lw.) probably eig. `aufgerichteter shove ' (= germ. *rakaz); rēx, rēgis `king' (= Old Indian rāj- etc), rēgīna `queen' (marr. regen[ai] Dat.), rēgius `königlich' (= Old Indian rājya-);

lat. rigeō, -ēre `starren, starr, steif sein', rigidus `starr, steif', rigor `die Starre, esp. vor coldness; die coldness' (diese spez. meaning perhaps durch frīgus begünstigt); in the case of for *regēre after ērigĕre?;

air. reg-, rig- `austrecken, e.g. die hand', Perf. reraig (*re-rog-e) `direxit'; *eks-reg- (: lat. ērigō) e.g. in at-reig `uplifts sich', ēirge `surrectio'; ablaut. air. rog(a)id `strecktaus', mcymr. rho `gift', rhoï `give'; mcymr. dy-re `steht auf', dy-rein `sich erheben', rhein `steif, gereckt' (: mir. rigin ds.), acymr. ar-cib-renou `sepulti', mcymr. ar-gyu-rein `Begraben' (*are-com-reg(i)-no) etc; mir. rēn `span' (*reg-no-); air. recht (tu-stem), cymr. rhaith ` law ', bret. reiz `order, law, right', gall. Rectu-genus; air. rī-, Gen. rīg `king' (= Old Indian rāj-, lat. rēx), cymr. rhi `prince, lord', gall. Catu-rīx, Pl. -rīges eig. `people of C.', Rīgo-magus eig. `Königsfeld' (acorn. ruy, mbret. roe, nbret. roue `king' probably frz.), air. rīgain `queen' (*rēĝ_enī =) cymr. rhiain `queen, Dame'; mir. rīge n. `Königreich' (*rēĝi̯om); air. rīched n. `Königreich' (*rēĝi-sedom);

got. raíhts, aisl. rēttr, ags. riht, as. ahd. reht `recht, straight' (= av. rašta- etc), got. ga-raíhtjan, ahd. rihten etc `richten'; aisl. rēttr, Gen. rēttar `das right, law, court' (= kelt. *rektu-; wgrm. durch das n. of participle ahd. etc reht `right' ersetzt); got. rahtōn `darreichen'; Kaus. got. uf-rakjan `in die Höhe recken, ausstrecken', ahd. recchen `ausstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define', nhd. recken, as. rekkian `tell, define', ags. reccan (reahte) `ausstrecken, leiten, define, reckon', aisl. rekja `strecken, outspread, define, verkünden' (partly iterative *rakjan under Verdrängung from *reĝō, partly denominative); aisl. rakna `ausgestreckt become, zur Besinnung kommen';

ags. racu f. `Flußbett, run, flow', engl. rake `pathway, way, Geleise', ags. racian `run, leiten, lenken', aisl. rekja spor `die spoor verfolgen', mnd. reke f. (*raki) `row, order', raken `meet, erreichen'; ags. racu f. ` narration, account', as. raka, ahd. rahha `Rechenschaft, thing', aisl. rǫk Nom. Pl. `Ursprung, Ursache, ground'; aisl. rakr, fries. mnd. rak `straight, recht' (= lat. rogus); e-grade: mhd. gerech `wohlgeordnet', as. rekōn `richten, sort, order, arrange', mnd. reken `right, unbehindert, often', ahd. rehhanōn `sort, order, arrange, reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen', ags. ge-recenian `define', engl. reckon ` therefore halten'; ags. recen `quick, fast, willing, ready'; aisl. land-reki `king', ahd. anet-rehho `Enterich'; in the case of with the outlook the zum Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of got. rikan `anhäufen', mhd. rechen `zusammenscharren, anhäufen, gather, collect', aisl. raka, mnd. raken (*rakēn) `(together)scratch', aisl. reka, ahd. rehho `Rechen, Harke', as. reka f. `Rechen', as. raka, ags. racu, schwed. raka f. ds., ē-grade: norw. dial. raak f. `spoor, Streif, furrow, row', isl. rāk f. `Streif' (compare Old Indian rāji-, rājī `stripe, row') here belongs, is dubious; durch borrowing from dem Kelt. vor the Mediaverschiebung: got. reiks `ruler, vornehm, mighty' (kelt. rīg-s), aisl. rīkr `mighty'; ahd. rīhhi, as. rīki, ags. rīce (kelt. *rīgi̯o-) `mighty, vornehm, rich', nhd. reich; got. reiki, ahd. rīhhi `Reich' (kelt. *rīgi̯on);

ō-grade, with from `aufrichten, help' entwickelter meaning: aisl. rǿkja, ags. reccan (for*rēcan after reccan `ausstrecken'; but preterit rōhte), as. rōkian, ahd. geruohhen ` care bear, carry, Rücksicht nehmen', ahd. ruoh, ruohha `Achthaben, Bemühung, Sorgfalt', mnd. rōke m. ds., mhd. ruochlōs, ags. rēcelēas (nhd. ruchlos, engl. reckless) `unbekümmert, unworried ', aisl. rǿkr `sorgsam', die with gr. ἀρήγω `help, stehe bei', ἀρηγών, -όνος, ἀρωγός `Helfer', ἀρωγή `help' sich engstens zusammenschließen;

nasalized (compare das Lit., also Old Indian r̥ñjáti): ags. ranc `straight, stout, proud, bold', mnd. rank `schlank, thin, weak' (*gereckt), aisl. rakkr `schlank, erect, bold'; as. ags. rinc, aisl. rekkr `man';

lit. nasalized žem. rę́žious, rę́žtis `sich recken', ablaut. rą́žaus, rą́žytis (16. Jh. ranszies), rąžà f. `Recken', lett. ruôzîtiês `sich recken'; russ. su-rázina `good order';

toch. A räk-, rak- `hinbreiten, bedecken', В räk- ds., A rkäl `cover'.

References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 106, Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 854-857

Root / lemma: reĝ-2, rek̂- (rek-?)

Meaning: damp; rain

German meaning: `feucht, bewässern, Regen'

Material: 1. reĝ-: lat. rigāre `bewässern' (with i from e), alb. rrjeth, Aor. rrodha `fließe, quelle, tropfe'; norw. dial. rake m. `Feuchtigkeit, Nässe', aisl. raki ds., nisl. rakr `humid, wet';

2. rek̂- (rek-?) in: got. rign n. `rain' (*rek̂-nó-), krimgot. reghen, aisl. regn n., as. regan, regin m., afries. rein, ags. reg(e)n, rēn m., ahd. regan, regin, regen, mhd. regen m.; aisl. rigna `rain', ahd. reganôn ds. etc; lit. (with westidg. k?) rõkia, rõkti `fein rain', rôkė ` dust rain '.

References: WP. II 365 f., WH. II 435.

Page(s): 857

Root / lemma: regʷos-

Meaning: darkness

German meaning: `Dunkelheit'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian rájanī- `night'; gr. ἔρεβος ` darkness the Unterwelt' (ἔ-suggestion); arm. erek and erekoy `evening'; also Adverb erek `gestern'; got. riqis, -izis n. ` darkness', nisl. røkkr, -rs ` darkness, dawn, twilight'; here perhaps gr. ὀρφνός `dark' (*orgʷsno-) and toch. A orkäm (*orgʷmo-) ` darkness '; different above S. 334.

References: WP. II 367, Benveniste Hirt-Festschrift 2, 236, Burrow BSOAS 12, 645 f.

Page(s): 857

Root / lemma: reibh-

Meaning: expr. root

German meaning: `ertönen'?

Material: Old Indian rébhati `creak, knistern, mumble, murmur; cry'; lett. rìbêt (also ribêt) `din, drone, rumble, bawl, blaster'.

References: WP. II 349;

See also: probably to rei-3.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reidh-

Meaning: to ride, go

German meaning: `fahren, in Bewegung sein'

Material: Mir. rīad(a)im `fahre' (*reidh-); cymr. rhwydd-hau `beeilen, erleichtern'; aisl. rīða `in schwankender Bewegung sein, ride'; ags. rīdan `ride'; afries. rīda, mnd. rīden, ahd. rītan, mhd. rīten, nhd. reiten;

lett. raidīt `eilig senden, hetzen', raiditiês `zappeln';

germ. *ridjan- steckt in ags. ridda, ahd. ritto ` equestrian ', extended in afries. ridder, mnd. ridder (out of it aisl. riddari), mhd. ritter;

gall. rēda `vierrädriger Reisewagen'; ir. dē-riad `Zweigespann' (idg. *reidhā); aisl. reið f. `Reiten, Reiterschar, Wagen', and. brande-rēda `Brandbock'; ags. rād f. `Reiten, pull, journey; Musik'; engl. road `way'; ahd. reita, mhd. reite `Wagen, Kriegszug, kriegerischer Anfall' (germ. *raidō, idg. *roidhā);

compare moreover gall. rēdārius `Lenker einer rēda'; PN Еро-rēdia, PN Epo-rēdo-rīx; cymr. ebrwydd `quick, fast' (*epo-rēdi-);

germ. *(ga)-raiðia- in got. ga-raiÞs `angeordnet, bestimmt', aisl. greiðr `light to bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright'; afries. rēde, ags. gerǣde, rǣde `fertig, light, clear, bright, simple, just' (engl. ready); mnd. gerēde, rēde `willing, ready, fertig'; mhd. gereit, gereite `fertig, willing, ready, zur Hand'; as Substantiv in aisl. reiði n. and m. `Ausrüstung', norw. greide n. `Pferdegeschirr'; ags. gerǣde n. `Geschirr, armament, armor'; mnd. gerēde `appliance, Aussteuer'; ahd. gireiti n. `wagon, cart'; mhd.gereite n. `Wagen, Geschirr, tool'; aisl. reiðr `durchreitbar, willing, ready';

got. ga-raidjan `dispose, festsetzen'; aisl. greiða `sort, order, arrange, pay, help'; ags. (ge)rǣdan `sort, order, arrange, help'; mhd. (ge)reiten `bereiten, sort, order, arrange, reckon, pay'.

reidhi- in ir. rēid `planus, facilis'; acymr. ruid, ncymr. rhwydd `light, free'; abret. roed in den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau, nbret. rouez `rare, clair-semé'; lett. raids `willing, ready'.

reidho- in ir. rīad `Fahren, Reiten'; cymr. gorŵydd `horse'; mlat.-gall. ve-rēdus, para-ve-rēdus (from *vo-rēdos) `Beipferd'; compare ahd. ga-rît n. `equitatus'; mhd. īn-rit m. `Einritt'; mnd. rit n. `Ritt';

to reidh- also das Abstraktsuffix cymr. -rwydd m.: air. Kollektivsuffix -rad in air. ech-rad f. `Pferde' (*ek̂u̯o-reidhā);

gr. ἔρῑθος `servant' with prothet. ἐ- reiht sich an die Dienernamen with einer primary meaning of Laufens an, whether here gehörig.

References: WP. II 348 f., WH. II 425.

Page(s): 861

Root / lemma: reid-

Meaning: to lean on, support

German meaning: `anlehnen, stützen'?

Material: Gr. ἐρείδω `lehne an, unterstütze, dränge, strenge mich an' (hom. ἐρηρέδαται for -ριδ-), ἔρεισμα `pad', ἀντ-ηρίς -ηρίδος `Strebepfeiler, pad'; lat. ridica `ein durch fissures größerer Pflöcke gewonnener Weinpfahl'?

References: WP. II 348, WH. II 434;

See also: probably to rei-5.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reig- or reiĝ-

Meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Ir. ad-riug `alligō', con-riug `colligō', do-riug `nudō', fo-riug `sistō'; *rigo- steckt in mir. ārach `manacle' (bret. ere) from *ad-rigo-, cenn-rach `Halfter' (= cymr. pen-rhe `Stirnband'); *reigo- in cymr. modrwy f. `ring', rhwym (*reig-smn̥) m. `manacle' (Pl. acymr. ruimmein), aerwy (*ad-reigo-) `Halfter', air. būarach, cymr. burwy `Kuhfessel', cyfrwy `saddle' (*kom-reigo-); mbret. rum `bande, troupeau' geht auf *roig-smn̥ back;

ir. cuimrech n. `manacle, Fesseln' (bret. kevre `lien') corresponds, da die basic form*kom-rig-om is, bis auf das suffix dem lat. corrigia, corrigium `Schuhriemen, strap';

mhd. ric Gen. rickes m. `band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, Knoten' and ricken `anbinden'.

References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;

See also: probably extension from rei-1; Bedeutungsentwicklung as (see 858) rei-p- `wickeln, bind'.

Page(s): 861-862

Root / lemma: (reiĝ-), rēiĝ-

Meaning: to stretch, stretch out (the hand)

German meaning: etwa `recken, ausstrecken, with ausgestreckter Hand langen or darreichen under likewise'

Comments: bedeutungsverwandt with reĝ-1.

Material: Ahd. reichen `erreichen, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken', mnd. rēcken, ags. rǣc(e)an `ausstrecken, reichen, darbieten' (engl. reach), aisl. reik f. `Scheitel in Haar'; lit. réiž-iuos, -tis `sich brüsten', ráiž-from, -ytis `sich wiederholt recken'; as `Tortur durch Strecken the Glieder' seems also related air. riag `Tortur', ringid `foltert, peinigt'; mir. rēimm ` buffoon ' (*reiĝ-smi-), mcymr. dir-rwyn (*reiĝ-no-) `Tortur, affliction'; cyf-rwyn-ein ds.

References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: reik-

Meaning: to shake; pole (?)

German meaning: `sich aufrecken' and `wackeln'; `Stange, Latte'

Material: Norw. rjaa m. ` shaft, pole zum Trocknen of Getreides' (*rīhan-), schwed. dial. ri f. `picket, pole, shaft, rod'; mnd. rick, reck n. (*rikkó-) `lange dünne shaft, pole', mhd. ric, -ckes m. `waagrechtes Gestell, shaft, pole', nhd. Reck; ahd. rigil m., mnd. regel m. `bar, bolt, Reeling', nnd. also rīchel, older ndl. rijgel now, yet richel `bar, bolt'; isl. rīgr m. `stiffness' (also name of Heimdallr); mnd. rēch `steif', aisl. reigjask `den Körper aufrichten, sich anspannen', ags. rǣge-rēose `Muskeln am backbone, spine'; aisl.riga, -aða `(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen', schweiz. rigelen `waver'; norw. dial.rigga `upset'; norw. rikke `move, rücken', ostfries. rikke(l)n `hin and her bewegen, wobble, sway'; lett. rìku (rìkstu), rikt ` curdle, coagulate, harden, fest become'.

References: WP. II 346 f.;

See also: probably as reik̂- to reiĝ-; s. also rei-5.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rei-1

Meaning: to tear, cut

German meaning: `ritzen, reißen, schneiden'

Material: Lat. rīma `Ritze' (*rei-mā); mir. rēo `stripe' (*ri-u̯o-); ags. rāw, rǣw f. `row' (*roi-u̯ā); lit. rievà `Felskluft, Fels, hill' (compare lat. rumpō : rūpēs), raĩvė `stripe', lett. riêwa `Ritze, Falte, furrow'; in addition probably as `Grenzstreifen' or `Hügelreihe': mir. rōen `way, Bergkette' (therefrom rōenaid `*bahnt sich einen way' > `besiegt', rōen Niederlage'), bret. run `hill'; aisl.rein f. `Grenzstreifen', ahd. rein, nhd. Rain ds. (kelto-germ. *roi-no-).

extensions:

reib-: ags. rī̆pan, riopan `reap' (engl. reap), rifter `sickle', rī̆p n. `harvest', norw. rīpa `ritzen', rĭpa `abreißen, abstreifen', mengl. ripelen, nengl. ripple `Flachs break, rupture', mnd.repen, repelen ds., ahd. rifila, riffila `Säge, gezackter Berggrat'; as. rīpi, ags. rīpe, ahd.rīfi, nhd. reif (`zum Ernten reif').

reig- see under besonderem Schlagwort.

reik(h)-: Old Indian rikháti, likháti `ritzt', rēkhā́, lēkhā́ `crack, line, line'; gr. ἐρείκω `rupture, tear, rend', ἤρικε `barst', ἐρεικίς, ἐρικίς, -ίδος `geschrotete barley' (-ι-Schreibung for -ει-); perhaps lat. rixa `tätlicher quarrel, fight'; cymr. rhwygo `tear', rhwyg m. `break, col, gap', mbret. roegaff `tear, rend', nbret. reuga; ablaut. mcymr. go-rugaw `tear'; mhd. rīhe `line', nhd. Reihe, ahd. rīhan `auf einen Faden pull', with ablaut and gramm. Wechselahd. riga `line', mhd. rige `line, row, künstlicher Wassergraben', nhd. Riege; norw. reig m. `row, Zeile';

lit. riekiù, riẽkti `(bread)cut, clip, zum erstenmal pflügen', riekė̃ `Brotschnitte', raikaũ, -ýti `bread mehrfach in Schnitten schneiden';

similarly reik̂- in Old Indian riśáti, liśáti `rupft, reißt ab, weidet ab' (npers. rištan `spinnen', bal. rēsag, rēsaɣ `spinnen, flax, wattle, braid').

reip-: gr. ἐρείπω `stürze um (tr.), stürze nieder' (intr.), ἐρείπια n. Pl. `ruinae', ἐρίπνη f. `Absturz, slope'; lat. rīpa `steiler edge, bank, border, shore'; aschwed. rīva, aisl. rīfa `tear (tr.)', rifna `zerspringen, aufspringen', rifa f. `crack, col, gap', mnd. rīven `rub', afries. rīva ` rend ', nd. ribben `pluck, Flachs pluck'; aisl. rīfr `erwünscht' (compare `sich um etwas reißen'), ags. rīf `vast, grand, violent', mnd. rīve ` wasteful '; ablaut. aisl. reifr `blithe, glad, aufgeräumt', reifa `fördern, beschenken'; ostfries. riffel `furrow', ags. ge-riflian `runzeln'; with p durch consonant stretch: aisl. rīp `Oberkante eines Bootes', ostfries. rip(e) `edge, bank, border, shore', mhd. rīf `bank, border, shore';

besides eine germ. family with `scrap, shred, stripe' as basic meaning, so that hier anreihbar, and `wickeln, bind' as abgeleitete meaning: aisl. rif n. `Reff', mnd. rift ds., aisl. rift (ript) f. `Stück Zeuges', rifr m. (*riƀi-) `Rolle, Weberbaum', rifa ` sew ', ags. rift f. `dress, Schleier, curtain', ahd. bein-refta ` britches '; aisl. reifar Pl. f. `Wickel', reifa `wickeln', ags. ā-rāfian `loswickeln' (similarly ndl. dial. rijvelen `wear out');

with consonant stretch -p(p)-: got. skauda-raip `Schuhriemen', aisl. reip, ags. rāp `rope, cable', ahd. reif `strap, Faßreif, ring';

with germ. -sp- (from -ps-?): aisl. rispa `aufreißen' and f. rispa `ein leichter Kratzer', aschwed. rispa `discord', nd. rispe `Flachsraufe', rispen `den Flachs durch die Raufe pull'(nhd. Rispe `Samenbüschel' but probably with originally hr-), ahd. rispeln `zusammenraffen', bair.ab-reispen `abzupfen, abbrechen', mhd. be-rispeln `rebuke, reproach, bestrafen'.

reis-: Old Indian riṣyati, réṣati `wird injures, hurts, disables, nimmt damage; damages ', riṣṭá- `injures, hurts, disables', rēṣayati `schädigt, straft', riṣanyáti `geht fehl', riṣaṇyú- `unzuverlässig'; av. raēš-, iriš- `injure, verwunden; damage leiden' (present raēšyeiti tr., irišyeiti tr., intr., Kaus. raēšayeiti), participle irišta- ` damages ', raēša- m., raēšah- n. `Schädigung', probably also raēša- `cleft, fissure in the earth'; aisl. rīsta (reist) and rista schw. V. `cut, clip, ritzen, aufritzen', rista `Ritz, slit', aschwed. rīsta `(Runen) ritzen', mnd. risten `einritzen', aisl. ristill m. `Pflugeisen', mhd. rist m. n. `Pflugschar, Pflugsterz'; lett. risums, risiêns `crack, slit', aksl. rěšiti `loosen'.

References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241.

Page(s): 857-859

Root / lemma: rei-2, roi-

Meaning: variegated, speckled

German meaning: in Worten for `buntgestreift, fleckig'

Material: Lit. raĩ-nas `gray, buntgestreift'; raĩ-mas `varicolored'; air. rīabach ` dappled ', lit. raĩ-bas ` dappled, graubunt' (raĩbti `flicker'), lett. ràibs `varicolored, fleckig', esp. from animals, apr. roaban `gestreift', russ. klr. ribyj `varicolored'; *roi-k̂o- seems die base from ahd. rēh n., rēho m., ags. rā, rāha m. `roe deer', aisl. rā f., ags. rǣge (*raigjōn-), ahd. rêia, réia (unclear) and nhd. Ricke, ndl. rekke `Ricke', (expressive) wherefore probably Old Indian riśya- m. `Antilopenbock'.

References: WP. II 346, Trautmann 235 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 115.

Page(s): 859

Root / lemma: rei-3, rē(i)-

Meaning: to cry, bellow, etc. onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel `schreien, brüllen, bellen' etc

Comments: s. also reu-, rēu-, rū̆-

Material: Old Indian rā́yati ` barks '; lit. ríeju ríeti `losschreien, scold, chide', refl. `sich quarrel, squabble'; lett. reju, rêju, riêt `bark, bay'; ablaut. rãju, rãt `scold, chide', lit. rojóju, rojóti `unordentlich krähen' (vom rooster, cock)?, ksl. rarъ ` clangor ' (čech. raroh m. `Würgfalke'), russ. rájatь `klingen, sound'; aisl. rāmr `hoarse' (*rēma-); derived from einem noun *rama is remja `roar, bellow'; möglich here also rōmr `voice, sound, pronunciation'; compare further ags. rārian `bloken, roar, bellow', ahd. rērēn ds. etc;

aisl. jarma `bleat', wherefore arm. oṙnal `heule' belongs, weis perhaps auf eine vollere root erǝ-, rē- there.

extensions:

rēb- `rülpsen':

norw. dial. ræ̆̄pa `den Mund laufen lassen' (*rēpjan), rapa `rülpsen'; aisl. repta (*rapatjan) `rülpsen'; dän. ræbe ds., jüt. also `quaken' s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reub- under reu-1.

rē̆k- `roar, bellow, cry':

lat. raccāre, rancāre `roar, bellow' (vom Tiger); rāna (*rācsnā) `frog'; cymr. rhegen f. (*rakinā) `Wachtel'; mhd. ruohen `roar, bellow, grunt' (besides rōhen to reu-k-), amhd. ruohelen, mhd. rüehelen `wiehern, roar, bellow, röcheln' (besides rüheln, rücheln to *reu-k-); lit. rėkiù, rė̃kti `roar, bellow', lett. rèkt ds.; aksl. rekǫ `say'; with g: lat. ragere `roar, bellow'.

rēt- `roar, bellow, rant, roister':

mhd. rüeden `rant, roister', bair. rüeden `roar, bellow, rant, roister, in the rutting, heat sein'; ahd. ruod ` bellowing, braying, roar ', ir-ruota `rugiebam', ags. rēðe, `cruel, savage, terrible'.

References: WP. II 342 f., WH. II 414, 416, 421 f., Trautmann 242 f.

Page(s): 859-860

Root / lemma: rei-4 : rēi-

Meaning: thing; possession

German meaning: `Besitz, Sache'

Comments: after Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) wäre ē from eH vor i̯ originated?

Material: Old Indian rai- m. f. ` appanage, Reichtum' in rā́ḥ, rāyáḥ (originally i-stem); das ā from rāḥ after dem Akk. Sg. rām, the likewise analogisches ā hat (after gām, above S. 482); rayí- `gift, appanage, Kleinod' (av. Akk. Pl. raēš, leg. rayīš), rayi-vánt-, mostly rē-vánt- `rich'; av. Instr. Sg. raya (leg. rāyā) = Old Indian rāyā́ (to rā́ḥ), av. raēvant `rich'; Old Indian av. rā- `give' (extended Old Indian rāsatē `gives'), Old Indian rātí- `gift, giver'; Old Indian rāta-, av. rātō `bestowed';

lat. rēs, reī `thing, appanage ' (das ē after dem Akk. rēm from *reHim?), umbr. re-per `pro rē', Dat. Abl. ri; in addition lat. reus `Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte' (*rēi̯-os); unclear mcymr. rei `Reichtum'.

References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O. Szemerényi nimmt (brieflich) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowicz (Études 36 f.) eine basic form *reHi- for das noun and *reH- for das verb an (?).

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-5

German meaning: `stützen'

See also: see under reid-, reik- and rem-.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-r(ēi)-

Meaning: to tremble (expr.)

German meaning: `beben, zittern'; Schallwort

Material: Old Indian lēlāyáti, lēlīyáti ` sways, swings, zittert', lēlā́yā Instr. ` fluctuating, in unruhiger Bewegung';

got. reiran (schw. V.) `tremble, quiver', reirō `Zittern, Erdbeben'.

References: WP. II 349.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rei̯ǝ-, rī-

German meaning: `bewege, fließen'

See also: see above S. 330 f. (er-3)

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rek-1

Meaning: to tower; pole

German meaning: `emporragen'; `Stange' etc

Comments: as reik-, see there.

Material: Aisl. rā f. (*rahō) ` shaft, pole in einem scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen, Schiffsrahe', mnd. rā, mhd. rahe f. ` shaft, pole, Rahe'; norw. dial. raaga (*rēgōn-) `dünne shaft, pole', nd. rack `Gestell, Wandregal', mhd. reck(e) `lange dünne shaft, pole, esp. zum Überhängen from Kleidern'; mhd. rach, -hes and rac, -ges, llengthened grade ræhe `steif'; mhd. regen st. V. `sich erheben, starren, emporragen', Causative. regen schw. V., `aufrichten, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive' (*ragjan), nhd. regen; norw. dial. raga `waver'; very doubtful, in the case of as reduced grade here mhd. rogel `not fest, fluctuating ', sich rugelen `sich rühren', nhd. dial. rogeln `wobble, sway', aisl. rugla `in Unordnung bringen, stören'; geminated rugga `swing, move'; rykkia `rücken, hurry', ags. roccian `swing' (engl. rock), ahd. rucken, nhd. `rücken', aisl. rykkr, ahd. ruc m. `jerk' (*rukki-);

lit. rė́klės `Stangengerüst zum Trocknen, Räuchern'.

References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rek̂Þh-

Meaning: to harm

German meaning: `schädigen'

Material: Old Indian rákṣas- n. `agony, Quälgeist, fiend, demon', av. rašah- `Schädigung, damage, esp. the in other Leben', rašayeiti `schädigt'; gr. ἐρέχθω `zerre and beutle hin and her' (the storm das ship); ᾽Ερεχθεύς `the Erderschütterer'.

References: WP. II 362;

See also: in addition ŕ̥k̂Þos `bear' as `Schädiger'.

Page(s): 864

Root / lemma: rek̂-, reĝ-

Meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden'?

Material: Old Indian raśanā f. `rope, strap, Gürtel', raśmi- m. `Strang, strap, rein'; aschwed. hurraka (hurð-) `Heck-band, strap', aisl. rakki m. `Stropp zum Festhalten the Rahe', ags. racca m. ds., aisl. rekendi n., rekendr f. Pl. `Kette, manacle'; ags. racente, racete f., ahd. rahhinza f. d.

References: WP. II 362.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, r_omb-

Meaning: to hack, notch

German meaning: `hacken, kerben, Kanten machen'

Material: Mhd. rumph, nhd. Rumpf, isl. rumpr `rump', md. mnd. rump `trunk' (*`abgehacktes Stück'); in the case of to lit. rum̃bas `scar', rumbúoti `umsäumen' (*r_ombo-), ablaut. rémbėti `Narben bekommen', lett. rùobs `Kerbe' (*rombo-), slav. *rǫbъ m. in serb. rûb `hem', slov. rǫ̂b `edge, hem', slov. rǫ́biti `hacken, einsäumen', čech. roubiti ds. etc?

Maybe alb. rrëmbej `kidnap'

References: WP. II 373, Trautmann 236, Vasmer 2, 541 f.

Page(s): 864-865

Root / lemma: rem-, remǝ-

Meaning: to rest; to support

German meaning: `ruhen, sich aufstützen; stützen'; in Germ. `Latte, Leiste'

Comments: relationship to erǝ-, rē- `ruhen' (see 338 f.) is doubtful

Material: Old Indian rámatē `steht still, ruht, findet Gefallen, pflegt the love', rámati, ramṇā́ti, rā̆mayati `bringt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergötzt'; av. rāmyat̃ `er soll ruhen', rāmōiδwǝm `ihr mögetstehen bleiben', rāmayeiti `beruhigt', osset. urōmun, urōmyn ` restrain, hemmen, beruhigen'; Old Indian rā́ma- m. `Lust, pleasure, joy', rāmá- `erfreuend, mellifluous, reizend', av. rāman- n. `Ruhe, peace', npers. rām `Ruhe; cheerful, cheerful'; Old Indian ránti f. `Erquickung, Ergötzung', raṁsu Adv. `joyful, gratifying'; ratá- `stand geblieben, sich genügen lassend, sich ergötzend', ratá- n. `Liebeslust', ráti- f. `Rast, Ruhe, Lust';

with unclear η: gr. ἠρέμα, -ας `ruhig, gentle, leise', ἠρεμαῖος `ruhig', ἠρεμέστερος Kompar. (compare den es-stem got. rimis);

air. fo-rim- `place, lay, place' (originally *`stützen'; ri- = r̥-); perhaps mir. rinde `vessel';

ahd. rama `pad, Gestell, Webe- or Stickrahmen', mnd. rame (= mnd. mhd. reme), ramen ds.; got. rimis n. `Ruhe'; aisl. rǫnd f. `edge, hem, shield', ags. rand m. `Schildrand, shield', ahd. rant m. `edge, Einfassung, shield', norw. rande and ablaut. rinde `Erdrücken, bench ', krimgot.rintsch `mons', span. (*got.) randa `Leiste'; norw. rand f. `crossbar, crossbeam, Sims', nhd. bair. ranten ` shaft, pole' (: lit. ram̃tis, ram̃stis `pad, handrail'); ahd. ramft `edge, Einfassung' kann *rom-ti- sein, but at most also auf the extension rem-bh- based on, compare Old Indian rambhá- m. `staff, pad', norw. rimb, rimme `Erdrücken', lit. rambùs `idle', rémbėti `träge sein; nicht recht wachsen wollen';

aisl. rim f. `langes, thin board', engl. dial. rim `Leitersprosse', ostfries. rim `Dachsparren'; ags. rima `edge, limit, boundary, Küste' (engl. rim), aisl. rimi m. `Landrücken'; perhaps durch hybridization with einer root rei-, deren extensions in reid- and reik- vorliegen (Wissmann);

lit. remiù, rem̃ti `stützen', Inchoativ rìmsti, rìmti `ruhig become', Kausat. ramìnti and rámdau, -yti `beruhigen', ram̃tis `pad', ràmas `Ruhe', ramùs `ruhig', rōmùs `ruhig, sanftmütig', lett. rāms `tame, domesticated, still, godly, pious';

    toch. А В räm-, В ram- `sich neigen, beugen'.

References: WP. II 371 f., Trautmann 243 f.

Page(s): 864

Root / lemma: rendh-

Meaning: to tear

German meaning: `(zer)reißen'

Material: Old Indian rándhram `aperture, cleft, fissure, Нöhle'; ags. rendan `tear', mnd. rende `Zerbrochenes'; ahd. rinda, rinta, nhd. Rinde, ags. rind(e) f. `bark, crust', ablaut. mnl. hess. runde f. `Wundschorf'.

References: WP. II 372, 374.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rent-

Meaning: thing

German meaning: `thing'?

Material: Under this root könnten vereinigt become:

    Old Indian rátnam `property, appanage, blessing' (*rn̥tnó-) and ir. rét `thing' (*rn̥tu- or *rentu-); also lett. ruotîgs `with allem versehen' (whether from *ront-).

References: WP. II 374.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rep-

Meaning: to grab, rip out

German meaning: `an sich reißen, raffen'

Material: Old Indian presumably rápas- n. `Gebrechen, körperlicher damage, injury ', raphitá- ` woeful, wretched, miserable (damages)'; gr. ἐρέπτομαι `rupfe, reiße ab, fresse', ἅρπυια (Asper after dem unverwandten ἅρπη, ἁρπάζω, whereat s. *ser-, serp- `sickle'), ἀρέπυια `Harpye', hom. ἅρπυιαι ἀν-ηρέψαντο (Hs. ἀνηρείψαντο); alb. rjep `ziehe from, ab, rob';

Maybe alb. rrep-të ‘strict, tough, inexorable, tough, unkind, hard’

lat. rapiō, -ere `raffen, an sich reißen, hastiig ergreifen, rob' (a = _e); mir. recht `rage, fury, fury' (*reptu-), s. also rabh-; germ.*rafisjan originally `körperlich punish, curse' (denominative eines -es-stem as Old Indian rápas-); aisl. refsa, ahd. refsen `chastise, castigate, punish, curse', as. respian ds., ags. refsan, repsan, respan `rebuke, reproach', next to which *rafjan in mhd. reffen = refsen, compare with lengthened grade ags. gerǣf n. (?) = geresp ` accusation, reprimand';

    aisl. rafr `stripe Heilbuttenfleisch', refill `stripe, Stück eines Gewebes' (`ragged '), ndl. rafel ` fibre, filament, ausgezupfter filament ', rafelen `wear out';

    lit. ap-rė́pti `fassen, ergreifen, begreifen', lit. rẽplės (apr. raples) f. Pl. `pliers'.

References: WP. II 369 f., WH. II 417, Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: ret(h)-

Meaning: to run, to roll

German meaning: `laufen, rollen'

Material: Old Indian rátha- m. `Wagen', rathī́- `Wagenlenker', ráthya- `zum Wagen gehörig', rathar-yáti `fährt in Wagen'; ratheṣṭhā̆́- `warrior' = av. raϑaēštå ds.; av. raϑa- `Wagen', raiϑya `Fahrstraße'; lat. rota `wheel', birotus `zweirädrig' (: lit. dvirãtis), rotundus `scheibenrund';

Maybe alb. rreth `hoop, rim (of wheel); circle', rota `wheel'.

ir. roth m. `wheel'; cymr. rhod f. `wheel'; gall. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); kelt. *-reto- `run, flow', neutr. Abstraktsuffix in cymr.brith-red `perplexity' = mir. brecht-rad `Mannigfaltigkeit', Kollektivsuffix in mir. aig-red `Eis'; lengthened grade *-rōto- in mcymr. rhawd `run, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar', gaeaf-rawd `Winterszeit' = mir.gem-rad ds., mcymr. bed-rawd, cymr. bedd-rod, bret. bez-ret `Gräber' (cymr. bedd `grave'), in addition mir. rā(i)the `Jahreszeit, Vierteljahr' (*rōti̯o-);

    air. rethim `laufe' with compounds, Kaus. roithim `treibe an'; Verbaln. riuth m. `run, flow' (*r̥tu-); to air. do-riuth `accurrō' belongs cymr. tyred (*to-rete) `komm!'; air. fo-riuth, cymr. guo-redaf `succurrō', acymr. Perf. gua-raut = ir. fo-ráith (*upo-rōt-e);

    aisl. rǫðull m. `Strahlenkranz, sun' and as. radur, ags. rador, rodor m. `sky, heaven'; got. *raÞs `light', (Kompar. n. raÞizo) ags. ræd `quick, fast, behend', ahd. rado, rato adv. `quick, fast'; and. rath, afr. reth, ahd. rad `wheel', radelōt `with Räderchen versehen'; lit. rãtas m. `wheel, Kreis' (Plur. rātai `Karren, Wagen'), lett. rats `wheel' (Plur. rati `Wagen'), lit. ratẽlis m. `Rädchen' (compare ahd. radelōt and lat. rotula f. `Rädchen'), dvirãtis (mostly Pl. dvirãčiai) `zweirädriger Wagen';

maybe alb. geg. me rotullue `to circulate', illyr. GN Redon, Rodon

    lit. ritù, rìsti `roll' (*r̥t-); but gall. petor-ritum `vierrädriger Wagen' kann lat. Entwicklung from *petor-roto- sein.

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 443 f., Trautmann 238.

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: reu-b- and reu-g-

Meaning: to vomit, retch

German meaning: `sich erbrechen, rülpsen, hervorbrechen', also `Wolke, Rauch'?

Material: 1. reub-: aisl. rjūpa f. `Schneehuhn', norw. rjupa, rype (compare lett. rubenis `Birkhuhn'?); ablaut. aisl. ropa `aufstoßen', rypta `sich erbrechen', ahd. roffezzen `aufstoßen' (*rupatjan), mhd. rofzen, nhd. reshaped to rülzen, rülpsen.

maybe alb. rjep, ropa (aor.) ` skin (an animal by blowing the air inside the skin)' similar to ahd. roffezzen `push open, belch'

    2. reug-: Npers. ā-rōɣ `das Rülpsen'; arm. orcam `erbreche mich, rülpse' (from *orucam, o- is Vorschlagsvokal); gr. ἐρεύγομαι `speie from, erbreche mich', ἐρυγγάνω `rülpse', ἐρυγή `Aufstoßen'; lat. ērūgō, -ere `ausrülpsen', ructō, -āre `rülpsen, ausspeien'; ags. rocettan `rülpsen', edroc `das Wiederkäuen', ahd. it-ruchen, mhd. iterücken `wiederkauen', iteroche f. `gullet bei Wiederkäuern', nisl. jōrtr n. `das Wiederkäuen' (about *ī-urtr from *ið-ruhtr-); aisl. jōrtra `wiederkäuen';

    lit. rjáugmi (riáugėju), raugiù, rúgiu `rülpse, have saures Aufstoßen', aksl. rygajǫ sę `rülpse', lit. rúgstu, rúgti `sauer become, ferment, seethe', ìšrūgos `wheys', rūgȳs `sauertöpfischer person', rúgžtas `sour', ráugas `sourdough', lett. atraugas f. Pl. `Aufstoßen', atraugties `aufstoßen', raudzēt `säuern', rūkts `bitter, herb', apr. ructan dadan `sour milk', raugus `rennet';

    as *reu-smen `Wiederkäuen; Gurgel' (see 873) auf the Lautgebärde *reu- beruhend;

    under einer Mittelbed. `hervorbrechen', or `exhalāre' reiht man (yet very doubtful) an: aisl. rjūka `smoke, whisk, hurry', ags. rēocan `smoke, steam, stink', mnd. rēken, rūken `smell', ahd. rouhhan `smoke, steam, smell', ahd. rouh, as. rōk, ags. rēc, aisl. reykr m. `smoke', mhd. ruch, mnd. röke m. `smell, odor', isl. norw. rok n. `Stieben, drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, storm'; if alb. rē `cloud' from *rougi- originated is, as nhd. Rauch, is ein previously proto idg. *reug- `cloud, smoke' voraussetzbar.

References: WP. II 357, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 871-872

Root / lemma: reudh-

Meaning: red

German meaning: `rot'

Material: Old Indian rṓhita- = av. raoiδita- `red, reddish', rōhít- `rote mare, Weibchen einer Gazelle', rṓhi- m., rōhī f. `Gazelle'; Old Indian lōhá- `reddish', m. n. `rötliches Metall, Kupfer, iron' (formal = lat. rūfus, air. rūad, got. rauÞs, lit. raũdas, aksl. rudъ), rōdhra-, lōdhra- m. `symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes Pulver bereitet wird', loṣṭa- n. `Eisenrost' (*reudh-s-to-); rudhirá- `red, blutig', n. `blood' (*rudh-i-ro-, contaminated from *rudh-ro- and*rudh-i-); khotansak. rrusta- `red' (*reudh-s-to-);

    gr. ἐρεύθω `I röte' (= aisl. rjōða), ἔρευθος n. `Röte' (compare lat. rubor); ἐρυθρός `red' (= lat. ruber, aksl. *rъdrъ etc); ἐρυσί̄βη `Mehltau, robīgo' (ambiguous ending), ἐρυσί-πελας `Röteln' (*ἐρυσσι-, *rudh-s-);

    lat. rūbidus ` oxblood, indigo ' (with -do- Weiterbildung = Old Indian lōhá-);

    with dial. f: rūfus `lichtrot, fuchsrot', umbr. rofu `rubros'; with dial. ō from *ou lat. rōbus, rōbeus, rōbius `red', rōbīgo `Rost; Mehltau, Getreidebrand', also probably rōbus, rōbur `Hartholz, heartwood '; ruber, rubra, -um `red' (umbr. rufru `rubros'), lat. rubor `Röte', rubeō, -ēre `red sein' (: ahd. rotēn, aksl. rъděti), russus `fleischrot' (*rudh-so-); auf *rudhro- gehen die auson. Lw. rutilus `reddish', VN Rutuli (with Dissim.) back; compare lig. fundus Roudelius, illyr. Campī Raudii, apul. PN Rudiae (Szemerényi Arch. Ling. 4, 112 f.); about lat. raudus see under;

    air. rūad, cymr. etc rhudd `red', air. rucc(a)e `Schande' (*rud-ki̯ā), nasal. fo-roind `rötet'; gall. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus, GN Rudiobos (`roter Schläger'?), Rudianos; kelt. roudo- `red' and `strong';

    aisl. rjōðr, ags. rēod `red', aisl. rjōða `blutig make', ags. rēodan `red färben', got. (about ` shamefaced blush') ga-riuÞs `ehrbar', ga-riudei `Schamhaftigkeit'; ablaut. rauÞs, aisl. rauðr, ags. rēad, ahd. rōt `red', aisl. rauði m. `rotes Eisenerz', roðra f. `blood', roði m. `Röte', ryð n. and ryðr m. `Rost', roða `red sein or become', ahd. rotēn `blush', mhd. rot `red', ahd. rotamo, rosamo (*rudh-s-men-) `Röte' (moreover aisl. rosmu-fjǫll `rötliche Berge'), ags. rudu `Röte', rudig `reddish'; ā-ryderian `blush'; ags. rūst, ahd. as. rost `Rost' (*rū̆dh-s-to);

    lit. raũdas, raudónas `red', raudà `rote paint, color'; rùdas ` puce ' (lett. ruds `reddish'), ruduõ `Herbst', rudė́ti `rosten', rūdìs f. `Rost', rūdýnas, rūdynà, rūdỹnė `swamp, marsh with rötlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop', raũsvas (*roudh-s-u̯o-) `reddish', lett. rûsa (*rūdh-s-ā) `Rost', lit. rùsvas ` reddish brown ' (*rudh-s-u̯o-), ruslis `Bratrost', rusė́ti `gleam, burn', lett. rusla `kind of rotbrauner paint, color', lit. rùstas `bräunlich, purple, mauve' (*rudh-s-to-), lett. rusta `braune paint, color', rustēt `red färben';

    aksl. rudъ `red', ruda `Erz, Metall', rusъ (*roudh-s-o-) `reddish, blond'; *rъdrъ `red' in r.-ksl. rodrъ; rъděti sę `sich röten', rьžda `Rost', russ. rysyj `reddish blond' (*rūdh-s-o-, compare lett. rūsa);

    toch. A rätr-ārkyant `rotglänzend', rtär, В rätre `red' (*rutre-?).

    Old Indian ravi- m. `sun', arm. arev ds. kann only very doubtful as `the Rote' gedeutet become; lat. raudus, rōdus, rūdus `ein formloses Erzstück as Münze' is perhaps with Old Indian lōhá- `rotes Metall, Kupfer, iron' and aisl. rauði `rotes Eisenerz', aksl. ruda `Erz, Metall' to verbinden and gall. or illyr. Lw.;

maybe alb. rrotull `wheel, sun? ' [diminutive -l]

    also ahd. aruzzi, erizzi, aruz, as. arut `Erz, Erzstück', aisl. ortog (*arutia-taugo) `Drittel eines øre' are because of Schwankens the forms as borrows to betrachten; hence bestehtHommels derivation from sum. urud `Kupfer' letztlich to right, different Kretschmer Gl. 32, 6 ff.

References: WP. II 358 f., WH. II 420 f., 444 f., 455, 456, Trautmann 239.

Page(s): 872-873

Root / lemma: reugh-m(e)n-

Meaning: cream

German meaning: `Rahm'?

Material: Av. raoɣna- `Butter', mpers. npers. rōɣan `(ausgelassene) Butter'; aisl. rjūmi m. `Rahm', changing through ablaut ags. rēam, mnd. rōme, ahd. roum `Sahne', and mnd. rāme (for *rōme), from which nhd. Rahm, with ū schweiz. rūm ds.

References: WP. II 357 f.; s. also above S. 868.

Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reu-1, rēu-, rū̆-

Meaning: to roar, murmur, etc. (expr.), onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel `brüllen, heisere Laute ausstoßen'; `brummen, murren'

Material: Old Indian rā́u-ti, ruváti, ravati `bellow, roar, lärmt, dröhnt', ráva-, ravátha- m. ` bellowing, braying, roar '; gr. ὠρύ̄ομαι `heule, brülle, stoße einen shriek from', ὠρῡδόν Adv. `with bellowing, braying, roar ' (prefix idg. ō); lat. rūmor `noise, shout, call, rumor'; răvus `hoarse', ravis f. ` hoarseness ', raucus `hoarse', raviō -īre `sich hoarse talk, speeak';

    ags. rēon `Wehklagen', mhd. rienen (*reunōn) `klagen, jammern'; aisl. rymja `roar, bellow, drone, grumble', rymr m. `grobe voice';

    ksl. revǫ, rjuti and aksl. rovǫ, ruti `roar, bellow', čech. řujě (old), říje f. `clamor of Hirsches, Brunstzeit', poln. ruja f. `rutting, heat(zeit)' (out of it lit. rujà, lett. ruoja f.); slav.*rovǫ besides *rjuti from *reu̯ō, *reuti, thereafter *rjovǫ > *rjevǫ;

    with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: air. rūn ` mystery ', cymr. rhin ds.; got. rūna f. ` mystery ', as. rūna, mnd. rūne `heimliches Flüstern, h. Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen', ags. rūn ds., mhd. rūne `Flüstern, heimliches Beratschlagen', aisl. rȳna `vertraulich together talk, speak', ags. rūnian `flüstern, sich verschwören', ahd. rūnēn `flüstern, raunen', changing through ablaut ags. rēonian `flüstern' (as above rēon, mhd. rienen), norw. dial. rjona `babble'.

    extensions:

    a. reud-: Old Indian rudáti, róditi `heult, weint, jammert', av. raod- `weep, cry', Old Indian róda- m. `Klageton, Winseln, Weinen' (= ahd. rōz m., compare lit. raudà); gr. ῥύζω? (see above); lat. rū̆dō, -ere, -īvi `cry; roar, bellow'; ahd. riozan `weep, cry', rōz `das Weinen, Winseln', ags. rēotan `klagen, weep, cry', ablaut. aisl. rauta `roar, bellow'; bair. rotzen `weep, cry'; lit. ráudmi `I wehklage', raudóju, raudóti ds., lett. raûdât `weep, cry, beweinen', lit. apsi-rústu, preterit su-rúdau `mad, wicked, evil, sad become', rústas `mürrisch, fierce, grim'; slov. rydati `weep, cry', ačech. ruditi `afflict, sadden'.

    b. reuĝ-: gr. ἐρυγόντα `den brüllenden', ἐρύγμηλος `brüllend (vom bull)', ὀρυγμάδες θόρυβοι Hes. (also ὀρυμαγδός `großer din, fuss, noise' is from *ὀρυγμαδος reconverted), ὠρῡγή, ὤρῡγμα, ὠρῡγμός ` bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (to ὠ- see above); ῥύζειν ` growl, bark, bay' Hes.; lat. rūgiō, -īre `roar, bellow (vom Löwen))' (after mūgiō?); mir. rucht ` bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (*rug-tu-); ags. rēoc `wild', wherefore probably got. in-rauhtjan `ergrimmen'; (but aisl. raukn n. ` draft animal ' for rǫkn = vrǫkn); slav. *ruži̯eti `wiehert' in aksl. rъžetъ, rъzati, serb. ȑžê, ȑzati etc (lit. rūgóti `evil nehmen' is Lw. from russ. rugátь `vilify, scold' = aksl. rǫgati sę `spotten').

    c. reuk-: ags. rȳn `roar, bellow' (*rūhjan), mnd. rǖjan ds., ahd. rūhin ` bellowing, braying, roar ', besides ruhen (from *ruhjan), ahd. rohôn `rūgīre' (Wissmann Nom. postv. 87 f.); lett. rucu, rùkt `roar, roar, bellow', lit. rūkti `roar, bellow'; aksl. rykajǫ, rykati `rugire', russ. rykátь `roar, bellow'; besides aksl. rikajǫ `brülle' (from *rjūkajǫ), ablaut. slov. rûk m. `rutting, heat the Hirsche', rúkati `roar, bellow' etc

    d. ein cognate reus- seeks man in:

    nhd. rösten (after dem knisternden Ton?), ahd. rōst `Rostpfanne, Scheiterhaufen', ahd. rō̆sc, mhd. rosch, rösch `knisternd, brittle, resch', ags. ge-roscian `beim fire dry'?; in addition probably lit. rúzgiu `roar, foam, schnurre, grumble'.

References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248.

Page(s): 867-868

Root / lemma: reu-2, reu̯ǝ- : rū̆-

Meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc.

German meaning: `aufreißen, graben, aufwühlen; ausreißen; raffen'

Grammatical information: participle Perf. Pass. rū̆-tó-

Comments: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu- (see under)

Material: Old Indian rav-, ru- ` shatter, shatter ' (rávat, rudhí, rāviṣam, rṓruvat; meaning probably from `her and in Stücke reißen'), participle rutá- ` shatter, zerschmettert' (= lat. dī-, ē-, in the case of-rŭtus); rṓman-, lṓman `hair' (compare under n. ir. rūaimneach and aisl. rǫgg `langes hair'); gr. ἐρῠσί-χθων `die Erde aufwühlend';

    lat. ruō in the meaning `aufreißen, wühlen, scratch', ē-, dī-, in the case of-ruō, -rŭtus (see above), rūta caesa `all, was auf einem Grundstück ausgegraben and gefällt is', rū̆trum `spade, hack, mattock, hoe, Kelle', rutellum `small shovel', rutābulum `shovel, Scharre';

    mir. rūam `spade, Grabscheit', rūamar `effossio'; nir. rūaimneach `langes hair';

    aisl. rȳja `den Schafen die Wolle ausreißen' (norw. rū f. `Winterwolle'), as. rūwi f. `rauhes fell, fur';

    aisl. rǫgg f., rǫggr m. `langes hair, long wool' (*rawwa-), schwed. rugg `zottiges hair' (*ruwwa-); out of it engl. rug;

    got. riurs `vergänglich' (riurjan `spoil'), aisl. rȳrr `gering, arm';

    presumably as. ahd. riomo `strap, leathery band, strap, Gürtel' (*`abgerissener Hautstreifen'), ags. rēoma, rēama ds., also `dünne Haut' (compare S. 873 *reugh-m(e)n- `Rahm'); mnd. mndl. rūn, rūne, schwäb. raun `Wallach, Gaul', because of ofries. han-rūne `Hahnrei' (actually `verschnittener rooster, cock') originally `equus castratus', mnl. runen, ruynen `cut, clip, kastrieren'; (nhd. runken); borrows lett. rūnīt `kastrieren', also finn. ruuna `Wallach', ruunata `kastrieren';

    lit. ráuju, ráuti `ausreißen, ausjäten', ravė́ti `jäten' (rãvas `Straßengraben', apr. rawys `ditch, trench, channel' Lw. from poln. rów `ditch, trench, channel'); lett. raûklis `Raufeisen'; aksl. ryjǫ, ryti `dig', rъvǫ `reiße from, jäte from', rylъ, rylo `Grabscheit, spade, hack, mattock, hoe', rovъ `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole', runo `Fließ';

    s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2, wherefore perhaps also lit. ùrvas m., also ùrva f. `cave'.

    extensions:

    a. reub-: `reissen' in lat. rubus `Brombeerstaude, Brombeere' (`*shrub, bush, woran man sich reißt'), rūbidus (panis i. e. `parum coctus') `raw, rauhrissig'; perhaps also rubēta ` toad '; mir. robb `animal'?; germ. *raup-, *rupp- (with intensification) in got. raupjan `pluck', ags. rīepan `ausplündern', ahd. roufen, mhd. roufen, reufen, raufen `pluck'; mengl. ryppen, engl. rip ` rend ', mhd. rupfen, ropfen `pluck', aisl. ruppa, rupla `losreißen', rupl n. `booty, Raub'.

    b. reud- `zerreissen'; rud-ló- `raw, wild'.

    lat. rūdus, -eris n. `zerbröckeltes Gestein, Geröll, Schutt'; also rudis `unbearbeitet, raw', rullus `coarse, bäurisch' (*rud-lo-); mir. rūad `Ruine', cymr. Pl. rhuddion `offal, Kleie' (*roud-); anord. reyta (*rautjan) `abreißen, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck', also mndl. rūten, holl. ruiten ` rend, plündern, rob', mnd. rüter, holl. ruiter (nhd. Reuter) `Plünderer, Räuber' (influence of mlat. ru(p)tarius); ein zugehöriges word for `Gerümpel' places mhd. riuze, alt-riuze `wer mitGerümpel handelt or es ausbessert' ahead; auf das durch Wässern and Faulenlassen of Flachses vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaser weisen aisl. rotinn `faul, verfault' (but ū-rotinn still `wer die Haare nicht verloren'), rot n. `Fäulnis; Ohnmacht', as. rotōn `from Rost verzehrt become', ags. rotian `faulen, wither, wilt'; mnd. rӧ̄ten `Flachs rösten', ahd. rōzzen `faulen', mhd. rōzzen and ræzen `faulen lassen', nhd. bair. rӧ̄ssen `Flachs faulen lassen' (reshaped to röstennach rösten `auf dem Rost braten'), mhd. rōz `mürbe';

    here Old Indian Rudrá- GN (*rud-lo-), pāli ludda- `cruel, savage' after W. Wüst Rudrá-.

    c. reudh- `reuten, roden'.

    Av. raoiδya- `arable to make';

    aisl. rjōða `reuten, räumen', mhd. rieten st. V. `ausrotten, destroy'; aisl. rjōðr n. `offene place in Walde', ahd. reod `gerodetes Land', nhd. dial. Ried ds., ahd. riuti ds., riuten (*riutjan) `reuten', ablaut. aisl. ruð n. `gerodete place in wood, forest', mnd. rot `das Roden', aisl. ryðja `roden; aufräumen, ausrotten', ags. ā-ryddan (engl. rid) `mug, rob, plündern'; mhd. roten, nhd. rotten; mnd. roden, out of it nhd. roden, afries. tō-rotha `ausrotten'.

    d. reuk- (partly probably also reug-, reugh-?) `pluck'.

    Old Indian luñcati `rauft, rupft, enthülst', luñcana- n. `das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen', rūkṣá- see under; gr. ὀρύσσω, att. -ττω `grabe, scharre', ὀρυχή, ὀρυγή `das ditch, trench, channel', ὄρυγμα n. `ditch, trench, channel', κατωρυχής `in the Erde vergraben'; lat. runcō, -āre `jäten, ausjäten', runncō, -ōnis `Reuthacke, Jäthacke'; gr. ῥυκάνη `Hobel' (the Vokalvorschlag getilgt perhaps after ῥῡσιάζω `reiße weg' to *u̯er-s-, -u-??), from which lat. runcina ds. (-n- durch Fernassimilation, unterstützt durch runcāre); ir. rucht `swine' (`Wühler' *ruktu-); mcymr. rhwgn `Reiben, Kerben' (*runk-no-? s. Loth RC. 42, 138 f.);

    with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness (as S. 868 aisl. rǫgg): Old Indian rūkṣá- `rough', ahd. rūh, ags. rūh `rough, behaart; ungebildet'; as. rūgi, rūwi f. `rauhes fell, fur, grobe cover', mhd. riuhe, rūhe `Pelzwerk', nhd. Rauchwerk, ags. rȳhe, rūwa, rēowe `grobe Wolldecke', aisl. rȳ f. ds.;

    as `crack, furrow' perhaps here lit. raũka f., raũkas m. `wrinkle', raukiù, raũkti `in Falten pull, runzeln', runkù, rùkti `wrinkly become' and with g: lat. rūga `wrinkle, Falte'.

Maybe alb. (*rūga) rudha `wrinkle' common alb. -g > -dh phonetic mutation in the middle of the word.

    e. reup- `ausreißen, tear, break, rupture'; roupā- `hole, aperture ', rūpēis- `Fels'.

    Old Indian rōpayati `verursacht Reißen, bricht ab', rúpyati `hat Reißen in Leibe', *rōpa- n. `hole, cave' (= lit. raupaĩ, compare aisl. rauf f., serb. rȕpa);

    lat. rumpō, -ere, rūpī, ruptum `break, rupture', rūpēs `steile Felswand, Klippe, Felskluft, jäher abyss' (compare under lit. rupis `Fels', wherefore illyr. PN ΏΡύπες, Achaia, and in similar meaning nhd. Riepe `Schuttreuse' and die tirol. place names roupǝ, roufǝ, geschrieben Roppen, Rofen), rūpex, -icis `ruppiger uncouth, clumsy person, Rüpel' (compare lit. rupùs `rough, coarse');

    aisl. riūfa, ags. rēofan `break, rupture, tear' (ahd. ā-riub `atrox, dirus', actually `ungebrochen'); aisl. rauf f. `col, gap, hole', ags. rēaf n. `Raub, booty, dress, armament, armor' (*roupā = slav. *rupa `hole'), ahd. roub m. ds., to got. bi-raubōn, ahd. roubōn, as. rōƀōn `rob', aisl. raufa `durchbrechen, rob' and reyfa `durchbohren, tear', ags. bе-rīefan `mug, rob'; aisl. reyfi `gerupfte wool, rauhes fell, fur', mndl. roof `abgezogenes fell, fur'; geminated ostfries. rubben `scratch, scrape, rub, pluck', nd. rubbelig, rubberig ` uneven, rough', nhd. ruppig `struppig', engl. rubble, rubbish `Schutt, offal'; aisl. rūfinn `bristly, struppig, rauhhaarig'; nhd. rüffeln `scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen';

    lit. rūpė́ti `sich kümmern', rūpùs `besorgt' (to russ. rupá ` care, ruefulness'), raupýti and (idg. ablaut ou : ōu) ruõpti `dig, hollow out', rùpas `rough, holperig', rupùs `rough, coarse', rupìs `Fels', ostlit. raupaĩ Pl. ` measles, pox' ('Rauhigkeit in the Haut'), raupsaĩ ` leprosy '; also lit. rupužė̃, raupežė̃ ` toad ' (from the roughness the Haut), compare also lett. raupa `Gänsehaut' (`Schauder'); serb. rȕpa `hole, pit, pothole' (*roupā), poln. rupić się `sich kümmern', ablaut. rypać `scindere, friare'.

    f. reus-: aisl. reyrr m. `Steinhaufen', rūst f. `Trummer, zerfallene wall' (see above S. 686 about Old Indian loṣṭá- m. n.); ahd. riostar `Pflugsterz', ags. rēost `ein Teil of Pfluges', nhd. dial. riester `rag zum Schuhflicken'; dän. ros `Schnitzel, offal', norw. dial. ros, rys `Fischschuppe', rus `dünne bowl', rosa `ritzen, die Haut aufscheuern, sich lösen', isl. rosm n. `offal', rusl n. `offal', as. ruslos m. Pl. `Speckseite', ags. rysel m. bacon, fat, under likewise; ndl. rul `locker and dry, e.g. vom sand, rough' (*ruzlá-); aisl. ryskja ` rend, pluck', norw. rusk `offal, dust, powder' (also mnd. rūsch ` intestines, entrails ', bair. geräusch? still insecure mhd. roesche, nhd. dial. rösch `hard and light frail, breakable under likewise'); with germ. Wurzelvariation aisl. raska `in Unordnung bringen'; with -p- probably ahd. gi-rūspit gl. to inhorruit (aper), and (as `in Halse scratch, scrape') nhd. räuspern, mhd. riuspern, riuspeln, rūspern, compare lat. rūspor, -āri `suchen', actually `auufreißend, durchwühlend, whereupon forschend', as ital. ruspare `scratch (from the Henne)', ruspo `rough, neugemünzt', rospo ` toad ' show;

    lit. rausiù, raũsti `scratch, wühlen', rūsỹs, rúsas `pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffeln', pelen-rũsis, -rūsà `Aschenbrödel', rùsinti `schüren', lett. raust `schüren, wühlen', raustīt `pull, rend ', rūsa `aufgehäufter Schutt'; about aksl. rušiti `umstürzen', *ruchъ `movement', see above S. 332.

References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176 f.

Page(s): 868-871

Root / lemma: reu-3, reu-s-

German meaning: `eilen'

See also: see above S. 331 f. (er-3), wherefore still mir. rūaimm `onrush', bret. rumm `Schaar' (reu-smen).

Page(s): 871

Root / lemma: reu-4

German meaning: `nachforschen'

See also: see above S. 337 (ereu-).

Page(s): 871

Root / lemma: reu-smen-

Meaning: chewing; throat

German meaning: `Wiederkäuen; Kehle, Gurgel'

Material: Old Indian rōmantha- m. `Wiederkäuen'; wakhi ramöt (*raumąϑa-) ds.; kati žëmɛtr (*romantra-) ds.;

    lat. rūmen, -inis `throat, Gurgel, gullet', rūma, rūmis, -is ds. (können m from mn haben, as:) rūmāre besides rūmināre `wiederkauen'; kymr. rhumen `paunch, udder'; compare above S. 872.

References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales-th- 14 f.

Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reus-

Meaning: elm

German meaning: `Rüster'?

Material: Ir. rúaimm `betula alnus, alnus glutinosa' (*reus-men);

    to ahd. rust, mhd. nhd. Rüster?

References: WP. II 361.

Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reuto-, routo-, rut-

Meaning: stomach, intestines (of an animal)

German meaning: `Tiermagen, Eingeweide'

Material: Mpers. rōt ` intestines, entrails of Rindes', npers. rūda, Pl. rūdag-ānī `Gedärme, intestines, entrails ' (*reuto-ko-); jav. uruϑwarǝ, -wan- n. (*rut-u̯ar-, -u̯an-) ` intestines, entrails, belly';

    ags. rēada `Tiermagen', engl. read `Labmagen' (*routo-), andl. roode `Blättermagen'; schwed. dial. rudda f. `Labmagen' (*ruddōn-).

References: Lidén KZ. 61, 14 f.

Page(s): 873-874

Root / lemma: reu̯ǝ- : rū-

Meaning: to open; wide

German meaning: `öffnen'

Material: Av. ravah- n. `Raum, Weite', ravas-čarāt- `was sich in Freien bewegt';

    lat. rūs, rūris `land (in contrast to town, city), estate' (*reu̯os); mir. róe, rói f. `ebenes field' (because of Eigennamens Cú Rói, welcher older Cú Raui lautet, from *rōu̯i̯ā);

    germ. rū-ma- in got. rūms `geräumig, wide', rūm n. `Raum', aisl. rūmr `geräumig', rūm n. `Raum, place', as. rūm m. `Raum', afries. ags. rūm `geräumig', m. `Raum, Zeitraum, Gelegenheit', ahd. mhd. rûm m. `Raum, aperture, freie Räumlichkeit', mhd. rūm `geräumig'; ahd.rūmi, mhd. rūme `geräumig, wide, afar'; abgel. verb germ. *rūmian: aisl. rȳma `geräumig make' etc;

    aksl. ravьnъ from *orvьnъ `eben'; russ. roves-nyk `Altersgenosse'; apr. arwis `true, gewiß';

    toch. AB ru- `öffnen'.

References: WP. II 356 f., WH. II 454, Trautmann 14.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rezg-

Meaning: to plait, wind

German meaning: `flechten, winden'

Material: Old Indian rájju- f. `rope, cable'; lat. restis ds. (*rezgtis) = alit. rekstis `basket'; ags. resc(e), risc(e), mnd. risch ` bulrush'; norw. rusk m. ryskje n. `Schmiele', ags. rysc, rysce f. ` bulrush'; mnd. rusch `reed, bulrush', mhd. rusch(e) f. ` bulrush'; lit. rezgù, rèksti `flax, wattle, braid, stricken, bind, schnüren', lett. režǵēt `flax, wattle, braid', režǵis `Flechtwerk'; abulg. rozga `rod, twig, branch', durch sekundäre Beeinflussung of Präfixes raz-: russ.-ksl. razga.

References: WP. II 374, WH. II 431, Trautmann 245.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rēd-1

Meaning: to excite; joyful

German meaning: `aufmuntern, froh'

Comments: only germ. and balto-slavisch

Material: Ags. rōt `freudig, blithe, glad, good', ā-rētan `aufmuntern'; aisl. rö̥́task `heiter become', mál-rǿtinn `redeliebend'; lit. rõds `gern, willing'; aksl. radъ `libens', skr. rȁd, čech. rád ds.

References: WP. II 369, Trautmann 235.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rēd-2 : rōd- : rǝd-

Meaning: to shuffle, scrape, scratch

German meaning: `scharren, schaben, kratzen, nagen'

Material: Lat. rōdō `nage, benage' and rādō `scharre, schabe, scratch' (from *rad^zd(h)ō s. cymr. rhathu), wherefore rāstrum `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst', rādula `Schabeisen', rāllum `Pflugschar', rāmentum `Abgang, chip, splinter, splinter' and rōstrum `(Nagewerkzeug) bill, beak, neb, snout, Rüssel, Schiffsschnabel'; cymr. rhathu `raspeln, smooth, ebnen', rhathell `Raspel', rhath `Ebene, surface, plain, area', bret. raza `raser'; brit.rath- and lat. rādō are under *răzdō (from *rad^zd(h)ō, d(h)-present) compatible;

    ahd. rāzi `sharp from taste, wild', mhd. rāze rǣze ds. prove die ē-grade *rēd-; in addition germ. *rattō `Ratte' (= Nager): as. ratta, ags. rætt m., mhd. ratze, ratz etc; in nhd. Dialekten kommt Ratz in the meaning `marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm' vor; ahd. rato, radda, ratta.

References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: rēi-1 : rī-

German meaning: `zählen, ordnen'

Comments: extended rēi-dh-.

See also: see above S. 60 (ar-).

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rēi-2, rōi-

German meaning: `Nuß'

References: (see Trautmann 241 f.)

See also: see above S. 61 (ar-3).

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rēito-, rēiti-

Meaning: scapula; shoulder (of animals)

German meaning: `Bug, Schulter von Tieren'

Material: Arm. eri, Gen. ervoy `Bug, shoulder from animals'; lit. ríetas m. `thigh, Lende', lett. rieta f. `leg'; ksl. ritь, čech. řít́ `podex'.

References: Trautmann 242, Lidén Mél. Pedersen 88 f.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rē̆k-2

Meaning: to arrange, prepare

German meaning: `anordnen'

Material: Old Indian racayati `verfertigt, bildet', racana- n. `Ordnen, Betreiben'; got. rahnjan `reckon'; ragin n. `Rat, decision', aisl. regin, Pl. rǫgn `die ratschlagenden Mächte, gods', as. ragino giscapu `Beschlüsse the göttlichen Mächte', ahd. regin- in Eigennamen; aksl. rokъ m. `bestimmte time, Ziel', rekǫ, rešti `say', raknǫti, račiti `wollen' etc; toch. A rake, В reki, Pl. rekauna `word';

    with ē: got. ga-rēhsns f. ` determination, Ratschluß'; aksl. rěčь f. `accusatio';

    quite doubtful Zusammengehörigkeit with aisl. rān n. `Raub' (*rahna-), rǣna `rob' (*rahnjan), ahd. bi-rahanen `erbeuten'; primary meaning wäre `Raub-Anschlag'?

References: WP. II 362, Trautmann 243.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rē-1, rǝ- extended rē-dh- etc

German meaning: `berechnen, zählen', `bereit machen, überlegen'

See also: see above S. 59 f. (ar-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē̆-2 extended rē-dh-

German meaning: `zertrennen'

See also: see above S. 332 f. (er-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-3

German meaning: `rudern'

See also: see above S. 338 (erǝ-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-4

German meaning: `ruhen'

See also: see above S. 338 f. (erǝ-)

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-5

Meaning: dark

German meaning: `dunkel'

Material: Old Indian rāmá- ` swart, black'; n. ` darkness, night'; rāmī f. `night'; mhd. rām, rōm m. `smut, smut'; nisl. rāma-legr `dirty, filthy'; ahd. rāmac, mhd. rāmec, rāmig `dirty, filthy, rußig', ags. rōmig `rußig', ne. room `scurf on the head, dandruff';

    Old Indian rātrī `night' better to lat. lateō etc, above S. 651 nachzutragen.

    With -u̯o-formants: lat. rāvus `gray, graugelb'.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-6

Meaning: to cry

German meaning: `schreien'

See also: s. rei-3.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rēp-1 (rep-?)

Meaning: to crawl, sneak

German meaning: `kriechen, schleichen'

Material: Lat. rēpō, -ere `kriechen, slink'; ahd. rebo, reba, repa, mhd. rebe `Schlingschößling'; ablaut. mnd. wīn-rāve `Weinrebe';

    lit. rėplióti `kriechen', ablaut. roplóti ds., lett. rãpât, rãpt ds., apr. rīpaiti `folget'; barely in addition wruss. rapuxa, poln. ropucha ` toad '.

References: WP. II 370, WH. II 430, Trautmann 246, Kluge-Goetze¹⁶ 604.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rēp-2, rǝp-

Meaning: pole; beam

German meaning: `Pfahl, Balken'

Material: Ahd. rā̆vo `Sparren', aisl. rāfr, rǣfr m., rāf n. `Sparrendach'; aisl. raptr m. `stick, Sparren' (vandal. PN Raptus), ags. ræfter ds., mnd. rafter, rachter `small balk, beam, lath'; lit. rė́plinti `aufrichten, hinstellen'; aksl. rěpьjь, rěpijь `picket, pole', rěpьje `τρίβολος'.

References: WP. II 370.

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: rēs-, rōs-

German meaning: `fließen'

See also: see above S. 336 f. (ere-s-2).

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: rēt-, rōt-, rǝt-

Meaning: pole; trunk

German meaning: `Stange, stem, Balkengefüge'

Material: Ahd. ruota, aisl. rōða `rod, shaft, pole', as. rōda `(picket, pole)kreuz', ags. rōd ds. and ksl. ratište, ratovište `Lanzenschaft'; perhaps in addition lat. rētae `from dem bank, border, shore of Flusses hervorragende Bäume', rētāre `den river from solchen clean' and rătis `Floß'.

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: roi-no-

German meaning: `Weg, Rain, Hügel'

See also: see under rei-.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rughi̯o-

German meaning: `Roggen'

See also: see under u̯rughi̯o-.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: ruk(k)-, rouk(k)-

Meaning: a kind of cloth

German meaning: `Gespinst'

Comments: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. rucht (*ruktu-) `tunica'; mcymr. rhuch(en) `mantle' (*roukkā); got. *rukka (ital. rocca), ahd. rocko `Rocken'; aisl. rokkr `Rock' derives from ags. as. rocc `Rock'.

References: WP. II 374, Loth RC. 42, 62 f.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: r̥ksā

Meaning: tether

German meaning: `Köte, Fessel (bei Huftieren)'?

Material: Old Indian r̥kṣálā, r̥cchárā f. `manacle' perhaps to lit. rė́ša `Kötengelenk of Pferdes'; different about Old Indian r̥kṣálā above S. 673.

References: WP. II 322.

Page(s): 875

Root / lemma: ŕ̥k̂Þo-s

Meaning: bear

German meaning: `Bär'

Comments: (or r̥k̂-s-o-s besides r̥k̂-to-s?)

Material: Old Indian ŕ̥kṣa- m. `bear' (in addition ein neues fem. r̥k̂ṣī `Bärin') = jav. arša-, osset. ars, arm. arj (beeinflußt from arjn `dunkelbraun'), alb. ari, gr. ἄρκτος, newer ἄρκος, in addition (?) the VN ᾽Αρκάδες,

Note:

Alb. ariu `bear' seems to have derived from alb. harusha `she-bear' identical to Old Indian ŕ̥kṣa- m. `bear'. Alb. proves that she-bear is older cognate then bear. The old laryngeal has been preserved in alb. while the feminine ending -a attested in all other IE tongues corresponds only to the primordial alb. cognate. Clearly alb. has saved the matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess while Sanskrit is the zero grade of a proto alb. cognate.

mir. art, cymr. arth `bear', gall. Deae Artioni `Bärengöttin', lat. ursus `bear', perhaps hitt. ḫartagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitan. PN Harsus, bask. hartz `bear' are kelt. Lw.; npers. xirs `bear' soll auf iran. *r̥sa- = idg. r̥k̂o- weisen, worauf also osset. ars go back could.

References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., Idg. Dekl. 239 f., the den Bären as `Zerstörer, Schädiger' interprets, to Old Indian rákṣas- n. ` destruction ', av. raš- `beschädigen' (see 864); compare also Frisk Gr. et. Wb. 141 f.

Page(s): 875

Root / lemma: saip-

Meaning: stall, fence

German meaning: `Umfriedung from Dickicht, Hürde'?

Material: Gr. αἱμός (Aisch.) ` thicket ' (*saip-mo-?), αἱμασία `fence, wall' (*saip-mn̥tiā́?);

    lat. saepēs, -is `fence, paddock ', saepiō, -īre `umzäunen', praesaepēs, prae-saepia `crib, Stall', saepe `often' (neuter eines Adj. *saepis `gedrängt').

References: WP. II 445 f., WH. II 461 f.

Page(s): 878

Root / lemma: sak-

Meaning: to sanctify; to make a treaty

German meaning: `heiligen, einen Vertrag machen'?

Material: Lat. sacer `geweiht, holy' (besides sācris); fal. sacru(m), osk. σακορο `sacra' or `sacrum', sakrim (Akk.), sakrid (Abl.), sakarater `sacratur', sacrasias `*sacrariae', sakaraklúm `sacellum', saka(ra)hiter `sanciātur', umbr. sakra `sacras', Adverb sakre; päl. sacaracirix `*sacratrix, sacerdos'; further osk. sakrvist `sacra est'; altes compound is lat. sacerdōs, -dōtis `priest'(also f.) from *săcro-dhō-t-s to root dhē-;

    moreover Sancus, -ī and -ūs, name einer umbr.-sabin. divinity; vom u-stem derived istSanquālis `zum Sancus gehörig'; umbr. Sanśi `Sancium', dat. Sansie; from *sanko- is sanciō, -īre `durch religiöse Weihe unverletzlich machen, heiligen; ein law bestätigen' derived, further sanctus `geheiligt', umbr. sahta, sahata `sanctam', osk. saahtúm `sanctum', päl. sato `sanctum'; lat. sagmen `the heiligende, auf the Burg gepflückte Grasbüschel';

    hitt. šaklai- ` custom, Ritus'.

References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.

Page(s): 878

Root / lemma: sal-2

Meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow

German meaning: `schmutziggrau'

Comments: also (after the paint, color) zur Bezeichnung of Salzes (see sal-1), the Grauweide and of Speichels

Note:

From a zero grade of Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived illyr. *nsala `eel' [later alb. (*encheleae > *ensala) ngjalë `eel'], then from the intermediary illyr. root *nsala `eel' derived Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sal-2 : `dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow'.

Also from illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa `water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa- `sea snake' then Root / lemma: serp- : `to crawl, snake'.

Material: A. Aind. lengthened grade sāra-, sāla- `gray' = ags. sōl `dirty, filthy, dark', ndd. saul ds.; air sal and sa(i)le f. `smut', salach `dirty, filthy' = abret. haloc, cymr. halog ds.; cymr. sal `ärmlich, krank' is frz. Lw.;

    B. sal-u̯o- in aisl. splr `dirty, filthy' sǫl n. `a kind of Alge'; ahd. salo `cloudy, schmutziggrau', ags. salu ds., ndl. zaluw `dunkelgelb'; mhd. sal, Gen. salwes `smut'; cymr. salw `ärmlich, niedrig' (das s- from sal, see above), acorn. halou `stercora'; russ.-ksl. slavo-očije `Blauäugigkeit', russ. solovój `isabellenfarben'.

    C. Lat. salīva f. `saliva', out of it air. saile, cymr. haliw ds.

    D. Lat. salix ` a willow-tree, willow, sallow' = mir. sail, Gen. sa(i)lech, cymr. etc helyg-en ds.; abrit. PN Salico-dūnon, gall. PN Salicilla; ahd. sal(a)ha, mhd. salhe, nhd. Salweide; ags. sealh m., aisl. selja ` a willow-tree, willow, sallow' (*salhjōn).

Maybe alb. (*salicus) shelgu `willow' not from lat salix.

References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above.

Page(s): 879

Root / lemma: sal-

Meaning: salt; salty water

German meaning: `Salz, Seesalz'

Grammatical information: Nom. sal, sal-d-, sal-i, sal-u; Gen. sal-n-és

Comments:

From a zero grade of Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived illyr. *nsala `eel' [later alb. (*encheleae > *ensala) ngjalë `eel'], then from the intermediary illyr. root *nsala `eel' derived Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sal-2 : `dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow'.

Also from illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa `water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa- `sea snake' then Root / lemma: serp- : `to crawl, snake'.

Material: Old Indian sal-ilá- n. `sea, Meeresflut' (`*das Salzige'), sal-ilá- `salzig'; arm. aɫ `salt' (i-stem), aɫt (i-stem) `Salzlager, salt', aɫi `salzig' (out of it is the river name ῝Αλυς gräzisiert);

    gr. ἅλς, Gen. ἁλός m. `salt', f. `Salzflut, sea', Dat. Pl. ἅλασι; Pl. ἅλες also `Witz', as lat. salēs, ἅλιος `marinus', ἀλιεύς `Seemann, Fischer'; ἁλυκός `jünger', ἁλικός `salzig'; stem ἁλι- stets in compound ἁλι-πόρφυρος, ἁλι-μυρήεις (ἁλος-ύδνη invokes den Gen. ἁλός); ἅλμη ` sea waters, salinity, sharpness' (therefrom ἁλμυρός `salty, bitter, sharp'); alb. ngjelbëtë, ngjelmëtë `salty', njelm `be salty' (-mo- as in gr. ἅλμη);

Note:

Illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa `water'] : alb. (*salma) ngjelbëtë, ngjelmëtë `salty' [common alb. p- > mp- > m- phonetic mutation] solidified also in gr. ἅλμη ` sea waters, salinity, sharpness'.

Maybe alb. zero grade (*nsala < ansala) ngjalë 'eel, sea snake' : alb. (*sarpa-) gjarpën 'snake' [common alb. -s- > -gj- phonetic mutation].

    illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa; lat. sāl, sălis m., altlat. also Nom. sale n. `salt'; umbr. salu `salem', perhaps also lat. insula as `ἡ ἐν ἁλὶ οὖσα' (compare gr. ἔναλος `in Meere befindlich');

maybe alb. (*insula) ishull 'island'

    air. salann, cymr. halen, acorn. haloin, bret. c'hoalenn, holen (*salei-no-) `salt'; auf *salī-mo- leads probably cymr. heli `sea'; kelt. FlN Sala `Saale', compare Saalach, Nfl. the Salzach; lett. sā̀ls (*sālis); apr. sal is poln. Lw.; lit. sālti `sweet become, sauer become', salià `Süßigkeit'; lett. sālīms, lit. žem. sólymas m. `Salzlake' (= cymr. heli); aksl. solь f. `salt' (*sali-); slav. *solnъ in aksl. slanъ `salzig'; apr. saltan n. `bacon', slav. *soltь f. in russ. solotь `swamp, marsh', aksl. slatina `ἅλμη', serb. slativa `Salzquelle', čech. slatina `moor, fen' etc; toch. A sāle, В sālyiye `salt'.

    with dem d- of idg. Nom. Sg. n. *sal-d-: illyr. PN Saldae (Pannonien), thrak. PN Salsovia (*sal-d-t-ou̯-); got. aisl. as. salt, ags. sealt, ahd. salz `salt'; Adjekt. aisl. saltr, ags. sealt, mhd. salzec, nhd. salzig; with zero grade as. sultia, ahd. sulza (*sultja) `Salwasser, Sülzwurst', nhd. Sülze; norw. sylt f. `überschwemmter Meeresstrand' (but mhd. sol, sul, nhd. Sole `salzhaltiges Wasser' are slav. Lwe.); ags. sealtan, ahd. salzan `salzen' (otherwise schwaches V. ags. sieltan, aisl. salta); lat. sallō, -ere `salzen', participle salsus (*sald-to-) perhaps with präs.-d-suffix; also bsl. *saldu- `süss' (`*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend') could after einem verb shaped sein: lit. saldùs, lett. salds, slav. *soldъk in aksl. sladъkъ, poln. sɫodki; without -d-: lit. sąlù, sálti `süss become', ostlit. į̃salas, lett. ìesals m. `Malz'; the u-stem sal-u- ergibt sich besides from bsl. *saldu- also from gr. ἁλυκός `salzig'.

Maybe Seleiitani Illyr. TN, also alb. (*shile) shije `taste, salty taste', sillë `dinner', gjellë `food', gjallesë `creature to be eaten', gjallë `alive, fresh meat' [common alb. s- > gj- shift].

References: WP. II 452 f., WH. II 465 f., Trautmann 249, Thieme, The Heimat the idg. Gemeinsprache 20, 27f.;

See also: belongs to sal-2.

Page(s): 878-879

Root / lemma: sap-, sab-

Meaning: to taste, to perceive

German meaning: `schmecken, wahrnehmen'

Material: 1. sap-:

    av. višāpa (*viš-sāpa) `dessen Säfte poison are'; arm. ham (*săpmo-) `juice, sap, taste';

    lat. sapiō, -ere `schmecken, Geschmack haben; after etwas smell; wise sein, sensible sein'; sapa f. `juice, sap', sapor `taste, Leckerei', nesapius, nesapus `ignorans'; osk. sipus `sciens' (*sēpu̯ōs), volsk. sepu `sciente' are neologisms after capio: cēpi; osk. innovation seems lat.sibus `sly, cunning'; mhd. be-seben st. V. `wahrnehmen', aisl. sefi `sense, mind', as. seƀo, ags. sefa dss.; to lat. sapa `juice, sap' stellt sich germ. *safan- `juice, sap (the Baume)': aisl. safi `Baumsaft', norw.sevja ds., sabba `in Schlamm wade', mnd. sabben `geifern', sabbelen `sudeln'.

    2. sab-:

maybe alb. (*sap-), shap 'alum'.

    Illyr. sabaium `beer', Sab- in vielen FlN Italiens, Sabātis (Campanien), Vada Sabatia (Ligurien) etc; kelt. (ven.?) FlN Sabis (Belgien);

    ags. sæp n. `juice, sap, broth', mnd. sap(p), ahd. saf, sapf, nhd. Saft.

Related to Sabath in Jewish tradition? And to number septa ‘seven’ as the day of Sabath? Sabine ‘Phoenicians in Italy?

References: WP. II 450 f., WH. II 476 f., Pokorny Urillyr. 79, 97, 117.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sasi̯o-

Meaning: a kind of cereal

German meaning: `Feldfrucht'

Material: Old Indian sasyá- n. `Feldfrucht'; jav. hahya- ` corn, grain '; gall. Akk. (s)asiam `Roggen' (`secale Taurini sub Alpibus asiam vocant' Plin. H. N.); cymr. haidd `hordeum', bret. heiz `orge'; compare also ved. sasá- `nourishment, food, dish, food, herb, grass, sown field '.

References: WP. II 454, WH. I 72.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: saus-, sus-

Meaning: dry

German meaning: `trocken, dürr'

Comments:

The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-, su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE.

Material: Old Indian śúṣyati ` dries, wilts ', thereafter śoṣa- m. (assimil. from *soṣa-) `the drying up', also Adj. ` made dry '; av. haos- ` dry up, become dry ', aŋhao-šǝmna- `not drying '; Old Indian śúṣka- (from *suṣka-), av. huška- `dry';

    gr. αὖος (Hom.), αὗος (att.) `arid, dry', αὐσταλέος ` scrubby, dirty, filthy', αὐστηρός ` harsh, austere '; Denomin. αὐαίνω, αὑαίνω `make dry, desiccate ', αὕω `trockne, desiccate '; doubtful gr. αὐχμός m. ` aridity, Trockenheit, smut', whether from *sau-k-smo- from einer Wurzelvariante *sau-k- besides *sau-s-, to Old Indian sū́kṣma- `fine, thin, schmal'?

    alb. thanj (*sausni̯ō) ` dry ';

Note:

Common alb. s > th phonetic mutation

     lat. sūdus `dry, cheerful' (*suz-do-), sūdum ` cloudless, bright, clear, serene '; different M. Mayrhofer KZ. 73, 117;

Note:

This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-, su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. Latin presserved the rudeiment of the -dor suffix, otherwise lat. cognate evolved according to illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation (*sausni̯ō > saunus) sūdus `dry' [common alb. n > nd phonetic shift]

    ags. sēar, mnd. sōr `dry', norw. søyr ds., ahd. sōrēn ` wilt';

    lit. saũsas `dry', saũsti `dry become', saũsinti `dry make', sùsti `räudig become', sùskis ` leprosy, Krätze' (: Old Indian śúṣka-); lett. sust `dry become'; aksl. suchъ `dry', sušiti `dry make', sъchnǫti `dry become'.

Clearly from an extended Root / lemma: saus-, sus- : (dry) derived Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun).

References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f., Frisk 188 f., 192 f.

Page(s): 880-881

Root / lemma: sāg-

Meaning: to track, trail; to feel, smell

German meaning: `(witternd) nachspüren'

Grammatical information: (: *sǝg-) bildet athemat. Wurzelpräsens

Comments: altes Jägerwort

Material: Gr. ἡγέομαι, dor. ἁ̄γέομαι `gehe voran, lead, guide', nachhom. `glaube, meine', ἡγεμών, ἡγήτωρ `Anführer';

    lat. sāgiō, -īre `acute sentire, spüren, ahnen', sāgus `wahrsagend, prophetisch, zauberisch', sāga `Wahrsagerin' (but sagana `Zauberin' from gr. *σαγάνη); sāgāx, -ācis `sharp, witternd;sharp witted, shrewd';

    air. saigim `gehe einer thing after, search, seek' (zur 3. Pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606 ff.), cymr. haeddu `verdienen', cy-r-haedd `erreichen' and likewise; here probably die ir. Denominativa auf -aigim (cymr. -haaf); air. sār m. `Kränkung, iniuria' (*sag-ro-), Verbalnomen sārugud (*sagro-sagitus): mcymr. sayrhaed f., ncymr. sarhad `insult' (ir. Lw.);

    got. sōkjan (= lat. sāgiō) `suchen, disputieren', aisl. sø̄kja `suchen, assail ', ags. sǣcan ds., ahd. suohhen `suchen', got. sōkns `Untersuchung, Streitfrage', ags. sōcn f. `Untersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit'; ablaut. got. sakan, sōk `sich quarrel, quarrel, squabble', gasakan `threaten, punish, curse, überführen', ahd. (etc) sahhan `rebuke, reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten', aisl.sǫk `Rechtssache, Klage, thing, Ursache', ags. sacu f. `Rechtshandel, Verfolgung, fight', ahd. sahha `fight, Gerichtshandel, thing' etc;

Maybe truncated alb. geg. (*sahhan) gjanë, gja `thing, affair' [common alb. shift s- > gj-]

Note: [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

    aisl. saka `klagen, harm', sātt, sǣtt f., (*sahti-) ` comparison, peace', (> ags. seht ds.), sāttr (*sahta-R) `versöhnt'; got. in-sahts f. `Aussage', ags. in-siht f. ds. (*in-sak-ti);

    hitt. šak(k)-, šek(k)- `aware, skillful '.

Maybe alb. (*saku) gjahu `hunt, prey' [common alb. shift s- > gj-] also [common alb. -k- > -h- shift].

Note: [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

It seems that through alb. intermediary from Root / lemma: sāg- : (to track, trail; to feel, smell) derived Root / lemma: gʷhen-2(ǝ)- : (to hit)



References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41, 222 ff.

Page(s): 876-877

Root / lemma: sāi-

Meaning: pain, illness, injure, hurt, damage, disable

Material: With formants -mo-: gr. *αἱμωδός (umgebidet from *αἱμ-ώδων) in αἱμωδία `a kind of Zahnweh';

    with formants -no- perhaps hom. αἰνός `terrible' with ion.-epischer Psilose (different above S. 10);

    with formants -ro-: ahd. as. afries. sēr, ags. sār `schmerzerregend', aisl. sārr `verwundet, schmerzerregend', (finn. sairas `krank' from dem Germ.), Subst. n. got. sair `pain', ahd. as.afries. sēr `pain', ags. sār `wound, pain', anord. sār n. `wound', Adv. nhd. sehr, ags. sāre `schmerzhaft, überaus', nhd. versehren;

    t-formations: air. sāeth `affliction, disease, malady' (*sai-tu-s), sāethar `affliction, toil, work' (*sai-turo-m); cymr. hoed `affliction';

    with formants -u̯o-: gr. αἰᾱνής, ion. αἰηνής `grausig, dismal ', eigentl. *σαιF-ᾱνής `with grausigem Antlitz' (to *ἆνος n. `face' = Old Indian *ānas- n. ds., compare ānana- n. `mouth, face'), durch influence of αἰεί also `ewig'; `(doubtful got. saiws m. `sea' (*sǝi-u̯i-), aisl. sǣr, siōr, ags. sǣ, as. ahd. sēo `sea'); lat. saevus `wütend, terrible, stern' (alat. also `big, large');lett. sievs, sīvs `sharp, biting, harsh', also `Jauche, Gerberlohe' and `beim Hanfstoßen gepreßtes Öl', lit. sývai m. Pl. `juice, sap beim Pressen'; lit. šaižùs `rough, sharp' (*saižus).

Maybe alb. (*sēr) ther `hurt, slice, cut, injure' [common alb. s- > th- shift]

References: WP. II 445, WH. II 462 f., Trautmann 261.

Page(s): 877

Root / lemma: sā̆lo-

Meaning: to wave, *sea

German meaning: etwa `wogend'

Material: Illyr. FlN Salon; lat. salum (and salus Ennius) ` restless sea swell, river current, the open sea, high sea, main, deep '; mir. sal under sā(i)le m. `sea'; gall. FlN Salia ` Seille ' = air. Sa(i)le (Schottland) = abrit. *Salia > *Halia > mengl. Hail = hispan. Salia etc; *Salantia `Salence' (Switzerland): apr. salus ` Regenbach ', lit. FlN Salantas.

References: WP. II 454, WH. II 471, Krahe BzNf. 3, 242.

Page(s): 879-880

Root / lemma: sāno-s

Meaning: healthy

German meaning: `gesund, heil'?

Material: Lat. sānus `fit, healthy, heil', sānō, -āre `heal, cure'; umbr. sanes Abl. `sound, whole, healthy, well', is doubtfully positioned to the root *sā- ` give satisfaction, gratify, satiates, satiate '.

Maybe alb. (*sānare) shëronj `cure' [rhotacism n/r], shëndet`health' : lat. `sanitas soundness of body, health'.

References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25, 218 f.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sā-ti-

See also: s. sā-.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl-

Meaning: sun

German meaning: `Sonne'

Comments: next to which su̯en-, sun-, thus of old l/n-stem; su̯el- ` smolder, burn ' is probably identical with it

Material: 1. Old Indian ved. súvar n. = av. hvarǝ ` sun, light, sky ', Gen. súraḥ = jav. hūrō, Old Indian sū́rya- (*sūlii̯o-) m. (compare gr. ἥλιος), sūra- m. ` sun '; therefrom Old Indian sūrta- ` light, bright ', Old Indian svárṇara- m. ` bright space, ether ', av. x ̌arǝnah-, ар. -farnah- ` shining fame, magnificence ';

Note:

Clearly Old Indian ved. súvar n. = av. hvarǝ ` sun, light, sky ' derived from a people who spoke a language similar to Greek. The reason for that is that both Old Indian ved. súvar n. = av. hvarǝ ` sun' and kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun ' reflect the common phonetic mutation kw > p, gw > b attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic tongues. Hence the oldest root for both Vedic languages and Greek dialect was certainly sāhu̯el- `sun, the eye of a giant (according to the Vedas)'. Probably sun meant `the eye of El' attested in Semitic languages and earlier Enlil the supreme god of Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians.

In lat. lat. oculus `eye' (ōkʷelo-s); and sol `sun' derived from the same lat. root (*sōhʷelo-s, ōkʷelo-s) `eye, sun'. phonetically (*sōhʷelo-s) `eye, sun' is a compound of IE Root / lemma: okʷ- `eye' + diminutive -el which derived from Semitic El `god'. Hittites and Illyrians (who probably came from Asia Minor) borrowed this suffix -el, -il to deify a dead king and call him literally `sun god'. The only tongues which preserved the ancient initial s- are actually truncated alb. geg. (*sāʷu̯eni-) > sʷni, syni `eye' (n/l stem) and Old Irish (*sāʷu̯el-) súil `eye'.

It is detrimental for alb. and gr. to identify similar phonetic mutations which are unique for those languages alone. Cognates for the sun in alb. and gr. are created in the same way as cognates for the sweat.

Alb. usually developed zero grade by dropping the initial su- > zero as in Old Indian śváśura-, av. x ̌asura- `father-in-law' > alb. vjehërr ` father-in-law ', hence alb. djersë ` sweat ' (*sūderis) reflects the same phonetic mutation attested in gr. (ε)ἶδος (ion.) n. ` sweat ', hom. etc (ε)ἰ/δίω, att. ἰ̄δί̄ω `sweat', ἰ̄δρώς, -ῶτος, att. ἱ̄δρώς ` sweat '. That means that gr. and illyr. cognates were created simultaneously hence both languages derived from the same proto illyr.-gr. mother tongue. Since gr. displays the same phonetic mutations as alb. and illyr. that means that both illyr. and gr. come from the same ancestor.

Clearly alb. hüll, üll ` star ' and gr. hom. ἠέλιος, att. ἥλιος, dor. ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος, kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) `sun' are not formations of the root *sāu̯el but of *sāhu̯el becayse only hw, kw > p, b in kret. ἀβέλιος and in general in gr. that means that the cognate of swet and sun in alb. and gr. were created according to alb. phonetic mutations. Only alb. drops the initial su- > zero grade. Other languages including Celtic, Greek dialects simply followed suit. In Germanic language the group kw > g in got. sugil, ags. sygel, sigel from urgerm. *sugila-, ablaut. with as. swigli `bright, radiating' from *swegila-, ags. sweg(e)l n. `sky, heaven, sun', swegle `bright, radiating'.

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: *suu̯ar- [in names] `sun(god)' (Near-Eastern IA); Av.: OAv. huuarǝ̄ [n] (< *húu̯ar) `sun' (gen.sg. x^vǝ̄ṇg < *huu̯ánh); LAv. huuarǝ (gen.sg. hū < *huu̯ánh, next to hūrō = Ved. sū́ras), Sogd. (Man.) xwr `sun', Middle Persian xwr `sun', New Persian xwr `sun', Oss. xūr/xor `sun'

Maybe gemination in alb. (*xel-xen) shkëlqen 'sunshine' or maybe alb. (*σελαγεῖν) *xelagein, shkëlqen `shines' from gr. σελαγεῖν `shines'.

maybe Luvian: (<h̲u-wa-ya-al-li ) <h̲uwayalla/i- ' Epithet of the Sun-god', also Luvian: h̲īrūtalla/i- `by which one swears' Attestations: ([NSgC] h̲i-i-ru-ta-al-li-iš: 78,9*.12*.13*), (h̲i-i-ru-ú-ta-al-li-iš: 78,11), ([D-LSg] h̲i-i-ru-ta-al-li: 39 iv 21). ' Epithet of the Sun-god. Cf. also frag. KBo XXIX 18,3* '.

    gr. hom. ἠέλιος, att. ἥλιος, dor. ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος, kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) `sun', further formations of n. *sāu̯el to m. -i̯o-stem (compare Old Indian sū́rya-); lat. sōl, -is m. `sun' (from neutr. *sāu̯el about *sāu̯ol, *sāol); cymr. haul, acorn. heuul, mcorn. heul, houl, bret. heol `sun' (*sāu̯el-); in addition air. sūil f. `eye' from *sūli-, ablautgleich with Old Indian sū́raḥ, and alb. hüll, üll ` star ' (*sūlo- or *sūli-); [the shift li > ll]

maybe alb. (*sūl-) shullë `sunny spot' not from lat. locus solānus 'sunny spot'.

perhaps alb. geg. (*sūlni) syni, alb. tosk. syri 'eye' (In Aryan mythology the sun was the eye of a giant), sylla-mbylla `hide and seek (game)' literally `eyes closed', alb. TN Suli, Suliotë

    got. sauil n. (*sōwila-), aisl. sōl f. (*sōwulā) `sun', aisl. and-sø̄lis, aschw. and-sylis `the sun zugewendet';

    doubtful die Runennamen got. sugil, ags. sygel, sigel from urgerm. *sugila-, ablaut. with as. swigli `bright, radiating' from *swegila-, ags. sweg(e)l n. `sky, heaven, sun', swegle `bright, radiating' from *swagila-;

    balt. *sāu̯eli̯ā f. in lit. lett. sáulė ` sun ';

    slav. *sulnika- n. in aksl. slьnъce ` sun ' (das -ni- from *ogni `fire');

    2. Vom -en-stem:

    av. x ̌ǝng `the sun' (idg. *su̯en-s), Gen. from hvarǝ; got. sunnō (Dat. sunnin, neutr. after sauil), ags. sunna, ahd. sunno, sunna `sun', wherefore as `sonnseitig = südlich' aisl. suðr `Süden', Adv. `südwärts', ags. sūðerra, as. sūthar-liudi (`Südleute'), ahd. sundar `Süden', Adv. `südwärts', mhd. sund `Süden' etc (nhd. Süd from dem Nd.).

Perhaps toch. A swāñce, swāñco, toch. B swāñcai- `ray [of light], (sun) beam' reflect Proto toch. *swāñcai- which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in nuce Pisani, 1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *sunϑa- *`sunny' > `south' and *sunnō `sun' (cf. P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE *suh_aṇto- (a derivative of *seh_awel-/suh_an- `sun') and, with "particularizing" -n-, *suh_aṇtōn-/ suh_aṇten-/suh_aṇtn-. The attested paradigm of Germanic *sunnō reflects a conflation of the o-grade and the zero-grade stems (*suh_aṇtn- > *sunϑn- > *sunn-). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian forms represent a generalization of *suh_aṇten-, further derived by the addition of -ai-.

It seems that the Root / lemma: saus-, sus- : (dry) derived from Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun).

    alb. thanj (*sausni̯ō) ` dry '; gr. αὖος (Hom.), αὗος (att.) ` dry ' [common alb. the shift s > th]

In a similar way illyr. TN (*sāu̯elni̯)Taulant, Daulant [common alb. phonetic shift n > nt] ` people of the sun? '.

Note:

The shift of initial (*su̯e- > the-) is a common alb. phonetic mutation. See Root / lemma: su̯ergh- Meaning: to take care of; to be ill. Hence alb. dergjem `be bedridden, be sick' actually derived from (*su̯ergh-, therg-em) where -em is the reflexive alb. ending. While the alb. shift th > t, d was attested very early among Illyrians in TN Taulant, Daulant (*Thaulant)`people of the sun'.

In a similar way illyr. TN (*sāu̯elni̯ `sun')Taulant, Daulant [common alb. phonetic shift n > nt] ` people of the sun? ', (*sāu̯el > thael) diell `sun'. The shift ae > e, ie similar to alb. (*caelum) kiel, qiell `sky' from lat. caelum (1) -i n. the burin or engraving tool. caelum (2) -i n. the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc.

But the name of the sun in alb. might derive from truncated [illyr. (Hes.) Δει-πάτυρος] alb. (*Δει- ἠέλιος) diell `sun god, sun', older dielë `Sunday (day of the sun)', alb. (*dína) dita `day' : Old Indian dína-m (esp. in compound `day' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].

Maybe alb. (*tiwali) diell 'sun' corresponds to Luvian: tiwali(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' and Hitt. ^dšiuš `(sun)god'.

Hitt. ^dšiuš `(sun)god', Luvian ^DŠiwata- `Sun-god' Attestations: [VSg] ^DŠi-wa-ta: KBo XXII 137 iii 8.

see Root / lemma: dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā- : `to shine; day; sun; God'

Comments:

Finally the mystery of the name for the sun god Apollo has been solved: gr. 'Απόλλων, -ωνος; various dialectic forms: 'Απέλλων (dor.), 'Απείλων (kypr.), Α῎πλουν (thess.). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun '. It seems that the sun god 'Απόλλων derived from kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun '. The common phonetic mutation in gr. λι > λλ has taken place. Both 'Απέλλων (dor.), 'Απείλων (kypr.), Α῎πλουν (thess.) and kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun ' derived from the same root *sāhu̯el `sun' where the common gr. phonetic mutation hw > kw > p, b has taken place.

Phonetically the contrast hw > kw > p, b in Greek towards hw > kw > k, g in Germanic languages appears regularly in other root words. Typically in Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun), kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun ' stands against got. sugil, ags. sygel, sigel, urgerm. *sugila-, swigli, *swegila-, ags. sweg(e)l n., swegle, *swagila-; the same as in Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s : (lamb), gr. (*ἀβνός) ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. 'lamb'; umbr. habina(f) ` agnas', *abnīno- = lat. agninus 'of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', stand against lat. agnus, - ī, fem.-a 'lamb' (agnīle 'sheep stable', aksl. jagnilo ` locus, ubi oves parturiunt ', jagniti 'to lamb'; air. ūan cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan 'lamb', urk. *ognos, ags. ēanian, engl. to yean 'to lamb', ndl. oonen ds. aksl. (j)agne ̨ 'lamb', (j)agnьcь 'lambkins'.

Note:

Romany kham `sun' derived from Greek Romany -hw- > -kw- > -p-, -b- > -mb- > -m- shift.

References: WP. II 446 f., WH. II 553 f., Trautmann 251, A. Scherer Gestirnnamen 45 ff.

Page(s): 881-882

Root / lemma: sā-, sǝ-

Meaning: satiated

German meaning: `satt; sättigen'

Material: Old Indian a-si-n-vá-, ásinvan `unersättlich' (places ein Praes. *sǝ-néu-mi, *sǝ-nu̯-ṓ ahead);

    arm. at-ok` `full, ausgewachsen'; hač, hačoy `zufrieden' (*sadi̯o-);

    gr. thematic present ἄεται `sättigt sich' (Hesiod; *sǝ-i̯ṓ), athematic Wurzelaor. ἄ̄μεναι (Hom.) `sich sättigen'; Aor. Inf. ἆσαι `sättigen' and ` satiated become', ἕωμεν (*ἥομεν, Konj. Aor.), Fut. ἄ̄σειν, etc; ἄ-ατος (*n̥-sǝ-tos) `unersättlich', ἅδην = böot. ἅδᾱν `bis zur Sättigung, genug' (Akk. from ἅδᾱ `Sättigung'); ἁδη-φάγος `gefräßig', ἁδινός `dense, rich', ἁδρός `dense, reif';äol. ἄσα, ion. ἄση `Übersättigung, Überdruß, Kummer' (*sǝ-sā with preservation of σ after δῖπ-σα, δόκ-σα), whereof ion. ἀσάομαι `bin satiated, ekle mich', ἀσάω `übersättige', ἄσᾱρος, ἀσηρός `verächtlich; Ekel erregend';

    lat. satis `genug' (originally Subst. `Sättigung'), Kompar. satius; satietās, syllabisch dissimilated satiās `Sättigung. hinreichende Menge, Überdruß'; satur ` satiated ' (ro-extension einesu-stem);

    air. sāith (*sāti-) ` satiety '; sāithech ` satiated ';

    got. Dat. Sg. sōÞa (Nom. *sōÞ n. or *sōÞs m.) `Sättigung', post-verbal to gasōÞjan `sättigen' = ags. gesēdan ds.;

Maybe truncated alb. (*gasōÞjan) ngos, ngij `sate'.

got. saÞs, aisl. saðr, as. sad, ahd. sat ` satiated ', ags. sæd ` satiated, überdrüssig', eng. sad ` grieving, ernst'; derived aisl. seðja, mhd. seten, setten `sattigen' and ags. sadian ` satiated become', ahd. satōn `sättigen';

    lit. sótis f. `Sättigung', sōtùs ` satiated ', post-verbal to sótinti `sättigen'; aksl. sуtъ ` satiated ' (with unclear y).

References: WP. II 444 f., 452; WH. II 481 f., Trautmann 250; Wissmann, The ältesten Postverbalia 67 f.;

See also: s. also sāno-s.

Page(s): 876

Root / lemma: sed-

Meaning: to sit

German meaning: `sitzen'

Grammatical information: originally only aoristisch, punctual `sich place' (Old Indian), later as duratives stative verb with ē-suffix `sitzen' (lat. germ. balto-slav.)

Material: 1. Old Indian sad- (sátsi, ásadat, Pf. sasā́da, sēdimá, sēdivás-, compare av. hazdyā-t Opt.);

    av. ap. had- (with Präverbien) `sich place' (nišaŋhasti for *nišasti); Kaus. (lengthened grade) Old Indian sādayati ` places ', av. ni-šāδayeiti `läßt niedersitzen, places nieder', ap. niyašādayam `I setzte';

    arm. nstim `sit, put mich' (perhaps i̯o-Praes. *ni-zdi̯ō); hecanim `sit auf, reite' (c from d + aor. -s);

    gr. ἕζομαι `sit, put mich' (Aor. εἷσα Hom., ἕσσαι Pind.); Kaus. ὁδεῖν, ὁδᾶν `verkaufen', eigentl. `place' (Specht KZ. 62, 51);

    lat. sedeō, -ēre, sēdi `sitzen' (present due to of originally außerpräs. stem sedē-; Perf. from *se-zd-ai), umbr. sersitu `sedētō', zeřef `sedens', andersesust `intersiderit', lat. sēdō, -āre `beruhigen' (perhaps = mnd. sāten `beruhigen', Wissmann Nom. postv. 112, 1); air. sa(i)did (*se(i)did), `sitzt', Fut. seiss (*sed-s-ti), adsuidi `schiebt auf, verzögert, hält auf' (Kaus. *sodei̯et; otherwise durch Denom. suidigud `place' verdrängt); cymr. seddu `sitzen';

Maybe alb. geg. me shitë 'to sell in a place'

    aisl. sit, Inf. sitia, as. sittiu, ahd. sizzu `sit' (= ἕζομαι, πι-έζω; got. sitan is probably reshuffling from *sitjan; Praet. sat, sētum), Kaus. got. satjan, aisl. setia, ahd. sezzen `place' (*sodei̯ō);

Maybe alb. shëtit 'walk slowly over a place'

    lit. *sė́dmi and sė́džiu, sė́dime (*sēd-), Inf. sėdė́ti `sitzen', participle Perf. sė́dęs (as apr. sīdons `sitzend', aksl. sědъ), aksl. sěždǫ, sěděti `sitzen'; besides ě in ačech. seděti (: lat. sedēre); lit. sė́du, sė́sti, lett. sēst (*sēstēi) `sich place', aksl. sěsti ds. (present sędǫ, see under), Kaus. saditi (*sōdei̯ō) `place, pflanzen', lit. sodinù sodìnti `place, pflanzen';

Maybe alb. sodit 'observe, watch from a place'

apr. with (*ŏ) saddinna `places'; aksl. sędǫ `put mich' (Inf. sěsti) based on auf secondary nasalization of *sědǫ (= lit. sė́du); also apr. syndens, sinda(n)ts `sitzend' shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalpräs. 192 f., wo Old Indian āsandī́ `seat' to ā́stē `sitzt' (above S. 342 f.) gestellt wird;

    2. forms with i-Red.:

    Old Indian sī́dati `sitzt' (for *sīḍati from redupl. *si-zd-ati, with replacement from ḍ durch d after sad-); av. hiδaiti `sitzt'; gr. ἵζω `put' = lat. sīdō `put mich' (*si-zdō), umbr. sistu `consīditō', andersistu `*intersīditō' (*si-zd-etōd);

Maybe zero grade of alb. geg. (*īḍati) ndejt `to sit' [common alb. s- > zero phonetic mutation] : Old Indian sī́dati `sitzt'.

    3. nominal formation:

    *sed-to- in Old Indian sattá- `gesessen', av. pasuš-hasta- m. ` hurdle (*settlement) for small cattle', lat. in the case of-sessus etc, aisl. ags. sess m. `seat', compare also lit. participle sė́stas and lit. sóstas m. `seat', apr. sosto f. ` bench '; *sed-ti in Old Indian satti- `das Sitzen', ní-ṣatti- `das Sitzen, seat', av. ni-šasti- `Begattung', lat. sessiō `Sitzung', from *sessis; Old Indian sáttar- m. the `Sitzer', lat. ad-, in the case of-, pos-sessor;

maybe alb. (*sess), shesh 'plain, flatness, square'.

    Old Indian sádas- n. `seat, place, abode, residence', gr. ἕδος n. `seat'; av. apers. hadiš- `Wohnsitz, palace' (idg. -ǝs or -is); lengthened grade aisl. sǣtr (*sātiz) n. `seat, Sommersitz, Alm'; air. sīd `peace', originally n. es-stem, identical with sīd n. es-stem `dwelling göttlicher creature ' (compare engl. settlement);

    o-grade: air. suide n. (*sodi̯om) `seat, sitzen' = lat. solium `Thron';

    noun actionis sē̆d- in: Old Indian Akk. sádam, Dat. sáde, with ē-extension in lat. sēdēs f. `seat'(sēdibus = lit. Inf. sėdė́-ti: 1 Pl. sė́di-me), umbr. sersi `in sēdē'; noun agentis as 2. compound part: Old Indian apsu-ṣád- `the in den Wassern wohnt', av. maiδyōi-šāδǝm (Akk.) `the in the Mitte wohnt'; lat. prae-ses `Vorsitzender', dē-ses `idle' = air. deïd ds. (i-inflection secondary), to deëss ` sluggishness ' (*de-sed-tā); with lat. subsidium `Unterstützung' compare air. fothae m. n. `base' from *upo-sodi̯om, to air. suide;

    aisl. set n. `erhöhter bottom', Pl. sjǫt `dwelling', ags. set n. `seat, Lager, Stall, Sonnenuntergang', ahd. sez n. `seat, seat, buttocks, Belagerung';

    cymr. sedd f. `seat' (*sedā); hedd m. `peace' (*sedos); mbret. hezaff `cease', mcorn. hathy ds.; gor-sedd `Thron, hill'; eistedd `Sitzen', abret. estid `sedile' (*eks-dī-sedo-), gall. essedum, -a `zweirädriger Kriegswagen' (with *en-, compare gr. ἔν-εδρον, ἐν-έδρα `Hinterhalt', air. in-dessid `insīdit'; skyth. VN `Εσσηδόνες);

    gr. ἕδρα `seat' aisl. setr n. `seat, Sitzen':

    lok. ἑλλά̄ καθέδρα Hes. = lat. sella (*sed-lā) `Stuhl seat', gall. sedlon `seat', got. sitls, ags. setl n.; ahd. sezzal m. `seat, seat' (*sed-lo-); nsorb. sedlo `seat'; but aksl. sedlo `saddle' is *sedъlo, compare aksl. o-sedъlati `satteln', arm. etɫ `place' (in addition auchteɫi `place');

    as. sethal m. `Sitzen, seat', Dat. sedle `(to) Sonnenuntergang', ahd. sethal, sedal n. m. `seat, Wohnsitz, site' (idg. *sétlo- from *sedtlo); therefrom ahd. sidilo `agricola', mhd. sidilen `siedeln'; germ. *saðulǝ- in: aisl. sǫðull, ags. sadol, ahd. satul, satal `saddle' is ostidg. Lw. (?); compare above slav. *sedъlo from *sedu-lo- n.; besides (in ar. geneuertes = renamed, has changed???) *sed-tlom in av. hastra- n. `congregation, meeting' = Old Indian sattrá- n. `Feier, festival'.

Maybe alb. stol 'throne' : lat. solium ` throne'.

    lengthened gradee formations: Old Indian sādá- m. `das Sitzen', sādín- `(aufsitzend =) reitend, equestrian ' (compare also russ. vsádnik ` equestrian '), aisl. sāt f. `Hinterhalt', ags. sǣt ds., ahd. -sāza (in place names) `Wohnsitz', mhd. sāze f. `seat, domicile, Hinterhalt', i̯o-Adj. aisl. sǣtr `zum Sitzen geeignet', see above whereof sǣti under `seat, Heuhaufe' = ahd. gisāzi `seat, buttocks '; urbalt. *sōsta- `seat' (*sōd-to-) in lit. sóstas m. `seat', apr. sosto f. ` bench ', compare aisl. sess n. `seat' above S. 885; aksl. prě-sěda `insidiae';

    with ō: cymr. hawdd `light' = corn. hueth `ruhig' (Loth RC 36, 162);

    cymr. sawdd `depth, Absinken';

    aisl. ags. sōt `smut' (`Angesetztes');

    lit. súodžiai Pl., lett. suõdrẽji `smut', bulg. sážda f., čech. sáze (*sōdi̯o-) unclear air. sūide f., cymr. huddygl, bret. huzel `smut'; aksl. sadъ `Pflanzung' (*sōdu-);

    4. Mehr or less verdunkelte compositions:

    Old Indian nḗdīyas- `näher', nḗdiṣṭha- `nächst' = av. nazdyō adv. `(spacial) näher an-', nazdišta- `the nächste', av. ašna- Adj. `nahe' (*ō̆-zd-na-, participle Perf. Pass., compare full grade Old Indian ā́sanna- `nahe').

    ni-zd-os, -оm `nest' (Präf. ni- `nieder', or `ein-' as `place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen'): Old Indian nīḍá- m. n. `Ruheplatz, Lager', arm. nist `Lage, seat, Residenz', lat. nīdus `nest', mir. net `nest', cymr. nyth `nest, dwelling', corn. neid, bret. nez, neiz ds., ahd. ags. nest n. `nest'; with volksetymologischen Umgestaltungen lit. lìzdas, lett. ligzda, aksl. gnězdo `nest'; identical prefix in Old Indian niṣīdati ` places sich', av. nišhiδaiti, ар. niyašādayam, arm. nstim, see above;

    o-zdos `(ansitzender) twig, branch, bough', see there (ozdo-s); also gr. ὄζος ` fellow, servant' from *o-zdos `*Beisitzer'; or rather to B. *sed-?

    pi-s(e)d- `daraufsitzen = press': Old Indian pīḍayati (*pi-zd-ei̯ō) `presses, oppressed, afflicts' (Perf. pipīḍḗ; pīḍā `Druck, pain'), gr. πιέζω `push, press' (*πι-σεδι̯ω).

    B. *sed- in the meaning `gehen', from connection with Präfixen originated.

    Old Indian ā-sad- `hintreten, hingehen, gelangen', ut-sad- `sich zur Seite begeben, disappear', av. pazdayeiti `verscheucht (makes weggehen'), av. ара-had- `sich wegsetzen, ausweichen', āsnaoiti (*ō-zd-neu-ti) `geht heran' (see 886 ā̆sna-); gr. ὁδός `way', ὁδίτης `Wanderer', ὁδεύω `wandere'; aksl. chodъ `Gang', choditi `gehen'; ablaut. šьdъ `gegangen'; slav. ch- from idg. s-probably at first hinter pri- and u- originated.

    Here perhaps as compound with einem to Pron. k̂о-, k̂i̯o- (above S. 609) respective Adv. *k̂i̯e-: av. syazd- `zurücktreten vor, aufgeben', sīždyamnā `zurückweichende', siždyō `aufgebend', sī̆ždra- `shy' and lat. cēdo (*k̂e-zd-ō) `schreite einher; weiche, give after', as well as necesse `notwendig', whether (?) from *ne-kezd-ti-s `es is kein Ausweichen'.

Root / lemma: sed- : (to sit) derived from Root / lemma: ē̆s- : (to sit).

References: WP. II 483 ff., WH. II 507 ff., 511, EM² 917 ff., Trautmann 248, 258 ff., 273.

Page(s): 884-887

Root / lemma: seg-1

Meaning: to sow

German meaning: `säen'

Comments: only lat. and kelt.

Material: Lat. seges, -etis f. `Saat', Seia `goddess of Säens' (*segi̯ā); acymr. segeticion `prolis', mcymr. se, he ` seed, sperm ', he-u, ncymr. hau `säen', hauaf `I sow '.

References: WP. II 480, WH. II 509 f.; compare sē(i)-2 `säen'.

Page(s): 887

Root / lemma: seg-2, nasalized seng-

Meaning: to attach; to touch

German meaning: `heften, sich anhängen, berühren'

Material: Old Indian sájati `anhängen' (with ā- `anheften', compare Perf. sasañja), Kausat. sañjayati `anheften', participle saktá- `anhaftend, angeheftet', sakti- f. `das Zusammenhängen', saŋga- ds., apers. frā-hajam `I liess aufhängen' (Aryan *sanjanti = slav. sęžetъ), av. vohuna-zga- (spā) `the sich ans blood heftende Bluthund';

    mir. sēn (*segno-) `Fangnetz', cymr. hoenyn (*sogno-), umgelautet hwynyn ds.; gallo-lat. sagum (*sogom or *s_egom) `Soldatenmantel'; mnd. mhd. senkel `Schnürriemen', nhd. `Schnürsenkel, Schuhriemen'; lit. sègti `heften', Iter. sagýti, ablaut. sãgas `loop zum Befestigen', sagà f. `Klammer, Schnalle'; lett. segt `cover', apr. sagis `Schnalle, Hufnagel'; aksl. sęgnǫti `ergreifen', sęžьnь `Klafter', pri-sęšti `touch' and `swear, vow', pri-sęga `oath'; ohneNasal: Iter. sagati `γαμεῖν', po-sagati, po-sagnǫti `nubere' (auf den Hochzeitsbrauch bezogen).

References: WP. II 448 f., 480 f., 482 f., WH. II 464, Trautmann 252, Kuiper Nasälpräs. 195.

Page(s): 887-888

Root / lemma: seĝh-, seĝhi-, seĝhu-

Meaning: to hold, possess; to overcome smbd.; victory

German meaning: `festhalten, halten; einen in Kampf überwältigen; Sieg'

Material: Old Indian sáhatē `bewältigt, vermag, erträgt', sáhas- n. `force, might, victory' = av. hazah- n. `Gewalt(tat), Raub', Old Indian sakṣa-, sakṣáṇa- `tamer, Sieger', sáhu-ri- `vast, grand, victorious ' (: gr. ἐχυρός, ὀχυρός, compare also germ. *sigus-), av. haz- `sich bemächtigen, acquire' (present *zĝh-ō, e.g. 1. pl. Opt. zaēmā = gr. σχοῖμεν, redupl. *se-zĝh-o-, assimilated av. zaza-, e.g. 3. Pl. zazǝntī, Part. Perf. Akt. za-z-va Nom. Sg., za-z-uš-u Lok. Pl.; lengthened grade besides Perf. akt. Old Indian sāsā́ha also Med. sāsāhḗ, participle sāhvás-, present sā́hati, Imp. sā̆́kṣva `sei victorious ';

    Gr. ἔχω (εἶχον, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ἕξω and σχήσω) `hold, besitze, have'; hom. ῝Εκτωρ, lesb. ἕκτωρ `Zurückhalter', ἕξις `Verhalten, Befinden', ἑκτικός `gewohnt, leidend', ἐχυρός, changing through ablaut ὀχυρός `haltbar, certainly, befestigt' (: Old Indian sahuri-, das originally o-stem war), ἐχέτλη `Pflugsterz' (= cymr. haeddel f. ds. < *seĝhedhlā), ἀζηχής (*ἀ-δια-εχής) `ohne Einhalt etwas tuend'; vom -es-stem εὐ-εξος εὐφυής Hes., εὐεξία `Wohlbefinden', ἑξῆς `the row after' (Gen. eines Adj. *ἑξός), ἑξείης ds.;

    o-grade: ἔξ-οχος `salient, superb', Adv. ἔξοχον, ἔξοχα `weitaus', thereafter hom. ὄχα `weitaus', ὄχος ` holder, Bewahrer', ὀχέω `hold, stütze; hold from, (er)trage', ὀχεύς `strap, the den Helm festhält, Spange, bar, bolt';

    with ō: εὐωχέω `tische auf, bewirte rich' (lengthening after dem example the compounds); ἀν-, δι-, κατ-, συν-οκωχή (in connection in Perf.-formations, as ὀπωπή produktiv gewordene lengthening);

    zero grade: ἴσχω (*si-zĝh-ō) `hold an, have', ἰσχάς f. `Anker', σχεῖν (see above), σχεθ-έειν, -εῖν, -έμεν `hold, stop', ἄ-σχετος `unaufhaltsam; unerträglich (affliction)', σχέσις f. `Haltung, state, status', σχέτλιος ` fatigueless, hartnäckig' (`*withstanding '), σκεθρός `concise, genau' (`*eng anliegend'), σχεδόν `nahe, beinahe' (`*sich eng woran holding '), σχερός `ununterbrochen', ἐπισχερώ Adv. ds., σχῆμα `Haltung, shape, form', σχολή `Einhalten, Ruhe, Muße; (wissenschaftliche) Beschäftigung in Mußestunden' (ein with it the changing by ablaut *ἄσχαλος `wer sich nicht halten kann' vermutet man as base from ἀσχαλάω, ἀσχάλλω `bin unwilling, ungehalten, angry, irate'); ἰσχύ̄ς, -ύος ` strength '(*Fι-σχῡ-ς) to Old Indian vi-sah- `in the Gewalt haben';

    kelt. PN Segisū(*-ō), Sego-māros, GN Segomō(n), f. Segetā, PN Sego-dūnon, Sego-briga, Segontion, mir. seg m. ` strength ', cymr. hy `bold'; cymr. haeddel, mbret. haezl, nbret. héalf., `Pflugsterz' (= ἐχέτλη, see above; a from _e, also (?) in :) cymr. haer `entêté, pressant', Haer ` woman's name ', haeru `versichern, behaupten'; cymr. mbret. hael `cordial, généreux'; cymr. hoel `clavus' (*soĝhlā);

    illyr. PN Segesta in Pannonien, Ligurien, Sizilien;

    got. sigis n. `victory', ahd. sigi m. ds., german. PN Sigi-merus, Segi-mundus etc (idg. neutr.-is- or -es-stem), ahd. sigirōn `siegen'; ahd. sigu m., ags. sigor `victory', ahd. PN Sigur-mār (idg. neutr. -us-stem).

References: WP. II 481 f.

Page(s): 888-889

Root / lemma: seikʷ-

Meaning: to spill, pour, draft

German meaning: `ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, träufeln'

Material: Old Indian sḗcatē, siñcáti (asicat) `gießt from, begießt', sḗka- m. `Guß, Erguß, Besprengung', praseka- m. `Erguß, Ausguß'; av. haēk-, hinčaiti (hičaiti) `gießt from', fra-šaēkǝm Absolutiv `beimVergießen', hixra- n. `flüssiges Exkrement';

    gr. ἷξαι διηθῆσαι Hes., ion. ἰκμάς `Feuchtigkeit', ἰκμαλέος `humid, wet', ἰκμαίνω `benetze', τρύγοιπος `Mostsieb';

    lat. siat `οὐρεῖ'; siāre is probably from *sīcāre after meāre `mingere' reshaped; siccus `dry';

    gall. (goidel. or ven.-illyr.) FlN Sēquana `Seine', GN Sinquātis; FlN *Siparis `Sèvre' = ir. FlN Sechair;

    ahd. sīhan `seihen', ags. sēon ds., intr. `ausfließen'; ahd. as. ags. sīgan `tröpfelnd fall, sinken, flow', aisl. sīga `nieder or vorwärts glide, slide' (nhd. versiegen for older verseigen after dem Ptc. mhd. versigen), ahd. gisig `palus, stagnum', norw.-schwed. sil (*sīhila-) `Seite' (sila `seihen', wherewith norw. sila `unaufhörlich rain' under likewise probably identical is), ostfries. sīl `Schleuse', mnd. sīl `Schleuse, Ablaufkanal', sīlen `dränieren'; ags. seohtre f. (*sihtrōn-), mnd. sichter, sechter ` drainage ditch '; aisl. sīa `Seihe' (schw. Verb sīa `seihen'), ags. seohhe f., ahd. sīha `Seihe' (*sī̆h-u̯ōn-);

    mnd. sēge `triefend, triefäugig', mnd. mhd. seiger `slowly or tenacious tröpfelnd, faint, languid, schal', aisl. seigr `tough';

    in Germ. also forms with germ. k: ahd. mhd. seich `urine' (ahd. seihhen, mhd. seichen, nd. sēken `urinate, pass water'), ags. sicerian `einsickern', nd. sīkern, nhd. sickern, norw. sikla, schwed. sikkla `geifern; rieseln' = nd. sikkelen, norw. dial. sikla `small stream, brook', sīka `seihen', aisl. sīk n. `stehendes water', ags. sīc ` watercourse ' etc;

    nasallos serb. osjeka `Ebbe' (*sēkā); ksl. sьčǫ, sьcati `urinate, pass water', Iter. slov. síkati `hervorspritzen';

    besides eine root seikʷ- `dry', die probably about `abrinnen, versiegen = austrocken' mitseikʷ- `diffuse' to vereinigen is: av. haēčayeiti with us `trocknet from' (trans.), haēčah- n. `Trockenheit, aridity ', hiku- `dry';

    because of seip- lies probably *sei- `drip, trickle, rinnen' the basic.

References: WP. II 466 f., WH. II 531, Trautmann 260.

Page(s): 893-894

Root / lemma: seip-, seib-

Meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble

German meaning: `ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, tröpfeln'

Material: Ahd. sib, ndl. zeef, mnd. seve n., ags. sife n. `Sieb', in addition ags. siftan, mnd. siften, sichten, nhd. (from dem Nd.) sichten, and aisl. sef n. `juncus' (because of porösen Stengels); mnd. afries. sēver m. `mucus, slobber', ahd. seivar, mhd. seifer m. ds. (mhd. seifel m. `saliva' perhaps with germ. p, see below); md. sīfe `marshy Bodenstelle'; serb. sípiti `rieseln, fein rain';

    in Germ. also forms with germ. p (die den Schluß auf idg. b rechtfertigen): ags. sīpian, mnd. sīpen `drip, trickle', mhd. sīfen (st. V.) ds., schwed. dial. sipa `slow flow, sickern', mnd. sīp `Bächlein', here also the germ. name the Seife: germ. *saip(i̯)ō: finn. saip(p)io, ahd. sei(p)fa `Seife'; also `resin', mnd. sēpe `Seife', ags. sāpe f. (out of it nord. sāpa) `Seife', lat. sāpo (germ. Lw.); maybe beside germ. *saip(i̯)ōn- also *sēpon- `tallow, suet (also to Haarfärbemitteln verwendet)', das with lat. sēbum `tallow, suet' (probably genuine lat.) auf ein idg. *sē[i]bo- `tropfbares fat' beziehbar wäre (das lat. b wäre then Zeuge for eine root form auf idg. b); toch. A sip-, sep- `salben', sepal `Salbe'.

Maybe alb. (*sēpon-) sapun `soap', but older cognate zero grade alb. (*seifen) finjë `soapsuds, lye' [the common drop of initial se- sounds in alb. as in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr `father-in-law']

References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;

See also: s. S. 889 under sei-.

Page(s): 894

Root / lemma: sei-, soi-

Meaning: to be damp, to drip

German meaning: `tröpfeln, rinnen, feucht'

Material: With l-formants: FlN: venet. Silis, Silarus, ligur. Silarus, illyr. Silarus (Lukanien), hispan. Sil; mir. silid `tropft, flows, läßt flow', partially with sel- `sich bewegen' (see under su̯el-) contaminated; ags. sioloÞ `sea'; lit. séilė `saliva, slobber';

    with m-formants: cymr. hufen `Rahm' (*soimeno-); ahd. nhd. seim `Honigseim', aisl. seimr `Honigscheibe', ablaut. simi m. `sea', dän. sima av `abträufeln', westfäl. siǝmern `sickern' (as. *simarōn).

References: WP. II 464 f.;

See also: perhaps die base from seikʷ- and seip- `diffuse'.

Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: sek-1

Meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)

German meaning: `abrinnen, versiegen, sich senken (vom Wasser)'

Material: Old Indian á-sak-ra-, redupl. a-sa-śc-át `not versiegend', víṣaktā `eine nicht milk gebende (versiegte) cow'; gr. hom. ἔσκετο φωνή `stockte, versiegte'; (*ἔσκετo, *se-sk-eto, redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized lit. senkù, sèkti `fall (vom Wasserstand)', nusèkti `abfließen, dry become', seklùs `seicht', seklė̃, sẽkis `seichte place, sandbank', lett. sekls `seicht', sīku (*sinku, darnach:) sikt `versiegen', in addition with balt. un from _on das Kaus. lit. sunk-iù, suñkti `absickern lassen', lett. sùcu, sùkt `durchseihe', Iter. sũkât, ostlit. sunkà `juice, sap'; aksl. i-sęknǫti `versiegen (vom water)', prě-sęknǫti ` abate '.

    Redupl. si-sk-us `dry (= versiegt)' in av. hišku- `dry' (also hiškva-), fem. hiškvī, mir. sesc, cymr. hysb `dry, unfruchtbar', bret. hesp `dry' (*sisku̯o-), air. sescenn `swamp, marsh, moor, fen' (`unfruchtbar'; compare aisl. saurr `moor, fen': ags. sēar `dry'), besides bret. hesk `dry, unfruchtbar', hesken ds., `from einer Kuh ohne calf and milk', heska `tarir', bret. hesquein (besides hespein) ds., corn. beuch heskyz `a dry cow', bret. hañvesk Adj., from einer Kuh, die in dem years not calf gehabt hat = mir. samaisc `young cow, zweijährige Färse' (*samo-sisku̯ī `die Sommertrockne'), die auf dem fem. *sisku̯ī, Gen. *sisku̯i̯ās based on and vor dem i̯ den case obl. u̯ eingebüßt haben; unclear is gr. ἰσχνός `arid, verschrumpft, schmächtig'.

References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper Idg. Nasalpräs. 185 f.

Page(s): 894-895

Root / lemma: sekʷ-1

Meaning: to follow

German meaning: `folgen'

Grammatical information: mostly medial

Comments: as Terminus the Jägersprache originally eins with sekʷ-2, s. Wissmann in: Das Institut f. deutsche language under Literatur 1954, 142.

Material: Old Indian sácate `begleitet, folgt', sácati, síṣakti, 3. Pl. sáścati (: ἑσπόμην Aor.) ds., av. hačaitē, hačaiti ds., Old Indian sákman-, av. haxman- n. `Geleite, Genossenschaft'; Old Indian sākám (m. Instr.) `in Gemeinschaft with, nebst'; av. hakat̃ Adv. `to same time' (solidified Nom. Sg. n. of participle, *sekʷn̥t); Old Indian sáci Adv. `zugleich' (: lett. sec?); Old Indian sácā (m. Lok.) `together with, by, angesichts from', av. hačā, ap. hačā `fort from, from - from' (Instr. eines *sekʷo-s `folgend'); zero grade Old Indian ā́skra- (*ā-sk-ra-) `vereinigt', as av. āskiti f., ` association ' (vollstuf. hačiti- `Begleitung');

    because of ar. kh dubious: Old Indian sákhā (sákhi-) ` fellow, comrade, friend', av. haxay- (haši-) ds., ap. Haxāmaniš- ` ᾽Αχαιμένης';

    gr. ἕπομαι `folge', Aor. ἑσπόμην (redupl., compare Old Indian sáścati) and σπέσθαι, σπόμενος, ἐπί-σπου; due to eines *sokʷi̯o-s (= lat. socius, aisl. seggr): ἀοσσέω `help, stehe bei' (*sm̥-sokʷi̯ei̯ō), ἀοσσητήρ `Gehilfe'; participle *ἑπτός as base from σουν-επτᾶ-σθαι συνακολουθῆσαι Hes.;

maybe alb. (*sokʷ) shoku m. shoqe f. `friend'

    ablaut. ὀπά̄ων ` fellow ', ὀπάζω `lasse folgen', ὀπᾱδός, ion. ὀπηδός `Веgleiter' (*soqʷā `das Folgen, Gefolgschaft');

    lat. sequor, -ī `nachfolgen, begleiten, verfolgen', participle secūtus (after solūtus, volūtus, for older *sectos = gr. *ἑπτός, lit. at-sèktas `aufgespürt, aufgefunden'); īn-sequor `pursue' (: Old Indian anu-sac- `nachgehen'); compare sector, -ārī `eifrig begleiten', secta f. `Richtlinie, Partei, philosophische Schule'; secundus (participle Praes.) `the following, zweite';sequester, -tra, -trum, newer -tris, -tre `(*mitfolgend =) vermittelnd, Mittelsperson' (from einem n. es-stem -seku̯os derive ); secus (with Akk.) `dense after, nebenbei, gemäß', solidified Nom. Sg. m. eines *sekʷo-s `folgend' (compare o. Old Indian sácā); to secus `after, less good' (from `folgend, zurückstehend') trat ein jüngerer compounds sĕquius; socius `teilnehmend, Gesellschafter, Teilnehmer, Bundesgenosse';

maybe alb. (*sekʷo-) shkoj ` go, follow', shko-zë ` beech, (*walking tree)' [-zë alb. diminutive suffix] similar to alb. bredh ` fir-tree, spruce', bredh ` wander, (walking tree)', (*sokʷ) shoku `friend, follower'.

    Air. sechithir (= lat. sequitur) `folgt', sechem `das Folgen', sech (with Akk.) `vorbei an, about - out, nämlich', cymr. bret. hep `without' (compare Old Indian sácā, av. hačā̆, lat. secus);

    ahd. beinsegga `pedisequa', as. segg, ags. secʒ, aisl. seggr `Gefolgsmann, Geselle, man' (*sokʷi̯os);

    lit. sekù, sèkti, lett. seku, sekt `folgen; spüren, wittern', lit. at-sektas (see above), sekmė f. `Erfolg', lett. (veraltet) secen, sec (m. Akk.) `vorbei, längshin', (perhaps from *sekeną, *seki = Old Indian sáci).

References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.

Page(s): 896-897

Root / lemma: sekʷ-2

Meaning: to see, show; to speak

German meaning: `bemerken, sehen; zeigen', originally `wittern, spüren' and (jünger) `sagen'

Comments: identical with sekʷ-1.

Material: Gr. ἐνέπω, ἐννέπω (-νν- verbalism the metr. lengthening) `sage an, erzähle' (Imp. ἔννεπε, Impf. ἔννεπε, Fut. ἐνι-σπήσω (*skʷ-ē-), Aor. ἐνι-σπεῖν, Imp. ἐνί-σπες, ἔνι-σπες, 2. Pl. ἔσπετε from *ἔν-σπετε), ἄσπετος `unsäglich; unsagbar groß, unendlich', πρόσ-εψις προσαγόρευσις Hes. (: lat. insectiō), θεσπέσιος ` wonderful, divine' (originally `from the divinity geoffenbart'), from *-σπέ-τιος; θέσπις, θέσπιος `Seher, Weissager' probably Verkürzung from θεσπέσιος; θεσπίζω `weissage'; ἀσπάζομαι `greet' (ἀ- from n̥ `ἐν'); ἀσπάσιος `willkommen, erwünscht, erfreut' (*n̥-σπά-σιος);

    lat. īnseque `sag an' (= gr. ἔννεπε), also īnsece, с verschleppt from forms as: insectiōnēs `narrationes', insexit `dixerit'; inquam, inquis, -it `sage I, sagst du, sagt(e) er' (inquam Konjunktivform *en-skʷām `möcht' I say'; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-skʷe-t as ἐνι-σπεῖν);

    umbr. prusikurent `pronuntiaverint', sukatu `declārātō, pronuntiātō'; k instead of p after forms with Entlabialisierung of *kʷ vor s, t;

    acymr. hepp, mcymr. heby(r), cymr. eb(e), ebr `sagte', mcymr. hebu `speak', go-hebu `antworten', cymr. `entsprechen', mcymr. gwrtheb `Antwort', cymr. `Einwand', corn. gorðeby `antworten'; mcymr. dihaereb `Sprichwort' (*dē-ad-pro-skʷo-), air. ārosc ds. (*ad-pro-skʷo-); mir. rosc `dithyrambische Dichtung' (*pro-skʷo-); air. in-coissig (*ind-com-sech- from *sekʷ-) `bezeichnet', tāsc `announcement' (*to-ad-skʷo-), ēcosc `apparition' (*en-kom-skʷo-); mcymr. atteb, ncymr. ateb `Antwort' (*ati-sekʷ-), air. aithesc n. `Antwort' (*ati-sku̯-om), con-secha `züchtigt', cosc ` punishment ' = cymr. cosp ds. (*kom-skʷo-m), air. diuschi `weckt' (*di-uss-sechi), air. insce ` discourse ' (*eni-sku̯-i̯ā), also air. scēl n. ` narration ' (*skʷetlo-n, from which borrows cymr. chwedl etc); mir. scoth f. `word';

    ahd. sagen `say' (*sokʷē-), besides germ. *sagi̯ō < *saʒwi̯ō in as. seggian, mnl. segghen, ags. secgan (engl. say), aisl. segja ds., abstract noun aisl. ahd. saga `Aussage, narration ' (nhd. Sage), ags. sagu f. ds.;

    lit. sekù, sèkti `narrare' (= (ἐν)έπω, inseque), sekimas `das Erzählen', sėkmė̃ f. ` narration, Sage', sakaũ, sakýti `say', pãsaka `Märchen' etc;

    aksl. sočiti ` indicate ', sokъ `Anzeiger, Ankläger', poln. osoka ` accusation, slander ' etc;

    older meaning sekʷ- `see' and `show' (see previously above ir. in-coissig, tāsc, auchcon-secha, cosc as lat. animadvertere also `rügen') in: air. rosc m. `eye, look' (*pro-skʷo-);

    got. saiƕan `see', aisl. sjā from sēa, ags. sēon, as. ahd. sehan, nhd. sehen; got. siuns `face, Sehkraft', aisl. sȳn, sjōn f. `vision, Sehvermögen, apparition', ags. sīen, as. siun `Sehvermögen, eye' from *se(g)wní; Adj. got. anasiuns, ags. gesīene, aisl. sȳnn `visible, ersichtlich', sȳnast `shine, appear, seem' (= `sich zeigen'); ahd. (gi)siht `das Betrachten, face, sight', ags. gesiht ds.;

    besides from lengthened gradeem *sē(g)wni-: ahd. selt-sāni, mhd. selt-sǣne `seldom' seltsam (but ags. seldsīene `seldom' from -*sa(g)wni-);

    hitt. šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes', šakuu̯āi- `see'; toch. A šotre, В šotri `mark, token, sign' (*sekʷ-tr-).

maybe alb. *sekʷo-, šikoj, shikoj `see, care, follow', abbreviated shoh `see', also alb. geg. syni, tosk. siri `eye' from hitt. šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes ': Scottish sùil `a look, expectation, orifice'.

Comments:

Hitt. and alb. prove that Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye' derived from Root / lemma: sekʷ-2 : `to see, show; to speak'

From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *sígá ( ˜ z-)

Meaning: to look, search

Mongolian protoform: *sigiɣa-

Tungus protoform: *sig-

Korean protoform: *čhắč-

Japanese protoform: *sánk-

Comments: ТМС 2, 78, Martin 236, Martin 1996, 27. Kor. *čhắč- is an assimilation < *sVhắč- = PJ *sá(n)kas-.

References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Toch. 69.

Page(s): 897-898

Root / lemma: selĝ-

Meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free

German meaning: `loslassen, entsenden, werfen, ausgießen'

Material: Old Indian sr̥játi, sárjati `entläßt, schießt, gießt', participle sr̥ṣṭá-, visárjana-m `Ausgießung' (sárga- `das Entlassen, Schießen, Gießen' with g durch Entgleisung); av. harǝzaiti, hǝrǝzaiti `entläßt, sendet from, schickt from', participle haršta-, harǝzā̆na- n. `das Lassen, Verlassen; Durchlassen, Filtrieren';

    air. selg f. `Jagd' (vom Loslassen the Hunde, Old Indian sr̥játi śúnaḥ), sleg f. `spear, javelin' (*sl̥gā); acymr. in-helcha `venando', helgha-ti `jage!', mcymr. hely, ncymr. hel, hela `hunt, chase', heliwr `Jäger', acorn. helhwr ds., mcorn. helhys, hellys `gejagt', corn. helfia `Jagen', bret. hem-olc'h `Jagd', di-elc'hat `atemlos sein';

    mhd. selken st. V. `tropfend niederfallen, sich senken (from Wolken)', ags. be-sylcan `enfeeble', *ā-seolcan `träge sein or become', only in participle ā-solcen, solcen `idle, faul', engl. sulky.

References: WP. II 508.

Page(s): 900-901

Root / lemma: selk-

Meaning: to drag; plough

German meaning: `ziehen'

Comments: perhaps with u̯elk- to eines originally root su̯elk- to vereinigen, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f.

Material: Arm. heɫg `slow, idle' (compare to meaning zögern : ziehen, ducere tempus); gr. ἕλκω `ziehe', ὁλκή f., ὁλκός m. `pull; das Geschleppte etc' = lat. sulcus `furrow', sulcō, -āre `pflügen', zero grade ags. sulh `furrow, plough', alb. helq, heq `pull, pull down' (*solkei̯ō);

    ahd. selah, ags. seolh, anord. selr `Seehund, Robbe' as `sich mühsam towing '?

    toch. В sälk- `herausziehen, vorführen'.

References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sel-1

Meaning: dwelling

German meaning: `Wohnraum'

Material: Ahd. sal m. `dwelling, Saal, Halle', langob. sala ` courtyard, house, edifice, building', as. seli m. `dwelling, Saal, Tempel', ags. sæl n., salor n., `Halle, palace', sele m. `house, dwelling, Saal', aisl. salr m. `Saal, room, house', Pl. `dwelling, courtyard ', sel (*salja-) `chalet'; got. saljan `einkehren, bleiben', saliÞwōs Pl. `Einkehr, Herberge', ahd. salida, as. selitha, ags. seld `dwelling'; abg. selo `fundus, village', selitva `dwelling' (bildungsähnlich dem got. saliÞwōs); lit. salà f. `village'.

Maybe alb. sjell, solla aor. 'bring deliver' from Go. saljan `deliver, sacrifice'

References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.

Page(s): 898

Root / lemma: sel-2, su̯el-

Meaning: beam, board

German meaning: `Balken, Brett, from stems or Brettern Verfertigtes'

Material: Ags. selma, sealma, as. selmo `bed', eig. `das wooden bedstead '; lit. súolas ` bench ', lit.sìlė `trough, Schweinetrog', lett. sile `crib, trough'; alb. gjolë `Platte, auf die man Viehsalz legt' (*sēlā).

    With anlaut su̯-: gr. σέλμα, -ατος (by Hes. also ἕλματα) `balk, beam, Gebälk, scaffold, trestle, esp. Schiffsverdeck, thwart ', hom. ἐΰσσελμος `with guten Ruderbänken versehen', σελίς, -ίδος `plank, thwart '; also ahd. swelli, mhd. swelle `balk, beam, Grundbalken, Schwelle', aisl. svalar f. Pl., aschwed. svali `Galerie', nisl. svoli `Holzklotz', e-grade aisl. swill f. `Grundbalken, Schwelle', zero grade ags. syll, aisl. syll ds., mnd. sül, sülle, sille ds.

References: WP. II 503 f.

Page(s): 898-899

Root / lemma: sel-3

Meaning: to take, grab

German meaning: `nehmen, ergreifen'

Material: Gr. ἑλεῖν `nehmen, in die Gewalt bekommen', ἕλωρ n., ἑλώριον `booty, Raub, Fang'; doubtful lat.cōnsilium `Ratsversammlung, Entschluß'; cōnsulere senātum `den Senat versammeln', then `befragen', root nouns cōnsul, `Konsul';

    in addition as -u̯o-derivative air. selb f., cymr. helw m. ` appanage ', gall. (Julia) Luguselva woman's name (`*property of Lugus'), wherefore air. ad-selb- `bezeugen', to-ad-selb- `zuweisen, vorzeigen', to-selb `behalten'; perhaps also due to einer basis *slēi-: ir. slī̆- in fuil(l)em `Zinsen' (*fo-slī̆-mo-), adroilliu `verdiene' (ad-ro-slī̆-), -tuillim ds. (to-slī̆-); cymr. dyrllyddu, bret. deleza `verdienen' (*to-ro-slī-i̯-);

    as causative `nehmen make' here got. saljan `darbringen, sacrifice', aisl. selia, as. gisellian, ahd. sellen, ags. sellan `übergeben, verkaufen'; die nouns aisl. sal n. `Bezahlung', sala f., ags. salu `sale', ahd. sala `Übergabe eines Gutes', sal m. `blessing, das loud Testamentes to übergeben is' müssen postverbal sein; here aksl. sъlъ ` summoner ', sъlati `schicken'.

Maybe alb. (*sъlati), shet, shes `sell'.

References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-4

Meaning: to spring

German meaning: `springen'

Material: Old Indian ucchalati `schnellt empor' (mind. from *ud-salati);

    gr. ἅλλομαι `spring, hüpfe' (*s_eli̯ō), ep. Aor. ἆλτο, Verbaln. ἅλμα `Sprung', ἅλσις `das Springen';

    lat. saliō, -īre, -uī (-ĭī), -tum `spring, hüpfen', saltus `Sprung', salax `horny, lustful', saltāre `tanzen', salebra `holprige place of Weges' (shaped after latebra); wherefore insultāre;

    mir. saltraid `zertritt', Verbalnomen cymr. sathru `Zertreten', mbret. saotra `Beschmutzen', Vannes sautrein `Zertreten, Beschmutzen';

    lit. ãtsala `Wasserlache', sálti `flow', apr. salus `Regenbach'; about lit. salà, lett. sala `island' s. Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 664;

    eine p-extension in lit. sal̃pas m. `Bucht, bosom' = slav. *solpъ in slov. slâp `waterfall, Woge'; slav. *selpjǫ, *sьlpati `spring' in aksl. vъ-slěpljǫ ds., Infin. ksl. slьpati.

References: WP. II 505, WH. II 468, Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-5

Meaning: to sneak, creep

German meaning: `schleichen, kriechen'

Material: Old Indian tsárati `slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht' with prefix [a]d-, tsáru m. `schleichendes animal', av. srvant-, sravant- `schleichend, anschleichend' (Part. from ar. *tsr-au-, u-extension bzw. u-present); so perhaps also arm. solim, Aor. solec̣ay `serpo, repo, delabor, trahor', solun `humi serpens, repens' (*t-sol- with alteration from ts- to s-?); gr. ἐιλίποδας βοῦς (Akk.) `schleppfüßig' (actually `schleichfüßig', compare:) εἰλιτενής epithet the Quecke, `die sich schleichweise ausdehnende' (metr. Dehnungen for ἑλι-); alb. shligë `snake, Natter'; air. selige, mir.seilche (*seleki̯o-) `turtle, tortoise, Schnecke'; air. *selid `slinks, crawls', Verbalnomen sleith (*sleth from *sl̥tā) `das Beschleichen einer schlafenden Frau', intled f. `Fallstrick' (*ind-ṡleth); nir. seilide `Schnecke' (air. *selit from *sel-n̥tī); lit. selù, selė́ti `slink, leise auftreten'.

References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O'Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider WuS. 21, 166 ff.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: sel-6, selǝ- : slā-

Meaning: lucky, luck

German meaning: `günstig, guter Stimmung; begütigen'

Material: Lat. sōlor, -āri `trösten, lindern, beschwichtigen'; air. slān `heil; fit, healthy';

    germ. *sēl- in got. sēls `good, tauglich', sēlei `Gute', aisl. sǣll `lucky', ags. sǣl m. f. `luck, Gelegenheit, time', gesǣlig `lucky'. ahd. as. sālig `lucky, blessed, gesegnet', ahd. sālida `Güte, luck, salvation' = as. sālða, ags. sǣlð, anord. sǣld f. `luck'; *sol- in ags. sēlra (*sōliza) `better', Adv. sēl `better';

    Auf einer heavy basis *s(e)lǝ- : slā- based on die gr. family of *ἵ̄λημι (*σί-σλη-μι) `bin günstig, gracious', Imp. hom. ἵληθι, theokr. ἵλᾰθι (*σί-σλᾰ-θι), next to which as Perf.-Imp. äol. ἔλλαθι (*σε-σλᾰθι); unredupl. present ἵλαμαι, after dem. redupl. ἵ̄λα- umgefärbt from *ἕλαμαι (ἑ- still in ΏΕλάερα = ἱλάειρα by Steph. Byz.) as also ἱλαρός `cheerful, blithe, glad' from *ἑλαρός; ἰ̄λάσκομαι (*σι-σλᾰ-σκομαι) `make mir jemanden günstig gesinnt, versöhne'; due to of present ἵ̄λη-, ἵ̄λᾰ- on the one hand lakon. ἵληFος, kret. ἴ̄λεος, att. ἵ̄λεως, ion. ἴ̄λεως, on the other hand hom. ἵλα(F)ος, arkad. ἴ̄λα(F)ος, lesb. ἴλλαος `günstig, gracious'.

References: WP. II 506 f., WH. II 556.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: selos-

Meaning: swamp, sea

German meaning: `Sumpf, See'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian sáras- n. `Wasserbecken, pond, pool, sea', Sárasvatī f. FlN and GN (to sáras-vant- `wasserreich') = av. Harax ̌aitī, apers. Hara(h)uvatī `Arachosien'; Old Indian sarasyá- Adj. `pond, pool-, sea-'; gr. ἕλος n. `marshy, bewachsene lowland, depression', ἕλειος `palustris'.

References: WP. II 507.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: selp-

Meaning: fat n.

German meaning: `Fett (Butter, Schmalz)'

Material: Old Indian sarpís- n. `Schmelzbutter, Schmalz', sr̥prá- `geölt, glatt, blank'; gr. ἔλπος (n.) ἔλαιον, στέαρ Hes. and (with φ after ἄλειφα : λίπος?) ἔλφος βούτυρον. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄλπη, ὄλπις, -ιδος f. `Ölflasche'; alb. gjalp `Butter'; ahd. salba, as. salƀa, ags. sealf `Salbe', got. ahd. salbōn, as. salƀōn, ags. sealfian `salben';

    toch. A ṣälyp, В ṣalype `fat, Butter, Öl'.

References: WP. II 508.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sem-1

Meaning: to pour

German meaning: `schöpfen, gießen'

Material: Gr. ἀμάομαι `sammle', ἄμη f. ` bucket; pail ' (out of it lat. ama `Feuereimer', from which mhd. ame, ome, nhd. Ohm `Flüssigkeitsmaß'), ἀμίς f. `Nachttopf', ἀμνίον n. `Opferschale', ἄμαλλα f. ` fascicle, sheaf '(ἄμιλλα), but ἄντλος, -ον `heap, Schiffsraum, Kielwasser' after Benveniste BSL. 50, 39 to hitt. ḫan- `giessen';

    illyr. FlN Semnus (Lucanien);

    lat. sentīna `Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche', sentīnō `schöpfe das Wasser from, habe meine Not';

    air. sem- `diffuse' in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- `zeugen, erzeugen', Verbalnomen teistiu `Ausgießen', tuistiu `Zeugung, creation ' (*to-uks-sem-tiō) etc; compare due to einer abstufenden inflection -tiō(n)- : -tīn-es above lat. sentīna (originally Adj., scil. aqua); with -d- weitergebildetsend- in abret. do-uo-hinnom gl. `austum', cymr. gwe-hynnu `schöpfen, ausleeren';

    lit. semiù, sémti `schöpfen', sámtis `Schöpflöffel', with -el-Weiterbildung lett. smel̨u, smel̂t `schöpfen'.

References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88 f.

Page(s): 901-902

Root / lemma: sem-2

Meaning: one

German meaning: `eins' and `in eins zusammen, einheitlich, samt, with'

Material: 1. With vorherrschender Zahlwortbedeutung `eins':

    Arm. mi `eins' (*sm-ii̯os); gr. εἷς, ἕν, μία (*sems, *sem, *sm-iǝ), Gen. ἑνός (for *ἑμός or ἁμός after *ἕνς, ἕν) `ein'; μῶνυξ `Einhufer' (*σμ-ῶνυξ), kret. ἀμάκις, tarent. ἀμάτις `once', compounds dor. ἅτερος (att. ἕτερος) `the eine, the other from zweien' (= cymr. hanner, corn. bret.hanter `half');

    lat. sem-per `in einem fort, immer' (*sem = gr. ἕν, compare under germ. sin-); simītu `zugleich', Ablat. from *simītus < *sem-eitus `das Zusammengehen', compare air. emith `tanquam, quasi', cymr. hefyd `also' from *semiti-, to Old Indian sám-iti-; mīlle `1000' from *smī ĝheslī `eine Tausendheit' (irrig S. 446), compare das in *sm̥-ĝheslom zerlegte Old Indian sahásra-m, av. hazaŋra- `eintausend'; air. cumme `similarly' from *kom-smii̯o- `ganz the eine, the gleiche'; germ. *sin (i.e. idg. *sem in adv. Erstarrung) `*in einem' = `together' or `perpetual' or `absolutely, very' in as. ahd. sin-hīun, ags. sin-hīwan `conjuges, Ehegatten', got. sin-teins `daily', as. sin-nahti, ags. sin-niht `ewige night', mhd. sin-grüene, ags. sin-grēne, aisl. sī-grønn `immergrün', ags. sin-here `big Heer', ahd. sin-fluot `big, giant Flut', aisl. sī-valr, ags. sine-wealt, and. sinu-wel `ganz rund' etc;

    toch. A sas m. (komponiert ṣa-), В ṣe (older ṣes in ṣes-ka `allein') from *sem-s; A säṃ f. from *sem; compound form A ṣoma- (*semo-), В somo- (*somo-); Van Windekens Lexique 121.

    sm̥- as 1. composition part: Old Indian sakŕ̥t, av. ha-kǝrǝt̃ `once' (about Old Indian sa-hásram see above), gr. ἅ-παξ `once', ἁ-πλόος `simple, just', lat. sim-plus, -plex `simple, just', gr. ἑ-κατόν `ein-hundred' from *ἁ-κατόν after εἷς or einem *ἕν-κατον. compare under *sm̥ `in eins together, with'.

    With Gutturalsuffixen: gr. ἴγγια εἷς. Πάφιοι (*ἑν-για); lat. singuli `einzelne' (against it sincinium `Einzelgesang' not from *singo-caniom, but volksetymologische rearrangement from sicinnium from gr. σίκιννις `Tanz the Satyrn');

    with ĝh presumably arm. ez `einer' (*sem-ĝho-? with it hez `mild, rechtschaffen' as `einfach from Sitten' gleich? Pedersen KZ. 39, 414); with k̂ Old Indian śaśvant- `sich gleichmäßig erneuernd, eine ununterbrochene Reihe bildend, jeder, all' (from *sa-śvant-, with formants -u̯ent- from idg. *sm̥-k̂o- perhaps `in einem Zuge, in einer row'); perhaps alb. gjith `all, whole' (*sem-k̂o `from einerund derselben kind of'?).

Note:

Alb. gjith `all ' derives from *sist 'all' according to common alb. s > gj and s > th mutations. An older form is kurd. giSan 'first of all', giSt 'totally, all', . It is clear that alb. phonetic mutations are of kurd. origin.

    With l-suffixes: gr. ὁμαλός `gleich, eben, glatt' (`*in einer kind of verlaufend') ablaut. lat. similis `similarly' (*semelis `from ein and derselben kind of'), simul, older semol, semul `zugleich' apokopiert from *semeli, next to which after bis, *tris (ter) erweitertes *semlis `once' in semel, umbr. sumel `zugleich' (with the same о as ὁμαλός? or letzteres previously after ὁμός from *ἁμαλός umgefärbt?); with Red.-stem air. samail `Bild, Gleichnis' (proklit. amal `as'), cymr. etc hafal `similarly, gleich', air. samlith `simul', cosmail `consimilis'; got. simlē `(*once =) einst', ags. sim(b)le, simles, simblon `immer', ahd. simble(s), simblum ds., auf einem n. *semlo-m `eine time' beruhend.

    2. s_emo- `einer' = `irgendeiner' (unbetont):

    Old Indian samá- `irgendein', av. ap. hama- `jeder beliebige, omnis';

    arm. amēn, amēn-ain `alle, omnis';

    gr. ἁμό- `irgend ein' in ἀμῆ, att. ἁμῆ `rgendwie', ἀμόθεν, att. ἁμόθεν `irgendwoher', ἀμῶς, att. ἁμῶς `irgendwie', οὐδ-αμός `nicht einer, keiner', οὐδαμῶς `keineswegs'; got. sums `irgend ein, ein gewisser', Pl. `einige, manche', aisl. sumr `quidam, nonnullus', as. ags. ahd. sum ds.

    3. `*in eins = together, with';

    sm̥-: Old Indian sa-há, sadhḁ `gemeinsam, together' = av. haδa, ар. hadā `together', Old Indian satrā́ `together, ganz and gar' = av. haϑrā̆ `together, zugleich, vereint with', Old Indian sádam, sádā `allzeit, stets immer' = av. haδa `immer', Old Indian sá-dhrī Adv. `together' (: root *dher- `hold, stop', as also:) gr. ἀ-θρόοι, att. ἁ-θρόοι `in association, gesamt', ἄ-λοχος `consors tori', ἀ-δελφός `couterinus', ἀ-κόλουθος `Weggefährte' (from ἁ- durch Aspiratendiss). - Old Indian smát `together with', av. mat̃ `ds.; immer, immerdar'; gr. ἅμα, dor. ἁμᾶ `in einem, zugleich', ἁμόθι `together'.

    som-: Old Indian sám- `together, zugleich with', av. ap. ha(m)- `with' (in connection with Verben and in Zs. with nouns; arm. ham- `with' probably from dem Iran.);

    lit. sam-, są- (e.g. sam-dýti `employ, engage', sán-dora `Eintracht', są́-žinė `Gewissen, conscientia'), apr. san-, sen- (san-insle `Gürtel'), sen (*sem) preposition `with' (idg. *sem); aksl. sǫ- `with' (sǫ-sědъ `Nachbar', compare Old Indian saṁ-sád- `congregation, meeting'), sǫ-logъ `consors tori', compare ἄ-λοχος etc;

    with aksl. sǫ- changing through ablaut is *sъn-, sъ (*s_om) e.g. in sъn-iti `convenire', sъ-vęzati `zusammenbinden' as well as sъ preposition `with'; whether lit. sù `with' dazugehört, could es samt aksl. sъ and gr. ξύν, σύν `with' auf idg. *ksu bzw. *ksun zurückgeführt become; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 487⁷.

    Von som- derives somo-s: Old Indian samá- `eben, gleich, derselbe', samám Adv. and preposition `together', samáyā, in same Weise, mitten hindurch', *samayati `ebnet, bringt in order', av. ap. hama- `gleich, derselbe', arm. omn `irgendwer' (Meillet Esquisse² 90); about Old Indian simá- `selbst' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;

    gr. ὁμός `gemeinsam; similarly, gleich, eben, glatt', ὁμοῦ Adv. and preposition `together', ὁμό-θεν `from the same Ort', ὁμό-σε `an denselben place', ὅμως `gleichwohl' (ὁμοῖος, natt. ὅμοιος `similarly'); here ὅμηρος (above S. 56), ὁμαρτέω `begleite' (to *ὅμαρτος from *som-r̥-to-s), after Szemerényi Gl. 33, 265 to *er-, above S. 327 f.; air. -som `ipse', air. sund `hier', cymr. hwnn `this' (from idg. *somdhe, welches to sondo- reshaped wurde); got. sa sama `derselbe', aisl. samr, inn sami `derselbe', samt Adv. `ununterbrocben', ahd. der samo `derselbe', compare also Zs. as got. sama-kuns, anord. samkynja `from gleichem gender, sex', gr. ὁμόγνιος ds., Old Indian sama-jātīya `gleichartig', anord. samfeðra, ὁμοπάτωρ, ар. hamapitar- `from the same Vater', aisl. sammø̄ðri, ὁμομήτριος `from derselben Mutter';

    ein ī-Fem. *somī, *smī `Beisammensein, association, partly also kämpfendes Aneinandergeraten' in Old Indian samī-ká- n. `fight, struggle, battle'; but gr. ὅμι-λος `heap, congregation, meeting, Schlachtgedränge', ὁμιλίᾱ `Umgang, Verkehr', ὁΏμῑλέω `verkehre' remain far off because of äol. ὄμιλλος, also lat. mīles, compare Szemerényi Arch. Ling. 6, 41; gr. ἅμιλλα `fight, fight, struggle, Wettstreit' (*s_em-il-i̯a), ἁμιλλᾶσθαι `wettkämpfen';

    in addition with dem Begriffe of friedlichen Beisammenseins, also of Zusammenstimmens aisl. sama `passen, sich schicken'; got. samjan `gefallen, to gefallen suchen', aisl. semja (= Old Indian samayati) `zusammenstellen, vereinigen, einig become um, sort, order, arrange, zustandebringen'; in addition probably germ. *samÞia- in ahd. semfti (Adv. samfto) `bequem, gemächlich, friendly', nhd. sanft, as. sāfto Adv. `light', mnd. sachte Adj. Adv. `gentle, mild', ags. sēfte (Adv. sōfte) `ruhig, mild', compare in addition esp. Old Indian sāntva- n. `good beschwichtigende words', sā́man- m. n. `ds., Milde, freundliches Entgegenkommen';

    germ. *samÞia- is viell. from einem tu-stem *samÞu- reshaped, the with Old Indian sāntva- auf idg. *sōm-tu- go back kann;

    against it is ags. smēðe, smōð, as. smōði `glatt, eben, gentle, milde' because of westfäl. smǫiǝ from *smanÞi originated; got. samaÞ `together', as. samad, ags. samod, ahd. samit (samant with n after saman-), nhd. samt; eine d-derivative in Old Indian samád- f. `fight, fight, struggle', gr. ὅμαδος `Gewühl, Menschenmenge';

    lengthened grade Old Indian sāman-, sāmaná- `ruhig', sāma-gir- `freundliche words redend', sāntva- (see above), av. hāma- `gleich, derselbe', np. hāmūn `Ebene', air. sām `Ruhe' (from `*trauliches Beisammensein'), sāim `ruhig, mild', aisl. sōma (*sōmēn) `passen, geziemen', sōmi m. `honour, Auszeichnung', sø̄mr `proper, fitting', as. sōmi ds., ags. sōm f. `Einigkeit, congregation, meeting', ge-sōm `einmütig, friendly', mhd. suome `pleasant, mellifluous'; abgel. aisl. sø̄ma `sich finden in, Rücksicht nehmen auf, honour', ags. sēman `versöhnen'; engl. seem `befit, shine, appear, seem' is nord. Lw.;

    aksl. samъ `ipse, solus, unus';

    with n-formants: Old Indian sāman-, sāmana- see above; with ŏ-grade probably Old Indian samana- n. `Zusammenkunft, Festversammlung', samanā́ Adv. `together, gleichzeitig, ebenmäßig'; got. samana `beisammen', aisl.saman `together', ahd. saman, zi samane, nhd. zusammen; therefrom derived aisl. samna, ahd. samanōn, mhd. samenen `gather, collect', dissim. samelen, nhd. sammeln; with Red.-stem ir. samain `the festival of 1. Nov.' (actually `Zusammenkunft'), bech-ṡamain `Bienenschwarm';

    eine lengthened grade *sēm perhaps in gall. σο-σιν `dieses' and in n. of air. article (s)aⁿ, preceding from *sin, dieses from *sēm about *sīn; die übrigen forms are durch Übertragung the Endflexion auf eine Adv.-form *sinde (from *sēm-dhe; es läßt sich after Old Indian sa-dha idg. *dhe, odernach ir. suide from idg. *so-de (jo-inflection) = gr. ὅ-δε also idg. *de ansetzen) originated; Demonstr. ir. sin, cymr. hynn gehen auf den stem *sindo- back and stellen die enclitice form dar.

References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda, Reflections on the Numerals.

Page(s): 902-905

Root / lemma: sem-3

Meaning: summer

German meaning: `Sommer'

Grammatical information: (Gen. s_em-ós)

Comments:

Root / lemma: sem-3 : `summer' has certainly derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- , ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-: `winter; snow' [common satem IE ĝhe- > se- phonetic mutation]. It seems that the Hittite-Illyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery seems crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans.

Material: Old Indian sámā f. `Halbjahr, Jahreszeit, year' (= arm. am), āi-ṣá-mah `heuer' (probably from einem Lok. *āi-samāi reshaped, see above S. 286); av. ham- `summer'; arm. am `year' (= Old Indian sámā), amaṙn `summer' (*s_em_erom); air. sam (*semo-) and samrad (*s_emo-rōto-, above S. 866), cymr. corn. haf, bret. hañv `summer'; cymr. hafod `Sommerhaus', bret. havreg `Brachfeld', mir. samad m. `Ampfer'; gall. samon[ios] `Sommermonat', samolus `Sauerklee', samara `Ulmensamen'; remain far off the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); ahd. sumar, ags. sumor m., aisl. sumar n. `summer'; as ` one-year-old animal' aisl. simull `(einjähriger) ox', simi, simir ds., norw. simla `Renntierkuh' (idg. sem-), schwed. somel `Renntierkalb'.

References: WP. II 492 f.

Page(s): 905

Root / lemma: sendhro-, -ā

Meaning: clot, melted metal, etc.

German meaning: `geronnene, sich verdichtende Flüssigkeit'

Comments: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. sindr n. `Metallschlacke' and `Hammerschlag' (in addition sindra `Funken sprühen'), ags. sinder ds., ahd. sinter ds., nhd. Sinter, Kalksinter (in addition sintern `durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden '); vermutlichverwandt is norw. dial. sinkla `sich with einer Eiskruste beziehen' as *sind-kla; serb.-ksl. sedry krьvьnyje, russ.-ksl. sjadry krovnyja ` coagulated Blutmassen', skr. sȅdra `Kalksinter', čech.sádra `Gips' (from *sēndhrā).

References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: sengʷh-

Meaning: to sing

German meaning: `singen, with singender Stimme vortragen'

Material: Prākr. saṃghai `say, instruct'; gr. ὀμφή `voice, Prophezeiung' (*songʷhā), πανομφαῖος `epithet of Zeus'; mcymr. de(h)ongl `define';

    got. siggwan `singen, vorlesen, rezitieren', aisl. syngua, ags. ahd. as. singan, singen; got. saggws `Gesang, Musik, Vorlesung', aisl. sǫngr `(kirchlicher) Gesang', ags. sang, song, ahd. as.sang, Sang `Gesang, Lied'.

References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wüst (briefl.) belongs prākr. saṃghai to k̂ens-, above S. 566.

Page(s): 906-907

Root / lemma: sengʷ-

Meaning: to fall, sink

German meaning: `fallen, sinken'

Material: Arm. ankanim `fall, weiche, take ab'; gr. ἑάφθη `sank' (ἀσπίς);

    germ. *sinkwan in: got. sigqan, aisl. søkkva, ags. sincan, as. ahd. sinkan sinken, Intens. dän.-norw. sakka, ndl. zakken, nhd. sacken `sinken'; Adj. *sinhti- in ags. sīhte `sumpfig', mhd. sīht(e), nhd. seicht, alem. sīcht `very humid, wet' (from Wiesen).

References: WP. II 495 f.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: seni-, senu-, (s_eni-), sn̥-ter-

Meaning: for oneself; separate

German meaning: `for sich, abgesondert'

Material: Old Indian sanu-tár `abseits from, weit weg', sánutara- (?), sánutya- `verstohlen, unvermerkt' (`*beiseite'), av. hanarǝ `abseits, without'; gr. ἄτερ (ion.) `abseits, without' (*sn̥ter);

    as. sundir `without' (= ἄτερ), ahd. suntar `abgesondert' and `but, against it', nhd. sondern (diese meaning from `besides, without'), ags. sundor `for sich, besonders', anord. sundr ` divided ', got. sundrō `for sich, abseits, besonders', Adj. mhd. sunder, besunder, nhd. besonder;

    lat. sine `without' (probably neutr. *seni, nächststehend dem ir. sain from *s_eni-);

    air. sain Adj. `different, besonders' (*s_eni-s), cymr. o-han-, a-han- `from', gwa-han `apart, separated, different', acymr. han `alium'; cymr. hanes ` narration ' = mir. sanas ` mystery, Lispeln' (*sani-stā); corn. hanys ` clandestine '; toch. A sne, В snai (*sanai) `without';

    The meaning `abgesondert, for sich' läßt connection with dem Reflexivstamm *se-, *s(e)u̯e- to, compare with anlaut su̯-: aksl. svěně `besides, without' and lat. sēd, sē preposition `sine, without', Präf. `without, beiseite'.

References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.

Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: senk-

Meaning: to burn, dry

German meaning: `brennen, dörren'

Comments: only germ. and slav.

Material: Ags. sengan, mnd. mhd. sengen `singe' (*sangjan `brennen make'); nd. sangeren `in the Haut prickeln' (eig. `burn'), older ndl. sengel `spark', mhd. senge `Trockenheit, aridity ', sinc (-g-) `das Sengen', sungen, sunken `anbrennen', sungeln, sunkeln `knistern', norw. dial. sengra, sengla `brenzlich smell', schwed. dial. sjängla `singe', isl. sāng(u)r, n. sangt `versengt, angebrannt';

    aksl. prě-sǫčiti, isǫčiti `dry', sǫčilo `Ofen', russ. izsjaklyj `dry'.

References: WP. II 495.

Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: sen(o)-

Meaning: old

German meaning: `alt'

Material: Old Indian sána-, av. hana- `old', Old Indian sanaká- `ehemalig, old' (: lat. senex, fränk. Sinigus, gall.Seneca), sanaḥ `vor alters', sánā, sanā́t, sanátā `from alters her, from jeher, stets', sanātána- `ewig, unvergänglich, beständig'; arm. hanapaz `immer', hin `old'; gr. ἕνος `old, vom vorigen years', δί-ενος ` biennial ', ἕνη καὶ νέα `the day vor dem Neumond and the erste of beginnenden Monats'; lat. senex, Gen. senis, Kompar. senior `old, aged'; seneō, -ēre `old, weak sein', senēscō, -ere `altern, hinschwinden', sennium `Altersschwäche, zehrende Gemütsstimmung', senātus, -ūs (osk. Gen. senateís) `Senat', senectūs `age', seneciō ds.; air. sen `old', acymr. corn. bret. hen `senex', compounds air. siniu, cymr. hyn; ir. sen-māth(a)ir (= lit. sen-mótė) `grandmother'; gall. Seno-gnātus under likewise, Seneca; got. sineigs `πρεσβύτης', sinista `ältester', afränk. sini-skalkus `the oldest Hausdiener', aisl. sina `vorjähriges grass'; lit. sẽnas `old', sẽnis `Greis', seniaĩ `vor alters, längst', senė́ju `become old' (= lat. seneō).

References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 907-908

Root / lemma: sent-

Meaning: to take a direction, go; to feel

German meaning: `eine Richtung nehmen, gehen' and in geistigen Sinne `empfinden, wahrnehmen'

Material: A. in geistigen sense: lat. sentiō, -īre, -si, -sum `fühlen, empfiinden, wahrnehmen', sensus, -ūs `Gefühl, sense, mind, Gesinnung; opinion', sententia (*sentientia) `opinion etc'; ahd. sin, -nnes `sense, mind' (*sent-no-), sinnan `trachten, begehren', nhd. sinnen; lit. sintė́ti `denken'; aksl. sęštь `smart'.

Maybe zero grade alb. (*sentiō, entio) ndjej 'feel' [typical alb. mutation se- > e-]

    B. in eigentlichen sense: av. hant- (present hī-šasat̃, Fut. ni-šąsyā) `gelangen, gelangen lassen'; arm. ǝnt`ac̣ `way, Gang', ǝnt`anam `go, fare, journey, eile';

    air. sēt `way', cymr. hynt ds., mbret. nbret. hent ds. (= germ. *sinÞa-), abret. Gl. do-guo-hintiliat `inceduus', acorn. cam-hinsic Gl. `iniustus' (cam- `krumm'), eun-hinsic Gl. `justus' (eun- `gerecht'); therefrom air. sētig `wife, woman' (`Weggenossin', ī-Fem. eines Adj. *sētach); cymr. carrynt (to carr `Wagen') `way, journey', epynt (to eb-, *ek̂u̯o-) `Pferde-way', dyffrynt `valley' (to dwfr `water'); from *senti̯o-: mcymr. hennydd ` fellow ', bret. hantez `Nachbar', corn. hynsads.;

    got. sinÞs m. `Mal', aisl. sinn n. `Mal', sinni n. `Gang, journey' (and as Nachkomme eines*gasinÞja- also ` cortege, Unterstützung'), ags. sīð m. `Fahrt, journey, way, Mal', as. sīð `way, direction', ahd. sind `Gang, way, journey, Fahrt'; got. ga-sinÞa ` travelling companion ', aisl. sinni ds., ags. gesīÞ, as. gisīð, ahd. gisind ` fellow ', wherefore n. ags. gesīð `Begleitung', as. gesīthi, mnd. (ge)sinde `Gesinde', ahd. gisindi `Reisegefolge, kriegerisches cortege ', nhd. Gesinde, aisl. sinni n. ` cortege '; ahd. sinnan (see above) also `gehen, reisen, wandern, kommen'; Kaus. got.sandjan, aisl. senda, ags. sendan, ahd. senten `senden' (aisl. senda also `sacrifice'); *senÞōn Denom. from *senÞa- (see above) in aisl. sinna `reisen, sich worum kümmern, beachten', as. sīðōn `gehen, pull, drag, wandern', ags. sīðian ds., ahd. sindōn ds.;

    lit. siunčiù (*suntiù ass. to *siuntiù), sių̃sti, lett. sùtu, sùtît `senden, schicken' (balt. un Red.-stem _on besides the Full grade from got. sandjan).

References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 908

Root / lemma: sen-, sene-, sen(e)u-, senǝ-

Meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed

German meaning: `bereiten, ausarbeiten, vollenden, erzielen'

Material: Old Indian ásanam `I gewann', sanḗma `wir mögen gewinnen'; sanṓti `gewinnt', sanuká- `beutegierig', sánitar- `Gewinner, Sieger', participle sātá- `gewonnen', sātí- f. `Gewinnung, Erwerb'; gr. *ἄνῡμι, themat. ἀνύω, att. ἁνύω and hom. ἄνω (*ἄνFω) `vollende'; gr. ἀνύτω ds.; ἀανές οὐ τελεσθησόμενον Hes., ἰν ἀνάτοις ἐν ἀπορίαις Hes. (ἄν-ατος `unvollendet'); hom. ἐννεσί-εργος `ἔργα ἀνύων'; ἔναρα `die armament, armor of erschlagenen Gegners' (`*Kampfesbeute'); therefrom ἐναίρω, Aor. ἤναρον `in Kampfe slay', ἐναρίζω `dem getöteten Feinde die Rüstung disrobe; in Kampfe slay'; lak. ἐναρσφόρος `τὰ ἔναρα φέρων'; ἔντεα (Sg. ἔντος) `armament, armor'; next to which *ἐντύ̄ς `Zurüstung, consummation ' vorausgesetzt from ἐντύω, ἐντύ̄νω `make fertig, rüste to, bereite'; besides τὸ ἔντος steht συν-έντης συνεργός Hes. and αὐθέντης `*with eigener Hand vollbringend: murderer; master, mister';

    air. con-suī `seeks to erwerben, makes streitig', cymr. cynyddu `erobern, to gewinnen suchen' etc;

    hitt. šanḫ- `suchen, erstreben, arrogate'; also `fegen' (`*durchsuchen').

References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hitt. 185.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: septm̥

Meaning: seven

German meaning: `sieben'

Material: Old Indian saptá, av. hapta, arm. evt`n, gr. ἑπτά, lat. septem, air. secht n-, cymr. etc saith, got. ahd. sibun, ags. seofon, anord. siau (-n preserved after einem besides *siƀun stehenden sibuni; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m̥-tos dissimilatory erfolgt; in the case of septun the Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftun or Latinisierung eines echten *sifun is, steht dahin), lit. septynì, aksl. sedmь (after dem ordinals), alb. shtatë (*s[e]ptm-ti-; Zahlabstraktbildung as Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70, aisl. siaund `number from 7'); toch. A ṣpät, В ṣuk(t); hitt. šipta.

    ordinals: sept_(e)mos in Old Indian saptamá-, npers. haftum, gr. ἕβδομος, dial. ἕβδεμος (die Erweichung derives from einer form ἕβδμος, compare aksl. sedmь), lat. septimus, gall. sextametos, air. sechtm-ad, cymr. seithfed (*sept_em-etos), alit. sẽkmas, apr. sep(t)mas, aksl. sedmъ; *septm̥-to-s in Old Indiansaptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑa-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða (also akzentuell = saptátaḥ; besides ahd. sibunto, as. sivondo, anord. siunde, siaunde), lit. septiñtas.

It seems that number seven in PIE was based on the Semitic numeric system:

Semitic

East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sab`ah, Saudi sab`a, Yemeni sab`ah, Syrian sab`a, Lebanese sab`a, Cypriot sába`, Iraqi sab`a, Egyptian sab`a, E Libyan 'sab`a, N African (Darja) seb`a, Moroccan seb`a, Sudanese sa|b`a, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari säba'a, Maltese sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-`, Ugaritic+ s-b-'-t, Moabite+ sh-b-`-t, Classical Hebrew+ sheba`, Modern Hebrew sheva`, Classical Aramaic+ shi:B^e`a:h, Modern Aramaic shub`a:, Classical Syriac+ shab`a:, Syriac shaw'a, Van shåvå, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-b-', South Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:`, Socotra 'yhob^e?, N Ethiopic : Geez+ seb`atu, Tigre sabu`, Beni Amir saba`, Tigrinya shob'atte, S Ethiopic : Amharic säbat, Argobba sa'int, Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ säbattä, Soddo säbatt, Goggot säbätt, Muher säbät, Masqan säbät, CW Gurage säbat, Ennemor säB?at.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven, English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sân, Frisian (Saterland) sogen, Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon söven, Emsland ze:bm, Mennonite Plautdietsch säwen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme, Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shìbne, Rheinfränkisch siwe, Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German siebë, Yiddish zibn, Middle High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau, Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sjö, Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+ *zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete, Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jèrriais sept, Poitevin sét, Old Picard+ siet, Picard siet, Occitan (Provençal) sèt, Lengadocian sèt, Gascon sèt, Auvergnat sé, Limosin se, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set, Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese sèt, Milanese sètt, Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian sétte, Neapolitan sèttë, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,åpte, Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht, Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ heptá, Greek eftá, Cypriot eftá, Tsakonian eftá, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late, Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian shtatë, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtátë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian evt^hn, Armenian yot^h, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septynì, Latvian septini, Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem', Belarussian sem, sem, Ukrainian s--m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian sétmë, Polabian+ sidêm, Czech sedm, Slovak sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower Sorbian sedym, South: Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sédem, Macedonian sedum, Serbo-Croat sëdam, Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta, Khwarezmian+ 'bhd, Sogdian+ 'Bt

Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto ow^é, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo, Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) üvd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western Northwest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi haf, Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari häft, Gazi häf, Sivandi häf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf, Sangisari haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh håft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani hawt, Baluchi h^ept, Turkmenistan apt, E Hill hapt, Rakhshani (Western) (h)^ept, Kermanji (S) Kurdish hawt, Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani ha:ft, Kermanshahi häft, Southwest : Old Persian+ Pahlavi+ haft, Farsi haft, Isfahani haf, Tajik h=aft, Tati hæft, Chali haft, Fars häft, Lari 'aft, Luri haf, Kumzari haf'ta, Nuristani : Ashkun su:t, Wasi-weri sëtë, Kati sut, Kalasha-ala so:t, Indic : Sanskrit+ saptá, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany (Gypsy) : Spanish estér, Welsh trin t'a: shto:r, Kalderash yeftá, Syrian h.o:t, Armenian haft, Iranian efdá:, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian hate, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina sât, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t, Bashkarik sat, Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot, Dameli sat, Gawar-bati s^et, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot, Western: Marathi sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/ Urdu sa:t, Parya sat, Punjabi s^et, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari (Lamani) saat, Malvi sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t, Khandeshi sa:t, East Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi (Kosali) sa:t, Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang ha:d.

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t, Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e:du, Konda e:ru, Pengo sat, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South : Tulu e:l, Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:l^ü, Kurumba -ö.lu, Toda öw, Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu

Nahali

Nahali sato

Basque

Basque zazpi

Etruscan

Etruscan+ semph

Hurrian

Hurrian+ shindia

References: WP. II 487.

Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: sep-

Meaning: to care of smth.; to honour

German meaning: `sich with etwas abgeben, in Ehren halten'

Material: Old Indian sápati `liebkost, umwirbt, pflegt, betreibt', av. hap- (2. 3. Sg. hafšī, haptī) `(in the Hand)halten, stützen'; gr. -ἕπω (with ἀμφι-, δι-, ἐφ-, μεθ-, περι-), Aor. ἐπ-έ-σπον, -σπεῖν `besorge, bereite, bearbeite'; ὅπλον n. `tool, appliance, weapon', ὁπλέω `schirre an', ὅπλομαι `bereite mir to' etc;

    in addition idg. *sepeli̯ō in Old Indian saparyáti `veneratur', lat. sepeliō -īre, sepultum `bury' i.e. `venerari sepulcro'.

References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.

Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: serk-

Meaning: hedge, to fence

German meaning: `Flechtwerk, einhegen'?

Material: Gr. ἕρκος n. ` paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence, Wall; Schlinge, Fangnetz', ὁρκάνη `Umzäunung', ὅρκος m., ὅρκιον `oath';

    lat. sarciō, -īre `flicken, ausbessern, wiederherstellen', sarctus tectus from einem house `geflochten and gedeckt, i.e. vollständig', sarcina `bundle, Pack, tragbares Gepäck', sartor `Flickschneider', umbr. sarsite `*sarcītē'; hitt. šar-nin-k- `ersetzen, entschädigen'.

References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.

Page(s): 912

Root / lemma: ser-1

Meaning: to flow

German meaning: `strömen, sich rasch and heftig bewegen'

Material: Old Indian sísarti, sárati ` flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt'; fut. sariṣyáti, Desiderativ sisīrṣati from einer heavy basis *serǝ-, compare hom. ῥώομαι `bewege mich quick, fast, strong, stürme an, eile' from *srō-i̯ō; ein root nouns *sr̥ǝ, in addition Old Indian *sī́r, *sĭráḥ, is die base of ā-stem Old Indian sirā́ and sīrā́ `Rinnsal, stream'; Old Indian sarít f. `stream, brook, river', saraṇa- `laufend', sa-sr-á- `strömend', sá-sr-i- `laufend, hurrying'; saráyu-, sarayū- m. `name eines Flusses', ар. Haraiva-, av. (Akk.)Harōyūm, np. Harē `river and region from Herāt';

    Old Indian sárma- m. `das Fließen', gr. ὁρμή `Anlauf, attack, Drang after etwas', whereof ὁρμάω `treibe an, rege an', intr. `stürme hence, worauf los'; in addition ὅρμενον `Salbei' as `die Anreizende', s. Strömberg, Gr. Pflanzennamen 93; αἱρέω `ergreife' instead of *αἵρω (*s_eri̯ō) durch influence ofἀγρέω ds.;

    Old Indian sará- `flüssig', sarā́ `river, stream, brook', gr. ὀρός, lat. serum `the wässerige Teil the geronnenen milk, Molke'; perhaps alb. gjizë (*ser-di̯ā) `gelabte milk, cheese';

    thrak. PN Germi-sera `Warmwasser', FlN Σέρμιος; frz. la Sermane (*Sermanna), oberital. Sermenza (*Sermentia), ven. PN Sirmiō (*Sermiō), pannon. PN Sirmium, poln. (ven.) PN Śrem (*Sermo-); illyr. FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); gall. (ven.-illyr.) FlN Sara (*S_erā), Sarāvus `die Saar'; Sar- bildet viele FlN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and Frankreich, also Appellativa (Mantua sariöl `stream, brook' etc); cymr. FlN Sôr (*Sorā); sor- also in den FlN apr. Sar-ape, lit.-poln. Szar-upa, lett. Sarija;

    mir. sirid (*serīti) `durchwandert, sucht heim, plündert, verlangt', Verbalnomen siriud; cymr. herw (*ser-u̯o-) `Landstreicherei', mir. serb `Diebstahl';

    lit. apsirti `umzingeln', lett. sirt `umherschwärmen, Raubzüge make', sira (compare Old Indian sirā) `Umherstreifer, Bettler'.

References: WP. II 497 f., WH. II 525, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 727¹; in addition sreu- `flow', after E. Fraenkel Gl. 32, 33 here gr. ῥέθεα `Nasenlöcher, nose', ῥόθος `Wogenschwall', as well as ῥίς, ῥῑνός `nose' as `die Triefende'.

Page(s): 909-910

Root / lemma: ser-2

Meaning: to guard, watch over, support

German meaning: `sorgend Obacht geben, schützen, bewahren'

Material: Av. haraiti `hat acht, schützt'; haurvaiti ds., haurva- `beschützend, hütend' in pasuš-haurvō spā `die Schafe beschützender Hund, Schäferhund' (as lat. servō from einer u-extension); harǝtar- `Hüter, Wächter', harǝϑra- `nourishment, care, cultivation, Wartung'; hāra- `achthabend, hütend', redupl. hišāra- ds.;

    gr. ῝Ηρα `*Schützerin' from * ῝ΗρFα, ἥρως, -ωος (stem ἡρωF-, see above) `*Hüter' (ἥρωες `Landesschutzgeister'), `hervorragender, mächtiger man'; servō, -āre `(den Wächter machen) erretten, receive, unversehrt bewahren', osk. serevkid `auspicio, iussu'; umbr. seritu `servato', anseriato Supin. `observatum' compare ooserclom perhaps `*observaculum' from *ser-tlom;

    unclear are aksl. chranjǫ, chraniti `look after, watch over, keep, preserve, protect', chrana `dish, food, nourishment, food' etc (see Berneker 397 f.); compare Machek Slavia 16, 191 f.;

    as guttural extension here lit. sérg-mi, -u, -iu `behüte, bewache', sárgas `Wächter', sargùs `watchful, wakeful', apr. but-sargs `Haushälter', absergīsnan Akk. ` protection'.

References: WP. II 498 f., WH. II 525 f., Trautmann 257 f.

Page(s): 910

Root / lemma: ser-3, sor-

Meaning: red

German meaning: `rot, rötlich'

Material: Old Indian perhaps in sā́ra- m. n. `Mark eines Baumes (compare lat. rōbur ` heartwood '), Festigkeit, power '; with formants -to- lit. sar̃̃tas `fuchsig (from horses'), lett. sârts `red in face'; with formants-bho- lat. sorbum `die rote berry of Sperber-, Vogelbeerbaumes', sorbus `this tree'; schwed.sarf `Rotauge'; russ. sorobalina `Hagebutte, Brombeere', lit. serbentà, serbeñtas `Johannisbeere' (ass. from *sarbentà?); with formants -g(h)o- russ. soróga `Rotauge, Plötze';

    with -k- lett. sarks `reddish';

    with -m- lit. sarmóties `sich schämen';

    with -p- lit. serpės Pl. `ein gelbes Färberkraut, Serratula tinctoria', sirpstù, sirpaũ, sir̃pti `reif become' (only from Beeren and Steinfrüchten, also eig. `yellow or reddish become').

References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht Idg. Dekl. 267.

Page(s): 910-911

Root / lemma: ser-4

Meaning: to put together, bind together

German meaning: `aneinander reihen, knüpfen'

Material: Old Indian sarat-, sarit- ` filament ' (uncovered), perhaps saṭā `lichen, Mähne, bristle';

    gr. εἴρω (*seri̯ō) `reihe aneinander' (hom. only participle Perf. ἐερμένος, 3. Sg. Plusqpf. ἔερτο), ἐνείρω `knüpfe an, reihe an' (: lat. in-serō `füge ein'), ἔνερσις `das Hineinfügen, Hineinstecken' (: lat. insertiō; ti-stem also in praesertim `in erster Reihe, vorzugsweise'), ἕρμα n. `Ohrgehänge', ὅρμος m. `Halskette', ὁρμίᾱ f. `fishing line', ὁρμαθός m. `row, Kette', presumably also εἴρερον `in Gefangenschaft';

    lat. serō, -ere, -tum `fügen, reihen, knüpfen', seriēs `Reihenfolge, Kette, row', serīlia `Seile', sors `lot, fate' (probably vom Aufreihen the Lose); sera `as bar, bolt vorgelegter crossbar, crossbeam' (?); osk. aserum `asserere'; air. sernaid `reiht an, ordnet an', Konjunktiv seraid, Verbalnomen sreth (*sr̥tā) `Ausbreiten, row' etc kann also *ster- and *sper- contain; got. sarwa n. Pl. `armament, armor, weapons ' (probably `geknoteter, geknüpfter Harnisch', compare lat. sertae loricae), aisl. sørvi n. `kostbares, collar, neckband', ahd. as. saro `armament, armor', ags. searu `armament, armor'; also `Kunstfertigkeit, artifice', as sierwan `insidiari, planen';

    alit. sėris ` filament, Pechdraht'; hitt. šarra- `break, rupture, divide' (?).

    Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for `geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife, woman' seeks man in aisl. serða st. V. `Unzucht drive, push', sorðenn and stroðenn `muliebria passus' (ags. seorðan is nord. Lw.), ahd. sertan `geschlechtlichen Umgang haben', cymr. serth `obscenus', serthedd `obscena locutio'; if ir. serc `love', bret. serc'h `Kebsweib' anzureihen is, is ein westidg. ser- `geschlechtlich verkehren' anzuerkennen; about unsicheres idg. *sor- `wife, woman' s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.

References: WP. II 499 f., WH. II 52 f., Pedersen Hitt. 118.

Page(s): 911

Root / lemma: ser-5, extended serp-

Meaning: sickle

German meaning: `Sichel, krummer Haken'; verbal (only in Lat.) `sicheln, with einem gekrümmten Haken bearbeiten'

Material: Old Indian sr̥ṇī́ f. `sickle', sŕ̥ṇya- `sichelförmig', sr̥ṇi- m. `Haken zum Antreiben of Elefanten'; lat. sariō, -īre `die Saat behacken, jäten' (*s_eri̯ō), sarculum `Jäthacke' (*sar-tlom).

Maybe alb. harr 'to weed' similar to lat. sarrio (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi `to hoe, weed'. [common alb. s > h shift]; alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal.

    With p-extension:

    Gr. ἅρπη `sickle' and `ein Raubvogel', ἁρπάζω `raffe, raube, plündere', ἁρπαγή f. `Plünderung', ἁρπάγη f. `Harke', ἅρπαξ, -αγος `räuberisch, gierig';

    lat. sarpiō and sarpō, -ere, -si, -tum `beschneiteln, abschneiteln', sarmen (*sarp-men), sarmentum `abgeschneiteltes Reis, deadwood'; ahd. sarf, mhd. sarph `sharp, rough, from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel, savage, wild'; aksl. srъpъ, russ. serpъ `sickle', lett. sirpis `sickle'.

References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153 ff.

Page(s): 911-912

Root / lemma: serp-

Meaning: to crawl, *snake

German meaning: `kriechen'

Note:

From a zero grade of Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived illyr. *nsala `eel' [later alb. (*encheleae > *ensala) ngjalë `eel'], then from the intermediary illyr. root *nsala `eel' derived Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sal-2 : `dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow'.

Also from illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa `water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa- `sea snake' then Root / lemma: serp- : `to crawl, snake'.

Material: Old Indian sárpati `slinks, crawls, goes' (= ἕρπω, lat. serpō), sarpá- m. `snake'; gr. ἕρπω `slink, go', ἑρπύζω `slink, crawl, creep', ἑρπετόν `crawling animal', ablaut. lesb. ὄρπετον `animal' (*sr̥p-), ἕρπης, -τος `lichen an the skin', ἕρπυλλον ` thyme ' (latinisiert serpullum); alb. gjarpën `snake' (*serpeno-), shtërpínj `all Kriechende'; lat. serpō `crawl, creep, slink', serpēns `snake'.

References: WP. II 502, WH. II 524.

Page(s): 912

Root / lemma: seug-

Meaning: sad, grievous; ill

German meaning: `bekümmert, traurig, gekränkt, krank'

Material: Arm. hiucanim `sieche hin'; mir. socht m. (*sug-to-) `Schweigen, Depression';

    got. siuks `krank', aisl. sjūkr `krank, grieving ', ags. sēoc (engl. sick), as. siok ds., ahd. siuh, sioh, mhd. siech `krank, freudlos'; got. siukan `siechen, krank sein'; abstract noun got. siukei, ahd. siuhhī, mhd. siuche `Seuche'; mhd. sochen (*sukēn) `siechen, kränkeln', aisl. sokna `krank become'; got. saúhts `Sucht, disease, malady, Kränklichkeit' (*sug-ti-), aisl. sōtt `disease, malady', ahd. suht `disease, malady', nhd. (Schwind)sucht, Sucht (hier meaning-influence of suchen); ags. sȳsl n. f. (*sūh-sla-) `Pein', sēoslig (*seuh-sla-) `gepeinigt', aisl. sȳsl, sȳsla `Tätigkeit, Amt, Amtsbezirk (from the durch Pflichtarbeit ausgelösten Unlust)', sȳsl Adj. `eifrig bemüht, sorgsam' (*sūsli-R).

References: WP. II 472 f.

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū-

Meaning: juice; liquid, *rain

German meaning: `Saft, Feuchtes'; verbal: `Saft ausdrücken' and `regnen; rinnen', in Weiterbildungen `(Saft) schlürfen, saugen'

Material: 1. Gr. ὕει ` it is raining ', ὕω ` allows to rain ' (*sū-i̯ō), ὑετός `heavy rain' (*suu̯-etos, as νῐφετός); alb. shi `rain' (*sū-); toch. В swese `rain', sū-, swās- `rain'; to ὕει perhaps ὕθλος (ὕσθλος, ὕσλος Gramm.) m. `empty gossip' (as though ` letting drip monotonously ');

Note:

The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-. Illyr. Savus (*Sou̯os) displays the same satem characteristics as alb. The definitife forms are older than reduced indefinite forms in alb.; hence alb. shiu `rain' derived from (*sū-i);

    2. Old Indian sunṓti ` squeezes, presses ' = av. hunaoiti ds.; Old Indian sávana-m, savá- m. ` Kelterung des Soma ', sutá- ` pressed ', sṓma- = av. hauma- m. `Soma'; ahd. sou, ags. séaw `juice, sap', isl. söggr `humid, wet' (*sawwia-); air. suth `juice, sap, milk' (*sŭ-tu-s); here probably also die FlN gall. Save, Savara, -ia and (illyr.) Savus (*Sou̯os).

Note:

Old Indian sávana-m, savá- m. ` Kelterung des Soma ' : illyr. Savus prove the satem nature of illyr.-alb. Yet illyr. displays often centum characteristics, hence proto illyr. was the bridge between satem and centum languages.

Maybe alb.-tosk. gjär `soup' (*i̯ō-no-), geg. gjanë `smut, pond, pool, watering-place ' : Old Indian sū́pa- m. `broth, soup'.

Maybe alb. cognate derived from Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : `juice; liquid, *rain, soup' not from Root / lemma: i̯eu-1 : `to mix (of meal preparation)' because of the common alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation.

    3. seu-d- in ags. be-sūtian `smudge', westfäl. sot ` filth '; aisl. sut ` care, sorrow ', sȳta ` grieve '.

    4. Guttural extension: seuk-, sū̆k- and seug-, sū̆g-:

    Lat. sūgō, -ere `suck'; lat. sūcus `juice, sap', cymr. sugno, mbret. sunaff, nbret. suna ds., sun `juice, sap', cymr. sugnedydd `pump' (*seuk-n-; cymr. g from dem lat. Lw. sug `juice, sap'), acymr. dissuncgnetic ` exhaust, suffer through, endure ' (morphologically difficult group); ags. sūcan, ndl. zuiken `suck'; ags. socian (*sukōn) ` steep, absorb, suck ', gesoc n. `the sucking', aisl. sūga (sjūga) `suck', sog n. ` the sucking ', ags. as. ahd. sūgan `suck', Kaus. norw. dial. søygja, mhd. söugen ` suckle ', mhd. suc, soc, g. soges and souc, -ges `juice, sap', ags. sogeða m. `gulp'; lett. sùkt `suck'; apr. suge f. `rain'.

Maybe alb. shushunjë `leech, bloodsucker' : lat. sanguisuga [sangui `blood + suga `sucker'].

    5. l-formant: gr. ὕλη `ordure, slime, mud', ὑλίζω `filter, clean'; Old Indian sūra- m. `intoxicating potion'; súrā `alcohol', av. hurā `Kumys' (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from Iranian) = lit. lett. sulà ` abfließender Baumsaft ' (with ū lett. sūlât ` siepen '), apr. sulo ` coagulated milk'; ags. sol n. `slime, mud, puddle, slop', ahd. mnd. sol ds., ags. sylian `smudge', as. sulwian, ahd. sullen ds., nhd. sühlen, suhlen ` sich im Kot wälzen '; got. bi-sauljan ` blemish ', norw. søyla ds.

    6. seup-, seub-: Old Indian sū́pa- m. `broth, soup'; aisl. sūpa, ags. sūpan, ahd. sūfan ` slurp, drink, swig ', sūf `broth, soup', mhd. suf, sof `soup', ags. sype m. ` soaking up ', aisl.sopi m., ags. sopa `gulp', full grade ahd. souf `soup', aisl. saup n. ` buttermilk '; ags. sopp f. ` sop ', mnd. (out of it mhd.) soppe, suppe `sop', ahd. sopha, soffa ` broth, also with soaked slices; settlings '; got. supōn ` spice ' = ahd. soffōn ds. (eig. ` dunk into broth '); mhd. sūft m., mnd. sucht `sigh', ahd. sūft(e)ōn, mhd. siuften, siufzen `sigh'; aisl. ags. sufl n. ` Zukost ', as. suval, ahd. suvil(i), -a ` sorbiuncula '; mnd. sūvel, ndl. zuivel ` der Buttergehalt der Milch ';

Maybe turk. (*sū-) su `water, aqua, juice'

shëroj;

    aksl. sъs-ǫ, -ati, Iter. sysati `suck' probably from *sup-s-.

alb. sisë, thithë `teat', thith (*sis-) `suck' [common alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation]

References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.

Page(s): 912-913

Root / lemma: seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū̆-

Meaning: to bear child; son

German meaning: `gebären'

Material: Old Indian sū́tē (sāuti), sūyatē (sūyati), savati `gebiert, zeugt', sū́ḥ `Erzeuger', sū́tu- m. `Schwangerschaft' (: *sūtu-s in air. suth), sutá- m. `son'; sūtí- `birth, progeny ', súṣuti- f. `leichtes parturition'; av. hav- (hunāmi) ` to give birth to children, Kinder zur Welt bringen', hazaŋrō-hunā `eine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt'; air. suth (*sutu-s) `birth, fruit'; cymr. hog-en `girl' (*sukā), in addition hog-yn `Bursche'; due to the Präsentien *sū̆nāmi (compare av. hunāmi) and *sŭi̯ṓ (compare Old Indian sūyatē): idg. *sū̆nú-s and *sui̯ú-s originally `*das parturition, birth', then `Leibesfrucht, son';

    Old Indian sūnú- m.; av. hunu-š; got. sunus, aisl. sunr, ahd. ags. sunu; lit. sūnùs; aksl. synъ `son';

    gr. υἱύς (Gen. hom. υἱέος) and (secondary) υἱός `son' (in addition hom. υἱωνός `Enkel' from *sui̯ō[u]-nó-s), as proto idg. formation erwiesen durch tochar. В soyä (A se) `son' and das after dustr `daughter' umgebildete arm. ustr `son'; also ags. suhterga `Enkel, Neffe' kann eine entsprechende reshuffling after Tochter sein.

    In ital.-kelt. Gebiete fehlen diese words for `son'.

Maybe alb. (*tsun) çun `son'.

References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 913-914

Root / lemma: seu-3 : su- : seu̯ǝ- : sū-

Meaning: to bend, turn

German meaning: `biegen, drehen, antreiben'

Material: Old Indian suváti ` places in Bewegung, erregt, belebt', sutá- `veranlaßt, angetrieben', prá-sūta- `in Bewegung gebracht, angetrieben, entsendet', nr̥-sūta- `from Männern angetrieben', prá-sūti- `Regung', savá- `Antrieb, Anregung, command, order, Belebung; the Anreger, Befehlende', sávīmani Lok. `auf Antrieb, auf Geheiß', savitár- `Antreiber, Erreger; the god Savitar';

    av. hav- `in Bewegung place', hunāiti `verschafft, seeks to verschaffen', hvąnmahi (*su̯-en-) `wir suchen to verschaffen'. apavanvainti (*su̯-en-u̯-) `sie lenken ab', mainyu-šūta- `vom Geist getrieben', hvōišta- `the höchste, beste; oldest';

    air. sō(a)id `dreht, kehrt' (*sōu̯-ei̯e-ti), ess-ro-so- `mißlingen' (*hinwegdrehen); sua(i)nem m. `rope, cord' (*seu-n-i̯a-mō); lit. siaũras (*seu-ro-) `schmal, eng';

    hitt. šuu̯āi- `bump, poke, urge, press, push'.

    seu-k-: osset. xurx `wheys, Käsewasser' (ar. *sukra-: lit. sukrùs `*was sich leicht dreht'); lit. sunkalai Pl. `wheys', pã-sukos ds.; lit. sukù, sùkti `turn, wenden', sukrùs `movable, nimble, flink', apsùkalas `Türangel', lett. sukt ` escape; to get away ', sukata `Drehkrankheit', slav. *sъkǫ, *sъkati (preterit-stem *sukā-) in russ. sku, skatъ `zwirnen, zusammendrehen, aufwickeln', ablaut. ksl. sukati `turn' (reshaped from *soukei̯e-, compare russ. sučítь `zwirnen');



References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Lidén KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hitt. 134.

See also: s. also seu̯i̯o- `link' and su̯ei- `bend'.

Page(s): 914

Root / lemma: seu-4, seu-t-

Meaning: to boil, move vividly

German meaning: `sieden, heftig bewegt sein'

Material: Av. hāvayąn `sie schmoren', hāvayeiti `er schmort' (3. Sg. Opt. huyārǝš - Old Indian *suyúr to einem present *haoiti after the Wurzelklasse);

    in addition germ. *sauÞ- in aisl. sjóða `simmer, seethe, boil, cook', ags. séoðan (engl. seethe) ds., ahd. siodan, mhd. nhd. sieden, aisl. seyð `brausendes water', seyðir `Kochfeuer'; got. sauÞs ` sacrificial animal ', aisl. sauðr `sheep, also anderes small cattle'; aschwed. sauÞn `Sprudelquelle'; germ. *suÞa- in soð n. `Fleischsuppe, broth';

    lit. siaučiù siaũsti `( corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff vom corn, grain segregate; play; rasen, wüten', siuntù, siùsti `toll become'; besides also die meaning `hit' in žem. siũtis ` shove ', lett. šàust `geißeln'; compare also lit. saũbti `rage, clamor, rasen', šaũbti `umhertoben', alit. siaubti `prank pull '; lett. šaulis m. `gate';

maybe alb. (*ši-) shij `thresh, winnow'.

    russ. šučú, šutítь `spaßen, scherzen', šut (Gen. šutá) m. ` merrymaker, buffoon ', slov. šutec `fool'.

References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.

Page(s): 914-915

Root / lemma: seu̯ǝ-, sū-

Meaning: to let, leave (?)

German meaning: `(loslassen?) nachlassen, lassen'?

Material: Gr. ἐάω `lasse' (*ἐFάω), ἔβασον ἕασον. Συρακούσιοι, εὖα = ἔα Hes., Fut. ἐά̄σω, Aor. ἔιᾱσα (to *ἐῖα); zero grade ahd. vir-sūmen, nhd. säumen, ver-säumen (wäre denominative eines *sū-mó-s `nachlassend, säumend').

References: WP. II 472, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 682, 752.

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: seu̯i̯o-

Meaning: left

German meaning: `link'

Material: Old Indian savyá-, av. haoya- `link', aksl. šujь, f. šuja ds.

References: WP. II 472, Trautmann 260;

See also: perhaps as `gekrümmt' to seu-3 (compare lat. laevus above S. 652).

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: se-

Meaning: reflexive pronoun

German meaning: ursprünglich `abseits, getrennt, for sich', dann Reflexivpronomen

Comments: and (after analogy from *t(e)u̯e) s(e)u̯e-

Material: se- and s(e)u̯e- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri; Gen. seu̯e, Dat. sebhei, enklit. Gen.-Dat. s(u̯)oi; adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)u̯o-; se-: se-u̯e- flektiert as te-: te-u̯e `du'.

    1. se-: gr. σφέ, σφίν etc, poss. σφός, derive from *σ-φει, σ-φι(ν), die as σφ-ει, σφ-ι(ν) aufgefaßt wurden;

    lat. sibī, sē, päl. sefei, osk. sífeí `sibi' (*sebhei), siom `se' (umbr. seso `sibi' from sei-psō `sibi ipsī?'), got. sik, ahd. sih, anord. sik `sich' (*se-ghe), got. sis, aisl. sēr Dat., Poss. got. seins, ahd. sīn etc `sein' (auf dem Lok. *sei beruhendes *sei-no-s); compare messap.veinan `suam' from *su̯ei-nā-m; apr. sebbei Dat.. sien Akk., aksl. sebě Dat., sę Akk. `sibi, se'.

    2. seu̯e-, *su̯e-: Old Indian Poss. svá- `suus', av. hva-, x ̌a-, ар. huva- `eigen, suus' and zero grade av. hava- ds.; av. Dat. Abl. hvāvōya i.e. iran. *hu̯abya `sibi, se', x ̌āi `sibi';

    arm. in-k`n, Gen. in-k`ean, `selbst' (k` from su̯), perhaps iur `sui, sibi', (*seu̯ero- or*seu̯oro-);

    gr. ἕ (pamph. Fhε) `sich' from *su̯e, hom. ἑέ from *seu̯e, Gen. hom. ἕο, εἷο, εὑ, εὗ, att. οὗ (*suesi̯o), Dat. οἷ, οἱ, lesb. Fοῖ (*su̯oi) besides hom. ἑοῖ (*seu̯oi), Poss. ὅς, dor. Fός `sein' (*su̯os) besides hom. ἑός (*seu̯os), wherefore ἧλιξ (*su̯ā-li-k-) `gleichalterig, fellow ';

    alb. ve-të (*su̯e-ti-) `selbst', u- Pron. refl. (*su̯ë-), vajë `girl' (*vari̯ā to *su̯o-ro- `Angehöriger'), vëla `Bruder' (see above S. 685);

    alat. sovos, from which in schwachtoniger position suos, lat. suus; osk. suveís `sui' (Gen.), súvad `suā', päl. suois `suis', marr. suam `suam', next to which zero grade umbr. sue-so Lok. Sg. `suō'; lat. sē̆d, sē̆ preposition `without', prefix `beiseite' basic meaning `for sich, without' (Abl. *s(u̯)ed), Konjunktion `but, however'; in addition gr. ἴδιος `privat, eigen', argiv. *Fhεδιος from idg. *su̯ed-i̯os;

    got. swēs `eigen', n. `property', ahd. as. swās, ags. swǣs, aisl. svāss `lieb, traut' (as *su̯ēdh-so- or -to- zur root *su̯edh-, see under; mndl. swāselinc `father-in-law, son-in-law, Schwager'; to ahd. gi-swīo (see under) the VN Suīonēs by Tacitus, aisl. Svīar m. Pl. `Schweden', svī-dāi `from selbst gestorben (not getötet)', lengthened grade svē-vīss `eigensinnig', got. swi-kunÞs `apparent, manifest, obvious';

    lit. savę̃s, sevę̃s `sui' (Gen.) etc, Poss. sãvas; zero grade apr. swais = aksl. svojь `suus, eigen'; out of it swojakъ `affinis', etc

    3. s(u̯)e-bh(o)-, su̯o-bho- `from eigener kind of': Old Indian sabhā́ `congregation, meeting, Gemeindehaus' (less good above S. 105); got. sibja, ahd. sipp(e)a etc `family, Gesamtheit the eigenen Leute' (*seƀjō); germ. *seƀnō- and *seƀnan- `family' in aisl. sjafni m. `love', GN sjǫfn f., VN *Seƀnan-ez >Semnones `Sippegenossen; in addition the VN lat. Sabīnī as `die Sippenangehörigen', Sabelli (*safnolo-), Samnium = osk. Safinim; lat. Samnītes; perhaps ein from den in Italien wohnhaften Illyriern bezogener name with a from idg. o, compare slav. sob-; in addition lengthened grade die germ. Suēbi, ahd. Swābā `Schwaben' (germ. *swēba-, idg. *su̯ēbho- `free, zum eigenen Volk gehörig'); russ. (etc) o-soba `person', sobь `Eigenart, character', aksl. sobьstvo `Eigenart, entity', and with su̯- aksl. svoboda `Freiheit' (originally `state, status the Sippenangehörigen'); zero grade seems apr. subs `selbst'; quite doubtful with e slav. *sebrъ in russ. pá-serbъ `Stiefsohn' and (?) dem names the Serben and Sorben; with still klärungsbedürftiger nasalization *sębrъ in aserb. sebrь `free Baner', russ. sjabr `Nachbar, friend'; compare Vasmer 2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.

    4. su̯ē̆dh-: Old Indian svadhā́ `Eigenart, Gewohnheit, custom, Heimstätte', (av. x ̌aδāta- `about sich selbst bestimmend, unvergänglich' is neuere Zusammensetzung); gr. ἔθος n. `Gewohnheit, custom' (thematic βεσόν ἔθος Hes., lakonisch), participle hom. ἔθων `gewohnt', Perf. εἴωθα, lesb. εὔωθα `bin gewohnt' (*sesu̯ōdha), ἐθίζω `gewöhne', lengthened grade ἦθος n. `custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen', Pl. `domicile' (: germ. *swēsa-, if from *su̯ēdh-s-o-, see above), ἠθεῖος `traut', ἔθνος `bulk, mass, Völkerschaft' as `family'?;

    lat. sodālis (*su̯edhālis) `Kamerad, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse'; soleō `bin gewohnt', with l for *dh; suēscō `werde gewöhnt' (*suēdh-skō);

    but got. sidus `custom', ahd. situ, ags. sidu, seodu, aisl. siðr, Akk. Pl. siðu m. `custom' (previously nhd. fem.) not here, da sie i in the root syllable haben (Wissmann, Münchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).

    5. t- derivatives: av. x ̌aē-tu- `angehörig', x ̌aē-tāt- `Angehörigkeit, affiliation' (due to eines Lok. *su̯ei-, su̯oi-); aksl. svatъ `kinsman, relative, Angehöriger, Brautwerber', (*su̯ō-to-s, compare serb. svāk `Schwestermann', aksl. svojakъ `affinis'); lit. svẽčias, svẽtis `guest' (actually `foreigner, stranger'; because of svẽtimas `fremd', lett. svešs `fremd; guest', from *su̯e-ti̯os `for sich, allein stehend, hence außerhalb stehend'; compare lett. sevišks `abgesondert, allein' and gr. ἑκάς (Hes. βεκάς), eigentl. *Fhε-κάς `for sich', compare ἀνδρα-κάς `man for man' and Old Indiandviśas `to zweien'; gr. ἕκαστος (*ἑκασ-στος `for sich stehend') `ein jeder', thereafter ἑκάτερος, delph. Fεκάτερος `jeder from zweien'; hom. ἔτης (Fέτης) `kinsman, relative, friend', el. Fέτας `Privatmann'.

    With anlaut *se- (not *su̯e): aksl. *sětъ `guest', posětiti `besuchen'; gr. ἕταρος ` fellow ', fem. *ἕταιρα, ἑταίρᾱ, wherefore as neues m. ἕταιρος.

    6. Andere Zugehörigkeits- and Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (compare under eigenen Schlagworten *su̯elio[n]-, su̯esor-, su̯ek̂uro-s, suek̂rū-) are:

    aisl. sveinn `Bursche, herdsman, shepherd', as. swēn `Schweinehirt' (Bedeutungsanschluß an swīn `swine'), ags. swān `Schweinehirt, herdsman, shepherd', poet. `man, warrior'; lit. sváinis (*su̯oini̯os) `of Weibes Schwestermann', sváinė `die Schwester the wife, woman', lett. svainis `Bruder the wife, woman'; ahd. (ge)swīo `Schwager, Schwestermann', mhd. geswīe m. f. `Schwager, Schwägerin', aisl. sveit f. `Kriegerschar';

    7. Auf einer connection from *se- with dem Pron. *(o)lo- beruhendes *se-lo- seems (?) die base from germ. *selba- `selbst' (-bho- as above in *s(u̯)ebho-), got. silba, anord. sjálfr, ags. self, ahd. selb, nhd. selb, -er, -st in addition ven. sselboi sselboi `sibi ipsi' (= ahd. selb selbo); compare also germ. *selda- `seldom', got. silda-leiks `wundersam' (`from seltener, seltsamer Gestalt'), ahd. selt-sāni `seltsam', adv. seltan `seldom' etc (`seldom' from `for sich, alleinstehend, einzig'); daß lat. sōlus `allein, einzig, bare' einer similar idg. connection *sō-lo- entstammt, is möglich; after Szemerényi (Word 8, 50) from *su̯e-alo-.

    8. Vom Reflexivum in the meaning to divide is the stem su̯e- in particles for `so' from which `as' and `if':

    Hom. ὥς (Fως) nachgestellt `so' from *su̯ō- with suffixalem -s; but ὁτ(τ)ι, att. ὅτις `was also immer' (*i̯od-kʷid), hom. ὅππως, att. ὅπως `as' belong to *i̯o- above S. 283 (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 617); osk. svaí, svae, umbr. sve, sue `if', alat. suad (Festus) `sic'; got. swē `as' (relative), swa-swē `as'; got. swa, anord. svā, ags. swā, swǣ `so', as. ahd. nnd. sō; in addition got. swa-leiks, aisl. slīkr, ags. swelc, swilc etc, ahd. solīh, sulīh etc `solch';

    umbr. so-pir `siquis', osk. svaepis, volsk. sepis `siquis', surur, suror, suront, sururont `item' (*su̯ō-su̯ō); alat. sō-c `so' (could have evolved from *su̯ō ), lat. sī `if' (originally `so', sī dīs placet), sī-c `so'.

References: WP. II 455 ff., WH. II 457 f., 506 f., 530 f., 552 f., 557, 626 f.; Trautmann 251 f., 291, 294 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 226, 600 f., 606 f.; 2, 577; Mezger Word 4, 98 ff., Benveniste BSL 50, 36 ff.;

See also: s. also seni- and su-.

Page(s): 882-884

Root / lemma: sē̆ik-, sī̆k-

Meaning: to reach for, grab

German meaning: `reichen, greifen (with the Hand)'

Material: Gr. ἵκω (*sīkō), dor. εἵκω (*seikō) `komme, gelange, erreiche', ion. att. Inf. Aor. ἱκέσθαι (*sĭk-), Praes. ἱκνέομαι, hom. ἱκά̄νω (*ἱκανFω) ds., ἱκανός `hinreichend, genügend', ἱκέτης, ἵκτωρ, ἱκτήρ `Schutzflehender' (`schutzsuchend after jmdm. langend'); προΐσσομαι `bettle', προΐκτης `Bettler', προίξ, προικός f. `gift, present', att. Akk. προῖκα `as gift, umsonst', ἴκμενοςοὖρος `ein günstiger wind' (with dem man das Ziel erreicht), αἴκτος `unzugänglich'; from idg. *sē[i]k-: ἥκω `bin angekommen, bin da';

    contamination from εἱκ- and ἐνεγκ- is ep. ion. ἤν-εικα `ἤνεγκα';

    aisl. sār `großer Kübel' = ags. sā `Eimer' (*saihaz), aisl. sāld ds. (*saihadla-); lit. síekti `die Hand ausstrecken', seikiù, seikė́ti `with Hohlmaß messen', Iter. saikaũ, -ýti; saĩkas, síekas `Hohlmaß'; síeksnis `Klafter (as Maß)';

References: WP. II 465 f., Trautmann 252.

Page(s): 893

Root / lemma: sē(i)-1

Meaning: to sift

German meaning: `sieben'

Material: Gr. ἤθω, ἤθέω `siebe', ἠθμός m. `Seihtuch, Sieb'; changing through ablaut (probably ī-) ἱμαλιά̄ τὸ ἐπίμετρον τῶνἀλεύρων Hes., ἱμαλίς, -ίδος `Schutzgöttin the Mühlen' under likewise; (about lat. simila `feinstes Weizenmehl' s. but WH. II 538); mir. sīthlad `das Sieben' (das th from sīthal `Eimer'); cymr.hidl, mbret. sizl, nbret. sil `Sieb' from *sē-tlo- = aisl. sāld n. `Sieb' = got. *sēÞl, vorausgesetzt durch karel. siekla, finn. seula `Sieb'; lit. síetas `Sieb' = aksl. sito ds. (*sēi-to-), lit. sijóju, -ti `sieben'; slav. *sějǫ, *sěti (*sějati) in aksl. pro-sěati `σινίασαι' serb. sȉjati `sieben', (present-stem *sēi̯a-, preterit-stem *sii̯ā-); alb. shosh `siebe'(*si̯ā-s);

    *sēi- `sieben' is probably as `durch ein Geflecht fall lassen' eine Sonderanwendung from *sēi- `entsenden, throw, säen, fall lassen'.

References: WP. II 459, Trautmann 254.

Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: sē(i)-2 : sǝi- : sī- : sē- : sǝ- and sei- : si-

Meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semenƛ ɫäṭɛ

German meaning: `entsenden, werfen, fallen lassen, säen'; besides `nachlassen, loslassen, säumen (late, langsam, langdauernd); Abspannung, Ruhe; herabsinkend'; andrerseits `die Hand whereupon ausstrecken, Anspannung, Kraft'

Material: A. `entsenden, throw, säen':

    a. Old Indian sā́yaka-, `zum Schleudern bestimmt', m. n. `Wurfgeschoß, Pfeil', m. `sword', sāyikā `Dolch', sḗnā `Wurfgeschoß, spear, lance; Schlachtreihe, Heer', prásita- `dahinschießend (from birds)', prásiti- f. `Anlauf, onrush, Wurf, Geschoß';

    b. `säen': Old Indian sī́ra- n. `Saatpflug', sī́tā `furrow' (*die Besäte); lat. serō (*si-s-ō), -ere, sēvī, sătus `säen, bepflanzen, hervorbringen, zeugen', sătiō `das Säen', sător `Säer'; got. saian (saísō), ahd. sāen, as. sāian, ags. sāwan, aisl. sā `säen' from urgerm. *sējan = lit.sė́ju (sė́ti) ds., aksl. sějǫ (sějati) ds.; lat. sēmen ` seed, sperm ' (Sēmōnēs `Saatgötter'), ahd. as. sāmo ds. (m. geworden), lit. Pl. sė́men-s, -ys `Flachssaat', apr. semen> `Samen', aksl.sěmę `Samen'; ahd. etc sāt `das Säen, Saat', got. mana-sēÞs `(Menschensaat) Menschheit, world'; zero grade cymr. bret. had ` seed, sperm ', corn. has ` seed, sperm ', further probably air. sa(i)the (*sǝti̯o-) `Schwarm, Wurf from jungen animals, brood', cymr. haid f. `Schwarm, troop, multitude, crowd', bret. hed m. `Schwarm, Bienenschwarm' (also `* seed, sperm = Generation, progeny ', as got. manasēÞs);

maybe alb. (*seth), hedh 'throw' [common alb. s- > h- shift]

    -tlo-formation: lit. sėklà `Saat': with Red.-grade *sǝi-: lat. saeculum `gender, sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert'; cymr. hoedl `Lebensdauer', abret. hoetl, mbret. hoazl ds., gall. Deae Sētloceniae;

    air. sīl ` seed, sperm ', cymr. hil ` seed, sperm, progeny ' (idg. *sē-lo-), lit. pasėlỹs `Aussaat, Beisaat'; zero grade in compound: probably got. frasts `kid, child' from *pro-s[ǝ]-tis; perhaps mir. ross n. `(flax)samen';

    strittig is die affiliation from gr. ἵημι `werfe, sende', see above S. 502.

    B. `die Hand wornach ausstrecken; Anspannung, power ', presumably from the outlook the kraftvoll zum Wurfe gereckten Hand:

    aisl. seilask (*sailjan) `sich strecken, bemühen'; lit. síela `Eifer', apr. seilin Akk. ds., Pl. seilins `sense', noseilis `ghost'; serb. sȉla, čech. síla ` power ' (*sḗilā); air. sīnim `recke, strecke from'; lit. ne-seĩ-nyti `not erreichen'; mir. sethar `strong' (*si-tro), cymr. hydr, abret. hitr, hedr, nbret. hezr `bold'.

    C. `kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, nachlassen, loslassen; säumen; late, slow, sich lang hinziehend; Abspannung, Ruhe; herabsinkend';

    Old Indian áva-syati, Aor. a-sāt `hört auf, schließt; makes halt, verweilt', áva-sita- `wer sich niedergelassen hat, wohnhaft', avasā́na- n. `place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode, residence; end, death'; sāyá- n. `Einkehr, evening', sāti- f. `decision, end' (Lex.) = av. hāti- `piece, break, section' (`*das Absetzen am Schluß eines Abschnittes'); av. hāϑra- n. `certain Zeitraum, Frist'(*`Absatz, ein way- and Zeitmaß');

    gr. presumably ἥσυχος `ruhig' (ending as μείλι-χος, from einem *sē-tu- `Ruhe'; similar t- derivatives see under);

    lat. sinō, -ere, sī-vi `lassen, geschehen lassen', dēsinere `ablassen, cease', dēsivāre `ablassen', pōnō (*po-sĭnō, compare participle positus); `place, stellen' (*`nieder-place, ab-place'), situs `stand gelassen; beigesetzt'; sileō, -ēre `ruhen, cease (e.g. vom Winde), schweigen' = got. anasilan `(vom Winde:) cease, verstummen' due to eines l-participle *si-lo-; compare ags. sāl-nes `Schweigen' (*sǝi-lo-);

    lat. sētius `later, less, less good'; sērus `late' (= air. sīr);

    air. sīr (= lat. sērus) `langdauernd, ewig', cymr. corn. bret. hir `long', Kompar. air. sīa = cymr. hwy (from *sē-is), Superl. air. sīam, cymr. hwyaf; mir. sith- `lang, andauernd' (Intensivpartikel), compounds sithithir `also long', cymr. hyd `Lange, Fortdauer, while; usque ad', acymr. hit, corn. hes, bret. hed, het m. `length' (*si-tu-, -ti-); viell. cymr. hoed (*sǝi-to-) m. `Sehnsucht';

    got. seiÞus `late', Þana-seiÞs `further, still' (Kompar.-Adv. *sīÞ-iz, as:) aisl. sīðr Adv. `less', sīz `nachdem' (< sīðes), ags. sīð ðām `seitdem', as. sīth, ahd. sīd ds., nhd. seit; aisl. sīð Adv. `late', Superl. sīzt; with the meaning `schlaff herabfallend' : sīðr `herabhängend, long', afries. sīde `niedrig', ags. sīd `long, wide, breit', ahd. sīto Adv. `laxe'; eine Substantivierung therefrom is aisl. sīða f. `Seite (of Körpers)', ags. sīde, as. sīda, ahd. sīta `Seite' (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under grown); got. sainjan `säumen, hesitate', aisl. seinn `slow, late', ags. sǣnе, mhd. seine `slow, idle', ags. ā-sānian `slack, weak become'; changing through ablaut mhd. senen (*si-nēn), nhd. sich sehnen and schwed. dial. sīna `cease milk to give' (n bare present formant, as in lat. sinō); norw. seimen `saumselig, slow', ahd. lancseimi `slow'; changing through ablaut ags. siomian (*simian) `hesitate, hängen, sich senken', ahd. gi-semōn `harren';

    lit. ãtsainus `careless, neglectful', presumably also sietuvà, lett. siet(u)s, sietawa `deep place in river' (perhaps `deep hinabsinkend');

References: WP. II 459 ff., WH. II 512, 522, 526 f., 545 f., Trautmann 253 f., Thieme, The Heimat the idg. Gemeinsprache 25;

See also: compare above S. 887: seg-1.

Page(s): 889-891

Root / lemma: sē(i)-3, -sǝi- : sī- and sei- : si-

Meaning: to bind; strap

German meaning: `binden (also durch Zauber), Strick, Riemen'

Material: Old Indian syáti, sinā́ti, sinōti `binds, binds los' (Perf. siṣā́ya, Aor. ásāt, participle sita-), sayatvá- n. `connection, Befestigung', sētár- m. `Feßler; fesselnd', prasiti- `Schlinge, Netz, Falle' (lex.); av. hā(y)- `bind, fesseln' (present hayeiti, participle hita-), hita- m. `Gespann';

    lett. sìet `bind', lit. siẽti ds., sijà `Brückenbalken', ãtsaja `Stränge of Pferdes';

    hitt. išḫii̯a-, išḫāi, luv. hišḫii̯a- `bind' (Pedersen Hitt. 114 Anm.).

    with -bh- formants: air. soīb ` deceitful, verlogen' (*soi-bho-), wörtl. `zauberisch', ablaut. sīabair `Phantom, ghost', sīabraid `verzaubert, verwandelt' (*sei-bh-), PN Find-abair f. = cymr. Gwen-hwyfar `Ginevra' (`weißes ghost'); s. Vendryès RC 46, 263 ff.;

    With m-formant: Old Indian sīmán- m., sīmā f. `Scheitel, limit, boundary', sīmanta- m. ds.;

    gr. ἱμά̄ς, -άντος `strap' (to *ἱμά̄), ἱμάω `pull an einem rope, cable in die Höhe', ἱμονιά̄ `Brunnenseil', ἱμαῖος `das Wasserschöpfen betreffend', ἱμάσσω (Aor. ἱμάσσαι, ἱμάσαι) `peitschen'; ir. sim `Kette'; aisl. sīmi m. `rope, cable, cord', ags. sīma, as. sīmo `band, strap, rope, manacle', aisl.seimr ` filament ';

    With n-formant: av. hinu- m. `band, strap, manacle', ags. sinu, ahd. senawa, aisl. sin f. `sinew' (urgerm. *sinwā, das after dem alteration from nu̯ to nn from sinu- reshaped is), mir. sī̆n `Kette, collar, neckband'; lett. pa-sainis `cord', aif-sainis `bundle', lit. síena `limit, boundary, wall', lett. siẽna `wall';

    With l-formant: aisl. seil f., ags. sāl m. f., ahd. seil n. `rope, cable, rope, manacle', got. in-sailjan `anseilen', ablauteud ahd. silo m. `rope, cable, strap', aisl. sili, seli m. `Seile'; lit. àtsailė f. `Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse', àtseilis `das vom Schwengel an die Achse gehende iron'; slav. *sidlo n. (*sitlo-) in aksl. silo `rope, cable', poln. sidɫo `Schlinge';

    With t-formant still: Old Indian sḗtu- `bindend, fesselnd', m. `band, strap, manacle, bridge, Damm, Grenzzeichen', av. haētu- `Damm'; lat. saeta `starkes hair, esp. the animal, bristle'; cymr. bret. hud `charm, spell', acorn. hudol `Zauberer' from *soi-to- = germ. *saiÞa- `charm, spell', GN Dat. Pl. Saitchamimi[s], to *SaiÞhamjōz `die durch Zauber ihre Gestalt ändern können', aisl. seiðr m. `band, strap, rope, cable', seið f. `charm, spell'; in addition sīða `conjure, perform magic', ags. -siden f. `charm, spell'; ags. sāda m. `rope', ahd. seito m., seita f. `rope, Fallstrick, Saite'; lit. saĩtas, siẽtas, lett. saĩte `band, strap, manacle, cord', apr. saytan n. `strap'; aksl. sětь f. `Netz', sitьce `rope'.

References: WP. II 463 f., WH. II 462, Trautmann 253, W. Wüst Ural-alt. Jb. 26, 135 ff.

Page(s): 891-892

Root / lemma: sē̆k-2

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Grammatical information: unthemat. Wurzelpräsens

Material: Alb. shatë `Karst' (*sekti-);

    lat. secō, -āre `cut, clip, abschneiden', segmen, segmentum `break, section', secespita `Opfermesser' (ending unerklärt), secīvum `libum est, quod secespita secātur' (: aksl. sěčivo `axe'); secūris `axe' (: aksl. sekyra `axe'), sēcula `sickle' (kampanisch); with ablaut lat. a:saxum `Felsstück' (compare to meaning rupes: rumpō, nhd. Schere `Кlippe': scheren, zur form ahd. sahs `knife', aksl. socha; lat. a seems Red.-grade _o besides о in ahd. sahs), perhaps sacēna, scēna `die hoe the Pontifices' (*sakes-nā); asignae `κρέα μεριζόμενα' (*an-sek-nā), marr. asignas N. Pl. f. `non prosectae (carnes)';

    lat. sī̆gnum n. `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen', if originally `eingeschnittene Marke' (?); umbr. prusekatu `prōsecātō', proses̀etir `prōsectīs', asec̨eta `non secta', prusec̨ia `prōsiciās';

    mir. tescaid `cuts, slices, beißt' (*to-eks-sk-), mir. ēiscid `haut ab' (*in-sek-); mir. arasc (*ari-sko-) `abgehauener neck -stump', airsce (*ari-ski̯o-) ds.; air. se(i)che f. `skin, fell, fur' (: aisl. sigg n. `hard skin' from *seʒi̯a-); but ir. sēol `kerchief, cloth, sail', cymr. hwyl `sail' from *seglo- (: aisl. ags. segl `sail' from *sekló-m) are probably germ. Lw.;

    cymr. hesg, Sg. hesgen `carex' (from den incisive scharfen Blättern), acorn. heschen `canna, arundo', bret. hesk (*sek-skā) `reed with schneidenden Blättern', mir. seisc f. ` bulrush';

    ahd. sega, saga, ags. sagu, sage, aisl. sǫg `Säge', ahd. segisna, segansa, nhd. Sense; aisl. segi, sigi m. `losgerissenes Fleischstück, Fleischfaser'; aisl. sigðr m., sigð f., ags. sigðe m., mnd. segede, sichte f. `sickle' (*seketó-); ags. secg f. `sword' and `Riedgras', mnd. segge `Riedgras'; ahd. sahar, nhd. bair. Sac(h)er ds.; aisl. ags. segl, ahd. segal `sail', as. segal, segela `curtain' (*`Tuchstück'; see above to ir. sēol); aisl. sigg n. `hard skin' (see above to ir. seiche); aisl. sax n. `knife, sword', Pl. sǫx `Schere', ags. seax n. `knife, kurzes sword', ahd. sahs `knife' (also in mezzi-ra(h)s, ags. mete-seax `knife'); aisl. sø̄gr `losgerissenes Stück, stripe'; ahd. suoha `harrow, furrow' (Demin. suohili, suoli n.);

    lit. į-sē̆kti `eingraben', išsē̆kti `sculpere'; aksl. sěkǫ, sěšti `cut, clip', sěčivo `axe' (: lat. secīvum), sekyra `axe' (next to which *sěkyra in serb. sjekira after sěkǫ transfigured);

    unclear, in the case of here lat. sīca `Dolch', sīcīlis `Lanzenspitze'; lit. sỹkis `Hieb, Mal', klr. syč in. `the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende Teil of Stammes', ags. sāgol (*sǝikolo-), m. `stick, club, mace, joint' = mhd. seigel `Leitersprosse, grade', mhd. dial. saich `reed'.

References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255;

See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed-, skēi-, sken-, skēu-6.

Page(s): 895-896

Root / lemma: sēk-3

Meaning: quiet, lazy

German meaning: `nachlassen, träge, ruhig'

Material: Gr. hom. ἦκα `still, leise, sacht, weak, slow', ἤκιστος `langsamster', att. ἥκιστα `am wenigsten, gar nicht', hom. ἥσσων, att. ἥττων `schwächer, geringer'; reduced grade hom.ἀκέων `schweigend' = Adverb. ἀκήν, later as object, dor. ἀκᾶ (Instr.) `ruhig, stillschweigend', ἀκαλά-ρροος, ἀκαλα-ρρείτης `gentle flowing ', perhaps ἄκασκα, ἀκασκᾳ `sacht';

    lat. sēgnis (*sēknis) `slow, sleepy, idle'.

    extension from 2. *sē(i)- `nachlassen'.

References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 166 f., Frisk 52.

Page(s): 896

Root / lemma: sēmi-

Meaning: half

German meaning: `halb' as 1. composition part

Material: Old Indian sāmí- `halb' (á-sāmi- Adj. `not halb, vollständig'); gr. ἡμι- `halb' (ἥμισυς `halb' from originally ἥμιτυς m. `*half', compare kret. ἠμιτυ-έκτου, epid. ἡμίτεια; ἡμίνα `half'); lat. sēmi- (sēmus late Adjektivierung); sēmis indekl. `halb, half' probably after bis; ahd. sāmi-, as. sām-; compare lat. sēmi-vivus, gr. ἡμί-βιος, ahd. sāmi-queck, as. sām-quick `halbtot'.

References: WP. II 493, WH. II 512 f.

Page(s): 905-906

Root / lemma: sē[i]dh- : sīdh- and : sǝdh-

Meaning: to strive for a goal

German meaning: `geradeaus auf ein Ziel zugehen'

Material: Old Indian sā́dhati `kommt zum Ziel, bringt zum Ziel, in order', Kausat. sādháyati, sādhú- `straight, proficient', -sādh- (2. composition part) = jav. -hād- `lenkend', hādrōyā- f. `desire nachErreichung of Zieles' (from *hādra- m., idg. *sēdh-ro- `Erreichung of Zieles'); zero grade Old Indian sidhrá- `erfolgreich', sídhyati `kommt zum Ziel', participle siddhá-, Perf. siṣḗdha- etc; av. āsna `erfolgreich' (*ā-zdh-na-); ablaut neologism is sadh- in Old Indian sadh-nōti and sádhis- `place, Ziel';

    gr. ἰ̄θύς (*sīdhus) `straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet), Adv. geradeaus', ἰθύς, -ύος `attack, Unternehmung', ἰθύω `dringe vor', ἰ̄θύ̄νω `make straight'; εἶθαρ `sogleich', εὐθύς (from *εἰθύς) `straight'.

References: WP. II 450, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 350.

Page(s): 892

Root / lemma: si̯ē[u]-ro- : si̯ǝ-ur(i̯o)-

Meaning: brother-in-law

German meaning: `Bruder der Frau'?

Material: Old Indian syālá- `Bruder the wife, woman'; serb.-ksl. šurь, serb. šûra, aruss. russ. šúrin (Pl. šúrьja, comparebratьja).

Maybe alb. *hyla, v(ë)lla ‘brother’

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 261, Specht Idg. Dekl. 91; against it Brückner ZslPh. 4, 217;

See also: in the case of to sē̆i-3 S. 891?

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: si̯ū-

Meaning: to sew

German meaning: `nähen'

Grammatical information: (vor Kons. and in present si̯ūu̯ō), sīu̯- (in present sīu̯i̯ō)

Comments: besides sū- (dissimilated from si̯ū-i̯ō); probably to sĕi-3, S. 891

Material: Old Indian sī́vyati `näht' (= got. siujan), syūtá- `genäht' (= lit. siútas, russ. šityj ds., aisl. sjōðr), syūman- n. `band, strap, rein, suture' (compare apr. schumeno, and with ŭ gr. ὑμήν), sīvana-m `das Nähen, the suture', sūtra-m ` filament '; gr. ὑμήν m. `dünne skin, sinew'; lat. suō, -ere, suī, sัtum ` sew, zusammennähen', sūtor `Schuster', sūbula `Ahle' (*sū-dhlā); got. siujan, aisl. sȳja, ags. si(o)wian, seowian, ahd. siuwan (preterit siwita) ` sew '; ahd. siut m. ` suture', aisl. sjōðr m., ags. seod `Beutel' (iu̯ from idg. i̯ū); mhd. sūte ` suture', aisl. sūð f. `Plankenverband, board'; ahd. siula, nhd. Säule `Ahle' (*si̯ū-dhlā, compare aksl. silo and lat. subula);

ahd. soum, ags. sēam, aisl. saumr m. `hem, suture' (compare Old Indian syūman-); lit. siuvù, siúti ` sew ', lett. šuvu (šuju, šũnu), šut ds.; lit. siútas `genäht', lett. suts ds.; apr. schumeno `Schusterdraht' (: Old Indian syuman-); aksl. šijǫ (*si̯ūi̯ō), šiti (= lit. siúti) ` sew ', russ. šityj `genäht', aksl. sьvěnъ `genäht' (*si̯uu̯eno-), silo = čech. sidlo n. `Ahle'; weiteres by Trautmann 261 f.; hitt. šum(m)anza(n) ` filament ', also (?) šuel, šuil ds.

References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f.

Page(s): 915-916

Root / lemma: skabh-, skambh-

Meaning: to support

German meaning: `stützen'

Material: Old Indian skabhnā́ti, skabhnṓti `stützt', Perf. cā̆skámbha; skabhāyati `befestigt, stützt'; skambhá- m., skámbhana-m `pad, Pfeiler', av. upaskambǝm `under Festmachen', fraskǝmba-, frasčimbana- `Tragbalken, Pfeiler'; npers. paškam `porticus', sogd. šk'np- (*skamb) `étage de l'univers';

Maybe alb. kamba, këmbë `leg, pillar', shkamb, shkëmb `seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar' related to lat. scamnum (*skabhnom). Also shkabë `eagle, mountain bird', zhgabonjë, shqiponjë `eagle'.

    lat. scamnum (*skabhnom) ` bench, footstool ', Demin. scabillum, scabellum `niedriges Bänkchen, footstool ';

    die ar. Binnennasalierung, as well as the e-vocalism from av. frasčimbana- (compared with Old Indian skámbhana-m) durch ar. reshuffling from skabh- after *stembh- (see steb- `Pfosten') in Old Indian stabhnā́ti `stützt', stambha- `Pfosten, Pfeiler, column ' etc

References: WP. II 539, WH. II 487 f.

Page(s): 916

Root / lemma: (s)kamb- and (s)kemb-

Meaning: to curve, bend

German meaning: `krümmen, biegen'

Material: Gr. σκαμβός `krumm, krummbeinig'; air. camb `krumm', cymr. corn. cam, bret. kamm ds., gall. inCambio-dūnum `Kempten', bret. camhet an rot `Radfelge' (*cambitā); zero grades *km̥b- `turn = wenden, swap, vary, exchange, tauschen' and `zusammendrehen, fesseln' in gall.-lat. cambiāre `swap, vary, exchange, tauschen' and mir. cimb `Tribut, Silber', air. cimbid `Gefangener', cimbe `Gefangenschaft';

    With e-vocalism: gr. κόμβος m. `band, strap, loop', κομβόω `knüpfe'; norw. hempa `Kleiderstrippe, Schlinge, Henkel' (also `Zeug from Hanf', in welcher meaning certainly from hamp `Hanf' beeinflußt);

    from einer basic meaning `krumm gehen' from reiht man an: gr. *σκέμβω `hinke' erschlossen from dem names Σκόμβος, schwed. skumpa `hinken', skimpa `hüpfen, tanzen', ahd. scimpfan `Scherz drive, push, play, verspotten', nhd. schimpfen, Schimpf; nhd. (nd.) humpen, humpeln (or to keub-? above S. 590 f.);

    *(s)kamb- reminds an kam-, kamp- `bend' (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kemb- is still unclear; also das zur nasallosen root for `bend' (?) or `haken' (compare lit. kimbù, kìbti `hangen bleiben'): kabù, -ė́ti `hangen', kabìnti `hängen', kablỹs m. `Haken', kabė̃ f. `Heftel, Haken' (but also e-forms as kebẽklis `Haken'); aksl. skoba f. `fibula', russ. skobá `Klammer', wherefore aisl. hōp n. `small Bucht', ags. hōp `ring'; against it aisl. hespa `Eisenkrampen' = ags. hæpse, hæsp, mhd. haspe, hespe, nhd. Haspe, Häspe, holl. hespe `Hüftgelenk', mndl. also `hack, mattock, hoe' to kap-, above S. 527 f.

maybe alb. kamba, këmbë ‘leg, bent leg’. According to the laryngeal theory alb. has the oldest cognate before the shift from centum to satem languages.

References: WP. I 346, 350 f., II 539 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 112, 116.

Page(s): 918

Root / lemma: (s)kand-, (s)kend-

German meaning: `leuchten'

See also: see above S. 526 (kā̆-).

Page(s): 918

Root / lemma: (s)kāi-, (d-), (t-)

Meaning: shining, bright

German meaning: `hell, leuchtend'

Material: Old Indian kētú- m. `Lichterscheinung, Helle, Bild' (= got. haidus), kēta- m. `mark, token, sign', kētana-m `body, Erkennungszeichen', citrá- `augenfällig, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid, bright', n. `apparition' = av. čiϑra- `augenfällig, clear, bright' (ablaut. with ahd. heitar);

    lat. probably caesius `γλαυκός, from den Augen' (from *kait- or *kaid-to- from, compare lit. skáistas) and caelum `sky, heaven' (*kaid-lo- or *kaid-, *kait-slo-, compare with -r-forms dt.heiter, lit. skaid-rùs, skáidrus);

    got. haidus `kind of and Weise' (originally *`lichte apparition'), aisl. heiðr m. `honour, Lohn', ags. hād, hǣd, ahd. heit `Stand, rank, kind of' (nhd. suffix -heit); aisl. heið n. `klarer, heiterer sky, heaven' (: Old Indian kēta- m.), heið-r Adj. `cheerful, unbewölkt'; ahd. heitar `cheerful, gleaming (originally vom wolkenlosen sky, heaven)', as. hēdar `cheerful', ags. hādor ds., n. `Heiterkeit of Himmels';

    lit. skaidrùs, skáidrus `bright, clear, bright'; lett. skaĩdrs ds., `clean'; lit. skáistas, skaistùs `bright'; different (to skēid- under S. 921) Trautmann 263.

References: WP. II 537 f., WH. I 130f., 133;

See also: compare kăi-3 (above S. 519) and sk̂āi- (under).

Page(s): 916-917

Root / lemma: (s)kek-, skeg-

Meaning: to spring, move quickly

German meaning: `springen; lebhafte Bewegung'

Material: Gr. κεκῆνας λαγωούς. Κρῆτες Hes. (`hare' as `Springer');

    air. scēn `fright' (*skek-no-); scochid, newer scuchid (*skoketi) `weicht, geht fort, geht to end' (Konj.-stem scess-, Perf. scāich `ging fort, war vorüber'); di-ro-uss-scoch- `übertreffen' (*`hervorspringen'), cymr. ysgogi `to stir', bret. diskogella `shake';

    ahd. scehan st. V. `hurry, quick, fast fortgehen', mhd. nhd. geschehen, ags. scēon schw. V. `geschehen, hurry', mhd. schehen schw. V. `quick, fast einherfahren, hurry', ahd. skihtīg `shy' (got. skōhsl n. `böser ghost, fiend, demon' as `einherfahrend' or `schüttelnd' here?); Causative mhd. schicken (`proceed, go ahead lassen') `bereiten, sort, order, arrange, senden', nhd. schicken; ahd. gesciht `Ereignis', nhd. Geschichte, mhd. schiht ` alignment, Schicht (by Bergleuten, and otherwise)'; with gramm. variation: aisl. skaga `hervorspringen, hervorstechen', skagi m. `Landzunge', lengthened gradeskōgr m. `wood, forest'; ags. tōscecgan `sich divide', sceaga m. `shrubbery, bush' (from `wood, forest'); also aisl. skegg n. `beard' (*skaggja-), ags. sceagga `Haupthaar', aisl. skeggja f. `Streitaxt' (compare nhd.Barte ds.);

    ksl. skokъ m. `Sprung', Perfektiv aksl. skočiti, Imperf. skakati `spring'; with Alternationsk:ks lit. šókti `spring', lett. sâkt `begin', lit. šankìnti `spring make'.

    Auslautvariante auf -g-: skeg- `hurry, spring, shake' (= `spring make') in: Old Indian khajati `rührt um' (Dhātup.), khája- m. `Gewühl', khája-, khajaka- m., (lex.) khajā f. `Rührstock, Butterstößel'; aisl. skaka st. V. `swing, schnitteln', ags. sceacan `shake (engl. shake); hurry, weggehen, flee'; as. skakan st. V. `weggehen, entfliehen' (nd. schacken `shake, rücken'), ahd. unt-scachōndes `fluctivagi'; ahd. scahho m. `Vorgebirge', mhd. schache m. `Stückeinzelstehenden Waldes', nhd. bair. schweiz. Schachen ds., aisl. skekill `Landzunge'.

    doubtful is affiliation from afries. skāk m. `booty, Raub', ahd. scāch m. `Räuberei, Raub', ags. scēacere, ahd. scāhhari `Räuber', nhd. Schächer (actually `schweifen, or with dem Raub run'?).

References: WP. II 556 f., Trautmann 262.

Page(s): 922-923

Root / lemma: (s)kel-1

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Comments: not reliable from kel- `hit' and kel- `prick' (above S. 545 f.) to separate.

Material: Old Indian kalā́ `small part' (: serb. pro-kola `Teil eines gespaltenen Ganzen', das at first to aksl. koljǫ `steche' and `split', above S. 546);

    arm. čelk`em `split, zerschlage'; probably also k`eli `Steuerruder' (meaning as in ags. helma, see under); auf anl. sk̂- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem palatal) wiese c̣elum `split';

    gr. σκάλλω `scharre, hacke, grabe', σκαλίς `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst'; σχαλίς ` wooden fork alsStütze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze' (under influence of σχάζω `ritze, schlitze auf', σχάσμα ` incision '); σκαλμός `peg, plug, Ruderdolle' (compare thrak. σκάλμη, ahd. scalm, ags. helma, osorb. čoɫm, lit. kélmas); σκύλλω `flay, tear, rend, plage' (*sk_oli̯ō), κο-σκυλ-μάτια `Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather', σκῶλος `Spitzpfahl' (compare lit. kuõlas `picket, pole'; with ŏ: aksl. kolъ `peg, plug' above S. 546); perhaps is also κωλύω `hemme, hindre' from einem *κῶλος `peg, plug' derived (`anpflöcken'), the ending -ύω after dem begriffl. contrast λύω?; σκόλυθρον ` footstool ', σκολύπτειν `verstümmeln, beschneiden' Hes., ἀποσκολύπτω `kastriere'; auf eine meaning `from the skin sich abspaltende Schuppe' goes back κελεφός `Aussätziger' (compare mengl. scalle `Grind', nengl. scall (nord. Lw.), schwed. skål `skin rash am Munde');

    thrak. σκάλμη `sword, knife' (*skolmā);

    alb. halë `Schuppe, Gräte, splinter, beard the Ähren' (*skoli̯ā = got. skalja); holë `thin, fine, tender'; f. `Zartheit' (*skēl-); hel `Pfrieme, Ahle', hele `Bratspieß, spit, pike, Lanze' (= σκῶλος); perhaps shtel' `öffne, make gleaming, sharp, stecke fire an, entzünde' (lit. skìlti likewise `fire anschlagen');

maybe alb. geg. skile `fox, smart animal, sharp mind (of a fox)'

    lat. siliqua `Hülsenfruchtschote' (whereof silicia `foenum graecum, Bockshorn'), diss. from *sciliqua, older *sceliquā: aksl. skolьka `ostreum'; lat. silex, -icis `Kiesel' diss. from *scilec- older scelic-; compare mir. sce(i)llec `Fels' (ending after air. carraic `Felsen');

    without anl. s- perhaps here: lat. culter, -trī `knife' (*kel-tro-s, *kol-tro-s or*kḷ-tros); celtis f. `chisel' existiert not, s. Niedermann, Mus. Helv. 2, 123 f.;

    cymr. chwalu `scatter', corn. scullye, sculye, bret. skuĺa ds.;

    mir. scoilt, scailt `col, gap', scoiltim `I split', brit. with rearrangement of sk- to ks- (hw-): cymr. hollt `col, gap', corn. felǯa (umlaut) `split', bret. faouta ds.; mir. sceillec `Fels' (see above); perhaps mir. scellān ` seed, sperm, Kern';

    air. colainn `Fleisch', cymr. celain ` corpse ' (*kolanī); cymr. caill, Pl. ceilliau `testicle(n)', bret. kell ds.; gall. callio-marcus `Huflattich' from older *callio marcī `testiculus equi'; compare gall. ebulcalium (from *epālo-callion) besides epo-calium (*epo-callion) `ungula caballina';

    got. skilja `Fleischer'; aisl. skilja `separate, distinguish, discern, (ent)divide', skil n. (i after skilja) `difference, Entscheidung, Bescheid', skila `(ent)divide'; ndl. verschillend `different' (*skiljand); mnd. schelen `separate, distinguish, discern' (schele `difference, lack, limit, boundary') = ags. scielian `divide, entfernen' (*skelōn);

    got. skildus `shield', aisl. skjǫldr m. (out of it mir. scell), ags. scield, as. scild, ahd. scilt ds. (-tu-stem besides lit. skìltis `abgeschnittene Scheibe'); in addition got. skillings, ahd. etc scilling `small Münze, Schilling' from skildu-lings;

    got. skalja `Ziegel', aisl. skel f. `bowl', ags. sciell f. `husk, Muschelschale', mnd. schelle f. `bowl, Fischschuppe'; ahd. scā̆la `husk, Schale', mhd. schale also `Steinplatte', ags. scealu `husk, bowl'; ahd. fuaz-skal `wooden peg, plug as Verschluß for den foot', nhd. Schelle `manica, compes, numella', Hand-, Fußschelle;

    aisl. skjall n. `Häutchen', ags. sceallan m. Pl. `testicles', afries. skall ds. (: cymr. caill); aisl. skalli m. `Kahlkopf', as `abgeschnittene cranium'; also norw. schwed. skalle; ablaut. schwed. skulle `skull, cranium', older schwed. skolla `dünne Platte', ahd. scollo m., scolla f. `Scholle';

    with lengthened grade *skēl- (compare alb. holë): aisl. skāla f. `drinking bowl, Wagschale', ahd. as. scāla `bowl';

    as. skola, ags. scolu `dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd';

    without anlaut. s-: got. hallus m. `Fels' (*kol-nu-), aisl. hallr m. `Stein, Fels', hella f. ds., finn. Lw. kallio ds., (*hallj[ōn]). aisl. hellir `Berghöhle', schweiz. Hell `Steinplatte' etc; see above S. 544;

    aisl. hold n. `Fleisch', ags. hold n. `corpse', ags. holdian `aufschneiden', hyldan `die skin abziehen', aisl. hylda `aufschneiden' (based on auf einem participle *kl̥-tó-m);

    ahd. scultirra, ags. sculdor `shoulder' (*skḷ-dhrā `scapula as shovel, as Grabwerkzeug');

    with formants -mo- and den meaning `Schneidewerkzeug; geschnittenes wood; ausgehöhlter dugout canoe, barge': aisl. skǫlm f. `Zinke einer fork, Schote', Pl. `Schere', nd. ostfries ndl. schalm `thin board', aisl. skalma-trē `cloven tree', ahd. scalm `navis'; also probably ahd. scalmo `Pest, Seuche, corpse'; mhd. schalm(e) ds.; in addition skelmo `Todeswürdiger' (*skalmian-), mhd. mnd. schelm(e) ` villain '; compare alb. helm `mourning, grief, poison '; without anlaut. s-: ags. helma, engl. helm `handle, grasp of Steuerruders, tax', mhd. halm(e), helm `Axtstiel', ahd. helmo, halmo `Ruderpinne', ndl. helmstock ds., mnd. holm `crossbar, crossbeam, Jochträger', aisl. hjǫlm f. `tax', hjalm-vǫlr `Ruderpinne';

    *skol-dhā `(abgeschnittene) shaft, pole' is probably die base from ahd. scalta `Stoßstange, Bootshaken', scaltan `with einer shaft, pole schieben', nhd. schalten also `einschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoßen)' and übertr. `walten', dial. also `split', as. skaldan `ein Fahrzeug vorwärts schieben', mhd. schalte, aisl. skalda `Fähre', mhd. schalter, schelter `bar, bolt', nhd. Schalter `Schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken';

    with formants -go-: mnd. schalk `Sparrenstütze' ostfries. schalk `Holzklötzchen as Unterlage', bair. schalken `zerspalten'; schwed. skulk `abgesägter stump';

    lit. skeliù, skélti `split' (the Akzent after skílti?), skilù, skílti `sich split'; `fire hit' (Intonation the heavy basis, as kélnės); skalà `chip of wood, Lichtspan', Iterat. skéldėti `platzen, break, crack'; lett. šḱel̂t `split', šḱēlêt ds., šḱēle `abgeschnittenes Stück', etc; about lit. kélmas see above S. 546;

    aksl. skala `Fels, Stein' (die meaning `bowl' durch borrowing from ahd. scāla ds.), sloven. skála `assula tenuis; Lichtspan', russ. skalina `abgelöste birch bark '; skolьka `Muschelschale' (see above lat. siliqua), russ. ščelь `col, gap', sloven. ščalja `splinter', poln. skalić się `sichspalten, break, crack';

    hitt. iškallāi- `zerreissen, aufschlitzen'.

    Wurzelerweiterung skel(e)-p-:

    perhaps in Old Indian kálpatē `wird geordnet, wird zuteil', kalpáyati `ordnet an', kl̥ptá `fertig, gerüstet' = av. hu-kǝrǝpta- `schöngeformt', das though also to kǝhrp- `shape' (above S. 620) belong could;

    gr. σκάλοψ `Maulwurf' (as `Gräber'); σκόλοψ m. `Spitzpfahl';

    lat. scalpō, -ere `scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool schneiden, chisel, cut ' (scalprum, scalper `scharfes tool zum Schneiden, Meißeln'), sculpō, -ere (originally in compounds from scalpō) ds.;

    ahd. scelifa, mhd. nhd. dial. schelfe `häutige bowl', mnd. schelver `abgeblättertes Stück', schulvern `abblättern'; aisl. skjǫlf ` bench ', ags. scielfe `Flur, Stockwerk, Bretterverschlag', scielf m. `Felsspitze', mnd. schelf `Brettgerüst, Regal';

    without s: got. halbs, aisl. halfr, ags. healf, as. half, ahd. nhd. halb (eig. `divided'); ags. hielfe `handle, grasp, Schaft' (engl. helve), ahd. mhd. halb `Handhabe', nhd. dial. halb, helb `Stiel'; ahd. halftra `bridle, rein', ags. hælftre `Halfter', (from *`Handhabe');

    lit. kálpa `Querholz am sled ', kìlpa `Steigbügel, Schlinge', kìlpinis `Armbrust', apr. kalpus `Rungenstock';

    lit. sklempiù, sklem̃pti `glatt behauen, polish'.

    Wurzelerweiterung skel(e)-b-:

    aisl. skalpr `ship', dän. dial. skalp `Samenschote, husk', mnd. schulpe, scholpe `Muschel, Schuppe', dän. skulp, skulpe `Schote, Fruchtbalg', norw. skolp `Schote, husk', engl. skalp (nord. Lw.) `cranium, skull', aisl. skelpa f. `Grimasse', skolpr `Hohlmeißel'; aksl. sklabiti sę `den Mund aufmachen, lächeln', čech. škleb `Zähnefletschen';

    i-extension: sklei-, sklei-d-, sklei-k-, sklei-p-:

    aisl. slīta `tear, destroy, verbringen' (slitna intr. `rumpi'), ags. slītan `tear', as. slītan `schleißen, split', ahd. slīzan `split, rend, aufbrauchen', nhd.verschleißen, schleißen, aisl. slit `slit, crack, Abnützung', ags. geslit `das Bersten', ahd. sliz, nhd. Schlitz, mhd. sleize, nhd. Schleiße `Leuchtspan'; aisl. slīðrar f. Pl., slīðrn. Pl. `sword- or Messerscheide' as *s(k)lei-tro-, -trā- from the unerweit. root form sklei-;

    lit. skleidžiù, skleĩsti, lett. skliêst ` outspread, umblättern', lit. sklaidaũ, -ýti `hin and her blättern', refl. `sich scatter', iš-sklaidýti `scatter, vertreiben', sklį̃sti `auseinanderfließen'; lit. sklaidùs `zerstreut', lett. sklaidis `ein Herumtreiber, Taugenichts'; without anlaut. s-: klaîdît `sich herumtreiben', klîstu, klîdu, klîst `err', lit. klýstu, klýdau, klýsti `sich verirren' (without d: lit. klajóju, -óti `herumirren', lett. klaijât, -uôt ds. eineoriginally versch. family?); apr. sclait, schlāit, schklait `but; without', schklāits Adv. `sonderlich, besonders; otherwise ', Adj. `schlicht, simple, just';

    ags. slīfan `spleißen', engl. slive, ags. to-slǣfan `split', mnd. slēf, norw. sleiv `großer spoon'.

References: WP. II 590 f., WH. I 165, II 536 f., Trautmann 264.

Page(s): 923-927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-2

Meaning: to be guilty, to owe

German meaning: `schuldig sein, schulden, sollen'

Comments: only germ. and balto-slav.

Material: Got. skulan, aisl. skulu, ags. sculan, ahd. scolan `schuldig sein, müssen, sollen', newer also solan, nhd. sollen; ags. scyld f. `Schuld', ahd. aisl. skuld ds.; got. skula m. `Schuldner';

    alit. skelù and lit. skeliù, -ė́ti `schuldig sein', skylù, (*skįlù), skìlti `in Schulden geraten', skolà `Schuld'; apr. skellānts `culpable', ablaut. skallīsnan f. Akk. ` obligation ', poskulīt (paskollēt) `ermahnen';

    without s-: lit. kaltė̃ `Schuld', kal̃tas `culpable'.

References: WP. II 596, Trautmann 264 f.;

See also: compare (s)kel-4?

Page(s): 927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-3

Meaning: to dry out

German meaning: `austrocknen, dörren'

Material: Gr. σκέλλω `trockne from, desiccate ' (trans., Fut. σκελῶ, Aor. ἔσκηλα; intr. Aor. ἔσκλην, Perf. ἔσκληκα), σκελετός `ausgetrocknet', m. `Skelett', n. `Mumie', σκληρός `dry, hard, rough, unbeugsam', σκελιφρός `ausgetrocknet, abgemagert', σκληφρός `small and flink', ἀ-σκελής 1. `ohneWiderstandskraft' (without σκληρότης); 2. `unablässig, vom rage, fury, vom Weinen' (eig. `unversieglich'); περι-σκελής `very dry, brittle, hartnäckig', περι-σκέλεια f. `Hartnäckigkeit';

    schwed. skäll `mager, thin, fade, säuerlich', nd. schal `dry, arid', mnd. mhd. schal `schal from taste; trüb, unclear', schaln `trüb become', mengl. schalowe `schal, faint, languid, seicht', engl. shallow (also probably ags. sceald `seicht, not deep', nd. scholl `seichtes water');

    without anlaut. s-: aisl. hall-ǣri `Mißjahr', ags. hall-heort `erschrocken'; mhd. hel (-ll-) `weak', hellec `müde', nhd. hellig `faint, languid, erschöpft from Durst', mhd. hellegen `exhaust, behelligen', nd. hal `dry, mager'; lengthened grade (?) nd. hāl, ndl. haal `dry', mndl. hael `ausgetrocknet, arid, schal'; dän. dial. hælm `still', dän. helme `cease' (`*languish', originally vor Hitze or Durst);

    lett. kàlss `mager', kàlstu, kàlst `vertrocknen, wilt', kàltêt `dry'.

References: WP. II 597.

Page(s): 927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-4 (extended klā-, klō-)

Meaning: to bend; crooked

German meaning: `biegen; anlehnen; krumm (also sittlich: `verkehrt, unrecht'), verkrümmt'; especially in Körperteilbezeichnungen; `biegsames Gelenk, Ferse, Knie, Hüfte'

Comments: (compare also S. 611 f. kolǝ- `spinnen')

Material: Gr. σκέλος m. `Schenkel', σκελίς, -ίδος `Hinterfuß, hip, haunch' (att. σχελίς), σκελλός `krummbeinig', σκολιός `krumm; improbus', σκαληνός `tubercular, slant, skew, krumm', σκώληξ, -ηκος m. `Wurm', σκωλύπτεσθαι `crook, hin and her winden', κελλόν στρεβλόν, πλάγιον Hes., redukt.-stuf. κυλλός `gekrümmt, gelähmt', κυλλο-ποδί̄ων Beiw. of Hephaistos (*κελ-, *κυλ-νός), κυλίνδω, -έω `rolle, wälze' (ion. att. καλινδέω), κύλινδρος `Walze, Rolle, Zylinder'; κῶλον `Glied', κωλέᾱ, att. κωλῆ `Hüftknochen, ham', κωλήν, -ῆνος, κωλεός ds., κώληψ f. `Kniekehle, Knöchel' (to 1. -ap- above S. 50 f.); κωλώτης, -ου m. `Eidechse' (`with Gliedern versehen'); ὀκλάζω `hocke nieder' (Frisk IF. 49, 99 f.); about κλόνις `Steißbein' see above S. 608;

    alb. tshalë `lahm' (*skelno-);

    lat. scelus, -eris `malice, Verruchtheit, Verbrechen' (formal = σκέλος); coluber, -brī `snake' (`sich windend', *kelo-dhro-, *kolo-dhro-); calx (see under);

    ahd. (with formants -ko-) scëlah (*skélha-) `slant, skew, krumm', nhd. scheel (Denom. mhd. schilhen, nhd. schielen), ags. sceolh ds., aisl. (m. gramm. variation) skjalgr (*skelkó-) `slant, skew, scheeläugig'; isl. skǣll `schiefer mouth', aisl. skǣla sik `den Mund verziehen'; with labiales extension: aisl. skjalfa `tremble, quiver' = ags. scielfan ds., engl. to shelve `abschüssigsein', aisl. skjalfr, skelfr `zitternd'?;

    without anlaut. s-: bsl. *kali̯ō (*koli̯ō) `lehne an' in lit. at-si-kal̃ti `sich anlehnen', ãt-kalas `angelehnt'; to bsl. *klana- m. (*klǝ-no-) `Neigung' in lit. klãnas `puddle, slop', ablaut. klõnis m. `valley' (*klā-ni-), klonė̃ `lowland, depression'; with idg. ō: lit. kluõnas, lett. kluõns m. `Dreschtenne'; in addition further above S. 509 *klā- `hinlegen';

    with bsl. -ul- = lat. -al- (ind. -_ol[ǝ-]) with k̂-suffix: lit. kùlšė, kùlšis `hip, haunch' (mitk-Einschub: kulkšìs, kulkšnìs `Knöchel, Sprunggelenk'), apr. culczi `hip, haunch'; with -k-suffix: lit. kul̃nas m., kulnìs f. `hack, mattock, hoe, Ferse' (*kulk-n-), proto slav.. *kulkā f. `hip, haunch' in spätksl. klъka `poples', bg. kъ́lka `hip, haunch, thigh' (is-kъlčъ́ `verrenke'); skr. kȕk ds. etc;

    lat. calx `Ferse' (calcō, -āre `tread, stomp', calcitrāre `violent ausschlagen', calcar `Sporn', calceus `Schuh', tarent. καλτίον ds. from osk. *calc-tio-); after Trautmann 145 idg. root nouns *k_olk- besides k_olk̂-.

References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. I 144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145.

Page(s): 928

Root / lemma: skendh-

Meaning: to plunge

German meaning: `untertauchen'

Comments: only gr. and balt.

Material: Gr. σκινθός `untertauchend'; lit. skęstù, skę̃sti `untersinken, ertrinken', Kausat. skandinù, -dìnti `ertränken'; apr. auskiēndlai `er gehe under'.

Maybe alb. (*skendh-) hedh 'plunge, throw' [common alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation].

References: WP. II 565, Trautmann 265.

Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)ken-(d-)

Meaning: to rift; to flay

German meaning: `abspalten; abgespaltene Haut, Schuppe, Rinde'

Comments: probably extension from sek- `cut, clip'; only kelt. under german.

Material: A. Bret. skant Kollekt. `Schuppen' (*skn̥to-), abret. anscantocion Pl. `insquamōsos', cymr. ysgythru `Schnitzen' (*sken-tr-);

    aisl. skinn n. `skin, fell, fur' (*skén-to-, urgerm. *skinÞa-, compare lapp. Lw. skidde and runisch ski[n]Þa-leubaR; ags. scinn, engl. skin ds. is Lw. from dem Nord., also mnd. schin `a kind of russisches Ledergeld'), mhd. schint f. `Obstschale', nhd. Schind-mähre, -aas, ndl. dial. schinde `skkin, fell, fur; bast, bark', abgel. verb as. biscindian `abrinden, schälen', ahd. scinten, mhd. mnd.schinden `enthäuten, ausplündern, maltreat ' (nhd. schinden st. V.); aisl. skān f. `Borke', nisl. also `Häutchen', mnd. schin `Schuppen in Haar' (out of it nhd. Schinn, Schinne), mndl. schene `dünne skin, bast';

    B. besides idg. (s)kend- in:

    air. ceinn `Schuppe, bowl', cymr. cenn (*kend-n-), acorn. cenn-en `Häutchen, skin', ysgenn `Schinnen', mbret. quenn `skin', bret. kenn m. `Schinnen', -ken `skin' in bu-gen `Rindshaut' etc; bret. (Vannes) skignan `frog' (*skenni̯ano-); aisl. hinna f. `dünne skin, Membrane' (*skend-n-);

    compare with a-vocalism: mir. scaindrim `zerspalte', scandrad, scaindred `dispersion', scainder `Gefecht'.

References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.

Page(s): 929-930

Root / lemma: (s)keng-

Meaning: lame; slant

German meaning: `hinken; schief, schräg'

Material: Old Indian sákthi- n. (= av. haxti-) `Schenkel' (*skak-thi-, idg. *skn̥g-ti-; das -thi- after Old Indian ásthi- `bone', above S. 783); khañjati `hinkt' (mind. for *skañj-), khañja- `hinkend', khañjana-m. `Bachstelze';

    gr. σκάζω (only present and Imp.) `hinke' (*skn̥gi̯ō); mir. scingim `spring' is probably reshuffling from air. scend- `spring' (see under ĝhengh- `schreiten');

    aisl. skakkr `hinkend, slant, skew', schwed. dial. skinka `hinken'; without anl. s-: ahd. hinkan `hinken', Denomin. mhd. hanken ds.;

    germ. *skanka- in norw. skonk, skank f. `Schenkel, shinbone', ags. scanca f. `Unterschenkel', mnd. schenke `Schenkel' (Demin. mhd. nhd. Schenkel), ablaut. ahd. scinkel `Schenkel', scincho m., scinca f. `Beinröhre, Schenkel', nhd. Schinken, on the other hand afries. skunka, nhd. mdartl. schunke (*skn̥g-) ds.; without s- mhd. hanke `Schenkel, hip, haunch', tirol. Henkel `Schenkel'; also spätmhd. schank m. `Gestell, Schrank for Trinkgeräte' and as. skenkjan `einschenken' (from `das vessel schief halten'), ahd. scenkan ds., mhd. schenken ds., also `give' nhd. schenken; in addition postverbal mhd.schanc `vessel from dem from = Geschenkt wird' and `gift';

    eine germ. root skēh- in aisl. skāðr `slant, skew', mhd. schǣhe `schielend' etc

References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner 425 ff.

Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)kep-1

Meaning: to cover

German meaning: `decken, verdecken'

Comments: only gr. and balto-slav.

Material: Gr. σκέπας, -αος n. `cover, Hülle, Schutzdach', ion. att. σκέπη f. `cover, protection, Schirm', σκεπάζω, σκεπάω, σκέπω `bedecke, verhülle, schütze'; lit. kepùrė `Mütze', lett. cepure `Mütze, Hut; Bedeckung the Kornhaufen auf dem Felde', russ. čepéc `Haube' etc

References: WP. II 559.

Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)kerb(h)-, (s)kreb(h)-, nasalized (s)kremb-

Meaning: to turn, curve

German meaning: `drehen, krümmen; also especially sich zusammenkrümmen, schrumpfen (also vor Hitze, Trockenheit), runzeln'

Comments: extension to (s)ker- `turn' (see also sker- `einschrumpfen')

Material: Gr. κάρφος n. `dry deadwood, chaff' (*kr̥bh-), κάρφη f. `trockenes wood, hay', κάρφω `lasse einschrumpfen, desiccate ', καρφαλέος `dry, hoarse', καρφύ̄νεσθαι ξηραίνεσθαι. φθείρεσθαι (under likewise) Hes.; κράμβος `eingeschrumpft, arid, dry', κράμβη f. `Kohl', κραμβαλέος `dry, roasted', κρομβόω `roast, roast' (assim. from *κραμβόω);

    lat. perhaps corbis `basket' (*`geflochten'); mir. corb `Wagen', probably originally `Wagenkorb';

    aisl. skorpinn `eingeschrumpft', skorpna `schrumpfen' (about skarpr `eingeschrumpft, mager etc', ags. scearp, ahd. scarpf `sharp' s. also S. 943 under sker- `cut, clip'); nas. mhd. schrimpf ` scratch ', mhd. schrimpfen `rümpfen, zusammenschrumpfen' = aisl. skreppa `sich zusammenziehen, ausgleiten', dän. skrumpe = nhd. schrumpfen, norw. skramp `mageres creature', skrumpa `magere cow', engl. shrimp `toddler' (besides with germ. -mm-: ags. scrimman `sich zusammenziehen, schrumpfen');

    (about nhd. Schärpe, bair. schärpfen `Gürtel', ndl. sjerp, engl. scarf ds., spätahd. scherbe `Tasche', nd. schrap `Tasche', aisl. skreppa `Rucksack' s. Meyer-Lübke³ 7723, Kluge-Goetze¹⁶ 653, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 257: all from lat. scirpea `Binsentasche');

    nisl. herpa-st `sich zusammenkrampfen', harpa `kneifen', aisl. munn-herpa `Hexe', schwed. dial.harpa i hop `zusammenziehen', norw. hurpe `altes Weib'; nhd. schweiz. harpf `magere cow, böses Weib'; here aisl. harpa, ags. hearpe, ahd. har(p)fa `Harfe' (from the hakigen Krümmung);

    ahd. (h)rimfan, rimpfan `rugare, contrahere', nhd. rümpfen, mnd. rimpen `runzeln, crook', ags. *hrimpan, ge-hrumpen `wrinkly', hrympel `wrinkle', mnd. ramp `cramp', mhd. rampf `cramp', aisl. hreppr `Distrikt', norw. ramp `magerer person', engl. dial. rump `magere cow'; (but norw. rump `abgestumpfter Berggipfel; buttocks ', mnd. rump m. `trunk, bauchiges vessel', nhd. Rumpf rather as `abgehauenes Stück' to aksl. rǫbъ `rag', ohen S. 864 f.); besides with germ. -m(m)-: mnd. ram, ramme `cramp', ags. hramma m. `cramp', aisl. hrammr `Tatze' (actually `verschrumpft'); got. hramjan `kreuzigen', ags. hremman `hinder, belästigen', ndl. remmen `hemmen, bremsen';

    with the Vokalstellung kreb-: aisl. hrapi, norw. dän. rape `Zwergbirke' (`*crippled '); to mir. cruibhe `ein Baumname' (*krobi̯o-); then (with the imagining of the gekrümmten Finger) norw. rapse `zusammenscharren', nd. rapsen `hastig ergreifen', ags. ge-hrespan ` rend ', ahd. raspōn `zusammenraffen', hrespan `pluck, raffen' (sp from ps); without -s: norw. rapa `zusammenraffen', mnd.rapen, mhd. nhd. raffen `raffen', norw. schwed. rappa `an sich reißen, schnappen' = nd. rappen ds.;

    aisl. hreppa `receive', ags. hreppen `anrühren', mnd. reppen ds.;

    lit. skur̃bti `verkümmern, grieve ', lett. skurbinât `in die Runde drehen bis zum Schwindligwerden', skùrbt `schwindlig become', skur̃btiês `sich drehen'; nasalized lit. skramblỹs `small dickleibiger person, Zwerg', apr. (with p) sen-skrempūsnan f. Akk. `wrinkle'; with the Vokalstellung *skreb-: lit. skrembù, skrèbti `dry sein or become', skrebė́ti `rustle (vontrockenem straw)', old skreblỹs `Filz', lett. skreblis `einfältiger person, hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz';

    without s-: lit. kremblỹs `eine Pilzart' (probably `wrinkly' or `faltig'); with p-: lett. krum̃pa `Falte', krum̃pêt `einschrumpfen', lit. krumplỹs `Fingerknöchel' (also krumslỹs, lett. krum̃slis, skrum̃slis ds., also `gristle, Knorren'), apr. krumslus `Knöchel am Finger';

    russ. skórblyj `zusammengeschrumpft', skorbnutь `sich krummen'; koróbitь `crook', refl. ` crook oneself, zusammenziehen, zusammenschrumpfen', nasal. aksl. krǫpъ `small (contractus)', krǫpě-jǫ, -ti `sich zusammenziehen';

    about lit. kar̃bas `basket', russ. kórob, wruss. koróba ds., apr. carbio f. `Mühlenkasten', lit. kar̃bija `basket', aksl. krabьji `arcula' s. Trautmann 117 f.

References: WP. II 588 ff.

Page(s): 948-949

Root / lemma: (s)ker-dh-, (s)k_or-dh-

Meaning: small, miserable

German meaning: `kümmerlich, klein; verkümmern'

Material: Old Indian kr̥dhú- `verkürzt, verstümmelt, small, mangelhaft' (comparative kradhīyaṁs-, Superlativ kradhiṣṭha-), á-skr̥dhōyu- `not verkürzt, not kärglich'; gr. σκυρθάλιος νεανίσκος Hes., σκύρθαξ μεῖραξ, ἔφηβος Hes., lakon. (with σ = θ) κυρσάνιος `young person', compare κυρσίον μειράκιον Hes.; lit. skurstù, skurdaũ, skur̃sti `verkümmern, in Wachstum zurückbleiben', nus-kur̃dęs `in Wachstum verkümmert'.

References: WP. II 590;

See also: to (s)ker- `cut, clip' as `gestutzt'.

Page(s): 949

Root / lemma: sker-(d)-

Meaning: to defecate

German meaning: `cacāre; Mist, Kot of Leibes'

Material: Av. sairya- ` manure, crap, muck, droppings', mpers. sargōn, np. sargīn ds.;

    gr. σκῶρ, σκατός `ordure', whereof σκωρία `Schlacke';

    lat. mūscerda `Mäusekot'; sūcerda `Schweinekot', bū-, ovi-cerda haben cerda for *scerda durch false Zerlegung from mū[s]scerda; aksl. skarędъ `ekelhaft' entscheidet dafür freilich nicht, compare Old Indian chr̥nátti, chardayati `erbricht, speit from', mir. sceirdim `speie from', as d-extension unseressk̂er-;

    aisl. skarn, ags. scearn, afries skern, nd. scharn `crap, muck, droppings';

    lett. sãrn̨i Pl. `Schlacken, Menstrua, Excremente', lit. šarwai `Menstrua'; proto slav.. *serǫ (*seri̯ō), *sьrati `cacāre' (e.g. Serb. sȅrem, srȁti), russ. sór `crap, muck, droppings', etc

    hitt. šakkar n., Gen. šaknaš `ordure, Exkremente', šaknu-u̯ant `impure, unclean'.

References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk Indogerm. 25 f.

Page(s): 947-948

Root / lemma: (s)ker-1

Meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin

German meaning: as basis von Worten for `einschrumpfen, runzeln; rauhe Haut, Schorf, Kruste; vertrocknet, mager, verkümmert'

Comments: probably to sker-3.

Material: A. Unerweitert in norw. schwed. skare `hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem Schnee'? russ. skorá etc `skin, Tierhaut';

    B. with Gutt.-extension: norw. dial. skarka `frozen crust', skjerkna `durch Kälte hard become'; norw. dial. skrekling `weakling', skrakal `gebrechlich, kränklich', nd. schräkel `verkrüppeltes creature ', mhd. waltschrechel, -schreckel `fairy demon, ghost, Fauun'; norw. skråna (*skrahnan) `verschrumpfen', skråen `dry', mnd. schrā (*skrēha-) `arid, mager', nhd. schrāh (Nord-Franken) ds., schrähelin (Oberpfalz) `zauberisches creature, Wichtlein', aisl. skrǣling(j)ar (*skrēhila-) Pl. `Eskimos', norw. skrælen `erbärmlich', isl. skrælna `schrumpfen' ostfries. verschrālen ds.; aisl. skrā f. (skrahō) `Stück dürren Leders etc';

    C. with Dental-extension: norw. dial. skranta `mager become' (etc); mhd. schraz, with germ. d: ahd. scrato `larvae, lares mali, pilosus', nhd. wood, forest-schratt, with germ. tt: aisl. skratti `monstrum, Zauberer', schwed. skratte `fairy demon, ghost, ghost', ahd. scraz, screz, mhd. schraz, schrez `fairy demon, ghost', nhd. bair. schrätz `in Wachstum zurückgebliebener Mensch'; norw. skrinn (*skrenÞa-) `arid, mager, unfruchtbar'; skreda `weakling', mnd. schrāde `thin, mager, kümmerlich'; lit.skrentù, skręsti `sich with einer trockenen Kruste beziehen';

    D. eine bare in Germ. vorliegende u-basis seems aisl. skrǫggr `Fuchs', norw. skrogg `wolf', isl. skröggur `Greis', schwed. dial. skragge `devil', mhd. schröuwel ds. (germ. *skrawwa-), aisl. skriūpr `gebrechlich, mürbe';

    Dentalerweiterung: aisl. hrūðr m. `scurf, scab', as. hrūtho m., ahd. rūda, riudī `Raude, Räude', aisl. skrydda `geschrumpfte skin'; alit. skraudùs `brüchig, rough', skraudù, skraùsti `rough become';

    in the case of here lit. krenkù, krèkti ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', lett. krecēt ds., -ties `lumpy, klunkerig become', kręcumi `Überbleibsel, spawn of frogs ' as `einschrumpfen'?

References: WP. II 565 f.

Page(s): 933

Root / lemma: (s)ker-2, skerǝ- : skrē-

Meaning: to spring, to turn

German meaning: `springen, herumspringen', also and actually `(sich) drehend bewegen, schwingen'

Comments: not to separate from (s)ker- `turn'

Material: Old Indian kiráti (kariṣyati, kīryátē, kīrṇa-) `streut from, vergießt, wirft, schleudert'; vi-kira, vi-ṣkira `Scharrer, ein bird from dem Hühnergeschlecht'; osset. k`álịn `schütte from';

    gr. σκαίρω (*skr̥i̯ō) `spring, hüpfe, dances', σκάρος n., σκαρθμός `Sprung', καρθμοί κινήσεις Hes., σκάρος m. `ein Meerfisch', actually `Springer'; σκαρίς f. `Springwurm' Hes.; ablaut. σκιρτάω `spring'; with anl. ἀ- (bloßer suggestion?) ἀσκαρίζω `spring, zapple', wherefore ἀσκαρίς, -ίδος `small Eingeweidewurm, Larve einer Wassermücke';

    ahd. scerōn `bratty sein', mhd. scher(e)n `hurry', nhd. sich scheren `sich packen', mnd. scheren `spotten, höhnen' and `run, hurry', and. scern n. `illusio, subsannatio', ahd. scern m. `Scherz, Mutwille' (scirno `histrio'), aisl. skāri m. `young Möwe', skirja f. `young cow', mnd. scherke `kind of small Möwe' (vom unsteten Flug);

    skrē- perhaps in mhd. schrǣjen, schræn `spray, whisk ', schrā f. `hail, hoarfrost, snow', schrāt m. `Wasserstäubchen, drip' and aisl. skrǣ-ma-sk `flee', schwed. skrämma `frighten' tr. (`aufspringen make');

    ags. secge-scēre `cicada locusta', compare lit. skėrỹs, skėrẽlis ` locust, grasshopper ' (: gr. σκαρίς, ἀσκαρίς); bait. FlN *Skērijā > wruss. Ščara; арг. Skarra (*Skarā); aksl. skorъ `quick, fast'; very doubtful aksl. ašterъ, russ. jáščerica `Eidechse' (anl. a- die idg. preposition *ō??);

    eine extension skreg- in ahd. screcchōn `auffahren, aufspringen, hüpfen', hewi-screcko ` locust, grasshopper ', Kaus. screcken `aufspringen make, bange make', nhd. schrecken etc; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 190.

    d-extension (s)kre-d- and (s)ker-d-:

    Ai kūrdati `springt, hüpft' is nichtidg.; gr. κράδη f. `Schwinge, Wipfel', κραδάω `swing, brandish, schwanke', κραδαίνω ds.; κόρδᾱξ `lustiger Tanz in the Komödie', (σ)κορδίνημα `Schwindel', σκορδινᾶσθαι `sich gähnend recken, aufgeregt sein' (probably also κορδύλη `club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, Kopfputz'); alb. hardh-ëlë, -ëjë, -itsë `Eidechse' (*skord-); lat. cardō `Türangel; Wendepunkt' (`Drehpunkt'; from the un extension root also ags. heorr(a), aisl. hjarri `Türangel' and with idg. t: ahd. scerdo `fishing rod');

    mir. ceird `das Schreiten', air. fo-cerdaim `werfe', cymr. cerddaf `wandle' (with other Vokalstellung abret. credam `vado'), next to which without d das Kausat. cuirithir (*kor-ei̯e-trai) `wirft, legt, places '; with cymr. go-gerdd f. `Burleske' compare nhd. Scherz;

    aisl. hrata `fall, waver, hurry', ags. hratian ds. (besides also hraÞian, hradian with idg. t; ahd. hardilla `Bachstelze' = `*Wipperin'); mhd. razzen `rage, clamor' (and - probably secondary - `rattle, clash', as mnd. ratelen `clatter', ags. hratele `Klapperschote'); mhd. scherzen `fröhlich spring, sich vergnügen', mhd. schërz `pleasure, game', nhd. scherzen, Scherz, mhd.scharz, schurz m. `Sprung'; aisl. skart n. `kostbare Kleidung', norw. skertast `spaßen', skarta `leichtfertiges Frauenzimmer'; perhaps ahd. hros ags. hors etc `steed', see above S. 583 f.;

    lit.-žem. pakìrsti, preterit pakìrdo `from dem sleep auffahren';

    eine b-extension in: aisl. hrapa `hinabstürzen', intr. `hurry', mnd. rapp `rash, hasty, violent', sik reppen `hurry'; mir. crip, crib (with bb) `quick, fast';

    eine s-extension in: lat. scurra ` merrymaker, Witzbold; Stutzer' (: ahd. scern, basic form skʷr̥sā); presumably in aisl. skjarr `shy, timorous' (`*aufspringend' or `*zitternd'), skirra `frighten'; toch. В kärss- `schießen'.

References: WP. II 566 ff., WH. I 167 f., Trautmann 263, Loth RC. 43, 416 f.

Page(s): 933-935

Root / lemma: (s)ker-3

Meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Comments: (see also 1. (s)ker- `einschrumpfen' and 2. (s)ker- `spring')

Material: A. Av. skarǝna- `rund', skārayat̃-raϑa- EN., actually `the den Streitwagen kreisen läßt';

    alb. perhaps kërrús, kurrús `beuge, biege';

    gr. κυρτός `krumm' (old u- coloring, compare russ. kortočki, as well as ksl. sъ-krъčiti `zusammenziehen' etc); κορωνός `gekrümmt'; κορώνη `allerlei Gekrümmtes, Gebogenes etc' (lat. Lw. corōna), perhaps as *korō[u̯]-no-s zur u-basis *(s)kereu-;

    lat. curvus `krumm, gekrümmt, gewölbt' (forms -u̯o-); cortīna `round vessel, Kessel; the Dreifuß Apollos with dem Kessel darauf; Himmelswölbung'; from einem participle *kr̥-to- `gedreht' derived;

    mir. cor, Akk. Pl. curu `Kreise', cymr. cor-wynt, bret. cor-uent `turbo';

    russ. kórtočki Pl. f. `hockende, kauernde position ', klr. kortáty śa `sich durchhelfen, rackern' (if `* crook oneself '? compare gr. κυρτός).

    α) guttural extensions:

    ker-k-, besides kir-k- (from redupl. *ki-kro-) and (s)krek-:

    Doubtful Old Indian kŕ̥kāṭa- n. `Halsgelenk', kr̥ka- m. (uncovered) `larynx';

    gr. κίρκος m. `ring' (κιρκόω `feßle with einem ring'), gewöhnlich (seit Homer) κρίκος (in addition κιρσός, κρισσός, dor. κριξός m. Poll. Hes. `Krampfader' as `vortretende Aderringe'); lat. circus `Zirkellinie, Kreis in the Astronomie; esp. die (runde) racecourse ', preposition circum `ringsumheretc', circā (after suprā, extrā); the umbr. Monatsname kurc̨lasiu as `circulāriō'?;

    (s)krek- in nd. schrēge, schräge, mhd. schræge ` slantwise ', mnd. mhd. schrage `kreuzweisestehende Holzfüße'; klr. kórkuš m. `Nacken', korkoši Pl. `Achseln', čech. krk ` neck ' etc (compare above Old Indian kr̥ka-); ksl. sъ-krъčiti `zusammenziehen', russ. kórču, -itь ds., `Gesichter cut, clip', kórča, korč `cramp', okorča `gebogener Teil of Schlittens', čech. dial. krkoška `Knorren am wood', krkva `wrinkle, Falte' etc; also wruss. korch `fist' etc from *kъrk-so-?;

    nasalized (s)krenk-: presumably russ. krjákatь `eine andere Wendung nehmen', krjač `Knebelholz', krjáčitь `festbinden'; ksl. kručina (*krǫčina) `χολέρα, epilepsia', sloven. u-kroknem, -niti ` crook oneself ', u-kročiti ds., čech. kručina `broom', poln. kręcz (*krǫčь) `Kopfdrehen, Schwindel; (old) Starrkrampf';

    with -g-: (s)ker-g-.

    norw. hork (aisl. *hǫrk f.) `Weidenband', dial. also `runzeliges Weib', herkja `zusammenbinden', hurkl `Unebenheit, Knorren', harkal `knorrig'; russ. korgá `verkrüppelter tree', koržávyj `verschrumpft, verkümmert, hard' (etc);

    nasalized (s)kreng-: aisl. hrøkkva (hrǫkk) `sich kräuseln, crook, zusammenschrumpfen' (*hrenkwan), Kaus. hrøkkva `schlingen, kräuseln' (*krankwjan), dän. rynke `runzeln', aisl. hrukka, mhd. runke `wrinkle'; m. anlaut sk- aisl. skrukka `runzeliges Weib', norw. skrukk `wrinkle', schwed. skrynka `runzeln', ags. scrincan `sich zusammenziehen, verschrumpfen, verwelken', mnd. schrinken `sich zusammenziehen'; gäl. sgreang `wrinkle' is perhaps ags. Lw.;

    as `verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten': mnd. mhd. schrank(e) `Gitter, fence, Verschluß', nhd. Schrank, Schranke, mnd. mhd. schrenken `verschränken, beschränken, hinder'; ahd. scranc `deceit', screnchan `to collapse bringen', ags. screncan `ein leg stellen, cheat, deceive';

    (s)kregh-, nasalized: (s)krengh-:

    umbr. cringatro, krenkatrum, krikatru `cinctum'; urgem. *hrengaz in finn. rengas, aisl. hringr, ags. as. ahd. hring `ring', aisl. hringja `small round vessel' and `Spange' = ahd. rinka, ags. hringe `Spange', ahd. as. hringon `ringeln, einen Kreis bilden'; in addition probably as `Rundstab', got. hrugga `staff', ags. hrung f. `Leitersprosse, Speiche', engl. rung `Leitersprosse', mnd. mhd. runge `Wagenrunge'; aksl. krǫgъ `Kreis', ksl. kruglъ, okruglъ `rund' etc;

    β) Dentalerweiterung kert- `turn', see above S. 584 f.

    γ) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h)-, (s)kremb- `turn' see under esp. Schlagwort.

    B. i-basis (s)krei-:

    Lat. scrinium `rollenförmige Kapsel, shrine' (*round container);

    lit. skriejù (for *skrejù), skriẽti `in Kreise bewegen, in Bogen fliegen', lett. skrìenu (skreju), skrìet `run, fliegen', alit. skrelis `Fittich', aksl. krilo (*krī-dlo-) n. `Flügel'; lit. kreĩvas `gewunden, slant, skew', ostlit. kraĩvas `slant, skew', apý-kraivis `gekrümmt', ablaut.krìvis `schief gewachsener Mensch'; apr. grēiwa-kaulin Akk. `Rippe' (`krummer bone'; dissim. from krēiwa-kaulin), russ. (etc) kriv `krumm', aksl. razkriviti `crook'; lett. krails ` bent, curved, gekrümmt'; lett. kreĩlis `Linkhand', ḱeĩris (dissim. from *kreiris) ds., lit. kairỹs ds. (dissim. from *krairỹs); aksl. krinica `vessel, crock, pitcher', okrinъ ` paten ', russ. kriníca `Kufe, stream, brook, wellspring';

    α) With Dentalen:

    (s)krei-t-: lat. crīsō, -āre `with den Schenkeln wackeln (beim Beischlaf; from the wife, woman)', *creitsō or *crītsō; mir. crith `Zittern, fever', cymr. cryd `Wiege, fever', with s-: ysgryd, bret. skrija `vor fear tremble'; aisl. hrīð f. `Anfall, storm; Zwischenzeit, period (of time) ', ags. hrīÞ f. `storm', ahd. (h)rīdōn `tremble', ablaut. (h)rit(t)o `fever', ags. hrið `fever', aisl. hreiðr n. `nest' (`*Flechtwerk'); from dem concept the bogenförmigen Bewegung is verständlich aisl. skrīða `sich langsam vorwärts bewegen, kriechen' (from Würmern), ags. scrīÞan, as. scrīthan and skrīdan, ahd. scrītan `schreiten', ahd. scrit `Schritt', aisl. skriðr `run, flow, Vorwärtsschreiten', ags. scriÞe, scride m. `run, flow', skrid n. `Wagen'; lett. kraitât `lurch'; lit. skriečiù, skriẽsti `turn, in Kreis herumdrehen', skrýtis `Radfelge', apr. scritayle ds., lit. apskritùs `rund', skritulỹs `Kreis, Kniescheibe', lett. skritulis `wheel', lit. skritinỹs `ball, Globus'.

    (s)kreid-:

    Lit. skrindù, skrìsti `fliegen, kreisen', skridinė́ti `kreisen (from birds)', skrýdauti `in Kreise gehn', skriedžiù, skriẽsti `fliegen', skraidaũ, -ýti `hin and her in Bogen fliegen', skraidùs `quick, fast'; lett. skraidelêt `umherlaufen', skrìedinât `antreiben'.

    β) With Labialen: (s)kreip-:

    Aisl. hreife m. `Handwurzel', hreifa `swing'; lit. kreipiù, kreipti `turn, wenden', kraipaũ, -ýti, Iter. krypstù, krỹpti `sich drehen'; aksl. skrěnja `εὐτραπελία, scurrilitas' (*skroipni̯ā); slav. *krě(p)sъ (*kroip-so-) in aksl. vъz-krěšǫ, -iti `auferstehen lassen (from den Toten)', ksl. krěsъ m. `τροπή, temporum mutatio', serb. krȉjes `Johannisfeuer'; ablaut. aksl.vъs-krьsnǫti `auferstehen'.

    (s)kreib-: aisl. hrip n. ` wooden vessel', mengl. rip `creel', ahd. href ` pannier '(originally `Geflochtenes'); lett. kribas Pl. `netting in sled '.

    s-extension (s)krei-s-, esp. from `vibrierender Bewegung, (oneself) shake'.

    Mir. cressaim `shake, swing, brandish' (*kristō);

    got. af-, us-hrisjan `ab-, ausschütteln', ags. as. hrissan `to shake, tremble'; aisl. hrīs n. ` shrubbery, rod', ags. hrīs n. `twig, branch, rod', ahd. hrīs `Reis, rod, deadwood, shrubbery, bush'; norw. risla `bush, twig, branch, Wipfel eines Baumes; Ähre', schwed. ressna `(Hopfen)ranke', ressn `Docke gehechelten Flachses' etc; lat. crīnis `hair, esp. Haupthaar' (*crisnis, compare:) cris-ta `the comb am Kopfe the animal', aisl. hrista `shake', mnd. risten `flax, wattle, braid'; ahd. rīsta, nhd. Reiste `zusammengedrehter tussock, Bündel überhaupt'; with ĭ: nd. riste, risse ds., ndl. riste (and rijste) also `Traubenkamm, Rispe, row'; apr. craysi `Halm', crays `hay';

    here as p-derivative also: lat. crispus `kraus, sich kräuselnd, vibrierend', crispō, -āre `kräuseln, swing', intr. `tremble', gall. PN. Crixos, cymr. crych `kraus', bret. crech ds.; mhd. rispen `kräuseln', rispeln ds., rispe `Gezweig, shrubbery ', ahd. hrispahi `virgultum', nhd. Rispe `deadwood, Buschwerk, bundle, büschliger Blütenstand', in the Weberei `eine gewisse Lage the Fäden', engl. dial. risp `Stengel from Schlingflanzen, Ranken'.

    C. u-basis (s)kreu-:

    compare above S. 935 to gr. κορωνός; acymr. crunn, mcymr. crwnn, fem. cronn, abret. cron `rund', mir. cruind `rund', zur basic form *krundi, compare gr. κοκρυν-δακοί κυλλοί;

    sloven. krúliti `verstümmeln, rings behacken', serb. krùljav `lahm, crippled ', poln. królić (for krulić) `runzeln';

    compare also Old Indian karū́-kara- m. `whirl of Halses and Rückgrates';

    k-extension (s)kreu-k-: Old Indian kruñcati (Dhātup.) `krümmt sich'; lat. crux `Marterholz' (originally `round picket, pole'); ir. crūach f. `heap, barn, haystack, hill', gall. *krouka ` acme, apex ', worfrom *krōkka, krūk(k)a ds. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), cymr. crug m. `cippus, tumulus', corn. abret. cruc `hill', nbret. crug, abrit.-lat. Penno-crucium PN.; aisl. hryggr `backbone, spine', ags. hrycg, as. hruggi, ahd. (h)rukki `back'; aisl. hrūga f. `heap', hraukr `heap', ags. hrēac `Kornhaufe', ndl. rook ds., changing through ablaut ags. cornhrycce f. `Korndieme', engl. rick ds.; lit.kriáuklė `Meerschnecke', kriáuklas `Rippe'; lett. kruknêt `gekrümmt sitzen';

    A t-extension seems krū̆t- `Körperwölbung' above S. 624.

References: WP. II 568 ff., WH. I 220 f., 233 f., 279 f., 317 f., 293, 296 f., Trautmann 140 f., 267 f., Loth RC. 43, 416 f.

Page(s): 935-938

Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kerǝ-, (s)krē-

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: I. A. Old Indian ava-, apa-skara- `Exkremente (Ausscheidung)'; kr̥ṇāti, kr̥ṇōti `verletzt, tötet' (lex.), utkīrṇa- `ausgeschnitten, eingeritzt', samutkīrṇa- `durchbohrt'; Old Indian cárman-, av. čarǝman- `fell, fur, skin'; presumably Old Indian kr̥vi- (unbel.) `ein Webergerät' (: russ. dial. červь `sickle', lit. kir̃vis `axe' (?);

    arm. k`orem `I scratch', k`erem `scratch, schabe';

    gr. κείρω (κερῶ, ἐκάρην, κέκαρμαι, καρτός) `abschneiden; shave, shear; abfressen', κέρμα n. `Schnitzel, small Münze', κορμός m. `(abgeschnittener) clot, chunk, trunk', κορμάζω `zerstückle'; κόρις m. `bedbug' (= russ. korь f. `Motte': `incisive, biting, zerbeißend'); Gen. καρός `Nichts' in τίω δέ μιν ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, compare also καριμοίρους τοὺς ἐν μηδεμιᾳ μοίρᾳ... Hes., further ἀκαρί n. `Milbe', ἀκαρής, ἀκαριαῖος `winzig', Hes.; `incisive' seems die basic meaning from κάρνος and κάρ `louse' Hes.; to latter perhaps κάρον, κάρος `Kümmel' (from the Ähnlichkeit of Kümmelkornes with einer louse); with gr. κώρυκος `leather sack' compare ir. curach `Hautboot', cymr. corwg, cwrwg ds. from *kŏrukos; compare further aisl. hǫrr `Leinenkleid', ahd. harra `sack, bag'; with einer meaning `schneidender Hohn' here κέρτομος `höhnend', κερτομέω `höhne, lästere' (*κερ-στομος `ein Lästermaul habend'? in 1. Glied ein root noun [s]ker-, or ein -[e]s-stem *ker-s-); σκέραφος, κέραφος `reprimand' Hes., σκέρ-βολος λοίδορος, σκερβολεῖ ἀπατᾳ Hes., σκερβόλλω `schmähe';

    alb. hirrë f. `Molke' (*sk_er-nā; das h after harr); Lidén KZ. 61, 9 f.;

    alb. sh-kjer `reiße apart', harr (*skor-n-) `cut, bite from, jäte', tsharɛ `spoil, verwüsten, sich separate', tshartës `Scharfrichter', lengthened grade korr, kuarr (*kēr-n-ō) `schneide ab, ernte';

    lat. corium `dicke skin, bag, leather'; carō, carnis f. `Fleisch', originally `Stück Fleisch' as Pl. carnēs; umbr. karu `part', Dat. karne, Abl. Pl. karnus `carnibus', osk. carneis `partis'; umbr. kartu `distribuito'; lat. curtus `verkürzt, verstümmelt' (*kr̥-tó-);

    air. scar(a)im (*sk_erā-mi) `I slit, separate', cymr. ysgar `Trennen', gwa-sgar `scatter'; Kaus.-iterative air. scu(i)rim `spanne die Pferde ab', scor ` paddock for abgespannte Zugtiere'; auf einem to-participle in addition based on mir. aurscartad (*air-uss-scart-) `Fegen, Reinigen', diuscart(a)im (*dī-uss-scart-) `entferne'; cymr. ysgarthu, dyscarthu `clean', ysgarth `rubbish, Spülicht', carthen `purgatoria' under likewise; mir. scairt `Netz um die Gedärme, Zwerchfell'; ir. cert `small'; nicht certainly belegt is mir. coire `sword' (see under got. haírus); ir. curach, cymr. corwg, cwrwg `Hautboot' to gr. κώρυκος? see above;

    aisl. skera `cut, clip, prick, abmachen', ahd. sceran `shave, shear, abschneiden', ags. scieran ds., as. sker-sahs `Schermesser'; ahd. scero `Maulwurf', nhd. Schermaus, norw. vatn-skjer under likewise `Spitzmaus' (compare under ags. scierfe-mūs `Spitzmaus'); Kaus.-Iter. ahd. scerian, as. skerjan, ags. scierian `allot, decide, define, ordain, determine'; aisl. skǫr f. `hair; edge; end', ags. scearu f. `das Haarschneiden; Anteil', ahd. scara `Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude, crowd etc', mnd. schare f. ds. (out of it aisl.skǫr f., skari m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'); with not klarer meaning-Entw. ahd. haram-skara, as. harm-skara, ags. hearm-scearu ` punishment, plague';

    ahd. scar, scaro m., scara f. `Pflugschar', ags. scear m. n. ds., norw. skere (*skarjan-) ds.; aisl. sker n. (*skarja-) `Klippe' (out of it mnd. schere f. `Felszacke, Klippe', nhd. Schäre); ablaut. ags. score `(felsiges) seashore, Küste', scorian `overhang, from Klippen under likewise', mnd. schore, schare `Küste, bank, border, shore', next to which with -rr-: ahd. scorra `schroffer Fels', scorrēn `hervorragen, from Felsen or bone';

    aisl. skarðr ` damages, verstummelt, verringert', as. skard `zerhauen, verwundet', ahd. scart, mhd. schart `zerhauen, schartig', ags. sceard ds., aisl. skarð n. `Scharte, hole, lack, damage, pity', mhd. nhd. scharte, ags. sceard n. `piece, fragment', ablaut. aisl. skorða f. `cloven staff', `am oberen end gespaltene pad' (compare in similar meaning mnd. schore, schare `Strebepfahl, pad' = engl. shore);

    aisl. skor f. ` incision, Kerbe, crack', mnd. schore m. ds., nnd. schör, schär `frail, breakable, brittle ';

    aisl. skyr n. (*skurja-) ` coagulated milk' (: skera-sk `sich divide = curdle, coagulate, harden '); skurðr m. `das Schneiden'; ahd. skerm, skirm `shield (`*from Häuten'), protection, Bedeckung', mhd. scherm, schirm, ahd. skirmen (*skirmjan), as. biskirmian `beschirmen';

    s-los perhaps aisl. hǫrund n. `Fleisch'; mhd. häre, härwer `herb' ('incisive vom taste'; urgerm. *har-wa in finn. karvas `herb'); got. haírus, aisl. hjǫrr, ags. heoru, as. heru m. `sword' (see above mir. coire);

    lengthened grade ahd. scār, scāra, Pl. scāri `Schere', as. skāra f. ds., ags. scēar `Pflugscher', Pl. scerero, aisl. skǣri n. Pl. `Schere', hrǣ-skǣrr `in Leichen hackend (eagle)'; mhd. schuor f. `Schur', aisl. skø̄ra `fight, struggle';

    lit. skiriù, skìrti, lett. šḱir̃t `separate, divide', lit. karnà f. `Lindenbast', lett. àizkar̂t `anrühren'; lit. kę̃ra, kẽro, kérti `sich loslösen'; skarà `scrap, shred, rag'; apr. kērmens `body' (see under); lit. kir̃vis, lett. cirvis `axe'; presumably vom concept the abgespaltenen Hautschuppe from: lit. karaĩ Pl. `Steinpocken' (slav. Lw.?), prakarùs `maserig, vom wood';

    russ. korь f. ` measles ' and `Motte' (`*Schererin'); aruss. kora `bark', russ. etc korá `bark, crust'; whereof among others ksl. koricę Pl. `Zimt', russ. koríca ds., kórka `bowl, bark, crust', korětь `hard become', bulg. koráv `steif, hard', serb. o-kòreti se `steif, hard become' etc (aksl.korьcъ `ein Hohlmaß', russ. koréc `Mühlkasten; Schöpfkelle etc', slov. korec `Körbchen under likewise'; perhaps to Old Indian carú- `Kessel' etc, s. kʷer-);

    russ. dial. červь `sickle' (= lit. kir̃vis, Old Indian kr̥vi-, see above); bsl. *kermen- and keru̯a- n. `belly, body' in apr. kērmens m. `body'; slav. *červo n. in aksl. črěvo `lower abdomen, belly', russ. čerëvo ds. etc (originally `ausgeschnittene Tiereingeweide'); doubtful aksl. črěvьjь `sandal', russ. old čerevьji Pl. `Schuhe' etc (*`skin, leather'?);

    ksl. krъnъ `verstümmelt', okrъniti `amputieren', russ. dial. kórnyj `from kleinem growth, short', kornátь `stutzen', (etc = Old Indian -kīrṇa-); presumably (as `abgeschnittene shaft, pole') aksl. krъma `Steuerruder, Hinterende of Schiffes', r. kormá `Schiffshinterteil' etc; perhaps r.-ksl.črěnъ `Handgriff', russ. čéren `Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp eines Messers; Pfropfen'.

    B. Dental extensions:

    α) (s)ker-d-:

    Illyr. Scordus (mons), Σκάρδον (ὄρος): lit. skardùs `steil' see under (Jokl, Eberts Reallex. 6, 37); air. scerdid `kratzt ab';

Maybe alb. (*sk_ord-) kodrë `hill'

    after den gespaltenen Wurzelknollen: gr. σκόρ(ο)δον n. `Knoblauch', alb. hurdhë, hudhrë ds. (*sk_ord-);

    ahd. scherze, scherzel `abgeschnittenes Stück'; ahd. scurz `short' (mhd. schürzen `kürzen', schurz `gekürztes garment', nhd. Schurz, Schürze), ags. scort `short', scortian `kürzer become, fehlen, lack' (scyrte f. `Schurz, Hemd'; engl. short `short', shirt `Hemd'), aisl. skorta `fehlen, lack', skort n., skortr m. `lack';

    with other Vokalstellung (influence of germ. *skraut-, *skrut-?) mnd. schratelen `carve, slit';

maybe alb. (*scyrte) shkurt `short'

Note:

illyr. TN Scordisci meant: ` men with shirts, kilts (like women)' hence alb. (*skodra) kodra 'hill' actually meant: '(*short) low mountain, low hill' [common drop of initial s- in alb. sk > k]

    lit. skerdžiù, sker̃sti `(Schweine) schlachten', lett. šḱę̄ržu, šḱe'rst `split, aufschneiden', lit. skérdžiu, skérdėti `Risse bekommen', ablaut. skardýti `schroten'; skardùs `steil', skar̃dis m. `steiles bank, border, shore' (see above illyr. Scordus), skurdùs `painful', nu-skur̃des `zerlumpt', ostlit. skurstù, skur̃sti `lack leiden'; lett. skārdît `split up, cut up, divide', lit. suskir̃dusios kójos `aufgesprungene Füße', apr. scurdis `Bicke, Mühleisen', aksl. o-skrъdъ m. `tool zum Behauen the Steine', russ. oskórd `big hatchet', skorodá `harrow', čech. oskrd `Mühleisen, Spitzhammer';nas. lit. skrándas `alter Pelz', skrañdis `Viehmagen', lett. skrandas Pl. `rag, clout', apr. scrundos Pl. `Schere'.

    Über sker-dh- see below esp. Schlagwort.

    β) (s)ker-t-, (s)kre-t-:

    Old Indian kr̥ntáti newer kartati `cuts, slices' = av. kǝrǝntaiti (besides kǝrǝnaoiti = Old Indian kr̥ṇōti, above S. 938) `cuts, slices; schindet'; participle Perf. Pass. kr̥ttá- (av. -kǝrǝsta-); Old Indian kartanam `das Schneiden', kr̥tí- m. or f. `knife', av. karǝti- `knife', npers. kārd ds.; Old Indian karta- m. `separation, Unterscheidung', kartá- m. `pit, pothole, hole' (kāṭá `depth, ground' out of it mind. Entw.), perhaps av. -kaša- `Bucht'; es können partizipiale to-formations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; Old Indian kŕ̥tti- f. `fell, fur', ni-kr̥tti- `Niedermetzlung'; Old Indian kŕ̥tvaḥ `...Male', -kŕ̥t e.g.sa-kŕ̥t, av. ha-kǝrǝt̃ `once', originally `with einem Hieb', as in Old Indian sakr̥d-āchinná- `auf einmalabgetrennt', av. hakǝrǝt̃-jan- `auf einmal tötend' (compare aksl. kratъ `mal', lit. kar̃tas ds.);

    Old Indian kaṭu- (mi. from *kart-u-) `(*incisive) sharp, biting' (: lit. kartùs `bitter');

    arm. k`ert`em `pull die skin ab, schäle ab';

    alb. kjëth `schere' (*kertō);

    lat. cortex `bark, Borke', scortum `fell, fur, Tierhaut, Hure', cēna `meal' = osk. kersnu `cēna', kerssnaís `cēnis' (*kert-snā `share'); umbr. śesna `cēnam', c̨ersnatur `cēnāti';

    ahd. herdo `vellus', ags. heorda m. `fell, fur', nhd. schweiz. herde, härde `sheep- or goatskin '; ags. herðan Pl. `testicles' (`*Hautsack'; from *haruÞjan) with other Vokalstellung aisl. hreðjar Pl. `Hodensack'; perhaps here also got. hairÞra, ahd. herdar n., ags.hreðer m. ` intestines, entrails '; lengthened grade the 2. syllable in mnd. schrāt (-d-) `ein in the Länge abgeschnittenes Stück', schrāden `abschneiden', schrāt (-d-) ` slantwise (eine other Linieschneidend)'; at most to-participle zur basis skrē-;

    nasalized (germ. *skrenÞ-, compare Old Indian kr̥ntati): ahd. skrindan, -tan `break, crack, Risse bekommen', norw. skrinda `Kerbe'; zero grade ahd. scrunda, -ta `col, gap, crack', nhd. Schrund(e), norw. skrunda `hutch'; with gradation mhd. schranz(e) `crack, slit, geschlitztes garment ' (ahd. *scrantussa, compare scruntussa `crack'); wfries. schrander `sharp' (from Verstand), etc; without s-: mnd. uprinden `aufbersten' (from Wunden);

    lit. kertù kir̃sti `haue sharp, schlage violent', kir̃stas `beaten', lett. cę̄̀rtu, cìrst `hew, hit, hacken'; lit. kir̃tis `Hieb', apr. kirtis ds., lit. ker̃slas `Aderlaßeisen' (*kert-s-lo-), besides ker̃stas `Lanzette'; apr. kersle `hoe, axe' (= russ. čéresló etc); lit. karsa `cave'(*kartsā), lit. kartùs, apr. Nom. Pl. kārtai `bitter'; apr. scordo (consigns stordo) `Schwarte' i.e. `menschliche Kopfhaut' (balt. *skartā); lit. kertùkas `Spitzmaus' (: klr. čertéć `großeHaselmaus', compare vom einfachen *sker- ahd. scero `Maulwurf' etc); lit. kar̃tas `mal', víens kart víens `einmal eins', lett. viênkā̀ršs `simple, just' (see above to Old Indian kŕ̥tvas, -kr̥t), lit. kartà `Lage, Schicht', lett. kā̀rta `order, Schicht, Lage'; lit. kirtas `Tierlager';

    as `abgeschnittenes Stück Holz' lit. kártis ` shaft, pole', lett. kãrts ds., apr. kartano f. ds.; balt. *karta- `trough' (out of it finn. kartta ds.) in apr. pra-cartis m. ds., lit. prã-kartas ds.; besides proto slav.. *karūta- n. `trough, trough' in ksl. koryto `alveus', russ. korýto `trough, trough' etc; with durch das nasal present bedingter other Vokalstellung lit. krintù, kritaũ, krìsti `abfallen, from Blättern, Früchten' (compare Old Indian kr̥ntátram `cleft, gap, col, gap, Zerklüftung');

    aksl. na-črъtati `ὑπογράψαι', russ.-ksl. črъtu, črěsti `cut, clip', russ. old o-čeresti `eine limit, boundary decide, define, ordain, determine' (etc); klr. čertéć `big, giant Haselmaus' (compare above to lit. kertùkas); klr. čeresló, poln. trzosɫo `Pflugmesser, Sech', sloven. črė́slo, čech. tříslo `Gerberlohe'; perhaps russ. old čerešča, mbulg. (ablaut.) o-črьšta, o-črъšta `tent' (if `from Fellen or bark', *k(e)rst-i̯-ā, compare Old Indian kŕ̥t-ti-); perhaps russ. (etc) čerët `Schilfrohr' (from den schneidenden Blättern); ksl. kratъ-kъ (= Old Indian kaṭu-, lit. kartùs), russ. korótkij `short' (etc); aksl. sъ-kraštǫ, -kratiti `verkürzen; sich short fassen, endigen'; aksl. kratъ in tri kraty `dreimal' etc, poln. trzy-kroć ds. (etc, see above to lit. kar̃tas `mal');

    hitt. kartāi- `abschneiden, beseitigen'.

    Über perhaps verwandte words for `quer' see under *skert-s- `quer'.

    C. guttural extension:

    *krok-no- in cymr. croen `skin', Pl. crwyn, acorn. croin ds.; croinoc `rubeta' > corn. cronek `crapaud' besides *krok-inā in gall.-lat. crocina `mastruca', aksl. kruzno, russ. korzno ds.; out of it borrows ahd. krusina, kursinna (wherefore nhd. Kürschner), afries. kersna, spätags. crus(e)ne `Pelzrock', mlat. crusina; *krokkeno- in mir. crocann, nir. croiceann `skin', bret. kroc'hen, mcorn. crōghen ds.

    D. Labial extensions:

    α) (s)kerb/h/-, (s)kreb(h)-:

    Mir. cerb `sharp, incisive', cer(b)aim `cut, bite';

    ags. sceorpan `scratch, scrape, nagen' (probably also `*cut, clip', compare sceorp `dress'); aisl. skarpr `eingeschrumpft, mager, strong, sharp', ags. scearp, as. skarp `sharp, rough, bitter', ahd.scarf, scarph, mhd. scharf, -pf `rough, incisive'; ahd. skurfen, scurphen, mhd. schür(p)fen `aufschneiden, ausweiden, (fire) anschlagen', nhd. schürfen;

    bsl. *skirbā f. `Ritze' (*sk_erbhā) in lett. šḱir̃ba f. `Ritze, col, gap', ablaut. šḱerbala and skarba f. `splinter' and skar̂bs (= nhd. `scharf') `sharp, rough'; in addition lit. skirbti `sauer become', lett. šḱerbs `herb, sour'; slav. *ščьrbъ m., *ščьrba f. in poln. szczerb m. `Scharte, Kerbe', slov. ščr̂b `schartig', ščŕba `Scharte' etc; russ. ščerbá f. `crack, Scharte, scar';

    bsl. *skurbā (*sk_orbhā) in lit. žem. skur̃bti `be in woefulness ', skur̃bė f. `ruefulness', lett. skùrbstu, skùrbt `ohnmächtig become'; slav. *skъrba f. in slov. *škŕba `Scharte, Zahnlücke', also slav. skъrbь f. in aksl. skrъbь, russ.-ksl. skъrbь, serb. skr̂b, russ. skorbь `ruefulness, care ', skórbnutь `wither, wilt, mortify', slov. skrbẹ́ti `care for, worry';

    lat. scrobis m. f. `pit, pothole'; ags. screpan `scratch, scrape', mhd. schreffen st. V. ` rend, ritzen, scratch, scrape'; aisl. skrapa (*skrapōn) `scratch, scratch, scrape, scrape', mnd. schrapen ds., mhd. schraffen `die skin ritzen, schröpfen', schrapfe (*skrappṓ) `tool zum Kratzen', whereof schrapfen `striegeln', mnd. schrappen `scrape, scratch, scrape'; mhd. schrepfen (*skrapjan), nhd. `schröpfen';

    lit. skrebė́ti `rustle, sough, rustle', lett. skrabt `hollow out, scratch, scrape, scrape', skrabinât `benagen', skribinât ds. (neologism from *skrebinat); lit. átskrabai m. Pl. `offal'; russ.-ksl.o-skrebъ `abgeschabt habend', russ. skrebú, skrestí (skrestь, also skrebátь) `scrape, scratch, scrape', Iterat. čech. škrabati `scratch, scrape';

    with Reduktionsstufe: cymr. crafu `scratch, scrape, rub, ausbeuten'; lett. kribinât `abnagen';

    lengthened grade: skrēbh-, skrōbh-, with r-suffix the name the Hainbuche (after dem gesägten leaf): alb. shko-zë (*skrēbh-r-), apr. scober-wis (*skrōbher-), lit. skrúoblas (*skrōbh-ro-), newer skroblùs, but lett. (with secondary ā) skābardis, skābarde (*skrōbhar-) `Rotbuche', s. Jokl WuS. 12, 71 ff., and compare lit. skir̃pstas under S. 945;

    zero grade gr. σκαρφᾶσθαι σκεδάννυσθαι Hes.;

    compare also gerbh-, above S. 386, and cymr. cramen S. 945.

    β) (s)kerp-, (s)krep-:

    Old Indian kr̥pāṇa- m. `sword', kr̥pāṇī f. `Schere, Dolch'; karpara- n. `shard' m. `bowl, cranium' (: apr. kerpetis `cranium', aksl. črěpъ `shard', ahd. scirbi `shard');

    alb. karpë, karmë (*korp-n-) `Fels, Klippe' (compare lat. saxum : secō; insecure krep, shkrep `Fels, slope'); in addition thrak. Καρπάτης ὄρος `Karpaten';

    gr. καρπός `fruit' (`Abgeschnittenes, Abgepflücktes'), καρπίζομαι, καρπόομαι `ernte'; κρώπιον `sickle' (idg. *krōp-); with s- probably σκορπίος `Skorpion, ein stachliger Seefisch';

    lat. carpō, -ere `pluck, abpflücken', originally `abtrennen', gloss. scarpo i.e. excarpo `eligo', scarpinat `scripithaen' (ags. `die Henne scharrt'); carpinus `Hainbuche' etc (after dem gesägten leaf); compare hitt. karpina- `ein tree';

    mir. corrán `sickle', cirrim `schlage ab, verstümmle' (-rr- from -rp-) perhaps ir. corr, cymr. cor `cusp, peak' (: σκορπίος);

    ahd. herbist, ags. hærfest `Herbst' (`time of Pflückens, Erntens'; probably ein Superlativ *karpistos `am besten zum Pflücken geeignet'); aisl. harfr m. herfi n. `harrow';

    with s-: ags. sceorfan st. V. `bite, zerfressen', gesceorfan `tear, scrape'; scyrft `das Schneiden', ahd. scirbi, mhd. schirbe, later scherbe `shard (*scharfkantig incisive); head, testa' (see above to Old Indian karpara-), mnd. scherve `bowl'; ahd. scerf, mnd. scherf `halber Pfennig, kleinste Scheidemünze', nhd. Scherflein; ags. scearfian (*skarƀōn) `scrape, tear' = mnd. scharven (besides scherven from *skarƀjan) `in small Stücke carve, slit', ahd. scarbōn ds., mnd. scharf `shard', aisl. skarfr `schräges Endstück', norw. skarv `Klippe';

maybe alb. shkrep 'cliff, rock', shkrif 'soften'?

    with other Vokalfolge: ahd. screvōn `incidere', mnd. schreve m. `line (`*Ritzung'), line', schwed. skreva `Felskluft', aisl. skref n. `Schritt' (`*cleft, gap'); ags. scræf `cave', mhd.schraf, schrave `zerklüftete Felsklippe', mnd. schravel `spiky, schroff'; mhd. scrove, schroffe m. `spitzer (*schneidender) Stein, Klippe', rückgebildet nhd. Adj. schroff;

    as `rissige, rough skin' here die Postverbalia aisl. skurfa f. `scurf, scab', schwed. skorf, ags. skurf, scēorf m. `scurf, scab, Grind' (to scēorfan, see above), ahd. scorf ds. (besides norw. skorpa `crust', mhd. besides schorf also schorpf from geminiertem *skorp[p]-), compare lit. kárpa `Warze', lett. kãrpa, kārpis ds.;

    lit. kerpù, kir̃pti `with the Schere schneiden', Iterat. karpýti, atkarpaĩ, ãtkarpos `Schnitzel';krapštýti `scratch, stochern' (onomatopoeic word?); lett. cę̄̀rpu, cìrpt `shave, shear', cir̃pe f. `sickle'; Iterat. kā̀rpît `scratch, die Erde aufwerfen' (compare anord. harfr, herfi); apr. kerpetis `cranium' (compare Old Indian karpara-);

    with s-: lett. šḱērpêt `lawn schneiden', šḱērpis `Pflugmesser', šḱērpele `wooden splinter', šḱirpta `Scharte'; with zero grade i: lit. skir̃pstas `Rüster', apr. skerptus ds. (after den gesägten Blättern), lit. skir̃pstus `Rotbuche';

    aksl. črěpъ `shard' (in den neueren slav. Sprachen partly also `cranium'); presumably also proto slav.. *čъrpǫ, čer(p)ti in aksl. črъpǫ, črěti `schöpfen' (`with einer shard Wasser schöpfen'); russ. dial. čerp `sickle' probably contaminated from červ and serp m. ds.;

    compare also kerǝp- `rag' above S. 581.

    E. (s)krē-m-, (s)krǝ-m-:

    cymr. cramen f. `scurf, scab' (with -mm-), bret. crammen, cremmen ds. (das -mm- expressive or from *-b-m-); mir. screm f. `Oberfläche, skin' (with -mm-);

    afränk. *scramasaks in `cultris validis quos vulgo scramasaxos vocant' (Gregor v. Tours), compare also scramis (besides scutis, spatis, lanceis, sagittis) in the Lex Visigothorum; mhd. schram f.` scratch, Schwertwunde', m. `Felsspalt, hole', schramen `aufreißen'; besides with mm : mnd. schram (-mm-) m. `Ritze, Kerbe', schramme f. `Ritze, scratch ' (out of it nhd. Schramme); ablaut. aisl. skrāma `wound, scratch; axe';

    lit. krãmas, lett. krama `Grind'; lit. krim̃sti `nagen, plague', lett. krìmst `nagen, klauben';

    ksl. pokromь `margo panni', russ. kromá `Brotschnitte, edge', ksl. ukromь Adv. `singulatim'(`*abgetrennt'), aksl. kromě Adv. `außen, outside '; ablaut. russ. dial. kremь f. `break, section of Waldes';

    presumably aksl. kremy, kremenь `Feuerstein'; lett. krems ds., ablaut. krams.

    F. (s)ker-s-:

    Hom. ἀκερσεκόμης `with ungeschorenen Haaren'; att. κουρά̄ `das Abscheren the Haare'; κουρίς, -ίδος f. `razor', κούριμος `geschoren', κουρεύς `barber' etc, κουρίξ `by den Haaren fassend', κορσόν κορμόν Hes., κορσόω `schere', κορσωτός `geschoren' etc;

    att. inschr. κουρον `lignum sectum'; αἱμακουρίαι `Blutopfer', κούρειον `a sacrificial animal ';

    mir. cymr. etc corr `verkümmert, dwarfish ' (*korso-);

    toch. A kärṣt-, В kärst- `abschneiden, destroy'; hitt. karš-, karšii̯a- `abschneiden, verstümmeln' etc

    II. i-basis skerī̆-, skrē̆i-, skrī̆- `cut, clip, divide' also speziell `durch Sieben Grobes and Feines divide'; see above gr. κείρω, καρῆναι, lit. skiriù.

    α) Gr. κρί̄νω (*κρῐν-ι̯ω, compare Fut. κρῐνῶ, and lesb. κρίννω) `scheide, unterscheide, entscheide', participle κριτός; κρίμνον ` coarse meal, flour' (`das Gesiebte'), κρῖμα, κρίμα n. `Entscheidung, judgement', κριτής m. `judge', κρίσις f. `Entscheidung', διακριδόν `abgesondert'; κρησέρα `feines Sieb'(derivative from *κρῆσις, *krē[i]-tis `crētiō, Sieben');

    lat. cernō, -ere `sichten, divide; distinct wahrnehmen (distinguish, discern), erkennen' (*crĭ-nō); certus (= κριτός) `geschieden, entschieden, certainly, gewiß', Perf. crē-vī- (whereupon previously crētum), ex-crē-mentum `Ausscheidung', screa (*skrēi̯ā) `Auswurf', screāre `sich räuspern'; discrīmen `trennender Abstand, Zwischenraum; Unterscheidung; entscheidender, kritischer Augenblick', crībrum `Sieb, Durchschlag' (*krē̆i-dhrom);

    air. criathar (*krē̆i-tro-) `Sieb', acymr. cruitr ds. (ncymr. crwydr `das Hin- and hergehen, Wandern'), corn. croider, mbret. croezr nbret. krouer `Sieb'; cymr. go-grynu `sieben' (*upo-kri-nō), bret. gourner `Sieb', cymr. gwa-gr, gogr ds.; gall.-rom. crinare `split', oberital. crena `cleft, fissure', etc; about ir. crīch `limit, boundary, Gebiet', cymr. crip, crib, corn. bret. krib `comb', see above S. 619;

    ags. hrīdder, hrīddel `Sieb', ahd. rītera, nhd. Reiter ` coarse Sieb' (*krē̆i- or *krī-dhrom); got. hrains (*kroini-), aisl. hreinn, as. hrēn(i), ahd. hreini `rein', nhd. rein, dial. `feingemahlen, gesiebt';

    bsl. *krei̯ō `slit, separate, scheide' in lett. krijât `flay', krija f. `Baumrinde', lit. krìjas m. `Siebreifen', Pl. krìjos `bast, bark', skrìjos `Siebreifen';

    proto slav.. *krojǫ, *krojiti (altes Kausat.) in ksl. krojiti `περιτέμνειν, -σχίζειν, dissecāre', russ. krojú, krojítь `cut, clip, carve, slit; corn, grain sieben';

    proto slav.. *krajь (bsl. *krōi̯a- m.) in aksl. krajь `edge, bank, border, shore', russ. kraj `edge, region; end', krájnij `äußerst'; with ablaut aksl. iskrь `nahe'; proto slav.. *krida in osorb. křida, nsorb. kśida f. `Sieb'.

    β) (d-present?) (s)kreid- in:

    mir. scrissid `cuts, slices' (*skrid-t-);

    got. dis-skreitan `tear trans.', dis-skritnan `tear intr.', nhd. schweiz. schrīssen, schreißen, bair. schritzen ` rend, schlitzen', schritz `crack'; as. hrītan or hrītian ` rend, ritzen, schreiben', aschwed. run. hrita `ritzen, einritzen'.

    γ) (s)krei-t-: ags. mid-hriðre n. `Zwerchfell'; afries. mid-hrith(ere) ds.

    δ) Labial extensions:

    (s)kerībh- in gr. σκαρῑφάομαι and σκαρῑφεύω `scratch, ritze auf, einen Umriß', σκάρῑφος m. `Griffel, Umriß, Skizze'; lat. scrībō, -ere `with einem Griffel graben, einzeichnen, schreiben', osk. scriftas Nom. Pl. `scriptae', umbr. screihtor `scripti'; lat. Lwe. are ahd. scrīban, as.skrīƀan, afries. skrīfa `schreiben' and die originally kirchlichen words ags. scrīfan `a punishment, esp. eine kirchliche penance, atonement auferlegen', aisl. skript `Beichte, punishment '; unclear is das p (= bb) in mir. scrīp(a)id `kratzt';

    with idg. -p-: aisl. hrīfa `scratch, scrape, scratch'; hrīfa f. `Rechen', afries. hrīvia, ndl. rijven `harken, rechen', ags. gehrīfnian `abreißen'; lett skrīpât `scratch, scrape, kritzeln; einschreiben', skrīpsts `krummes Schnitzmesser', skrīpa `eingeritzter stripe'.

    III. u-basis (s)keru-, (s)kreu-, compare perhaps lit. kir̃vis `axe', russ. červь `sickle' etc; ags.scréawa m. `Spitzmaus', scierfe-mūs ds.:

    (s)kreut-: gr. κρουτεῖται `kernt from' Hes.;

    lat. scrūtillus `venter suillus condita farte expletus', dial. scrōtum `Hodensack', hyperurbanisiert scrautum ` quiver ' (scrūta `Gerümpel' from gr. γρύ̄τη `Gerümpel', as scrōfa from γρομφάς); scrūtor, -ārī `untersuchen, durchstöbern';

    mcymr. ysgrud `Skelett' (*skrou-to-), Loth RC. 43, 166 f.;

    ahd. scrōtan `hew, hit, cut, clip, schroten'; also `dress zuschneiden' (hence Schröder, Schröter), scrōt `cut' (mhd. schrolle `clod of earth' from *skruð-lá-??), ags. scrēadian `schälen, abschneiden', *scrēad(e) f. `Stück Zeug', skrūd n. `dress' = aisl. skrūð n. `kostbares Zeug, dress'; (without s-: aisl. hrjōða `leeren, vertreiben, verheeren', hrjōðr `Vernichter'); ahd. scrutōn, scrodōn, scrutilōn `erforschen, durchforschen', scrod `scrutatio', and got. and-hruskan `nachforschen' (*krū̆t-skō); here probably with Nas. and ausl. voiced-nonaspirated apr. scrundos f. Pl. `Schere'.

    (s)keru-p-, (s)kreu-p-:

    Lat. scrūpus `scharfer, spitzer Stein', scrūpulus `spitziges Steinchen' (scrīpulus nachscrīptus) and (as scrūpulum) `kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maßes; ängstliche Genauigkeit (as `auf spitzen Steinen gehend'), Skrupel', scrūpeus `steinig';

    perhaps as `kratzend' = schwed. skroflig ` uneven, rough, hoarse' usw;

    poln. skorupa etc `shard'.

References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff., Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.;

See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.

Page(s): 938-947

Root / lemma: (s)ker-5

German meaning: Schallwort

See also: see above S. 567 ff. (ker-).

Page(s): 947

Root / lemma: (s)kert-s-

Meaning: across

German meaning: in Worten for `quer, quer durch'

Comments: ('in Querschnitt'; to [s]ker-t- `cut, clip')

Material: Arm. -xeṙ `aufsässig, widerspenstig' (würde also idg. -rs- voraussetzen);

    gr. ἐγ-κάρσιος, ἐπι-κάρσιος `slant, skew, in die Quere', κάρσιον πλάγιον Hes.;

    bsl. *(s)kersa- in арг. kirscha, kirschan (zero grade), kerscha, kērschan `about'; lit. sker̃sas Adj. `quer, zwerch', lett. šḱèrs, Adv., šḱḕrsu `quer', russ.-ksl. črěsъ (and after other preposition auf zъ : črězъ), russ. čerez `durch, about - out'; also aksl. črěsla Nom. Pl. ` loins' as `Zwerchfell, Quere of Körpers'?

References: WP. II 590, Trautmann 129 f.

Page(s): 949-950

Root / lemma: skeub-, skeubh-, skeug-

Meaning: to move; throw, shoot

German meaning: `dahinschießen (flink); schießen, werfen, schieben'

Material: Got. af-skiuban `wegschieben, verstoßen', ags. scēofan and scūfan `schieben', ahd. scioban `schieben' (hat nhd. also die meaning `eilig gehen'), aisl. skūfa and skȳfa `schieben, fortstoßen', intensive with gemin. Tenuis mhd. nhd. schupfen, norw. skuppa ds., ahd. scupha, scopha `Schaukelbrett'; with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated: norw. skubba `rub, scour, rub, clean', mhd. schoppen `stopfen' and with long Spirans engl. scoff `Hohn'; ahd. scūf(a)la `Schaufel = shovel', scūbla ds., ags. scofl ds., mnd. schuppe, ndl. schop f. ds. (-pp-); mhd. schūft `Galopp';

    auf skeub- wird zurückgeführt aisl. skopa `run, spring', aisl. skaup and skop n. ` derision ', ags. scop `Dichter' (Nachbildung after lat. mimus), ahd. scof, scoph m. `Dichter', n. `Gedicht, derision ';

    lit. skùbti `hurry', skùbinti `beeilen', skubùs, skubrùs `flink, hasty'; aksl. skubǫ, skubati `pluck, rend ';

    skeug- in mengl. mnl. schokken `bump, poke', mnd. schocken `tremble', nd. schocken, sckucken `shake, swing', mhd. schocken `swing, tanzen';

    maybe from skeu-k- here as `gehetzt': germ. *skeuhwa- `shy' in ags. scēoh, engl. shy, mhd. schiech; out of it ags. scyhhan, ahd. sciuhen, nhd. scheuchen; with ablaut and gramm.variation germ. *skugwa- `shy' in mnd. schǖ(we), schwed. skugg; aksl. ščuti `hetzen' (*skou-);

References: WP. I 377, II 556, Trautmann 263, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 128, 177 f. and Skop BSB. 1954, 2.

Page(s): 955

Root / lemma: skeud-1

Meaning: to protest, grumble

German meaning: `unwillig, mürrisch sein', in Balt. also von körperlichem Schmerze

Material: Gr. σκυδμαίνω, σκύζομαι `rage against, grolle', σκυθρός (diss. from *σκυδ-θρός) `mürrisch, unwilling, sad', σκυθρωπός ds., σκυθράζω `bin unwilling ';

    lit. pra-skundù, -skudaũ, -skùsti `to schmerzen, to exhaust anfangen', skundà ` accusation ', praskundà `pain', núoskunda `Mitleid', skùndžiu, skų́sti `sich beklagen'; lett. skund-u, -êt `mißgünstig, neidisch sein, be angry with'; lit. skaudùs `schmerzhaft, sullen, violent', skaũsta (skaudė́ti) `es schmerzt', lett. skàužu, skàust `neidisch sein, injure, hurt', skaudêt ds.; lit. skaudulỹs `ulcer'.

References: WP. II 554;

See also: compare also keu̯ǝd- above S. 595 f.

Page(s): 955

Root / lemma: (s)keud-2

Meaning: to throw, shoot

German meaning: `werfen, schießen, hetzen'; intr. `dahinschießen, eilen, hervorschließen'

Material: Old Indian cṓdati, cōdáyati `treibt an, throngs', np. čust `flink, tätig, fitting', Old Indian skundatē ` hurries ' (Dhātup.);

    gr. κυδίας `Zahnkeim', Hes. (?); alb. heth `werfe, worfle' (for *hedh from *skoudei̯ō?);

This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root / lemma: sē(i)-2 : sǝi- : sī- : sē-: sǝ- and sei-: si-: (to throw, send, let fall, sow): derived alb. (*seth), hedh 'throw'.

    aisl. skjōta, ags. scēotan `toss, fling, bump, poke, schießen', ahd. sciozan `schießen, throw, schnellend bewegen'; ahd. scoz `Geschoß, sprout', scuz `Schuß, Wurf, quickness ', aisl.skjōtr, ags. scēot `quick, fast', got. skaut `lap, hem', aisl. skaut n. `Zipfel, point, edge, lap, protrusion', ahd. scōz `Zipfel, Kleiderschoß, Rockschoß', mnd. schott (-tt-) `(vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, Verschluß', whereof schutten `abdämmen, hinder, schützen', mhd. nhd. schützen;

    without anlaut. s-: mhd. hossen, hotzen `quick, fast run', nhd. dial. hutzen `antreiben, hetzen' (as Old Indian cṓdati), also `bump, poke';

    lit. skudrùs, skaudrùs `flink'; lett. skaudrs ds., skudra `Ameise'; aksl. is-kydati `herauswerfen', russ. kidátь `throw', kídkij `rash, hasty, willing, ready, gierig'.

References: WP. II 554 f.;

See also: s. also under skeu-5 and skeub-.

Page(s): 955-956

Root / lemma: (s)keu-1

Meaning: to perform, commit

German meaning: `herrichten, ausführen'

Material: Gr. σκεῦος n. (mostly Pl.) `appliance, armament, armor', σκευή `armament, armor, Kleidung, Tracht', σκευάζω `bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an';

    aisl. heyja, ags. híegan ` commit ';

    aksl. prě-kutiti `adorn, embellish, adorn', russ. kutitь ` carouse, sich with Klatsch befassen, rage, clamor', ksl. kutiti `machinari', čech. kutiti, kutati `drive, push, schäkern', also (refl.) `wühlen, dig, schüren'; die slav. words based on auf einem *kou-tā perhaps `Angesicht'.

References: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear').

Page(s): 950-951

Root / lemma: (s)keu-2, (s)keu̯ǝ : (s)kū-

Meaning: to cover, wrap

German meaning: `bedecken, umhüllen'

Material: Old Indian skunāti, skunṓti, skāuti `bedeckt'; doubtful ku-kūla- `Hülsen, armament, armor', pāṃsu-kūla- `Lumpenkleid the buddhist. Mönche';

    arm. c̣iw `Dach, cover' (*skēu̯o-); with anl. kh-: arm. xuc̣ `Stube' (*khū̆-sk̂ho-, at most zur s-extension), fraglicher xavar `dark' (*khou̯o-, forms arm. -ar), xu-p` `cover', xul, xlik `cottage', xlay (*khū̆lati-) ` female Kopfverhüllung, Schleier; dress';

    gr. σκύ̄νια Pl. ` brows ', ἐπισκύνιον `skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen' (compare Old Indian skunā́ti); σκύλος n. `Tierhaut, bowl', σκύλον `abgezogene Tierhaut', σκῦλον ds. `dem Feind abgenommene Rüstung'; doubtful κῶας, Pl. κώεα `Fließ';

    lat. obscūrus `*bedeckt' = `dark'; cūlus `the Hintere';

    air. cūl m. `back, rump', cymr. cil `back'; air. cūl (*kū-lā-) f. `Winkel, hideout ' = cymr. etc cil, ysgil ` hideout '; ir. cuarān, cymr. curan `Schuh'; perhaps kelt.-lat. cucullus `Kapuze' (compare above Old Indian ku-kūla-?);

    aisl. skjā f. `barn' (*skeu̯ā), probably also aisl. hā f. `skin' in hross-hā under likewise (*skou̯ā), skāli `cottage, room' (germ. *skawalan-); skȳ n. (*skeui̯o-) `cloud, Verdunklung', ags. scīo, as.scio `cloud'; ags. scu(w)a m. `shadow, darkness, protection', ahd. scuwo, scū m. `shadow', scū-c(h)ar n. `mirror', actually `Schattengefäß', aisl. skuggi m. `shadow, Spiegelbild, ghost', skugg-sjā f. `mirror', got. skuggwa m. `mirror'; ahd. skugin(a), mhd. schiune, nhd.Scheune (`Obdach'), norw. dial. skyggne m. `cottage, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'; aisl. skaun f. (or skaunn m.) `shield'; norw. skūme `dark', aisl. skūmi m. `dawn, twilight', mnd. schummer `dawn, twilight' (: lett.skumt); aisl. hūm n. ` twilight ', PN. Hymir `Verdunkler'; perhaps ahd. scūm `scum, froth, foam' (if `deckendes');

maybe alb. (*scūm) shkumë 'foam'

    aisl. skjōl n. ` hideout, Zuflucht, protection, barn', skjōla `Bütte, Kübel', (`Verwahrungsraum'), changing through ablaut aisl. skȳli, mnd. schūle n. ` hideout ', afries. skule `cottage'; aisl. skȳla `beschützen', mhd. schūlen `verbogen sein, lurk, lugen';

    ahd. scūr m. `Wetterdach, protection' (: lat. obscūrus), mhd. schūr `Obdach, Schirm', aisl. skūr f. `skin the Mandel', ahd. skūra, sciura, (*skūrja) `barn, barn'; with formants -ko-and lengthened grade ō[u] probably got. skōhs, aisl. skōr, Pl. skūar, ahd. scuoh `Schuh' (actually `deckendes Oberleder of Schuhes', compare above ir. cūarān `Schuh' and mndl. schoe `sword scabbard, Futteral');

    lit. kẽvalas `Eierschale', lett. čàula `bowl, husk'; lett. kūja `vulva'; lett. skaût `umarmen', skumstu, skùmt `sad become' (`obscurāri'); but lit. skūrà `leather, Baumrinde', lett. skura `husk' from weißruss. skyra.

    A. Dental extensions (bzw. formations with Dentalformantien):

    (s)keu-t-:

    Gr. σκῦτος n. `skin, leather', ἐγκυτί, ἐγκυτίς `bis auf die skin', κύτος n. `Hülle, skin' and `vessel, Urne, cavity', κυτίς `small Kasten, Büchse', κυσός ἡ πυγή; ἤ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον Hes.; (*κυτ-ι̯ος or *κυθ-ι̯ός), κύτ(τ)αρος `cavity, Wölbung, Bienenzelle, Eichelnapf', κύσσαρος `ānus' (*κυτFαρος); about lat. cuturnium `vas, quo in sacrificiis vinum fundebatur' s. WH. I 320;

    lat. cutis `skin'; cunnus `pudendum muliebre' (*kut-nos);

    cymr. cwd `Hodensack'; mcymr. eskit, esgit, ncymr. esgid, corn. eskit, esgis `Schuh' (*ped-skūti-);

    aisl. hūð, ags. hȳd, ahd. hūt (*hūdi-) `Haut' (schweiz. hut `husk, Fruchtschale');

    ahd. hodo, afries. hotha `testicle'; ags. hoðma m. ` darkness ', ahd. hutta `cottage' (*kuti̯ā́ or *kudhi̯ā: out of it as. hutta, huttia);

    alit. kutỹs `Beutel, Geldkatze'; balt. *keutā `skin', apr. keuto, lit. kiáutas `bowl, husk', dial. kẽvetas m. ds.; kiãvalas m. `Eierschale' (*keu̯olo-), lett. čàula f. `bowl', čàumala f. `hard bowl' (Trautmann 132);

    nasalized *kunti̯ō `preserve' perhaps in aksl. sъkǫtati `beruhigen, stillen', russ. kútatь `verhüllen' etc, apr. -kūnti `pflegt', Inf. pokūnst, pakūnst `preserve, protect' and with intonation change slav. *kǫta f. in aksl. kǫšta `σκηνή', klr. kúča `Schweinestall' (Trautmann 145).

    (s)keudh-:

    Old Indian kuhara- n. `cave', kuhaka- m. `Schelm, Gaukler, cheater ', kuhayate `betrügt', kuhū́- f. `Neumond' (`the versteckte moon'); pamir dial. skīð `hohe Mütze from Schaffell';

    gr. κεύθω `verberge', κεῦθος n., κευθμών `verborgene depth', κευθμός `verborgener place, cavity, Saulache';

    mir. codal `skin';

    ags. hȳdan `conceal'; here or to *skeut- got. skauda-(raip) Akk. Sg. `Schuh(riemen)', aisl. skauð f. `vagina', Pl. `Vorhaut; Elender, Scheusal', skjōða f. `Beutel, sack, bag', mnd. schōde n. `vagina' (beim horse), f. `Schote, Erbse', mhd. schōte `Schote, Samengehäuse';

    unclear is lat. cūdō, -ōnis `Helm from fell, fur' (Lw.?); in the meaning nahe steht av. xaōδa- m., ар. xaudā- `Hut, Карре; Helm'.

    В. guttural extension (s)keu-k̂-:

    Old Indian kṓśa- m. ` container, Schatzkammer etc' (late also kóṣa-, das perhaps ind. Entwicklung from kṓśa- is); doubtful kōśaka- m. n. `Ei, testicle, Gehäuse', kuśapa- m. (uncovered) `Trinkgeschirr', kuśayá- m. (uncovered) `Zisterne'; kukṣí- m. `belly, womb, cavity'; npers. kus `vulva'; av. kusra- `sich wölbend, hollow', vīkusra-, hankusra- `sich auseinander-, zusammenwölbend';

    lit. kūšỹs (Plur. kūšỹs), lett. kũsis, kũsa `vulvahaare' (*kūki- or *kūksi-); lit. kiáušė `skull, cranium', kiaũšis `Ei, testicle', preuß.-lett. ḱaušis `Ei'; lit. káušas `großer Schöpflöffel', lett. kaûss ` platter, Kochlöffel'.

    C. s-extension (s)keu-s-:

    Perhaps Old Indian koṣṭha- m. n. ` container, lower abdomen, Vorratskammer' under likewise, kuṣṭha- m. `Lendenhöhle' (?), kúṣṭhikā `Inhalt the Gedärme', npers. kušt `Weichen' (arm. Lw. kušt `belly, Weichen, body');

    gr. κύστις, -εως, -ιδος ` bladder, Beutel', κύσθος `vulva';

    doubtful lat. custōs `Wächter', compare WH. I 319;

    cymr. cwthr `After, Mastdarm' (*kuzdhro-);

    aisl. hauss m. `cranium'; ablaut. norw. dial. hūse m. `Fischkopf', ahd. hūso `Hausen', after dem with Schildplatten gepanzerten Kopf;

    nhd. dial. hosen `husk, Schote', ags. hosa m. `Strumpf, husk', aisl. ahd. hosa `trouser';

    presumably here got. aisl. ags. as. ahd. hūs `house', compare nd. hūske `Kerngehäuse, Futteral, Tüte' under likewise;

    got. huzd, aisl. hodd f. (?), ags. as. hord, ahd. hort `treasure, tribute, Hort' (*kuz-dho- = gr. κύσθος); schwed. hydda `cottage', dial. hodda, hudda `Schuppen, Gefängnisraum', aschw. hydda `conceal'.

References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132, 145.

Page(s): 951-953

Root / lemma: (s)keu-4

German meaning: `worauf achten'

See also: see above S. 587 f. ((s)keu-4).

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: (s)keup-, skeub(h)-

Meaning: bundle, flock, etc.

German meaning: `Büschel, Schopf, Quaste'; only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. skauf ` tussock, Quaste', ags. scēaf, ahd. scoub `bundle, Strohbund, fascicle, sheaf ', nhd. dial. Schaub `bundle, Strohbund, Strohwisch', aisl. skūfr ` tassel, Quaste, tussock '; ahd. scubil `Büschel from Haaren or straw or likewise, heap, bulk, mass';

    ags. scyfel(e) f. `Frauenhaube' (with p: aisl. skypill, skupla ds.);

    ahd. scobar `barn, haystack, heap, esp. from corn, grain or hay', mhd. schober hār ` tussock, Haare';

    got. skufta (Dat. Sg.) `Haupthaar', aisl. skopt ds.; mhd. schopf m. `Schopf', schopfen and (nd.) schoppen `stopfen (originally with Büscheln from Heu, hair etc), geschwollen sein'; with ebensolchem germ. pp: norw. hupp `Quaste', ahd. hopfo `Hopfen';

    perhaps as `with Strohbündeln gedecktes Dach' here nd. schupp `Wetterdach' (nhd. Schuppen), ahd. scopf m. `Gebäude ohne Vorderwand, barn', nhd. bair. schweiz. schopf m. ds., ags. scypen f. `Stall', engl. shippen, ags. scoppa m. `Schuppen, Bude' (engl. shop `Kramladen');

    serb. čȕpa ` tussock of Haare', russ. čupъ, čubъ, čech. čup, čub `Schopf';

    perhaps slav. *kyta (*kūp-tā) in russ. kíta `Stengel and Blätter langstieliger Pflanzen', kítka `Kätzchen an Bäumen' etc, and russ. kistь (*kūp-sti-) `Quaste, paintbrush, Traube, hand', bulg. kíska (from kystъka) `Strauß', skr. kȍščica `kind of paintbrush', old also kist, poln. kiść `Quaste, besom, bush, tussock '.

References: WP. II 555 f.

Page(s): 956

Root / lemma: (s)keut-, (s)keudh-

Meaning: to shrink

German meaning: `einschrumpfen'

Comments: only germ. and Baltic

Material: Germ. partly -tt-, partly -dd-: schwed. dial. hott, hodd m. `small, eingeschrumpfter person', ndl. hotten ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', ndd. hotten `einschrumpfen', ndl. hot, mnd. hotte ` coagulated milk', nhd. dial. hutzeln, verhutzeln `einschrumpfen', verhutzelt `verschrumpft, vertrocknet';

    lit. ap-kiaũsti `verkümmern'; kūstù, kūdaũ, kũsti `abmagern', sukũdęs `zusammengeschrumpft'.

References: WP. II 553.

Page(s): 956-957

Root / lemma: skē̆i-bh-, -p-, nasalized ski-m-bh-

Meaning: slant; to limp

German meaning: `schief, hinken(d)'

Material: Aisl. skeifr `slant, skew' (*skoipo-), ags. scāf, scāb ds. (in scāf-fōt `schieffüßig'), mnd. schēf ds. (nhd. dial. scheif), next to which (*skēipo-) mhd. (md. nd.) schief, and (as germ. *skibba-) hess.-fränk. schepp `slant, skew', as well as (as germ. *skippa-) mhd. schipfes Adv. `quer';

    lit. paskybei `quer', skybas `keilförmiges Stück Land'; lett. šḱībs `slant, skew', šḱieb-u, -t `schief neigen, kippen'; compare gr. σκίψαι ὀκλάσαι. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes.;

    nasalized gr. σκιμβός `lahm', σκιμβάζειν `hinken'.

    Idg. skē̆i-p-, -bh- extended from skē̆i-, compare *skai-u̯o-s (*skǝi-u̯o-s) `slant, skew, link'; besides mhd.schie-f steht schǣhe and schie-c; zur unerweiterten root perhaps norw. skina, skjena `biesen', aschwed. skena `durchgehen' (vom Pferde), ablaut. norw. skeina `schief zur Seite fliegen'.

References: WP. II 546, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 151.

Page(s): 922

Root / lemma: skē̆i-

Meaning: to cut, separate

German meaning: `schneiden, trennen, scheiden'

Comments: extension from sek-; initial sound partly also sk̂-, skh-, sk̂h-, as in the continuing formation

Material: I. Old Indian chyati ` clips ', participle chāta-, chitá- ` cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off ', Kaus. chāyayati (with sk̂-, like:)

Maybe alb. (*chāyayati) çaj, çajta (aor.), çava (aor.) `cut, separate'.

    av. fra-sānǝm ` destruction ', sā-, sya- ` to fight ';

    gr. σχάω (*skhǝi̯ō, Impf. ἔσχwν, Inf. κατα-σχᾶν), σχάζω (neologism, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 716) ` scratches, slits ' and ` drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open ', σχάσις ` the scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go ', σχάσμα n., σχασμός m. ` incision ', σχαστήριον ` fleam, latch, bolt ', σχαστηρία ` the rope (serving for the separation of the spectators) before the racetrack ';

Maybe alb. (*sciō) shquanj `distinguish', (*scie) shqyenj `tear, split'.

          lat. sciō, scīre ` to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do ' (` part, make a distinction '), dēscīscō, -ere ` to break away, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize, renounce ', scīscō, -ere ` to investigate, inquire; polit. to vote, ordain, resolve ' and ` try to find out ', plēbīscītum ` a decree of the people ', scītus ` knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious; pretty, fine; adv. scite, skillfully ' (like mhd. geschīde, nhd. gescheit to *skēi-t-) in the meaning ` eliminate ' (compare aisl. skīta under S. 921) mir. sceïd ` vomits ' (*skei-i̯e-ti, idg. *skei-), verbal n. sceith f. (from *sceth, idg. *ski-tā, therefrom:) cymr. chwydu, bret. c'houeda, mcorn. hweža ` vomit '; from ir. scethach ` to the travelling rupture ' places aisl. skjaðak n. ` ryegrass, darnel (the herbs medicine recommends such orders against gout and rheumatism and dizziness) ';

    mir. scïan f. ` knife ', (*skii̯enā) out of it cymr. ysgïen ` knife, sword '; mir. scaīlid ` lets go, unhands, relinquishes, disperses ' (*skǝi-l-), air. erscaīliud ` breakup, dissection, dissipation, fragmentation ';

    aisl. skeina ` wound lightly '; as ` * split off piece of wood, under likewise ': mhd. schīe m. f. ` fencing post, pale ', ags. scīa m. ` shinbone ', next to which (compare ahd. bīa : bini ` bee ')

germ. *ski-nō(n) in ags. scinu f., scine-bān n. `shinbone', ahd. scina `shinbone', also `needle', norw. skĭna `small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread '; afries. skidel `bones of the arm' (-dla forms); westfläm. schier `block of wood' (*skī-ro-); from `*distinguish, discern' from: ahd. skērī `sharp, sharp witted, shrewd' (*skēiro-); mhd. schier `quick, fast', Adv. ahd. skēro, skioro `quick, fast', mhd. schier(e) ds., `fast';

    lett. šk'ieva ` fissure in wood ' and lit. skivytas `scrap, shred' haben probably v from dv, so that to d-extension lit. skíedžiu, lett. šk'iežu;

maybe alb. geg. shky, shkieva aor., tosk. shqyej, shqeva aor. `tear, rind'

    aksl. cěvnica `λύρα' (eig. `shepherd’s pipe'), russ. cěvjë `handle, grasp, Handhabe' and `shinbone', cěvka `coil, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses', etc; besides with palatal: lit. šeivà, šaivà, lett. saiva ` weaver's reel ' (bsl. *kōi-u̯ā, *(s)kēi-u̯ā, *(s)k̂ōiu̯ā).

    II. Dental extensions skē̆i-d-, -t- (d, t partly present formant, partly the nominal forms-to-):

    A. forms on -d-; in Ar. and Arm. with sk̂-, in Balt. with sk-:

    Old Indian chinátti, themat. chindati `clips, cuts, splits', Kaus. chēdayati; chēda- m. `cut, break, section', chitti- `the fissures' (: lat. scissiō), chidrá- `breaks, splits', n. `cleft, fissure, hole', chidira- m. (lex.) `axe, sword' (: av. sidara-, gr. σκιδαρός, ahd. scëtar, lett. šk'idrs `leaking'; full grade lit. skied-rà); av. saēd- `split', avahisiδyāt̃ ` he may split ', sidara- (leg. sidra-) n. `hole, aperture, crack', a-sista- ` not split ', balūčī sindag `split, break, rupture';

    arm. c̣tim ` ritze mich, zerkratze mir with den Nägeln die Haut ';

    gr. σχίζω `split, slit, separate', σχιστός (= av. á-sista-, lat. scissus) `divided, apart, separated; divisible', σχίδαξ `splinter, shingle', σχίζα f. ` piece of wood ', σχινδαλμός, Koine σκινδαλμός `wooden splinter', ἀνασχινδυλεύω ` to spear to'; makedon. σκοῖδος `authority';

    lat. scindō, -ere, scicidī, scissum ` to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate '; scissiō `the fissures';

    mbret. squeigaff, nbret. skeja `cut, clip' (-ž- from -dj-, *skidi̯ō); cymr. ysgwydd (*skeid-), corn. scuid, bret. scoaz `scapula';

    air. scīath `scapula, wing' (Þ instead of ð after scīath `shield');

    without anlaut. s- perhaps cymr. cwys f. `furrow' (*kēid-tā-);

    ahd. scīzan, ags. scītan, aisl. skīta `excrete feces, defecate' (*`eliminate '), mhd. schīze f., aisl. skītrm. `diarrhea'; ahd. scetar `thin, incomplete, fragmentary', mhd. schiter(e) ds., nhd. (obd., schles.) schitter (*skidro- = Old Indian chidrá- usw);

maybe alb. (*skīta) skitë `diarrhea'

    without anlaut. s- perhaps aisl. hīt f. ` a furry sack ';

    lit. skíedžiu, skíesti `separate, divide', Iter. skáidyti (: got. skaidan, Old Indian chedayati), skiedà and skiedrà, skiedarà `chip, splinter', skíemenys Pl. ` der Raum, durch welche das Weberschifflein geworfen wird ', ap-skīdęs ` zerfranst ', paskýsti ` scatter '; without anlaut. s- (through diss. loss?) probably sukìdęs ` tattered, ragged, fray ';

    lett. šḱiedu, šḱiest `scatter, waste, spread', šḱiemeńi Pl. ` die über den Weberhefteln sich kreuzenden Fäden = i guess as you've had the weaver's little boat or SHUTTLE

by more or less anon, 2004-04-18, 01:18   213.47.60.175

this might be the hefteln (small booklet) or weaving PATTERN used by weavers ', šḱīstu, šḱīst `break up', šḱidrs `leaking, thin', skaîda `chip, splinter'; about lett. šḱieva `col, gap', see above S. 920;

    with it identical lit. skíedžiu, skíesti `dilute', skýstas `thin fluid', lett. skaidīt ` dilute potables ', šḱīsts `thin fluid' (and `clean, clear, bright, chaste '), šḱīstīt `clean, säubern', šḱīdināt `thin, flüssig make', šḱidrs `thin fluid'; apr. skīstan Akk. `clean', skīstai `chaste';

    aksl. čistъ `clean', čistiti `clean', čěśtǫ, čěstiti `clean', ksl. čěditi ` seihen '; russ. ščíryj `veritable, genuine'; compare also above S. 917;

    B. forms in -t-:

    air. scīath m. `shield', cymr. ysgwyd, abret. scoit, nbret. skoed ds. = aksl. štitъ `shield', (originally `board'), next to which with gradation apr. staytan (lies scaytan) `shield' and lat. scūtum ds.;

alb. (*scūtum) shqyt `shield'

    aisl. skīð n. `piece of wood, snowshoe' (`ski'), ags. scīd `piece of wood'; ahd. scīt `bit of wood, piece of wood' (*skīto-), mhd. schīten `split', schīden `separate, divide', geschīde `brainy, sly, cunning', aisl. skīðī n. `vagina'; changing through ablaut mhd. scheite `chip of wood' and zero grade ahd. scidōn `divide', scidunga `separation', mhd. schit, -of m. `separation, differentiation ';

    got. skaidan `divide', ags. scēadan `divide, scatter, shed' (so also mnl. scheiden ` shed blood '); ahd. sceidan (participle ki-sceitan) `divide'; aisl. skeið n. ` part of space or time, career ', as. skēth m. `difference', mhd. scheit f. `separation, watershed'; ags.scēada, mnl. schēde, as. skēðlo ` vertices, vertex ', mnd. schēdel m., schēdele f. ds., ahd. sceitilo ds.;

    aisl. skeið f. ` weaver's comb ', Pl. ` sword scabbard ' (` eig. die beiden Holzscheiben in this = wooden discs '), ags. skǣð, scēað, ahd. sceida `sword scabbard', also `separation, limit, boundary', as. skēðia ds., ags. sceaðel ` weaver's comb ';

    mhd. schedel `cranium, also dry measure ', mnl. schedel `cover, lid, eyelid' (ndl. scheel `cover'), mnd. schedel, schidele `box, case, bag' from *skiÞla-, idg. *ski-tlo-, actually `( truncated) brainpan, skullcap '; in to-participle of skēit- or skēi-d- (compare lat. scissus) based on ahd. scesso `cliff, rock';

    III. Labial extensions:

    skē̆i-p-: gr. σκοῖπος m. ` the basic beams on which the bricks rest '; σκί̄πων `staff, stick' (eig. `* abgespaltener = split offAst '), σκίμπους ` kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked in for the night ' (*σκιμποπους), σκίμπω, σκίμπτω ` insert '; lat.scīpiō m. `staff'; s. also S. 543 under k̂eipo- `picket, pole' and S. 930 f. skēp-; gr. σκοίψ ψώρα Hes. (von sich ablösender = of skin flaking off Haut);

    ahd. scivaro ` wood splinter or spall', nhd. Schiefer, mnd. schever, mengl. scifra, nengl.shiver `splinter, shred', mhd. schebe f. ` Abfall beim Flachsbrechen ', nhd. Schäbe, engl. shive `slice, cut', further (as ` cut-off piece of a trunk '), aisl. skīfa, as. skīƀa, ahd. scība ` disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread, ', nhd. Scheibe, wherefore aisl. skīfa ` split, divide into sheaves ', mnd. schīven, mhd. schīben ` roll, Kegel scheiben ' (Kegel schieben through distortion), afries. skīvia `divide'.

    skei-b-: got. aisl. ags. skip n. `ship, boat' (`* ausgeschnittener, gehöhlter dugout canoe '), ahd. scif, scef `ship, Weberschiff ' also ` vessel ', sciphi n. ` drinking vessel, bowl, saucer ', mhd. schipfe ` shovel, piece of kindling wood (it might be used for digging) '; in addition (as ` divide = distribute ') aisl. skipa ` allot, decide, define, ordain, determine, sort, order, arrange ', mnd. schippen ds.; aisl. skipta `divide, decide, determine, swap, vary, exchange', ags. sciftan, mnd. schiften, schichten `divide, sort, order, arrange';

    lit. skiẽbti `unpick', lett. šḱibît `hew, hit, cut, clip, branching out '.

Note:

The root Root / lemma: skē̆i- : (to cut, separate) is detrimental for alb. language because alb. people chose it to design clear speech: alb. (*skei-b- ), shqip `clear speech, separated words', (*skipta) shqipto `speak clearly', (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Alb. people employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their language. Hence people who didn’t speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of alb. so important became the clear Indo European language to alb. that they finally switched from the name Arban (Alban) to (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Other alb. derivatives: (*Schäbe) shkabë `eagle (with sharp talons)', alb. geg. (*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. Obviously alb. association of (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly' and (*skipion) shqiponjë `eagle' was distorted by Illyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army. Illyrians who didn’t speak lat. translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as: scipio -onis, m. `a staff, wand' = alb. (*scipioni) shqiponjë `the eagle (itself)', also alb. (*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. When Gergj Kastrioti `king of Epirus' presented his heraldic emblem of the eagle (the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed the name of his people. Illyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their Hittite heritage.

References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f.

Page(s): 919-922

Root / lemma: (s)kē̆p-2, (s)kō̆p- and (s)kā̆p-; (s)kē̆b(h)-, skob(h)- and skā̆b(h)-

Meaning: to work with a sharp instrument

German meaning: `with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, spalten'

Material: A. forms auf -b: (es become hier only die eindeutigen germ. forms aufgeführt; die lat. and bsl. with b s. by the root form auf bh); skab- `schnitzend gestalten'.

    Got. gaskapjan st. V. `schaffen', aisl. skepja, ags. scieppan, ahd. scepfen, mhd. schepfen, from which nhd. schöpfen; to preterit mhd. schuof, participle `geschaffen' wird ein neues present `schaffen' shaped, as schwed. skapa, dän. scabe; deverbative ō-Verba are aisl. aschw. skapa `anfertigen, einrichten', ahd. scaffōn `bilden, bewirken' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73); ags. ge-sceap n. `shape, creature', as. gi-scapu Pl. n. `fate, destiny'; aisl. skap n. `shape, Geisteszustand' etc; -skapr e.g. in vin-skapr `Freundschaft'; ahd. scaf m. `shape, Beschaffenheit', -scafund -scaft f., nhd. -schaft; wgerm. *skap n. `(geschnitztes) vessel' in: as. skap n. `Schaff, ship', ahd. skaf `vessel, Schaff', whereof scepfen `haurīre' (after scepfen `creāre' early with starker inflection); diminutive as. skepil, ahd. skeffil `Scheffel'; ablaut. mnd. schōpe `Schöpfkelle', mhd. schuofe f. `Schöpfgefäß'.

    B. forms auf -bh: (einschließlich lat. and bsl. forms with zweideutigem -b-).

    Lat. scabō, -ere, scābī `scrape, scratch, scrape, rub', scăbiēs f. ` scratch, Schäbigkeit, Räude', scaber `rough, scabby '; with o: scobis f. `Schababfall, Fellstaub', scobīna `Feile, Raspel'; mir. (s)cīp (with bb) `hand' (expressive Verdopplung); got. skaban `scrape, shave, shear', aisl. skafa `scrape, scratch, scrape', ags. scafan ds. (aisl. ags. preterit skōf, as lat. scābī); and. scaban `scrape, scratch, scrape, (Haare) cut, clip', ahd. scaba `Hobel', aisl. skafa `Schabeisen'; aisl. skabb, ags.sceabb `Krätze', mhd. schebīc `räudig, schäbig', older nhd. Schäbe `Krätze', and. scavatho `Räude'; isl. skōfir f. Pl. `Scharren, gesengte crust', mnd. schōve (and schōpe) f. `Schuppe', ahd. schuoppa ds.;

    lett. skabrs (= lat. scaber) `splitterig, sharp', skabrums ` sharpness, Rauhheit', lit. skabùs `sharp, incisive', skabù, -ė́ti `cut, clip, hew, hit, ästeln', skóbti `hollow out', nuskóbti `abpflücken', skóbas, lett. skābs `sour' (*`sharp, incisive'); aksl. skoblь `Schabeisen', russ. skóbelь `Hobel'; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here aksl. chabъ `evil, bad', chabiti `spoil'.

    C. forms auf -p:

    Npers. kāfaδ, kāvaδ `gräbt, splits', kāf `cleft, fissure', šikāftan `split';

    alb. kep `behaue Steine, haue from' (idg. *kopō or *kapō), wherefore kmesë, këmés, kamés f. `hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife' (*kapneti̯ā), sqep `Winkel, bill, beak, neb';

    gr. σκέπαρνος, -ον `hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes', σκόπελος m. `Fels, Кliрре' (venet. *skopelo-); κόπτω `hit, haue; belästige, ermüde', κόπος m. `blow, knock', κοπάζω `ermüde', κόπις `(ermüdender) babbler ', κοπίς, -ίδος f. `Schlachtmesser', κοπεύς m. `chisel', κόπανον `hatchet, Mörserstößel', κοπάς, -άδος `beschnitten', κόμμα n. ` incision, break, section'; with a-vocalism:σκάπτω `grabe, hacke', σκαπάνη `hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit', (σ)κάπετος `ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole'; durchEntgleisung after θάπτω : τάφος also forms with φ: ἐσκάφην, σκάφος `das ditch, trench, channel, grave', σκάφη, σκαφίς f., σκάφιον n. `Wanne, trough, trough', σκάφος `Schiffsbauch';

    venet. (illyr.?) FlN *Skopelantia `Schefflenz' (Baden): gr. σκόπελος (Krahe PBB. 69, 486 ff.);

    lat. capō, capus `Kapaun' (`verschnitten', compare abg. skopьcь), because of the roman. Abkömmlinge (ital. cappone etc) more properly (with expressive pp): cappō; cappulāre `zerhauen', concipilāre `in kleine Stücke zerhauen'; lat. a places eine ā̆-root skā̆p- ahead; also lat. scapulae `scapula, shoulder', umbr. scapla `scapulam' (from the Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);

    gall.-rom. capanna `cottage' (: serb. kòpa `barn, haystack'), probably ven.-illyr. Element in Gallischen;

    germ. *hēbjō besides *habbō with expressive Geminata, also *habjō: ahd. hā̆bba, hā̆ppa, heppa, mlat. hapia, mhd. happe, heppe `scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser';

    balto-slav. skē̆pa- m. `etwas Abgespaltenes' in:

    lett. šḱę̀ps `spear, javelin, spit, pike', šḱẽpele f. `abgeschnittenes Stück Holz'; ablaut. lit. skãpsnė f. `Stück Stoff'; aksl. štapъ (*skēpos), sloven. ščáp `stick', russ. ščap `Anhieb (eines Baumes'), russ. ščepá `chip of wood', ščepátь, ščepítь `split', aksl. skopьcь `Verschnittener' (nhd. Lw. Schöps), skopiti `verschneiden'; lit. skãplis `Hohlaxt', skãptas `krummes Schnitzmesser', skopiù, skõpti `with dem knife aushöhlen', skoptùvas `Hohlmesser';

maybe alb. (*skop) shkop `stick'

    lit. kapóti, lett. kapât `hacken, hew, hit', lit. kapõnė, lett. kapāns `Hackmesser', lit. kaplỹs `hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt', lett. kaplis `hack, mattock, hoe', lit. kãpas, lett. kaps `grave(hügel)', apr. enkopts `bury';

    aksl. kopajǫ, kopati `dig', vъkopati `bury', serb. kòpa `barn, haystack, heap', bulg. kopá ds., etc;

    aksl. kopьje `Lanze'; probably slav. *čepъ `*abgeschnittener bough', in russ. dial. čopъ `twig, branch of grapevine, Rebe', bg. čep `bough', skr. čȅpur `Strunk' under likewise; perhaps belongs die family *kāp- `Stück Land' and *kap-ut `head' (above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for `stick, staff':

    gr. σκη̃πτρον `staff', dor. σκᾶπτον ds. = ion. *σκῆπτον in σκηπτοῦχος `zeptertragend', σκᾶπος κλάδος Hes., σκηπάνη `staff, Szepter', hom. σκηπάνιον ds. = dor. σκᾱπάνιον Hes.; σκήπτω `stütze, swing, brandish with power ', intr. and med. `sich stützen; sich with Kraft auf etwas throw', σκηπτός `sudden niederfahrender Sturmwind, Wetterstrahl, misfortune'; lat. scāpus `Schaft, Stiel, Stengel, stem', scōpa f. `dünner twig, branch, Reis', Pl. `Reisigbesen', scōpiō, -ōnis m. `the Stiel, an dem diie Beeren the grape hängen; stem of Spargels', scōpus ds.;

    ahd. skaft `Schaft, spear, javelin', as. skaft `spear, javelin', ndl. schacht `Federkiel, Lanzenschaft', ags. sceaft m., aisl. skapt n. `Schaft, shaft, pole, spear, javelin'.

References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.

Page(s): 930-933

Root / lemma: skēth-, skǝth-

Meaning: to scold

German meaning: `beschädigen'

Material: Gr. ἀσκηθής (urgr. η) `unversehrt, wohlbehalten' (from *σκῆθος n.); dubious arm. xat`arem `destroy, smash, destroy';

    mir. scīth `müde', escid ` fatigueless ' (cymr. esgud `flink, rege' etc with still unclear Vok.), next to which with st-suffix mir. scīs `Ermüdung';

    st. V. got. skaÞjan, skōÞ, ags. sceððan `injure, hurt', denominativ aisl. skaða, ags. skaðian, ahd. scadōn, scadēn `harm'; got. skaÞis n. `damage', aisl. skaði `damage, loss, death', ags. scaða, ahd. scado `damage', noun agentis ags. sceaða `Schädiger, devil', as. scatho, ahd. scado `Schädiger, fiend'; with gradation ō as in Präteritum aisl. skōð `schädliches thing, weapon', skø̄ðr `schädlich'.

References: WP. II 557 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73 f.

Page(s): 950

Root / lemma: skēt- : skǝt-

Meaning: to spring

German meaning: `springen, hüpfen, hervorquellen'

Material: Lat. scateō, -ēre, arch. scatō, -ĕre `spring up, bubble', >scatebra f. `Sprudel', scaturriō `sprudlehervor'; compare gr. ἐσκατάμιζεν ἐσκάριζεν Hes.;

    westfäl. schǭt `Laich', nfränk. schaiden (ai = wgrm. ā) `laichen', perhaps westfäl. schåden `Ertrag give, vom wheat';

    ags. sceadd m. `Maifisch', nhd. Schad(e) ds., norw. dial. skadd `small Schnäpel', wherefore (Lw.) cymr. ysgadan `Häring', mir. scatán, nir. scadán ds.;

    alit. skastu, skatau, skasti `spring, hüpfen', su-skantù, -skačiaũ, -skàsti `aufhüpfen'; <

    eine idg. additional form auf -d perhaps in: norw. skat `Wipfel eines Baumes', skata `in eine cusp, peak auslaufen', aisl. skata f. `Elster, Glattrochen'.

References: WP. II 538 f., WH. II 491.

Page(s): 950

Root / lemma: skē̆u-3, ksē̆u-

Meaning: to sneeze

German meaning: `niesen' (Schallwort)

Material: Old Indian kṣāuti `niest', kṣuta- `das Niesen'; alit. skiaudžiu, skiaudėti `sneeze' (similarly čiáudžiu, -dėti), lett. šḱauju, šḱāvu, šḱaut, Iterat. šḱaũdêt `sneeze' (viel starker abweichend slav. kъchnǫti, kychati and čьchati, compare Old Indian chikkā `Niesen');

    durch hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s- (*kneus-, *sneus-) in npers. išnōša, ašnōša `Niesen'; aisl. hnjōsa, mengl. nēsen, ahd. niosan (participle ginoran); aisl. hnø̄ri m., ags. hnora `Niesen', as. hnioxwrt `Nießwurz'; besides mengl. snēsen, engl. sneeze; compare nd. snūsen, dän. snuse `schnoben, wittern' under likewise; similarly also lit. šniaũkti `schnupfen'.

References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.

Page(s): 953

Root / lemma: skē̆u-5

See also: besides sk̂eu- (see under) `throw, schießen, hetzen'; s. die extensions skeub-, skeubh-, skeud-, skeug-, skeuk-.

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: skēu-6(t-)

Meaning: to cut, separate, scratch

German meaning: `schneiden, trennen, kratzen, scharren, stochern, stöbern'

Comments: extension from sek- `cut, clip'

Material: Old Indian skāu-ti, skunāti, skunōti `stört, stöbert, stochert', with ā- `zerkleinert durch Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals)', ava-skavá- m. `ein Wurm', ni-ṣkávam `zerfetzend', cō-ṣkū-yā́tē `scharrt together';

    with r-formants: gr. σκῦρος (σκύρος) m. `spall, Abfall beim Behauen the Steine', σκῡρωτὰ ὁδός `gepflasterter way';

    lit. skiaurė̃ `durchlöcherter Kahn as Fischbehälter';

    without anlaut. s-: lit. kiáuras `durchlöchert, divided ', originally `hollow' (*kēuro-); kiauraĩ Präpos. `hindurch', lett. caũrs `was ein hole hat, hollow is', caũr preposition `durch, hindurch'; lit. kiùrstu `löcherig become', pra-kiùręs `durchlöchert';

    aschwed. skø̄r (from *skø̄yrr) `gebrechlich', schwed. norw. skȳr ds.; got. skaúrō `shovel' (in winÞi-skaúrō `winnowing shovel'), ahd. scora, mhd. schor `shovel, hoe', schorn `zusammenscharren, kehren, fortstoßen', schürn `einen Anstoß give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen, schüren'; aisl. skora `cut, clip, count', ags. scorian `chop, cut, reject' (eig. `wegstoßen'); mitrj > rg: ahd. skurgan, mhd. schürgen `schieben, drive, push, bump, poke'; compare mhd. md. schiuren, schūren `scour, rub, clean, clean, fegen' = dän. skure, schwed. skura ds.;

    with formants -lo-: mhd. schiel (*skē̆ulo-) `splinter, abgesprungenes or ragged Stück';

    lett. skurinât `lausen, ruffle; tousle ', refl. `sich kratzen, krauen';

    with t-extension: mir. scothaid `clips, cuts' (*skutãti), scoth f. `cutting edge, cusp, peak', also ` hair lock '; mhd. hudele `rag'; lit. skutù, skusti `scrape, schälen', skùtas `scrap, shred, rag', skùtenos `Abschabsel', alit. skutnà `Kahlkopf, abgeschabte place'; lett. skuotitiês `sich schuppen', šḱaute `scharfe edge'; lit. skiáutis `Stück Zeug', skiauterė̃ `Hahnenkamm'; perhaps lat. scutilus `thin' and gr. σκυτάλη `club, mace, joint, stick', σκύταλον ds., σκυταλίς `staff, cudgel, club, Walze' (*`abgespaltenes Aststück' or likewise); here σκύτη κεφαλή Hes., σκύτα τὸν τράχηλον. Σικελοί Hes.;

    about ostlit. skvẽtas `rag' compare Specht Idg. Dekl. 56; thereafter probably skver̂nas ds. from *skernas;

References: WP. II 552 f.

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai-t-

Meaning: to hit, kick

German meaning: `schlagen, puffen'

Material: Lat. caedō, -ere (occīdō etc) `hew, hit, strike, slay', caedēs `Schlachten, Morden', caementum (*caid-smento-) `Bruchstein', caelum `chisel' (*caid-slo-), caia (*caidi̯ā) f. `Prügel', caiō, -āre `hew, hit, strike', ancaesa `vasa caelata', ancīle n. `small shield' (*ambi-caid-sli-);

alb. qiell `sky, heaven' from ital. cielo `sky' < lat. caelum (1) -i n. `the burin or engraving tool', caelum (2) -i n. `the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc.'.

    k(h)ai- in mnl. heie `Rammblock', mhd. nhd. heie `beetle, hammer, wooden hammer, Ramme', mnl. heien `hit, bump, poke, rammen', nhd. schweiz. heien `stomp, Hanf break, rupture';

    khai-t- in arm. xait` `prick, prick, sting', xait`em `steche', xit`am `bin ängstlich', xit` ` grieving heit, heftiger pain'; against it xirt `stutzig, ängstlich, argwöhnisch' from *khid-ro-;

References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about Old Indian khidáti `reißt, presses' (ǝ), secondary khédā f. `Druck, load' s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-28.

Page(s): 917

Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-d-

Meaning: to crush, scatter

German meaning: `zerspalten, zerstreuen'

Comments: (extension from sek- `cut, clip')

Material: Old Indian skhadatē (uncovered) `splits' (*skhn̥d-?); av. sčandayeiti `zerbricht, vernichtet', skǝnda- m. ` destruction ' etc; mpers. škastan `break, rupture, grind';

    arm. šert `chip, splinter, wooden log' (*skhedri-);

    gr. σκεδάννυμι (Aor. also without s-: ἐκέδασσα, ἐκέδασθεν) `zersplittere, zersprenge, zerstreue', ablaut. σκίδνημι ds., σκίδναμαι, κίδναμαι `sich scatter (from Menschenmengen)'; σκιδαρόν ἀραιόνHes.;

    alb. tshanj, tshaj `split, tear, rend, plow' (*sked-ni̯ō); lat. scindula, scandula f. `shingle';

    mengl. scateren `scatter', engl. scatter ds., shatter `break, rupture, grind', mnd. schateren `with Gekrach apart reißen, loud lachen';

maybe alb. (*scater-) shkatëronj `destroy, break'

    lit. skedervà `splinter', lett. škedēns `small, abgespaltenes bit of wood'; lit. kedė́ti `break, crack', kedénti `pluck, wool krämpeln';

    aksl. skǫdъ `arm, small'; russ. ščédryj ` generous ' (`*vergeudend, sein Gut zersplitternd'), sloven. ščedljìv ` economical ' (`*knauserig = abzwackend').

References: WP. II 558 f., WH. II 488 f.

Page(s): 918-919

Root / lemma: skhel-

Meaning: to stumble

German meaning: `straucheln, fehltreten'

Comments: (?) only altind. and armen.

Material: Old Indian skhálatē `stolpert, sways, geht fehl', skhalita- `taumelnd fehlgegangen; woran etwas fehlt, to wenig'; arm. sxalem, sxalim `strauchle, irre, sündige, verfehle; werde verfehlt, vermißt, hinfällig; tue eine Fehlgeburt', sxal `fault, error, mistake, lack; fehlerhaft, mangelnd, to wenig', sxalak `taumelnd (in Rausch)'.

References: WP. II 599;

See also: in the case of expressive formation to (s)kel-4?

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)-

Meaning: needle, thorn

German meaning: `Nadel or Dorn von Pflanzen'

Material: Air. scē, Gen. Pl. sciad `Hagedorn' (*sku̯ii̯-at-s); cymr. ysbyddad ds., corn. spethes ↓Brombeerstrauch, Dorngestrüpp', bret. spezad `Stachelbeeren'; lit. skujà `Tannennadel and -zapfen', lett. skujas `Tannenreisig'; russ. chvojá f., chvoj m. `Nadeln and Zweige the Nadelhölzer' (etc; Berneker 408 erwägt affiliation also from russ. chuj `penis' as *(s)khoui̯os).

Alb. (*sku-) huni, hunj Pl. `needle, thorn, stake', [common alb. sk- > h- shift].

References: WP. II 602, Trautmann 268.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: skordho-, -ā-

Meaning: vessel; potsherd

German meaning: `Pfanne, Scherbe'?

Material: Ahd. scart-īsarn, mhd. schart m. n., scharte f. `eiserne Pfanne';

aksl. skrada `Tiegel, Pfanne, Herd' (also skvrada, skovrada, poln. skowroda, russ. skovorodá; v kann from slav. skver- `melt', aksl. raskvьrǫ etc, übernommen sein); lett. skārds, skārde `Blech, Weißblech' hat, if zugehörig, its meaning maybe evolved from `shard (sharp and thin)'.

Maybe truncated alb. (*skordho-) shkrinj `melt';

References: WP. II 601.

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: skot-

Meaning: shadow, darkness

German meaning: `Schatten, Dunkel'

Material: Gr. σκότος `darkness' (m., later n.); air. (lengthened grade) scāth n. `shadow, protection, mirror';

mcymr. isgaud, cy-sgawd, cymr. cy-sgod, acorn. scod, neucorn. skēz, bret. skeud `shadow'; got. skadus m., ags. sceadu f., scead n., ahd. scato, -awes `shadow', norw. skodda, skadda `fog'.

maybe alb. skaj `edge, remote border, end' related to eng. sky me. [ON ský cloud, rel. to OE sceo, OS scio and (more remotely) OE scuwa, OHG scuwo, ON skuggi shade, shadow, Goth. skuggwa mirror.]

maybe alb. hie `shadow', hi `ash, gray' [common alb. sk- > h- shift].

References: WP. II 600.

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: sku̯erb(h)-

Meaning: to stick, pierce (thorns)

German meaning: `stechen, etwa as Dornen'?

Comments: Only Celtic and Baltic

Material: Corn. bret. spern `spinae' (-rn- from -rbn-);

    lit. skverbiù, skver̃bti `with einem spitzen tool bohrend prick', Iter. skvarbaũ, skvarbýti ds., skvìrbinu, -inti `prick, bore, prickeln'.

References: WP. II 602.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)kū̆t-

Meaning: to shake

German meaning: `rütteln'

Material: Lit. kutù, kutė́ti `aufrütteln', kustù and kuntù, kutaũ, kùsti `sich aufrütteln, sich erholen', kutrùs `hurtig', kutà `Quaste, fringe';

    besides with anlaut. s-:

    as. scuddian `with einem Schwunge ausgießen', ahd. scutten, afries. skedda `shake, upset', nhd. schütten, mndl. mengl. schuderen, engl. shudder `shudder, tremble' (*`to shake'), nhd. schaudern (rheinfränk. word with nd. d), ahd. scutilōn, nhd. schütteln; ags.scūdan, sćyndan, aisl. skynda `drive, push' and skunda `beschleunigen; hurry', as. farskundian `anreizen, aufhetzen', ahd. scunten `antreiben, stir, tease, irritate'; aksl. skytati sę `vagari'.

Maybe alb. shkund `shake' from alb. probably derived lat. scindo scindere scidi scissum `to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate'.

References: WP. II 601 f.;

See also: s. also above S. 632 under ku̯ēt-.

Page(s): 957-958

Root / lemma: sk̂āi-, sk̂ǝi- : sk̂ī-

Meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow

German meaning: `gedämpft schimmern; Schatten (Abglanz)'

Material: Old Indian chāyā́ ` radiance, Schimmer, shadow', av. a-saya- `wer keinen shadow wirft', np. sāya `shadow, protection';

    gr. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ā) `shadow', σκιερός, hom. σκιόεις `schattig, dark', σκίρον `Sonnenschirm' (formal = alb. hir, with length got. skeirs); with the grade sk̂ā[i]-: σκηνή, dor.σκᾱνά̄ `tent, Bühne, Szene', σκῆνος, dor. σκᾶνος n. `tent; body (as Hülle the soul)'; σκῆν ` butterfly, Motte' Hes.; σκίναρ n. `body';

Note:

From gr. σκιά `shadow' + gr. οὑρά `tail' derived gr. σκίουρος, lat. sciurus -i, pl. sciuridae m.`squirrel', alb. from a reshuffled lat. cognate derived alb. (*sciuridae) cetër, ketër `squirrel' from alb. derived bulg. katerica `squirrel'. Typical of alb. is the drop of initial s-: sc- > c- also the shift c > k.

    alb. hē, hie `shadow' (*sk̂ii̯ā), hir ` grace ' (= gr. σκίρον), (h)ona `shadow' (*skēi-n-?), geg. huj `god';

Typical alb. phonetic mutation sk- > h- initials.

    aisl. skī n. `Heuchelei' (: gr. σκιά̄), got. skeinan `shine, appear, seem, gleam, shine, gleam', aisl. skīna ds., ahd. ags. scīnan ds., nhd. scheinen (n-present, compare aksl. sinǫti; in the case of also in lat.scintilla `spark' eine formation from einem similar originator from is present, is doubtful (derivative eines *sk̂i-nto- `gleaming'?); aisl. skīn n., as. skīn, ahd. scīn m. `shine, radiance '; ags. as. scima, mhd. scheme `shadow', nhd. Schemen `schattenhafte shape', aisl. skimi m. ` radiance ', nhd. schimmern, Schimmel etc; got. skeima `shiner, torch', ahd. as. scīmo, ags. scīma m. `light, radiance '; mhd. scheim ds.; without s- probably norw. hīm, hīma, as skīm `dünne cover, Häutchen' (as `durchscheinend', compare:) aisl. skjār m. `durchsichtige skin, Fensterrahmen'; got.skeirs `clear, bright', aisl. skīrr, ags. scīr `durchsichtig, bright, clean', mhd. (md.) schīr `lauter', nhd. schier; aisl. skǣrr `clean, clear, bright' (*skairi-r), afries. skēria `clean';

    lett. seja (*k̂ei̯ā) `shadow, Spiegelbild, face';

    aksl. sijati, sinǫti `gleam, hell become', sěnь `shadow' (besides stěnь for *scěnь); čech. čirý `lauter', russ. ščíryj `veritable, genuine' (got. Lw.?), ksl. *širъ `offen', Adv. širý etc;

    toch. В skiyo `shadow' (= gr. σκιά̄).

References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.

Page(s): 917-918

Root / lemma: sk̂ed-

Meaning: to cover

German meaning: `bedecken'?

Material: Old Indian chadati (uncovered), chādáyati `bedeck, verbirgt', chattra-m `Schirm', chadíṣ- n. `cover, Dach'; av. sādayantī- `ein garment' (skyth. trouser?), afghan. psōlǝl `to put on, wear' (*pati-upa-sad-); ahd. hāz m., mhd. hǣze n. `Rock, Kleidung', ags. hǣteru Nom. Pl. n. `dress'.

References: WP. II 558, Holthausen Altengl. Wb. 146.

Page(s): 919

Root / lemma: (s)k̂el-

Meaning: to spring

German meaning: `springen'

Material: Old Indian śalabha- m. ` locust, grasshopper ', śalúna- m. `ein bestimmtes insect', śālūra- m. `frog';

    mhd. schel `springend, auffahrend, aufgebracht', schellec `springend, angry, irate, wild', ahd. scelo `Schellhengst' (`Bespringer'), nhd. schälen `bespringen', mhd. schelch `Bockhirsch'; aisl. skelkr `fear' as `*erschreckt auffahrend'; for got. etc skalks `servant' vermutet man eine basic meaning `Springer, Laufbursche' and dissimilation from *skal-[s]kas-;

    lit. šuolỹs `Galopp', lett. suôlis `Schritt'.

Maybe alb. (šk̂el-) *shkel `(*spring?), step', gemination (*[s]kal-[s]kal-as) karkalec `grasshopper' : Old Indian śalabha- m. `locust, grasshopper'

Heuschrecke

References: WP. II 600.

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: (s)k̂em-

Meaning: disabled

German meaning: `verstümmelt', also `hornlos'

Material: Old Indian śámala- n. `fault, error, damage, pity'; aisl. PN. Hamall, ags. hamola, ahd. hamal `verstümmelt' (nhd. `Hammel'); aisl. hamla, ahd. hamalōn etc `verstümmeln'; with expressive -mm-: aisl. skammr, ags. ahd. scamm `short'; ahd. hamm, hammēr `verstümmelt'.

References: WP. II 560, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 105;

See also: in addition also k̂em- above S. 556.

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: sk̂ē̆u-

Meaning: to throw, shoot, push

German meaning: `werfen, schießen, stoßen'; intr. `dahinschießen'

Comments: only balto-slav.

Material: Lit. šáuju, šáuti `schießen (with einer Feuerwaffe'), šũvis `Schuß'; šáudyti `mehrfach schießen, herumschießen, herumfliegen';

    lett. šaũt (*sk̂jauti) `schießen, rasch zufahren', šaudrs `hasty, stormy, hot tempered'; aksl. sujǫ, sovati `bump, poke, schieben'; aksl. sulica, čech. sudlice `spear, lance'.

References: WP. II 553, Trautmann 300;

See also: s. also under skeu-5.

Page(s): 954-955

Root / lemma: sk̂lēk-, sk̂lǝk-

Meaning: wet; to sprinkle

German meaning: `naß, spritzen, sprengen'?

Material: Aisl. slag n. `Nässe (from rain)', sleginn `benetzt', norw. slagen `humid, wet', schwed. slaga `swamp, marsh'; mnd. slagge `schlackiges, rainy weather ', schwed. slagga-väder ds.; nhd. dial.slack `Schneequatsch'; nd. slack `big, giant and heavy drip', slackern `verschütten, sudeln', besleckern `beklecken'; ablaut. ags. sloh `morass', mnd. slōch ds.;

    lit. šlãkas `drip, Fleck, Kleck' (in the meaning `Schlacke' dt. Lw.), šlakstaũ, -ýti `mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle ', šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šlekiù, šlė̃kti `spray', lett. slaka `Anfeuchtung', slacît `naßmachen, sprinkle, fein rain'.

References: WP. II 602 f., 705;

See also: compare also sresk- `drip'?

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: (s)kʷalo-s

Meaning: a large fish

German meaning: `eine größere Fischart'

Comments: or vielmehr kʷalo-s ?

Material: Lat. squalus `ein größerer Meerfisch'; das s- could but previously secondary from squatus ds., squāma `Schuppe' bezogen sein;

    aisl. hvalr m. (besides -hveli n.) `whale' (i-stem), ags. hwæl, engl. whale, as. ahd. hwal ds., besides ahd. hwelira (germ. *hvali-s-ōn-), nhd. Waller, Weller and mhd. `Wels' (germ. *hvali-s), wherefore also apr. kalis `Wels'; the mythische Fisch av. kora- is die iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola `Fisch', later kal, to tscherem. kol, lapp. guole, finn. kala etc; die ganze family also probably finno-ugr. origin.

References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Engl. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier and Ugrofinnen 241 f.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)kʷel-5, (s)kel-

German meaning: `tönen, rufen'

See also: see above S. 550 (kel-).

Page(s): 928

Root / lemma: (s)kʷer-

German meaning: `machen'

See also: see above S. 641 f. (kʷer-).

Page(s): 947

Root / lemma: slak-

Meaning: to hit, hammer

German meaning: `schlagen, hämmern'

Comments: only Irish and germanisch

Material: Mir. slacc `sword', nir. slacaire `Schläger' (with expressive -kk-); mir. slachta `beaten', nir. slacht m. `good apparition, from gutem blow, knock', gäl. slachdaim `hit with dem hammer', slachdan `club, mace, joint';

    got. slahan, aisl. slā, ags. slēan, as. ahd. slahan (sluoc, sluogen, geslagen) `hit'; ahd.slagon, afries. slagia ds.; aisl. slā f. ` shaft, pole, bar, bolt', ags. slahe, slēa `Weberkamm', mhd. sla, slage `Schlagwerkzeug', mnd. slawe `Hufbeschlag', mhd. slouwe `spoor, Fährte' (*slagwō); lengthened grade aisl. slø̄gr `hinterlistig' (`*board up; strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash '); got. slauhts f. `Schlachtung' (*sl̥k-ti-); aisl. slāttr f. `Mahd', slātr f. `Schlachtfleisch', ahd. slahta `Tötung, Schlachtung'; with einer meaning as nhd. jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock `kind of': ahd. gislaht `edel geartet', gislahti n. `stem, quality ', nhd. Geschlecht.

References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.

Page(s): 959

Root / lemma: (s)lā̆gʷ-

Meaning: to grab

German meaning: `fassen, ergreifen'

Material: Gr. (ep. ion.) λάζομαι (present and Impf.) `take, fasse, ergreife (*λαγ(ʷ)ι̯ω); after αἴνυμαι is ion. att. λάζυμαι, böot. λαδδουσθη reshaped; Aor. ἔλλαβε (hom.), ἔλαβον, aegin. λhαβών, att. inschr. Λhαβετος or -ητος, Perf. att. εἴληφα (*σεσλᾱφα), Fut. λήψομαι, ion. λάψομαι, present ion. att. λαμβάνω (to λαβεῖν neologism); λάβρος `violent, boisterous; gefräßig, gierig', λάβρᾱξ m. `Meerwolf' (Fisch), hom. λαβρεύομαι `babble cheeky, vorlaut', λαβρ-αγόρης ` cheeky redend', λαβροῦσθαι `sich worauf fall';

    ags. læccan `fassen, ergreifen' (= λάζομαι from *slagʷi̯ō), engl. latch.

References: WP. II 707, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 649, 698, 699.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)leb-, (s)lob-, (s)lep-, (s)lop-

See also: see above S. 655 ff., wherefore perhaps mir. lelap, lenap (p = b), lenab (b = w) `small kid, child'.

Page(s): 959

Root / lemma: (s)leib-

See also: 'schlüpfrig, glide, slide' see above S. 663; in addition perhaps (after Morris-Jones WGr. 125) cymr. llithr m. `das Gleiten' (slib-tro-).

Page(s): 960

Root / lemma: (s)leidh-

Meaning: slippery, to slide

German meaning: `schlüpfrig, gleiten'

Comments: extension from lei-3, slei- above S. 662 f.

Material: Old Indian srédhati `gleitet ab, geht fehl, errs '; gr. ὀλισθάνω, Aor. ὤλισθον `gleite', ὀλισθηρός `schlüpfrig', ὄλισθος m. `Glätte, Schlüpfrigkeit' (*lidh-to-s) based on auf einem -dhō- or -tō- present; anlaut as in ὀλιβρός from the related root (s)leib-, above S. 663;

    mir. slōet `Floss', nir. slaod `gleitende Masse', with unclear dd;

    ags. slīdan, mhd. slīten `glide, slide, rutschen', ags. slide m. `Ausgleiten, fall', ahd. slito, aisl. sleði ` sled ' (compare lett. slidas `Schlittschuhe'), ags. slidor `schlüpfrig, glatt', slidrian `ausgleiten', nd. slidderen, nhd. schlittern;

    lit. slýstu, slýdau, slýsti `glide, slide', lett. slist, slīst ds., slîdēt `rutschen, glide, slide', lit.slidùs `glatt, schlüpfrig', lett. slids ds., slidas Pl. `Schlittschuhe', slaids `abschüssig, glatt', sliẽde `spoor, Geleise (vom Wagen)'; apr. slidenikis `Leithund';

    aksl. slědъ `spoor', russ. slěd ds., sležý, sledítь `spüre, folge' etc

    in addition probably n-present sli-n-dhō in lit. lendù, lindaú, līsti, lett. lìenu, lìdu, lìst `kriechen, hineinschlüpfen', and durch Ablautentgleisung germ. *slind-, sland-, slund- in got. fra-slindan `verschlingen' (actually `glide, slide lassen'), ahd. slintan ds., mhd. slint, slunt `gullet', ändl. slinderen `glide, slide, kriechen', mhd. lendern `amble', ndl. lunderen `zaudern';

    compare with other extension sli-n-dō, germ. *slint- in aisl. sletta slatt `sinken, glide, slide, hängen' (*slintan), sletta `hit, throw, spray' (*slantjan), schwed. slinta `fall, glide, slide', schwed. dial. släntra = nd. slentern, ndl. slenteren, nhd. schlenzen `amble', ablaut. norw. dän. sluntre `unordentlich sein', nd. sluntern ds., nhd. schlunzen `careless, neglectful gehen';

    whether lat. lumbrīcus m. `Wurm' auf *londhr-īko- zurückginge, könnten obige n-forms also auf eine root (s)lend(h)- `glide, slide' zurückgeführt become.

References: WP. II 707 f., 715, Trautmann 269, Vasmer 2, 658 f., Johannesson 922 f., 931 f.

Page(s): 960-961

Root / lemma: (s)leig-

Meaning: to hit, hack

German meaning: `schlagen, hacken'

Material: Lat. ligō, -ōnis m. `hack, mattock, hoe', air. sliucht m. `spoor, break, section, progeny ', ags. slicc n. (*slikja-) `Schläger, hammer', afries. as. slēc (*slaiki-) `blow, knock'.

References: WP. II 707, WH. I 800.

Page(s): 961

Root / lemma: slenk-, sleng-

Meaning: to wind, turn; to creep

German meaning: `winden, drehen; sich schlingen, kriechen'

Material: 1. auf -k: cymr. llyngyr Pl. `Würmer', mbret. lencquernenn, nbret. lenkernenn `Eingeweidewurm' (*slinkurī-), mbret. lencr `schleichend'; ahd. slingan, ags. slingan st. V. `swing, winden, flax, wattle, braid', refl. `sich schlängeln, kriechen', aisl. slyngva (slǫng) `throw, toss, fling, zwirnen' (v present formant), Kaus. sløngva `throw, toss, fling', ahd. slango `snake', aisl. sløngva `Schleuder', ahd. slinga `Schlinge', slengira `Schleuder';

    lit. slenkù, sliñkti `slink' (from the snake), slìnka, slankà `Faulenzer', slañkius m. `Bergrutsch'; lett. slìkt `sich senken, in Wasser untergehen', slìесе f. `Schlittenkufe' (*slenkē-);in addition (because of Ganges) bsl. *slā̆nkā f. `Schnepfe', in lit. slankà, lett. slùoka (sekundärerē-stem apr. slanke, lit. slañkė), proto slav.. *slǫka in russ. slúka `Schnepfe'.

    2. auf -g: ags. slincan st. V. `kriechen', aschwed. slinka `kriechen, sich schmiegen', mnd. ndl. slinken `zusammenschrumpfen'; mhd. slanc `schlank, mager' (eig. `pliable'), mnd. slank `pliable', norw. dial. slakk `schmächtig, schlank'.

References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.

Page(s): 961-962

Root / lemma: sler-

See also: see under S. 965 f. (*slr̥g-).

Page(s): 962

Root / lemma: sleub(h)-

Meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: `gleiten, schlüpfen'

Comments: only lat. and germ.; compare also sleuĝ-.

Material: Lat. lūbricus `schlüpfrig, glatt';

    got. sliupan `slink', ahd. sliofan, nhd. schliefen, ags. slūpan `glide, slide, schlüpfen', mnd. slūpen `schlüpfen, slink', got. afslaupjan `abstreifen', ags. slīepan `an- or disrobe ', ahd. mhd. sloufen `schlüpfen lassen, an- or disrobe ', mhd. sluft (eig. `Schlupf'), nhd. Schlucht, mhd. slupfer(ic), nhd. schlüpfrig (ro-forms as in lūbricus), ags. slyppe `dough, mucus', ahd. mhd. slouf `das Schlüpfen, duct, tube, pipe', mhd. sloufe `duct, tube, pipe, diaper, Erbsschote', nhd.Schleife, older Schläufe, dial. Schlaufe, etc;

    in Germ. also *sluƀ- (idg. *sleup- or *sleubh-): ags. slīefan `(dress) anziehen', slīefe f. `Ärmel' (engl. sleeve), nl. sloof `Schürze', nhd. dial. Schlaube ds.

References: WP. II 710 f.; WH. I 822 f.

Page(s): 963-964

Root / lemma: (s)leug-, (s)leuk-

Meaning: to swallow

German meaning: `schlucken'

Grammatical information: partly nasal present (s)lu-n-gō, (s)lu-n-kō

Material: Gr. λύγξ, -γγος f., λυγμός (probably *λυγγμός) m. `the Schlucken', λύζω `have den Schlucken', (*λύγγι̯ω), λυγγάνομαι Hes. `schluchze'; *(s)leuk- in λυγκαίνω ds., λαυκανίη (v. l. λευκανίη) `throat, gullet'; λύγδην `schluchzend';

    air. slucim, nir. sloigim `schlucke' (*slunk-ō), cymr. llyncu, bret. lonka `schlucken', abret. roluncas `hat verschlungen'; *(s)lung- in air. -lungu `I esse, trinke', cymr. llewa `eat, drink' (*lugamā);

    norw. slūka st. V. `verschlingen', mnd. slūken st. V. `hinunterschlucken', mhd. schlūchen sch. V. `schlingen, schlucken', spätahd. slūch m. `gullet', mhd. slūch `gullet, abyss'; with ū: aisl. slok n. `trough, Wasserrinne', mnd. sloke `gullet, gulp', with kk: mhd. slücke `aperture ', slucken `schlingen, schlucken, schluchzen', mnd. slucken, ndl. slokken `schlingen'; with au norw.sløykja `rinnenartige Vertiefung';

    lit. pa-laũkis `Wamme of Rindes'; klr. ɫýkaty, wruss. ɫkać `schlucken'.

References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749.

Page(s): 964

Root / lemma: (s)leuĝ-, (s)leuk̂-

Meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: `gleiten, schlüpfen'

Comments: only germ. and balto-slav.; compare also sleub-.

Material: Ndl. sluiken `slink, schmuggeln', schweiz. slūche `go sluggishly', slūchi `langsamer, schleichender, heimtückischer person'; mhd. slūch `Schlangenhaut, hose' (eig. `worein geschlüpft wird'), nhd. Schlauch, and. slūk `squāmas'; besides germ. sluh-, slug- (idg. *sleuk-) in schwed. dial. slu(v) (*slūhwō) `die husk um den empfindlichsten Teil in Horn or Hufe', norw.slo `the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe', mnd. slū `Fruchthülse, Fruchtbalg, bowl', nnd. also slūwe, norddt. dial. Schlaube, mengl. slughe, slouh (engl. slough) `abgestreifte Schlangenhaut'; nd. slū, nhd. schlau, süddt. dial. schlauch ds. (*slūha-, eig. `schleichend');

    lit. šliũžės Pl. `Schlittschuhe', šliaũžti `kriechen' (šl- from sl-), lett. šl'užât `slither'; russ. lýža `snowshoe; Schlittenbalken', klr. ɫýžva `Skier', russ. dial. lyzgátь `auf dem Eise gleiten, slither', lyznútь, lyzgonútь `davonrennen', bulg. lъ́zgav `glatt', lъ́zgam se `laufeSchlittschuh, gleite'.

References: WP. II 711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.

Page(s): 964

Root / lemma: (s)leup-, (s)leub(h)-

Meaning: to hang loose

German meaning: `schlaff herabhängen(d)'

Comments: only german. and Baltic

Material: Ags. lyft `weak' = mndl. luft, lucht `link', ofries. luf `slack, müde', aisl. lūfa `dichtes Нааг' (probably `*dense and long niederhängendes'), mnd. lobbe `hängende lip, Manschette', ndl. lobbig `schlotterig, slack', isl. lubba f. `großer codfish'; nd. sluf, ndl. slof `faint, languid, slack', sluffen `go sluggishly', engl. sloven `nachlässiger, unreinlicher person'; ndl. slobbe `slime, mud', engl. slobber, slubber `geifern, befoul ', nd. slubberen ` slurp ', nisl. slupra ` slurp ' (imagining of Herabhängenlassens beim food, eating, of hängenden Schleimes and Schlammigen);

    lit. lū́pa f. `lip' (: mndd. lobbe) and slùbnas `slack, faint, languid'.

References: WP. II 710.

Page(s): 964-965

Root / lemma: (s)leu-

Meaning: loosely hanging, loose, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff herabhängend, schlaff'

Comments: esp. with extensions; außerhalb of Germ. only barely provable, in diesem but very reich entfaltet

Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: got. slawan `schweigen' (*slawēn `*faint, languid sein' from einem Adj. *slawa-?);

    with m-suffix: norw. slum `slack, thin (from Grashalmen)', sluma `schlaff and go sluggishly', dän. older slum ` slumber ', ags. slūma m. ` slumber ', late mhd. (md.) slumen, slummern, schlummern = drowse'; norw. sløyma `quick, fast to langem, weichen Stroh wachsen';

    with n-suffix: alem. schlūne ` drowse ', mhd. slūn `Faulenzer';

    with r-suffix: norw. slūre `träger person', slūren `faint, languid, sleepy ', slora, slura `lose hangen, drag', mhd. slūr m. `Umherschlendern; Faulpelz', mnd. sluren `shiver, swerve, träge sein'; ndl. (abl.) sleuren ds., sloor `liederliche person'; mhd. slier (*sleura-) m. n. `slime, mud, Lehm' (nhd. dial. Schlier ds., Schliere `schleimige Masse', tirol. schlieren `glide, slide, schlüpfen'), engl. slear, sleer `schmieren', slur `slime, mud', Verb. `schmieren, glide, slide'.

    (s)leug-:

    Nd. slūk `slack', ndl. sluik `mager, hager, glatt', engl. slouch `den Kopf hängen, idle and careless, neglectful gehen'; aisl. slokinn `erloschen', slokna `erlöschen, die'; sløkkva `löschen, slay'; norw. sloka `faul sein', nd. slokeren `slack sein, shiver', with kk: slukkern ds. (nhd. Schlucker), slukk `sad', slokk `slack, weak', norw. slauk `schlaffer person', slauka `sich schleppen', ags. slēac `slack'; without s-: aisl. loka `schlaff herabhangen lassen', norw. lukr, lugr `lose, schlotternd'; besides with expressive voiced-nonaspirated geminata norw. schwed. slugga `schwerfällig gehen' (engl. slug, slug-gish ` sleepy, idle' is skand. Lw.), mnd. luggich ds.;presumably lit. slúgstu, slúgau, slúgti ` abate, small become'.

    (s)leut-:

    Mir. lott (lōt?) `Hure' seems germ. Lw.; compare under aisl. lodda, in addition lydda `faules Weib';

    ags. līedre `nichtsnutzig, evil, bad, woeful, wretched, miserable ', mhd. liederlich `light and dainty, slight, leichtfertig', nhd. liederlich (*liuÞri-); ahd. lotar, mhd. loter, lotter `locker, leichtfertig' (nhd. Lotterbube), also `idle' (nhd. Lotterbank), ags. loddere `Bettler', aschwed. lyddare f. `untaugliche person', aisl. lodda f. `wife, woman'; here with the meaning `lose hängendes Tuch, scrap, shred' perhaps ahd. lūthara, lūdara ` diaper, Wiege', as. lūthara `Kinderwindel'; with ŭ ahd. lodera ds., as. lodara `scrap, shred' and ahd. ludo, lodo ` coarse Wollenzeug, Überwurf out of it', nhd. Loden, as. lotho, ags. loÞa m. `mantle', aisl. loði `Lodenmantel' (in the meaning from loðenn, above S. 685, beeinflußt);

    serb. lûtȁm, lútati `amble', ablaut. russ. lytátь `sich herumtreiben, umherschlenzen'; presumably also аčесh. lútový `hinfällig, gebrechlich; eitel', lett. lutêt, lutinât `verzärteln';

    With s-: got. af-slauÞjan `in Bestürzung versetzen' (if `*slack, feeble make', from einem Adj. *slauÞa-), af-slauÞnan `in Bestürzung geraten'; aisl. sloðra `sich vorwärts schleppen', slyðra ` fibre, filament ', mhd. slot(t)ern, sloten `wobble, sway, tremble', nhd. schlottern, ndl.slodderen ds., slodder `liederliche person'; mhd. slūdern ` swerve, toss, fling', slūder `Schleuder', slūderer `wer übereilt and liederlich arbeitet', slū(de)r-affe `Müßiggänger' (Schlaraffe), bair. schlaudern also `lose hin and her fahren';

    isl. slydda `snow and rain durcheinander', sludda `clump saliva or nasal mucus ', engl. dial. slud `slime, mud', süddt. schludern `to snow and rain zugleich', mhd. slate `slime, mud, Tauwetter', nhd. dial. schlott, schlutt ds.; ablaut. mhd. slōte `slime, mud, Lehm';

    with germ. t-: afries. slāt, mnd. slōt m. `Wassergraben, puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', engl. sleet (ags.*slīete), `Schloßen, graupel ', nd. slöten `hail', mhd. slōz, slōze, nhd. Schloße, norw. slutr `rain and Schnee durcheinander', aisl. slota `herabhängen', schwed. dial. `faul sein', with gedehnter zero grade aisl. slūta `herabhängen, hangen, lässig sein', nhd. dial. schlossen `slack become, tauen' (schlotzen `with smut to tun haben, careless, neglectful sein' with -tt-).

References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.

Page(s): 962-963

Root / lemma: (s)lēg- : (s)lǝg- and (s)leg-

Meaning: weak, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff, matt sein' (from `loslassen'), from `schlaff' about `weichlich' also `wollüstig'

Comments: nas. (s)leng- (= leng- `swing, waver'?)

Material: Old Indian laṅga- `lahm'; gr. λήγω `lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans. `make weichen' (*slēgō), ἄλληκτος (*σλ-) `unaufhörlich', λαγάσσαι ἀφεῖναι Hes., λαγαρός `slack, schmächtig, thin', hom. λαγωός, ion. λαγός, att. λαγώς, -ώ `hare' (*(s)lǝg-ōusos `with schlaffen ears'), λαγών, -ονος gewöhnlich Pl. `die Weichen, Dünnen' (formal = aisl. laki `Faltmagen'), λάγανον `dünner wide Kuchen' (formal = as. lakan etc `kerchief, cloth'), λωγάνιον `Wamme' (compare schwed. slōka `schlaff herabhängen'), nasalized presumably here λαγγάζω `zaudere', λαγγών `Zaudern', λαγγεύαι φεύγαι Hes. (*`faint, languid sein, schlaff and unschlüssig sein'); with the meaning `wollüstig': λάγνος `horny, lustful', λαγνεύειν `wollüstig sein', λαγνεία `Geilheit, sensuality, voluptuousness', λωγάς πόρνη Hes. (besides with ĕ-Vok. λέγαι δε γυναῖκες = ἀκόλαστοι Archil., ἐλεγαίνειν `ἀσελγαίνειν' EM.;

    lat. laxus `slack, wide, geräumig', nas. langueō, -ēre `faint, languid, slack, abgespannt sein';

    air. lacc (with expressive gg) `slack, weak'; mcymr. llacc, ncymr. llac `slack' derives because of seines cc instead of ch from engl. slack;

    mnd. lak `slack, lose', ndl. lak, nhd. mdartl. lack ds., mndl. lak also `wollüstig', aisl. lakr and (full grade) lākr `evil, bad, gering'; with gradation ō schwed. dial. lōka `schlaff herabhängen', aisl. lōkr `Dummkopf, Faulpelz'; germ. *lakana- `baumelnder rag, Zipfel' in as. lakan `kerchief, cloth', ahd. lahhan ds. (nhd. Laken from dem Nd., formal compare gr. λάγανον), aisl. laki m. `Quappe'; the dritte Magen the Wiederkäuer, Faltmagen' (= λαγών), lack, fault, error';

    with s-: aisl. slakr `slack' (poet.), slakna `erschlaffen', as. mnd. slac `slack, weak', participle as. gislekit `stumpf gemacht', mnd. slak-sīde `Bauchseite' (as λαγών and nhd. Weichen), ags. slæc `slack, idle, slow', ahd. slah- `slack, idle', ags. sleccan (*slekjan) `schwächen';

    with gradation ō: aisl. slōkr `ein schlaffer Bursche', norw. slōken `slack', schwed. slōka `schlaff herabhängen lassen', dial. `träge sein', slōk and (with ē) slåk `leichtsinniges Weib', aschwed. slökifriÞ, -frilla `Kebsweib';

    nasalized probably schwed. slinka `nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, hinken', ahd. slinc, ndl. slink `link', mhd. link, nhd. link; ahd. lenka `die Linke', schwed. linka and lanka `somewhat hinken', lunka `slowly gehen', dän. slunken `slack, schlotterig' (*`schlaff dahergehen'); perhaps schwed. dial. slank, süddt. schlank `scrap, shred';

    lett. leǵę̄ns `slack, soft';

    doubtful russ. pere-slěga `fault, error in Gewebe' (*`Auslassen of Fadens'??), sloven. preslệgast `fadenscheinig, naked, bald, bleak';

    in the case of also toch. A slākkär `sad'?

References: WP. II 712 ff., WH. I 758 f.

Page(s): 959-960

Root / lemma: slēgʷ-

Meaning: to press, oppress, mishandle

German meaning: `drücken, bedrücken, mißhandeln'

Material: Gr. λώβη f. `schimpfliche Behandlung, Schmach, maltreatment, damage, ruin', λωβάομαι `behandle schimpflich, mißhandle, verstümmle, frevle, schädige';

    lit. slogà `plague, Landplage', with secondary ablaut.: lett. slāga `damage, Beschwerde'; lit.slogùs `beschwerlich', slogìnti `plague', sluogaĩ `Hölzer zum Beschweren eingeweichten Flachses'; with uo: lit. slúogas, lett. sluogs `clot, chunk, Stein, load', sluodzît `beschweren, niederpressen, thrash', sluogât, sluoguôt ds.; with ē: lit. slė́g-iu, -ti `bedrücken, pressen', lett. slēgt `shut' (*`zudrücken'), lit. slėgtis, slėgtė̃ `Presse, Kelter', lett. at-slēga `Schloß', slēgs `burden'.

References: WP. II 714.

Page(s): 960

Root / lemma: (s)lī- (: slǝi- or slōi-), slī-u̯o-

Meaning: blueish

German meaning: `bläulich'

Material: Lat. līveō, -ēre `bleifarbig, bläulich sein', līvor `bläuliche paint, color', līvidus `bläulich' (based on auf einem Adj. *slī-u̯os or *lī-u̯o-s);

    air. lī `paint, color, radiance ', cymr. lliw, acorn. liu, ncorn. lyw ds., abret. nbret. liou `paint, color' (`paint, color' from `blue' verallgemeinert), abret. liou `naevum', da-liu (lies du-liu) `fuscus'; gall. PN Līvō; but lat. Līvius perhaps etrusk.

    russ.-ksl. slíva `plum' etc, from which lit. slyvà, apr. sliwaytos ds. borrows; slov. slîv `bläulich' is back-formation from dem Pflaumennamen;

    with formants -ko-: ahd. slēha, slēwa (*sloi-kʷo-), ags. slāh (engl. sloe), nhd. `Schlehe', schwed. slå(n) ds.; compare Martinet Word 12, 4.

References: WP. II 715 f., WH. I 816, Trautmann 269 f., Vasmer 2, 660.

Page(s): 965

Root / lemma: slougo-, -ā- f.

Meaning: help, service

German meaning: `das Helfen, Dienen'

Comments: only Celtic and balto-slavisch

Material: Air. slōg, slūag m. `Heer, Schaar', teg-lach (*tego-slougo-) `Hausgenossenschaft, Familie', cymr.llu `Heer', acymr. telu, mcymr. teilu, newer teulu ` cortege ', ncymr. ` household, Familie', acorn. luu, mcorn. lu `bulk, mass, Schaar, Heer'; gall. VN Catu-slugi (leg. -slōgi) `Kampfesscharen'; lit. žemait. slaugaũ, slaugýti `unterstützen, help', slaugà `das Dienen', pã-slauga `help, Hilfeleistung'; aksl. sluga m. `servant'; in addition aksl. služǫ, služiti `dienen', etc

References: WP. II 716, Trautmann 268 f., Vasmer 2, 664 f.

Page(s): 965

Root / lemma: (s)lr̥g- and sler-

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Material: Gr. λάρυγξ, -υγγος m. `gullet' (perhaps after φάρυγξ reshaped);

    lat. lurco(r), -āre, -ārī `schlemmen, fressen', if auf *lurgicos beruhend; lurcō, -ōnis m. `Schlemmer';

    mhd. slurc `gullet', slurken `schlucken', norw. schwed. slurk `gulp, Mundvoll', norw. schwed. slurka `in großen Zügen slurp '; nhd. schlürchen `careless, neglectful gehen';

    eine schallnachahmende root sler- with variant extensions in lett. slarpata `alter rag', slarpatât `lumpig einhergehen': schwed. slarfva `scrap, shred, rag'; lett. slarkšêt (besides slarpšêt) `go sluggishly': nhd. schlarken `schleifend gehen' (schlarfen ds.).

References: WP. II 716, WH. I 837.

Page(s): 965-966

Root / lemma: smeg(h)-

Meaning: to taste

German meaning: `schmecken'

Comments: only germ. and balt.

Material: Mhd. smach `taste, smell, odor', mnd. smak(e) `das Schmecken, taste, smell, odor', smaken, afries. smakia, mengl. smakin `schmecken';

Maybe alb. (*smakia) shija `taste, smell, odor'

with -kk- ahd. smac (-ckes) `taste', smecken trans. and intrans. `schmecken', ags. smæcc m. `taste, smell, odor', isl. smekkr ds.; with -g- (idg. variant *smegh-): ahd. gismagmo `taste', gismag, gismah `schmackhaft';

    lit. smaguriaĩ `Leckerbissen', smaguriaúti `naschen', smagùris ` forefinger ' (actually `Naschfinger, Näscher'); perhaps is smeg(h)- as s-form with lit. mė́gti `wohlgefallen' etc identical,

References: WP. II 689.

See also: s. mē̆gh- `wohlgesinnt' above S. 707.

Page(s): 967

Root / lemma: (s)mei-1, smeu-

Meaning: to laugh, surprise

German meaning: `lächeln, erstaunen'

Material: Old Indian smáyatē, -ati `lächelt', Kaus. smāpayati; smita- `lächelnd', vi-smita- `erstaunt', smaya- n. ` astonishment ', smēra- `lächelnd' (= lat. mīrus);

    gr. (with d-extension) μεῖδος γέλως Hes., φιλομμειδής `gern lächelnd', μείδησα, μειδιάω `lachen';

    lat. mīrus ` wonderful ' (formation as clārus, = Old Indian smēra-); lat. cōmis, old cosmis `compliant, friendly', as `with Lächeln', from einem root nouns smi-;

    air. mīad n. `fame, pride', ablaut. moīdid `rühmt sich';

    alem. šmīǝ `astonish'; mengl. smīlin, engl. smile, dän. smile, norw. smila `lächeln'; ags. gāl-smǣre `zum Lachen geneigt';

    lett. smeju, smiêt `verlachen', smaĩda `das Lächeln' (in -d- probably with dem Gr. to compare); smaidît `lächeln, schmeicheln, spotten';

    aksl. smějǫ (*smei-i̯ō), smijati sę `lachen', směchъ `das Lachen';

    toch. A smi- `lächeln'.

    Besides smeu- in:

    mhd. smieren, smielen, older ndl. smuylen `lacheln', probably also mhd. smollen `from Unwillen schweigen, schmollen; lächeln'; russ. uchmyĺátьsá `lächeln, schmunzeln', dial. chmylítь `lächeln', probably also poln. dial. chmlić się `sich verfinstern, ein verdrießliches face machen'.

References: WP. II 686 f., WH. II 94 f., Trautrnann 270 f., Pedersen ZcP. 17, 31.

Page(s): 967-968

Root / lemma: smeit-, smit-

Meaning: to throw

German meaning: `werfen'

Material: Av. hamista- `niedergeworfen, oppressed' (*ham-[h]mista-, with in Simplex erfolgtem Anlautswandel from sm- to [h]m-); hamaēstar- `wer niederwirft, oppressed'; maēϑ- `throw', with Ablat., *ēmittere ex' = `mug, rob' (mōiϑat̃), with ā- `(an sich) kommen lassen' (āmiϑnāiti), with paiti- `*zurückschicken' = `den Laufpaß give, absagen', with ham- `mug, rob' (hǝmiϑyāt̃); with ham + aibī `zulassen, den Zutritt gestatten';

    lat. mittō, -ere, mīsi, missum `gehen lassen, run lassen; schicken, senden', with expressive intensification from *smītō (*smeitō), compare cosmittere Paul. Fest.

References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smek-

Meaning: chin, beard

German meaning: `Kinn, Mundpartie, Bart'

Comments: in Old Indian with k̂

Material: Old Indian śmaśru- n. `beard, whisker, moustache' (assim. from *smaśru-); arm. mauruk`, moruk` `beard'; alb. mjekrë `chin, beard' (*smekrā);

Note:

Common alb. shift sm > m; drop of initial s- in alb.

perhaps lat. māla `Kinnbacke, Kinnlade', Demin. maxilla (*sm_ek-slā, dessen vowel with dem arm. a vergleichbar wäre); ir. smech `chin' (*smekā), presumably ags.smǣras m. Pl. `Lippen' (*smahria-), in addition as `Lippenblütler' nisl. smǣra f., smāri m., norw. dän.smǣre m., schwed. dial. smäre m. `Кlее', after other to smei- `lächeln'; lit. smãkras m., smakrà f. `chin', lett. smakrs `chin, palate'; hitt. zama(n)kur `beard' (*smokur or *smokru-).

References: WP. II 689, WH. II 15, Trautmann 270.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smel-1

Meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder

German meaning: `langsam and rauchend verbrennen, schwelen'

Material: Mir. smāl, smōl, smūal f. `fire, blaze, glow, ash'; mnl. smölen, ndl. smeulen `gleam, schwelen', nd. smelen, smölen ds., ō-grade fläm. smoel `muggy'; mengl. smolder `smoke', nengl. smoulder; also (compare rauchen : riechen), mengl. smel, smul (-ll-) `smell, odor', engl. smell;

    osorb. smalić `singe', nsorb. smališ `singe, schwärzen', klr. prysmaɫýty `anbrennen'.

    With k-extension: lit. smilkstù, smil̃kti `einen schwachen Dunst or Rauch from sich give', smilkýti `räuchern', smelkiù, smel̃kti `ersticken';

    besides in Germ. with r- ags. smorian `ersticken (tr.)', mnd. smoren `dämpfen, ersticken (tr.and intr.), schmoren', fläm. smoren `smoke, misty sein', mnd. smurten `ersticken', mengl. smorther, engl. smother `vapor'.

References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.

Page(s): 969

Root / lemma: smel-2

Meaning: gray

German meaning: `grau, staubfarben'?

Material: Gr. μελίη `ash tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz' (ἐυμμελίης `with einem guten Eschenspeer bewaffnet'), μέλινος, μείλινος `eschen' (*[σ]μελF-ιᾱ, -ινος), perhaps from the grauen Farbe of Holzesund to alit. smėlùs `aschgrau, falb', lit. pasmė̃lti `cloudy, dark become'.

References: WP. II 692;

See also: compare mel-6 above S. 720 f.

Page(s): 969

Root / lemma: smerd-, smord-

Meaning: to stink

German meaning: `stinken'

Material: Gr. σμόρδωνες Pl. `Stänker' Hes.; σμορδοῦν συνουσιάζειν; lit. smìrdžiu, smirdė́ti `stink', lett. smir̂dêt ds., lit. smirdėlė̃ `Attich', smardìnti `stinkend make', lett. smerdelis `Stänker', smards ` fetidness ', lit. smár[d]vé, alit. smarstas ` fetidness ' (also smarstė, smarstvas, smársas `schlechteres fat', actually `schlechtriechendes fat'), apr. smorde `Faulbaum'; aksl. smrъděti, russ. smerdétь `stink', russ. smórod ` fetidness ', smoródina `Johannisbeere', poln. smród, čech.smrad ` fetidness '; in addition probably lat. merda `ordure, ordure of Leibes'.

maybe alb. *merda, mut ‘shit’.

    smerd- `stink' is eine probably already idg. verselbständigte Anwendung from (s)merd- in nhd. schmerzen, lat. mordēre, s. mer-, merd- `aufreiben' (above S. 736 f), originally also `beißender smell, odor'.

alb. mortje ‘death’, marr ‘take away (taboo for die)’

It seems that from this taboo was born Root / lemma: mǝ-r, Gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós : (hand) from Root / lemma: smerd-, smord- : (to stink, *die, take away).

References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer 2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215.

Page(s): 970

Root / lemma: smeru-

Meaning: grease, fat

German meaning: and Ähnliches: `Schmer, Fett'

Material: Gr. probably σμύρις `Schmirgel zum Abreiben and Polieren', (σ)μυρίζω `poliere durch Reiben, salbe', μύρον n. `wohlriechendes Salböl, Pflanzensaft', perhaps also (σ)μῦρος `a kind of Aal, Muräne' as `fettig sich anfühlend';

    lat. perhaps in medullae Pl. `Mark from bone and Pflanzen', through influence of medius from *merulla transfigured; air. smi(u)r m., Gen. smera `Mark', cymr. mer `Mark'; aisl. smiǫr n., ags. smeoru, ahd. smero (Gen. smerwes) `Schmer, fat', whereof aisl. smyria, smyrva `bestreichen, salben', ags. smierwan `salben', ahd. smirwen `salben, schmieren', nhd. Schmer, schmieren, Schmirgel; with other stem formation got. smaírÞr n. `fat', smarnōs `ordure, crap, muck, droppings' (meaning as nhd. schmierig, ndl. smerig `kotig, dirty, filthy').

References: WP. II 690 f., WH. II 58 f.

Page(s): 970-971

Root / lemma: (s)mer-

Meaning: to remember; to care for

German meaning: `gedenken, sich erinnern, sorgen'

Material: 1. Old Indian smárati ` reminds sich, gedenkt', smaraṇa- n., smŕ̥ti- `Gedenken, Gedächtnis', av. maraiti, hišmaraiti `(be)merkt', mimara- `eingedenk'; arm. mormok` `Bedauern, Mißvergnügen, Kummer, affliction'(with formants -ok` from einem *mor-m[or]o- with fractured Red.); gr. μέρμερος `was viel Sinnen, Sorgen erfordert'; μερμαίρω, μερμηρίζω `care, sinne, zaudere'; μέρμηρᾰ f. ` care, Sinnen', μεριμνάω `care, bin bedacht, grüble', post-verbal μέριμνα f. ` care, Besorgnis'; also μάρτυς, -ρος, hom. μάρτυρος, kret. μαιτυρ- `Zeuge'? different above S. 735;

    lat. memor `eingedenk' (compare av. mimara- ds., ags. ge-mimor ds.), memoria `Gedächtnis'; Morta `eine Parze';

    air. airm(m)ert f. `forbid', cymr. armerth `Vorbereitung' (*smert-), mir. mertaid `richtet ein', bret. merzout `gewahr become', Vannes armerhein `einrichten'; gall. PN Smerius, Smertullus, GN Smertrios; Ro-smerta `die Voraussehende'; abrit. VN Σμέρται.

    aisl. Mīmir `ein Riese'; ags. mimorian `sich remind', ge-mimor `bekannt', māmrian `überetwas sinnen', ndl. mijmeren `deep nachsinnen'; got. maúrnan, ags. murnan, ahd. mornēn `care for, worry, ängstlich besorgt sein';

    alit. merė́ti `care for, worry', lengthened grade serb. máriti `sich kümmern um', etc (*mōr-);

    2. as `sinnen, sinnend dastehen' = `hesitate' probably die group lat. mora f. `Verzug, delay', air. mar(a)im `bleibe'; corn. bret. mar `doubt';

    3. here as `jemanden wherewith consider, versorgen; Zugedachtes' also gr. μείρομαι (*σμερι̯ομαι) `erhalte Anteil', μοῖρα `Anteil, fate, destiny' (*sm-, compare hom. κατὰ μμοῖραν), Perf. hom. ἔμμορε `hatAnteil', εἵμαρται (*σέ-σμαρται) `es is durchs lot, fate zugeteilt', εἱμαρμένη `fate, destiny', μέρος n., μερίς f. `Anteil, part', μερίζω `divide', μόρος m. `lot, fate, fate, destiny, person’s lot in life', κάσμορος δύστηνος Hes. (*κατσμορος; κάμμορος Od. is newer formation), hom. ἄμμορος `unteilhaftig', ἠμορίς ἐστερημένη Hes., lak. μόρᾱ `dividing off, partitioning off of spartanischen Heeres', μόριον `part'; probably also ἁμαρτάνω `verfehle' due to eines *ἄ-hμαρτος `unteilhaftig'; lat. mereō, -ēre and mereor, -ērī `verdiene, erwerbe' (i.e. `erhalte Anteil', `erwerbe mir meinen Anteil'), merenda `Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal' (`*wherewith person and animal to consider is').

References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF. 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes Ét. Celt. 2, 133 f., Duval Ét. Celt. 6, 219 ff.

Page(s): 969-970

Root / lemma: (s)meukh-, (s)meug-, (s)meugh-

Meaning: to smoke, smoke n.

German meaning: `rauchen, Rauch'

Material: Arm. mux, Gen. mxoy `smoke'; gr. σμύ̄χω (χ = kh or gh; ἐσμύγην from the g-form) `lasse verschwelen; in langsamem fire consume'; ir. mūch `smoke', cymr. mwg (with Alternation ū : u), corn. mok ds., bret. moug, mog `fire', moged `smoke' (-kh- or -k-);

    with -g: gr. σμυγῆναι; arm. murk, Gen. mrkoy `sengend' (*smū̆gro-);

    ags. smēocan `smoke', mnl. smieken and smuiken `smoke'; Kaus. ags. smīecan `smoke, räuchern', mnd. smōken `schmauchen, räuchern, durch Rauch ersticken'; ags. smīec m. `smoke', mhd. smouch `smoke, haze, mist'; ags. smoca m. `smoke', smocian `smoke, räuchern';

    lit. smáugiu, smáugti `ersticken (originally durch smoke), erwürgen'; perhaps russ. smúglyj, klr. smuhɫyj `schwarzbraun' (`smoke-color '); die bsl. words at most with gh, worauf also arm. moyg `brown, dark' as *smougho- in comparison käme; unclear das relationship to russ.-ksl. smaglъ `dark, brown', russ. smága `flame; smut', čech. smahnouti `dehydrate, desiccate, schmachten'.

References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: smeu-

See also: see under smei-1.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: sme, smā

Meaning: really, particle of emphasis

German meaning: under likewise, etwa `wahrlich, indeed'

Material: Ai smā̆ emphasizing particle, gr. μά in Schwüren Beteuerungspartikel, thess. μά `but, δέ'; *μᾶ (= Old Indian smā) extended to μά̄ν, ion.-att. μήν `indeed, yet', ion. (infolge Funktionsschwächung) gekürzt to μέν, emphasizing particle; lat. nam `denn', originally Versicherungspartikel, maybe from *mān transfigured; hitt. -ma `but', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.

References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.

Page(s): 966

Root / lemma: smēi-2 : smǝi- : smī̆-

Meaning: to carve; to work with a sharp instrument

German meaning: `schnitzen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug arbeiten'

Material: Gr. σμί̄λη `Schnitzmesser', σμῐνύ̄η, σμῐνύς `hack, mattock, hoe';

    got. aiza-smiÞa ` smith ', aisl. smiðr `worker in wood (these das geschichtlich ältere) and Metall', ags. smið ` smith, Radmacher', ahd. smid ` smith '; ahd. smīda `Metall, Metallschmuck', gismīdi `Metallschmuck, Geschmeide', aisl. smīð f. `kunstfertige work'; ahd. smeidar `Metallkünstler'; eine s-lose root form is probably mai- (mǝi-) `hew, hit, abhauen', see there;

    doubtful lett. smicens `black Spitzmaus' (`*Nager'?? or to smidzis, above S. 966?), lit. smailùs `sharp, naschhaft', smìlius `Näscher, forefinger '.

References: WP. II 686.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smēi-3, smeid-, smēig-, smēik-

See also: see above S. 966 f. (smē-).

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smē-, smeī-, sm-ei-

Meaning: to smear, rub

German meaning: `schmieren, darüberwischen, -streichen; darüber hinreiben'

Material: Gr. Infin. σμῆν, Aor. σμῆσαι `schmieren, abwischen, abrade', 3. Sg. Pass. σμῆται, σμᾶται; σμήχω, σμῆξαι ds., σμώχειν ` grind ', σμῆμα f. `Salbe', σμῶδιξ, -ιγγος f. `blutunterlaufener stripe, Strieme', σμώνη (Gramm.) `gust of wind'; lat. macula `Fleck, Makel; Masche in Stickereien' probably from smǝ-tlā;

    smēi- (in addition 2. mai-, above 697), smei- extended (or d-present) in:

    smeid-: arm. mic `smut' (*smidi̯o-); got. bi-smeitan `besmear, bestreichen', ga-smeitan `schmieren, stroke', ahd. smīzan `stroke, schmieren, hit', nhd. schmeißen, ahd. bismīzan `besmear', ags. besmītan ds.; norw. dial. smita, abl. smīta `thin aufschmieren'; ags. smittian ` blemish, anstecken', mhd. schmitzen `anstreichen, geißeln, hit', nhd. verschmitzt; ags. smitte f. `Fleck', mhd. smitze f. `Fleck, smut';

    aksl. smědъ `fuscus', also in russ. FlN., perhaps as `*schmierig' here (`doubtful', Vasmer 2, 670 f.).

    smē[i]k-: smīk- `zerriebenes, winziges Krümchen':

    gr. σμῑκρός, (σ)μικρός `small, kleinlich, short', dor. ion. μικκός `small' (Kurzbildung as lippus, γύννις); lat. mīca `ein Krümchen, bißchen', mīcidus `winzig'; ahd. smāhi `small, gering, niedrig', aisl. smār (*smāha-) `small', ags. smēalīc `fine, painstaking ', ahd. smāhen `small make, verringern', nhd. schmähen, Schmach, ahd. gismāhteōn ` dwindle ', nhd. schmachten, ver-schmachten; afries. forsmāia `verschmähen', mnd. smāginge `Schmähung'.

    In similar turn in `das Kleine, Zierliche':

    smē[i]g- : smī̆g-; poln. smagɫy `schlank, schmächtig'; śmigɫy ds., śmiga `dünne rod' (a borrowing from dt. schmiegen is gewiß nicht to denken); lit. smaĩgas ` shaft, pole'; lett. smidzis `Milbe, Wasserfloh';

    with ĝ: lit. susmìžęs `small, crippled '; nisl. smeikr `glatt, shy'; ags. smicre `beautiful, dainty', ahd. smechar, smehhar, mhd. smecker `schlank, schmachtig', norw. smikr n. `feines Schnitzwerk' (besides without s- and with other Gutturalstufe migr n. `allzu feine Arbeit', migren `schmächtig');

    eine deutlichere meaning `schmieren, stroke' in norw. smika `stroke, smooth', smeikja `streicheln, schmeicheln', nhd. schmeicheln, ags. smācian ds., mhd. smicke `the vorderste Teil einer Peitsche; Schmiß, wound', mhd. smicke, sminke `Schminke'.

    A u-variant (s)mēu- : (s)mǝu- : (s)mu- seems vorzuliegen in aisl. mā (*mawēn) `wear out, scrape ', norw. mugg m. n. (*muwwa-) `Sägemehl'; aisl. mōa-sk (*mōwōn) `verdaut become'; nhd. bair. schmaudeln `schmeicheln'.

References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.

Page(s): 966-967

Root / lemma: smog-

Meaning: to weigh heavily

German meaning: `schwer lastend, sich with einer schweren Last abmühen'

Material: Gr. μόγος `toil, Anstrengung', μογερός (σμογερόν Hes.) `mühselig', μογέω `strenge mich an', μόγις Adv. `barely' (originally Nom. Sg. `sich mühend' = `nur with toil'); μόχθος (*μόξτος) m. `Anstrengung, toil', μοχθεῖν `sich abmühen', μοχθηρός `mühselig'; μοχλός (*μοξλός) `Hebebaum, Hebel', μοχλ-έω, -εύω `bewege fort'; lit. (žem.) smagùs ` heavy to bear, carry or to pull, drag', lett. smags, smagrs `schwer from Gewicht, lastend'.

References: WP. II 692.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: (s)nadh-

Meaning: to cut, slice

German meaning: `einschneiden, schnitzen'

Comments: only kelt. and westgerm.

Material: Ir. snad- `carve, cut, clip', snass m. `cut, Hieb', cymr. naddu `to chip, to cut', acymr. nedim, ncymr. neddyf `Krummaxt', mbret. ezeff `Queraxt', nbret. eze, neze ds.;

    ahd. snatta, mhd. snatte `Strieme, Wundmal', alem. schnattwa, schnättwe ` incision ' (*snadwō), schweiz. schnätzen `carve', nd. snā̊t `limit, boundary', nhd. Schnate `Wundmal, limit, boundary'; without s: aisl. naddr m. `sting, prick, Pfeil'.

References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.

Page(s): 972-973

Root / lemma: snā-, snǝ-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et-

Meaning: to flow, swim; damp

German meaning: `fließen, Feuchtigkeit'

Material: 1. Old Indian snā́ti, snāyatē `badet (sich)', participle snātá-, av. snayeitē `wäscht, purifies, cleans durch Spülen', participle snāta-; d(h)-present -snāδayǝn; Old Indian snāpáyati `schwemmt', snápana- `zum Baden dienend (vom water)'; in addition lat. Neptunus above S. 316;

    gr. νήχω, -ομαι `schwimme' (formation as σμήχω, ψήχω under dgl; idg. gh or kh); νῆσος, dor. νᾶσος `island' as `Schwimmer';

    lat. nō, nāre (*snā-i̯ō) `schwimmen', umbr. snata, snatu Akk. Pl. n. `ūmecta'; air. snām `dasSchwimmen', cymr. nawf ds., bret. neun̄vi `schwimmen'; mir. snāid `schwimmt, crawls, flows ';

    2. auf *snǝ-t- based on lat. natō, -āre `schwimmen, flows '; ven. FlN Nati-sō(n), *Natusis nhd. Netze; cymr. naid f. `Sprung' (*snati̯ā), bret. n(e)ijal `fliegen', corn. nyge `fliegen, schwimmen', mcymr. dienad (*dī-ro-natā) `Tosen of Meeres', and arm. nay `damp, flüssig';

    3. auf sn-et-, *sn-ot- based on probably gr. νότος `Südwind' (`Regenwind'), νότιος, νοτερός `damp', νοτίς f. `Nässe'; thrak. FlN Νέστος, S. 759?

    4. Beside snā- lies snāu- and sneu-:

    Old Indian snāuti, participle snuta- `triefen, eine Flüssigkeit of Körpers, besonders Muttermilch, entlassen' (present idg. *snāu-ti or lengthened gradees *snēu-ti); gr. νά̆ω, Imperf. ναῖον, äol. ναύω `fließe' (*σναFι̯ω); Ζεὺς νά̄Fιος (Dodona) as strömend gedacht, whereof νᾱιάς, ion. νηιάς, -άδος, also νᾱΐς, ion. νηΐς, -ΐδος `stream, brook-, Quellnymphe', Νηρεύς, Νηρηΐδες (*σνᾱF-ερο-, substantivized probably in νηρόν τὸ ταπεινόν Hes., das as `Meerestiefe' to verstehen sein wird; but νηρίδας τὰςκοίλας πέτρας Hes. perhaps to ner- `penetrate'), reduced grade νᾱρός (*νᾰερός) `rinnend, flowing ', ναέτωρ ῥέων, πολύρροος Hes., att. Vok. νᾶτορ m. `stream', νᾶμα (*νᾰFεμα) `Flüssigkeit, wellspring', νᾱσμός (*νᾰFεσμός) ` watercourse, wellspring, stream, brook'; mir. snāu, snō `stream' (*snāu̯ā);

    5. from *sneu- from: νέω (Fut. νεύσομαι) `schwimme', lak. νόα πηγή, ἔ-ννυθεν ἐκέχυντο Hes. lat. nūtriō, -īre ` suckle, nähren', derivative from einem *sneu-trī fem. `milk fließen lassend';

    as d-extension from sneu- faßt man mir. snūad (also FlN) `river'; `caesaries' (`*herabfließend'), mhd. snuz `catarrh', norw. snott, ags. gesnott n. `Katarrh', aisl. snȳta, ahd. snūzen, nhd. schneuzen, norw. snūt m. `snout', nhd. Schnauze;

    with p: mhd. snupfe, aisl. snoppe `catarrh', mhd. snūfen `wheeze', snūben `pant, sniff, snort' under likewise; after Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 178 f. are germ. snub-, snup-, snud-, snut-, snug-, snuk- lautmalend (as also snab-, snap-, snad-, snat-, snak-, ebda. 187 f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- `pant, sniff, snort, pusten', also to obigem *sneu-;

    with idg. t: mhd. snudel, snuder, snūde `catarrh', ahd. snūden `pant, sniff, snort, schnarchen', aisl.snyðja `snuffle, sniff, wittern (vom dog)', snuðra, snoðra ds.;

    in the case of here thrak. νύ̄σᾱ `Nymphe'?

References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f.

Page(s): 971-972

Root / lemma: sneig-

German meaning: `kriechen'

See also: see under sneg- ds.

Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: sneigʷh-

Meaning: to snow; snow

German meaning: `schneien, (sich) zusammen ballen'

Material: Präkrit. siṇeha- (= Old Indian snēha-) `snow'; av. snaēža- `to snow', pamir. šugni žǝnij `snow', (*snaiga-); gr. νίφα Akk. `snow', hom. ἀγάννιφος ` sehr beschneit ', νείφει (νί̄φει) ` it is snowing ', νιφάς ` snowflake ' (νιφετός ` snowstorm, snowfall '), lat. nix, nivis `snow', nivit ` it is snowing ' (probably ī); nasal-präs. ninguit (ninxit) ds.;

    ir. snigid ` it drips, is raining ', snige n. `drip, flux ', snecht(a)e `snow' (to t-forms compare νιφετός); cymr. nyf `snow', nyfio `to snow';

    ahd. ags. snīwan `to snow' (st. V., participle gi-snigan, compare still nhd. bair. participle geschniwen; otherwise nhd. schw. V.), aisl. snýr ` it is snowing ' (participle snifinn ` snowy '); got. snaiws `snow' = ags. snāw, ahd. snēo (Gen. snēwes);

    lit. sniẽgas, lett. snìegs (vowel from the undertaken verb) `snow', snaĩgala ` snowflake ', sniẽga ` it is snowing ', Inf. snìgti, apr. snaygis `snow', aksl. sněgъ `snow'.

Sumerian šeg4: `frost; cold shudder, chills', šeg8/9: `snow; ice' (cf., sigga).

References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer 2, 680, R. L. Turner BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare Old Indian sníhyati `become damp, sticky ', snēha- m. ` stickiness, oil, fat '.

Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: sneit-

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Got. sneiÞan, aisl. snīða `cut, clip, reap', ags. snīðan `cut, clip, hew, hit', as. snīthan, ahd. snīdan `cut, clip'; aisl. sneið `abgeschnittenes Stück', mhd. sneite `durch den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau' under likewise; ahd. snit `the cut', mhd. snīde `cutting edge', intensive. *snittōn in mhd. snitzen `carve'; aisl. sneis `small (abgeschnittener) twig, branch', ags. snǣs, snās `spit, pike, Speiler', mhd. sneise `row, cord, worauf etwas gereiht wird' (*snoid-tā);

    klr. snït `clot, chunk', čech. snět `bough' (*snoito-s); compare perhaps mir. snéid `small, short', whether from air. *snéith?

References: WP. II 695 f.

Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: (s)nerb-

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'?

Material: Gr. νορβεῖ ἐνταμεῖται, νορβά καλή Hes. (as nhd. `schneidig'?); also got. at-snarpjan `anfassen'?; aisl. snarpr `sharp, hart, uneven', snerpa `schärfen', ndl. snerpen `bite (from Wunden), schmerzen', westfäl. snirpsch `sharp (vom wind)'; ahd. snerfan `together pull, drag'; without s-: nisl. norpa `frieren'.

References: WP. II 701;

See also: in the case of to obigem sner-b- (sner-2)?

Page(s): 977

Root / lemma: (s)ner-1, (s)nur-

Meaning: to murmur, grumble

German meaning: schallnachahmend `murren, knurren under likewise'

Material: Gr. ἔνυρεν ἔτρισεν; ἐνυρήσεις θρηνήσεις; ὀνυρίζεαι ὀδύρεται Hes.; mhd. snarren ` burr, schwatzen', snerren `schwatzen', snurren `sough, rustle, sausen', snurrære, snurrinc ` merrymaker, fool', nhd. schnarren, schnurren, Schnurre, engl. snarl ` growl ', mengl. snorin, nengl. snore `schnarchen', mengl. sneren, nengl. sneer `verächtlich lachen'; mengl. nurnen `hersagen', schwed. dial. norna, nyrna `zuflüstern', aisl. norn `Schicksalsgöttin', mhd. narren, nerren ` growl ', ahd. narro `fool';

    lit. niùrniu, niurnė́ti `drone, grumble, growl '; lett. ńura `ein weinerlicher person', ńurât `drone, grumble, spinnen as eine Katze'.

    Auf -d: mengl. snurtin `schnarchen', mhd. snarz `Schnarre, Wachtelkönig'; lett. ńur̃dêt `murmur, drone, grumble, growl '.

    Auf -g: norw. schwed. snerka `prusten, schnarchen', schwed. snurka `röcheln', mnd. snorken, snarken `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', mhd. snarchen ds., nhd. schnarchen; norw. nurka `creak, growl ', ndl. nurken `drone, grumble, nörgeln'; lit. snarglỹs ` nasal mucus ', lett. snurgalas ds. (`*rasselnd, röchelnd'); snirguôt `schluchzen; fauchen as die Gänse'; lett. nir̂guôtiês `höhnisch lachen', ńur̂gt `die Zähne show'; also probably lit. nar̃glyti `somewhat slowly tun' (meaning similarly as in schweiz. norggen `ohne Erfolg arbeiten').

    Auf -k: aisl. snǫrgla (*snargulōn) `röcheln', nhd. nörgeln, nergeln `undeutlich sprechen, with verdrießlichem näselnden Tone tadeln'; lit. niurksaũ, -óti ` dismal or brütend dasitzen', lett. ńurk'êt, ńur̂kstêt, ńur̂kšêt `drone, grumble, murmur, growl ', ńęrka `ein weinerlicher person', ńar̂kšêt `weinerlich sein, creak', ńir̂kstêt `knirschen, ein Geräusch make, as in the case of etwas bricht', snirkt `knirschen'.

    Auf -p: aisl. snarfla `röcheln', norw. schwed. snarva ` growl, die Zähne fletschen'.

References: WP. II 698 f.

Page(s): 975

Root / lemma: (s)ner-2

Meaning: to turn, wind, etc.

German meaning: `drehen, winden (also von Fäden and Flechtwerk), zusammendrehen, zusammenschnüren; sich zusammenwinden, einschrumpfen'

Comments: perhaps extension to snē- ds.

Material: Old Indian nŕ̥tyati `tanzt', nr̥tí- f. `Tanz, game', nr̥tú- `tanzend', narma- n., narmá- m. `Scherz', naríṣṭā f. ds., etc; miran. nār- `fassen'(Persson Beitr. 816a 1);

    gr. νάρναξ κιβωτός Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. λάρναξ `Kasten, hutch, vessel'; through Weitergreifen dieses dissim. Wandels also *νάρκος (from the k-extension, see under), still receive in ναρκίον ἀσκός Hes., to λάρκος `basket';

    as. naru, ags. nearu, engl. narrow `eng' (*nar-wa- actually `zusammengeschnürt'), aisl. inNǫrva-sund `Gibraltar' (besides Niǫrva-sund and nhd. Nehrung `schmale Landzunge' from *ner-wa-), ahd. narwa f., narwo m. `scar' (i.e. `zusammengezogene Wundränder'), also `ansa, fibulatura', nhd. Narbe dial. also `Klammer, Krampen an Türen' as norw. norve `Klammer, Krampe' (and lett. nãrs, nāre `Klammer');

    nhd. bair. der-narren `starr become, besonders vor frost' (`*sich zusammenziehen, -krampfen'), narr `mißratene verschrumpfte fruit', narr (schweiz.) krampfartige Spannung', narrennagel `unförmig ausgewachsener Nagel'; zero grade (with s-) nhd. schnurren, ein-schnurren, -schnorren `zusammenschrumpfen', issl. snurða `Knoten an einem Faden, bildlich vom Nasenrümpfen';

    lengthened grade aisl. nāri `Weichen' (`Einschnürung of Leibes'), mhd. nǣrlich `concise, genau, young ' and with gradation aisl. Nōri `Zwergname', nōr n. `narrow Bucht, Sund', dän. schwed. nōr `toddler, whole small kid, child';

    probably ahd. snuor `cord, band, strap, rope, cable', dän.-schwed. snōr ds., got. snōrjō `geflochtener basket', ags. snēr (*snōri̯ō) `Saite einer Harfe', aisl. snø̄ri n. `gedrehtes rope, cable';

    lit. neriù, nérti ` submerge, einschlüpfen, einfädeln', nyrù, preterit niraũ, nìrti `sich schlängeln, ranken', íšnìrti `sich verrenken', nãras `Taucher', narỹs `Schlinge; Gelenk, Glied'; lett. nãrs, nāre `Klammer';

    russ. nerët, neretó `kind of Fischreuse';

    here belongs ner-3, above S. 766.

    extensions:

    sner-b- with germ. p: norw. dial. snerpa st. V. `einschrumpfen, sich zusammenziehen', ahd. (bi-, fir-) snerfan `den Mund zusammenziehen, die Miene verfinstern', bair. schnurfen `sich einziehen, schrumpfen' = norw. snurpa `fälteln, lose zusammennähen', norw. snerp `skin auf the milk'.

    sner-g-: ags. sneorcan st. V. `einschrumpfen', norw. snerka, snyrkja ds., snerk(e) m. `dünne skin auf the milk', aisl. snerkja (*snarkian) `zusammenziehen, runzeln'.

    (s)ner-k-: Arm. nergev `tenuis, gracilis' (`*zusammengeschnürt or eingeschrumpft');

    gr. νάρκη `das Erstarren, cramp, Lähmung; Krampfrochen', ναρκᾶν `erstarren' (see also above about νάρκιον, λάρκος); ahd. sner(a)han (st. V.) `schlingen, knüpfen, bind', mhd. snërhen `knüpfen, bind, zusammenziehen', ahd. snar(a)ha `Schlinge', aisl. snara (*snarhōn) `schlingen, knüpfen, winden', snara f. `Schlinge' (skand. Lw. is ags. snēare f. `Schlinge'), snarr `rash, hasty, sharp', mnd. snarlīken Adv. `quick, fast, bald', ags. snierian `hurry' from *snarhian (`quick, fast' from `was sich dreht, quick, fast wendet').

References: WP. II 699 ff., WH. II 165, Trautmann 197, Vasmer 2, 213 f.

Page(s): 975-977

Root / lemma: sneubh-

Meaning: to woo, marry

German meaning: `freien, heiraten'

Material: Lat. nubō, -ere, -psi, -ptum `marry, from the wife, woman', prōnuba `Ehestifterin, Brautfrau', cōnūbium (*co-snūbiom) ` matrimony ';

    russ.-ksl. snubiti `verkuppeln', čech. snoubiti `freien, verloben' (Kaus. *snoubhei̯ō); with secondary nasalization proto slav.. dial. *snǫb-;

    nas. gr. νύμφη `bride, virgin, Nymphe', νύμφιος `Bräutigam', νυμφεύω `verlobe';

    probably as *snusos from the connection through Heirat and extension to snē̆u- `Fäden zusammendrehen, knüpfen'.

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f., Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 683.

Page(s): 977-978

Root / lemma: sneud(h)-1

Meaning: drowsy, to drowse

German meaning: `schläfrig, schlummern'

Comments: perhaps to sneudh-2.

Material: Gr. νυστάζω `sleep; bin sleepy, careless, neglectful', νύσταλος, -λέος ` sleepy '; lit. snáudžiu, snáusti, lett. snaũžu ` drowse ', lit. snaudãlius ` drowsy person', snaudulỹs ` slumber ', lett. snaũdule `Schlafratze', lit. snústu, snúdau, snústi `einschlummern', snudà, snùdis `Schläfer, Träumer'.

References: WP. II 697.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: sneudh-2

Meaning: mist

German meaning: `Nebel; neblig, düster'

Material: Av. snaoδa- `Gewölk', südbaluči nōd `leichtes Gewölk, fog, Regenwolke'; gr. νυθόν ἄφωνον. σκοτεινόν, νυθῶδες σκοτεινῶδες Hes.; lat. nūbēs `cloud', in addition obnūbō, -ere `verhüllen' (durchs Perf. obnūbī also formal from nūbō, nupsī `marry' sharp geschieden), under zw. probably as denominatives verb: `(sich) bewölken' = `(sich) bedecken', at first vom sky, heaven, then generally; cymr. nudd `fog' (to GN Nudd see above S. 768);

    möglicherweise originally as `Feuchtigkeit' = *sneudh- the extension from sneu- besides snāu- and snā- (see there) `flow'; as `benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy ' perhaps to sneud(h)-1.

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: sneu-

See also: see above under snā-.

Page(s): 977

Root / lemma: (s)nēbh-ri-, (s)nōbh-ri-

Meaning: narrow

German meaning: `eng, dünn, schmal' (germ. also `flink' from `mager')

Comments: only armen. and german.

Material: Arm. nurb `eng, schmal, thin under likewise' (*snōbh-ri-, = aisl. *snø̄fr);

    aisl. snǣfr (Gen. -rs) `eng; quick, fast', aschw. snǣver `schmal, eng', aisl. snǣfugr `rash, hasty, flink', with gradation aisl. snø̄fr `quick, fast, flink', reduced grade snǫfurligr `rash, hasty'; s-lose Nebenformen aschw. nǣver and nø̄ver, aisl. nø̄fr (neutr. nø̄frt) `rash, hasty, flink' (in addition also mhd., nhd. alem. nuofer `alert, awake, smart, fresh, sober', nhd. bair. nuober).

References: WP. II 698.

Page(s): 973-974

Root / lemma: (snēp-), snōp-, snǝp-

Meaning: to gather in sheafs, sheaf, bundle

German meaning: `to einem Strick zusammendrehen, Bund, Garbe'

Material: Lat. (etrusk.?) napurae `Strohseile'; ahd. snuaba `vitta', snuobili `small Kette'; aksl. snopъ `δέσμη, fasciculus, ἐπίδεσμος, ligatura', russ. snopъ etc ` fascicle, sheaf ';



References: WP. II 698, WH. II 142, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

See also: probably extension to (s)nē- `zusammendrehen'.

Page(s): 974-975

Root / lemma: snēu- : snū- and snĕu-

Meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew

German meaning: etwa `drehen', especially `Fäden zusammendrehen, knüpfen'; andrerseits `sich drehen, schnelle Bewegung'

Material: Old Indian snā́van- (n.) and snāván- `band, strap, sinew'; reshuffling eines r/n-Neutrums: a-snāvirá- `ohne Sehnen' (snuta- `from the sinew'), av. snāvarǝ `sinew' (snāuya- `from einer Tiersehne gefertigt'); arm. neard `sinew, filament, Fiber' (*snēu̯r̥t); gr. νεῦρον `sinew', νευρά `sinew, Bogensehne'; lat. nervus `sinew, tendon; Muskel, Nerv';

    alb. nus `Bindfaden, cord' (*snu-ti̯o-);

    aisl. snūa (snera, snūinn) `winden, zwirnen, wenden' (*snōwan), snūðr, Gen. -ar m. `Schlinge' and ` quickness ', ags. snūd m. `haste, hurry', aisl. snūðigr `sich herumdrehend (vom Mühlstein), quick, fast', got. sniwan, ags. snēowan `hurry', aisl. snøggr `quick, fast' (*snawwu-), norw. snaa `hurry'(*snawēn); *sneu-mi̯o- `hurrying' in got. sniumjan `hurry', sniumundō `hasty', ahd. sniumi Adj. `rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning', ags. snēome Adv. `rash, hasty, alsbald' (besides steht ein unerklärtes aisl.snemma, snimma `zeitig, bald');

    lett. snaujis `Schlinge'; aksl. snovǫ and snujǫ, snuti `anzetteln, ordīrī', Iter. osnyvati, russ. snovátь `anzetteln' and `quick, fast hin and her gehen'.

    toch. В ṣñaura `Sehnen, Nerven'.

    Verwandt with (s)nē- and presumably out of it um originally formant -u̯- extended.

References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

Page(s): 977

Root / lemma: (s)nē- and (s)nēi-

Meaning: to sew together, to web, spin

German meaning: `Fäden zusammendrehen, with dem Faden hantieren', daher `weben, spinnen' and ` sew '

Comments: (maybe from dem present snē-i̯ō; or umgekehrt snē- from snēi-?); compare die related roots snep-, snēu-, sneu-, (s)ner-, also nētr-`Natter'; s. also 1. ned- S. 758 f.

Material: Old Indian (unbel.) snāyati `umwindet, dressed ', snā́yu, snāyu- f., n. `band, strap, sinew' (in addition probably nīví-, nīvī- `umgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz');

    gr. νῇ `spinnt' (*σνήι̯ει; ἔννη `nebat', ἐύννητος `good gesponnen' prove Anl. sn-), Fut. νήσω; νήθω `spinne', νῆμα `Gespinst, filament ' (= lat. nēmen), νῆσις `the spinning ' (: ahd. nāt ` suture'), νῆτρον `Rocken'; νώμενος, νῶντα Gramm. probably from *νη-όμενος, *νήοντα;

    lat. neō, nēre (*snē-i̯ō) `spinnen', nēmen `Gespinst, Gewebe', nētus ds.;

    mir. snīid `dreht; binds, afflicts, müht sich ab'; cymr. nyddu `nēre', corn. nethe, mbret. nezaff ds. (*sn(i)i̯ō); mir. snīm m. `the spinning, Drehen; Kummer'; gradation snō- in air. snāth(e) ` filament ', bret. neud ds.; (but cymr. ysnoden `lace, band', corn. snod `vitta' from engl. snood `Haarband'); air. snāthat `needle', cymr. nodwydd `acus, acicula', acorn. notuid, mbret. nadoez `needle';

    ahd. nāu `nähe' (= lat. neō, gr. νῇ, Old Indian snāyati, yet without s-), nāt ` suture'; got. nēÞla, aisl. nāl, ahd. nādala, ags. nǣdl f. `needle' (aisl. snǣlda `Handspindel', probably reconverted from *snǣð[i]la); *snō- in agutn. snōÞ, nschwed. snod(d) `cord', ags. snōd f. `head fascia' (: air.s nāth, lett. snāte);

    lett. snāju, snāt `locker zusammendrehen, spinnen', snāte, snāne, snãt(e)ne f. `leinene cover';s-los: nâtns `leinen, zwirnen', nât(e)ne = snãt(e)ne; *nī- as zero grade to *nēi- (see above Old Indiannīví-) in lit. nýtis `Hevelte or Weberkamm', lett. nīts `part of Webstuhls', aksl. *nitь ` filament, rope', russ. nítь ` filament ', skr. nȉti `Webertrumm'.

References: WP. II 694 f., WH. II 159 f., Trautmann 199, 272, Vasmer 2, 221.

Page(s): 973

Root / lemma: snusós

Meaning: daughter-in-law

German meaning: `Schwiegertochter'

Grammatical information: f. o-stem

Material: Old Indian snuṣā́ ds. (after den Fem. auf ā- reshaped); arm. nu, Gen. nuoy ds., gr. νυός ds.; lat. nurus, -ūs ds. (after socrus reshaped); ahd. snur, snora, ags. snoru, aisl. snor, snør, nhd. Schnur `Schwiegertochter' (after den ā-stem), krimgot. schnos (Hs. schuos); s.-ksl. snъcha ds.; perhaps also alb. nuse `bride' (*snusiē).

Note:

Amazingly gr. νυός, arm. nu, nurus, alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of alb. sn- > n- or the drop of initial s-.

References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 682 f.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 90 f. to Old Indian sanóti `erwirbt, gewinnt', above S. 906; s. though above sneubh-.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: soi-to-

German meaning: `Zauberei'

See also: see above S. 891 (sē-).

Page(s): 979

Root / lemma: solo-, sol(e)u̯o-

Meaning: whole, integrate

German meaning: under likewise `wohlbehalten, ganz'

Material: Old Indian sárva- `unversehrt, whole, all, jeder', av. haurva-, ар. haruva- `unversehrt, whole' (= gr. ὅλος, οὖλος, alb. gjalë, compare also lat. salvus), Old Indian sarvā́tat(i)- `Unversehrtheit, welfare, salvation', av. haurvatāt- `Ganzheit, Vollkommenheit, welfare ' (= gr. ὁλότης); arm. olj (*soli̯o-) `fit, healthy, whole, vollständig'; gr. att. ὅλος, ion. οὖλος (*ὁλFος) `vollständig, whole', Vok. οὖλε (: lat. salvē from *salvĕ) through Umdeutung to einem Imperativ);

    besides with vollerer Formansstufe ὁλοός (from *ὁλεFός), ὁλοεῖται ὑγιαίνει Hes.; alb. gjalë `strong, fat, alert, awake, smart', ngjal `belebe, heal, mäste' (*solu̯o-); zero grade: lat. salvus `heil, fit, healthy, gerettet', salvē (see above), umbr. sal(u)uom `salvum', osk. salavs `salvus', päl. Salauatur PN `Salvator' from *salvo- (*saluu̯o- or *salou̯o- = gr. ὁλοός), lat. salūs, -tis `Unverletztheit, Gesundheit, Wohlergehen', salū-bris `the Gesundheit zuträglich', Sallustius (with gedehntem -ll-); besides *solos in soli-dus, soldus `dense = gediegen, massiv' and `tight, firm, vollständig, whole', solōx `dense, filzig', solidāre ` to make firm or solid ', päl. solois `omnibus';

    ital. *sollos (*sol-no-) in altlat. sollus `totus et solidus', lat. sollers, sollemnis etc, osk. sullus `omnes'; but cymr. bret. holl, oll, corn. oll `whole, all', belong to air. oll (above S. 24); toch. A salu `vollständig', В sol-me `whole'.

References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;

See also: perhaps in ablaut to sēl-, above sel-6 S. 900.

Page(s): 979-980

Root / lemma: so(s), sā

Meaning: dem. stem; he, she

German meaning: "ὁ, ἡ"

Grammatical information: originally only Nom. Sg. m. f., die other case vom stem to-; fem. also sī

Material: Old Indian sá and saḥ (*sos), f. sā́, av. ha and hō, f. hā (also in Old Indian ē-ṣá, av. aē-ša `this'; with particle -u Old Indian a-sāu, av. hāu, ap. hauv m. f. `this, diese', compare gr. οὗ[ιος]);

    gr. ὁ, ἡ (dor. ἁ:) article (att. etc also Pl. οἱ, αἱ compared with älterem dor. τοί, ταί); substantivisch ὅς (καὶ ὅς, ἦδ'ὅς) from *sos (or si̯os), wherefore sich n. ὅ, Akk. ὅν, ἥν etc gesellte; further das with den το-forms as Relativum gebrauchte ὅς by Herodot; *so-u-, sā-u in οὗ[τος], αὕ[τη]; ὅ-δε `this';

    alb. *so, *sā in k-ü `this', këjó `diese' (*ke-o) and a-ǘ ` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)', a-jó `illa'; alat. sa-psa `ipsa', sum, sam, sōs, sās `eum, eam, eos, eas'; *so- in osk. exo- `hic' (e.g. Abl. f. exac) from *e-ke-so- (to Vorderglied s. ko- `this');

    gall. so-sin, so-sio Akk. Sg. n., air. (s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s infigiertes Pron. the 3. Sg. f. and 3. Pl. (impu `circum eos' imb + ṡu from *sōns) etc; air. demonstrative -so (*sos) `this, -e, -es'; bret. ho-n `unser', ho-z `euer';

    got. sa, sō, aisl. sā, sū; ags. sē̆ m.;

    toch. A m. sǝ-m, f. sā-m, n. tǝ-m; toch. В m. se (*so), f. sā, n. te;

    to anaphorischen so belongs also gthav. hōi, jav. hē, šē, ap. šaiy, gr. οἱ `ihm';

    besides ein erweit. stem s(i)i̯o-, s(i)i̯ā-: Old Indian syáḥ and (after sá) syá m. syā́ f., ap. hya^h m., hyā f.; perhaps air. se `this' from *si̯od, and -se, -sa particula augens the 1. Sg.; very doubtful is Zurückführung from aisl. siā `this' auf ein altes *si̯o.

    Fem. *sī: gr. `sie' (Soph.), air. sī `sie', got. si, ahd. sī, si `sie'; in addition after Rosenfeld, Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 176 schwachtonig si in urnord. si-ainaR `jener', sa-si `this', su-si `diese', Þat-si `dieses'; genus-indifferent are Akk. Old Indian sīm, av. hīm, ap. šim.

References: WP. II 509, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 536 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 610 f., Pedersen Toch. 1113 f.

Page(s): 978-979

Root / lemma: sō[u]rā : sōrā

Meaning: calf (of leg)

German meaning: `Wade'??

Material: Gr. ἄωροι πόδες (μ 89) `Beine ohne Waden'?; ion. ὤρη `Teil eines Opfertieres, calf'?;

    lat. sūra `calf', if with -ūr- from -ōr, or -ū- in ablaut to -ōu-?

References: WP. II 510, WH. II 634, Frisk 205.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: spako-

Meaning: drop, point

German meaning: `Tröpfchen, Pünktchen'?

Material: Gr. ψακάς (late ψεκάς) `Regentropfen, Krümchen', ψακάζω `tröpfle', ψάκαλον n. `neugeborenes animal'; lit. spãkas `drip, Pünktchen'.

References: WP. II 652, J. B. Hofmann Gr. Wb. 425.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: speĝ-

Meaning: to be attentive, sharp-sighted

German meaning: `scharf hin- or zusehen'

Comments: (or spō̆ĝ-)

Material: Aisl. spakr `smart, ruhig, gentle', speki f. `Verstand, Weisheit', spekt (*spakiÞō) f. `Weisheit', spekja `weismachen, besänftigen';

    aksl. pažǫ, paziti `achten auf', with sę `sich hüten'.

References: WP. II 660;

See also: compare spek̂- `spähen' and ags. specan etc under (s)p(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 981

Root / lemma: spek̂-

Meaning: to watch

German meaning: `spähen, scharf hinsehen'

Material: Old Indian spáśati (Dhātup.), páśyati `sieht', participle spaṣṭá- (= av. spašta-, lat. spectus), spáṭ `Späher' (= av. spas, lat. au-, haru-spex), spáśa- ds. (: gr. σκοπός), av. spasyeiti `späht' (= lat. speciō, gr. σκέπτομαι), spas `Späher', spaštar- ds. (= lat. -spector, umb. spetur-e), spasan- `hinspähend auf' (= ahd. speho `Späher'); arm. spasem `I erwarte' is iran. Lw.;

    gr. σκέπτομαι `look, see' (σκεπ- reconverted from *spek-); σκοπός `Späher; Ziel', σκοπεῖν `observe, zielen, untersuchen', σκοπή, σκοπιά: `Warte', σκέψις `Betrachtung'; alb. pashë `I sah' (*[s]pok̂-s-?);

    lat. speciō, -ere, -xī, -ctum `see' (con-spiciō etc), spectō, -āre `anschauen', speciēs `sight, prestige, Aussehen, apparition', au-, haru-spex; specus, -ūs `cave', speculum `mirror', speculor, -ārī `spähen'; umbr. speture `spectōrī', speturie `spectōriae';

    ahd. spehōn `spähen', in addition speha f. `aufmerksames Betrachten, Untersuchung, Auskundschaftung, Aufpassen'; aisl. spā `Wahrsagung' (*spahō : gr. σκοπή? yet point at spā- auf Wurzelbetonung and is post-verbal Ursprungs verdächtig, s. Wissmann Nom. postv. 1, 41); spā `wahrsagen' (*spahōn, s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spār `wahrsagend, prophetisch' (*spaha-s); as. ahd. spāhi `smart, skilful'.

References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;

See also: compare speĝ- `hinsehen'.

Page(s): 984

Root / lemma: (s)pel-

Meaning: to speak aloud; to tell

German meaning: `laut, nachdrücklich sprechen'

Material: Arm. aṙa-spel `Sage, Sprichwort, Rätsel';

    got. spill n. ` narration, Sage, fable', aisl. spjall n. ` narration, discourse ', ags. spell n. ` narration, discourse, Predigt' (engl. gospel = ags. gōd-spell) `Evangelium'; ahd. spel, -les n. ` narration, discourse, Märchen', ahd. mhd. bī-spel `belehrende narration, fable, Gleichnis', nhd. Beispiel;

    therefrom got. spillōn ` promulgate, tell', aisl. spialla `talk, erwähnen', ags. spellian `talk, tell' (engl. spell), ahd. got-spellōn `evangelizare', mhd. spellen `tell, talk, schwatzen';

    with it are as s-lose forms compatible gr. ἀπειλή `Drohung; prahlerische Versprechung' (ἀπειλέω `drohe; gelobe, verheiße; rühme mich, boast, brag'), whether from *ἀπελνι̯α, worin ἀ- am ehesten die preposition *n̥ `ἐν'; (also germ. -ll- probably from -ln-) lett. pel̂t `vilify, scold, lästern, slander', pal'as (Plur.) `reprimand, Schmähung', iz-pal'uôt `proficient ausschmähen', as well as toch. päl-, pāl- `preisen'.

References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.

Page(s): 985

Root / lemma: spend-

Meaning: to offer libation

German meaning: `ein Trankopfer darbringen; geloben'

Material: Gr. σπένδω `verspreche (Gortyn); bringe ein Trankopfer dar, spende', Med. `schließe einen pact, covenant'; σπονδή `Spende, Trankopfer; Pl. Verträge';

    lat. spondeō, -ēre (Kaus.-Iter.) `feierlich versprechen, sich verbürgen'; sponsa `die Verlobte'; respondēre `eine Gegenleistung versprechen; antworten'; despondēre animum `den courage sinken lassen'; hitt. šipand- `spenden, sacrifice'.

References: WP. II 662, 665, WH. II 578 f., Pedersen Hitt. 166.

Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: (s)pen-1(d-)

Meaning: to pull; to spin

German meaning: `ziehen, spannen' and `spinnen', indem die to webenden Fäden zuerst ausgespannt wurden

Comments: (s)pen- : spē(i)- `ziehen' = pen- `füttern': pā- `Vieh weiden, füttern' = bhā- : bhen- `speak'; compare das different vokalisierte pā̆n- `Gewebe', above S. 788.

Material: 1. forms without -s-:

    Arm. hanum, Aor. hanay and henum, Aor. heni `to weave, zusammennähen'; s. above Meillet Esquisse² 55, 105, 111 f.;

    gr. πένομαι `strenge mich an, mühe mich ab, have Mangel', πόνος `mühsame work, hardship, Kummer', πονέω `mühe mich ab, etc', πονηρός `in schlechtem Zustande, schadhaft, lasterhaft', πένης `arm, dürftig', πενία `lack, poverty', πεινῆν `hungern', from which probably retrograd πείνη `hunger' and πάτος ἔνδυμα τῆς ῝Ηρας Hes. as *pn̥-tos; diese or eine similar t-formation lies also dem air.ēt- `kleiden' the basic;

    lit. pinù, pìnti `flax, wattle, braid', pántis m. f., apr. panto f. `manacle', lett. pinu, pît `flax, wattle, braid', pinekls `manacle';

    aksl. pьnǫ, pęti `spannen', ablaut. opona f. `curtain', ponjava `Umhang, dress', pǫto `manacle'(serb. pȕto), wherefore among others russ. prepjátь `hinder', raspjátь `kreuzigen', pjatь, pnutь `with dem Fußestoßen' and aksl. pęta `Ferse' (serb. petasati `with den Füßen ausschlagen'), russ. pjatá, serb. péta, lit. péntis m. `ds.; back the axe, the scythe', apr. pentis `Ferse';

    perhaps alb. pendë, pëndë `pair Ochsen; Joch (Ackermaß)' from einem *pentā `*Gespann'; also penk `Koppel';

    2. forms with anlaut. s-:

    lat. sponte `from eigenem Antrieb, from freiem Willen';

    got. ahd. ags. spinnan, aisl. spinna `spinnen' (*spenu̯ō, compare spannan S. 982 from *spǝ-nu̯ō), ahd. spinna `Spinne'; with einfachem n: aisl. spuni m. `Gespinst', ags. spinel, ahd. spinala (and spinnila) `Spindel'.

    3. extension (s)pen-d-:

    Lit. spéndžiu, spę́sti `einen Fallstrick lay, place (spannen)', alit. spándau, -yti `spannen', lit. spanskus `eng, drückend', spą́stas `Falle', lett. spiêst `press, constrain, oblige', iterative spaidît, spuôsts `Fallstrick, Falle', lett. spendele ` feather an einem Schlosse', spanda `Strickwerk am Pflug', as also pām. spundr `plough', gr. σπινδεῖρα ἄροτρον Hes. (i.e. σπινδῆρα);

    aksl. pęndь `span', pǫditi `urge, press, push, drive, push' (originally perhaps `ein Vieh an gespanntem Strick vorwärtsziehen'); presumably also as `gespannt hängen', lat. pendeō, -ēre `hangen, herabhangen', pendō, -ĕre `wägen, schätzen, pay' (to Wägen aufhängen), umbr. ampentu `impenditō'; in the case of also ags. finta m. `tail, Folge'?

References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f.

Page(s): 988

Root / lemma: speno-, stē̆no-, p(ǝ)stē̆no-

Meaning: teat; breast

German meaning: `Zitze, Brustwarze, Brust'

Material: 1. anlaut sp: air. sine m. `teat': bō tri-phne = bō trī sine `cow with drei Zitzen', mir. sineSeāin `uvula';

Maybe alb. geg. gjini `breast, teat' [common alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation] probably homonym with alb. gji `bay, harbor' : contaminated by lat. sinus `a bent surface, hollow, coil, curve, fold, winding; of dress, a fold, pocket, lap; in a coastline, a bay, gulf. Transf. heart, secret feelings'.

aisl. speni m. `teat, nipple ' (aschwed. spini also `Zäpfchen in Halse'), mnd. spene ds.; o-grade ags. spane, spanu f. ` nipple ', spanan `entwöhnen'; mhd. spen f. `breast, Muttermilch' (probably *spani; compare nhd. Span-ferkel); reduced grade mnd. spone f., ahd. spunni, mhd. spünne and spune ` nipple '; lit. spenỹs `teat, Zäpfchen in Halse, Ohrläppchen', apr. spenis `teat'.

    2. mpers. np. pistān ` female breast' (*pǝstāna-), av. fštāna- m. Du. `ds., nipple, Knoten' (*pstāna), ǝrǝavafšnyā̊ `the hochbusigen', Old Indian stána- `breast, esp. female '; arm. stin ` female breast' (*stē̆no-; Gen. Sg. stean); gr. στηνίον στῆθος Hes. (daß στῆθος related sei, is heavy glaublich; hat besides θήνιον, τιθήνη einst ein *θη-θος, *τῆ-θος bestanden, das besides στηνίον eine parallel formation στῆθος ins Leben treten ließ??).

    The association the Anlaute under p(ǝ)stē̆n- seems möglich.

References: WP. II 663, Trautmann 275, Specht, Idg. Dekl. 86.

Page(s): 990

Root / lemma: sperĝh-, spreĝh-, nas. sprenĝh-

Meaning: to hurry, to spring

German meaning: `sich hastig bewegen, eilen, springen'

Comments: Erweit. from sper- ` twitch, schnellen'.

Material: Old Indian spr̥háyati `begehrt, empfindet Neid', av. ā-spǝrǝzatā `war bestrebt';

    gr. σπέρχομαι `einherstürmen, hurry (σπερχόμενος `hasty, hasty, rash, hasty'), boisterous, aufgebracht sein', σπέρχω `dränge, treibe', σπερχνός `quick, fast, hasty', ἀσπερχές Adv. `violent, ardent '; here cymr. ffraeth (see 996);

    aisl. springa `spring, hervorbrechen', ags. as. ahd. springan ds.; Kaus. ahd. sprengen `spring make (ein horse), (zer)sprengen' and `strew, distribute, spray, sprenkeln', aisl. sprengja ` sprinkle ', ags. sprengan ` outspread, break, crack; burst, säen'; mhd. sprinc (-g-) `Sprung, wellspring', ags. spring `Wasserquell', engl. spring `ds., Sprungfeder, Knospenspringen, Frühling'; old Ablautform *sprōgh- in aisl. sprōga `spring, rennen'.

References: WP. II 675, Trautmann 278 f.

Page(s): 998

Root / lemma: (s)per-1

Meaning: rafter; pole, spear

German meaning: `Sparren; Stange, Speer'; verbal `with Sparren verspreizen, stützen, stemmen, sich sperren'

Comments: originally denominativ

Material: Lat. sparus, sparum `kurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and dürftige Kriegswaffe' (*sp_ero-); in addition a kind of fish sparus, gr. σπάρος; alb. shparr, shperdhë `oak' (as `timber'; rr from rn); germ. *speru- in aisl. spjǫr `spear, javelin', ags. spere n., afries. spiri, spere, sper, as. ahd. sper, mhd. sper m. n., nhd. Speer m., ahd. spereboum `aesculus'; aisl. spari, sparri m. `Speiler, Sparren, balk, beam', sperra f. (*sparriōn) `roof beam', ahd. sparro `balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole', nhd. Sparren; therefrom aisl. sperra `with Sparren versehen; die Beine spreizen, aussperren, verhindern'; aisl. sperra, ags. be-, ge- sparrian `verrammeln', ahd. mhd. sperren `durch einenSperrbalken verschließen, sperren; ausspreizen';

    other formations ahd. spirdren `nītī' (j-Verb as muntren, s. Schatz, Germanica for Siewers 367);

    without anl. s-: lat. paries `wall' (originally `die Seitenstützen eines Zeltes under likewise'); slav. *pьrǫ, *perti `prop, support', with podъ- `fulcire', with za- `claudere', e.g. aksl. podъpьrǫ, prěti `prop, support', zaprěti `shut', russ. u-perétь `stemmen, an or against etwas prop, support; refl. sich woran lean, sich wogegen sperren, sträuben', zaperétь `versperren, verschließen', poln. przeć `spreizen, sperren', aksl. podъporъ, -pora `fulcrum, baculum', russ. upór `pad, Strebepfeiler' etc

References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341.

Page(s): 990-991

Root / lemma: sper-2(g-)

Meaning: a kind of bird (sparrow?)

German meaning: in Vogelnamen, besonders `Sperling'

Material: Got. sparwa, ags. spearwa, ahd. sparo `sparrow' (*urgerm. *sparwan-); mhd. sperlinc nhd.Sperling, diminutive; aisl. spǫrr ds. from *sparwa-z, compare also nhd. Sperber, ahd. sparwā̆ri (Endglied after ahd. aro `Aar, Adler' transfigured?);

    gr. σπαράσιον ὄρνεον ἐμφερες στρουθῷ Hes. (*σπαρFn̥-ti̯om); das formantische u̯ also (??) in gr. ψά̄ρ, ion. ep. ψήρ (hom. Akk. Pl. ψῆρας), Gen. ψᾱρός `Star' (originally *ψά̄ρF-ς, Gen. *ψαρFός?), newer ψά̆ρος, ψᾱρος, ψᾶρος m. ds., ψᾱρός `stargrau'; in addition probably as. sprā, ndl. spreeuw, nordfries.sprian, mnd. sprēn, nd. (nhd.) sprehe `Star';

    corn. frau, bret. frâo `crow' (*sprawā); daß lat. parra `ein bird, dessen Geschrei Unglückbedeutete', umbr. parfam, parfa `parram' (*parsa) ein s-loser kinsman, relative sei, is quite fragwürdig;

    toch. A spārāñ `ein bird';

    forms auf g: gr. PN Σποργίλος `sparrow', (σ)πέργουλος ὀρνιθάριον ἄγριον Hes.; ahd. sperk, sperch, spirch `sparrow', apr. spergla-wanag[is] `Sperber' (eig. `Sperlingsgeier'), ablaut. spurglis m. `sparrow'.

References: WP. II 666 f., WH. II 257, Trautmann 275.

Page(s): 991

Root / lemma: sper-3

Meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, winden'

Material: Gr. σπεῖρα f. ` convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. vom Netz, rope, hawser)', σπειράω `winde, wickle', σπείρᾱμα ` convolution, diaper '; σπάρτος m. `ein shrub, bush, from dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht', σπάρτον, σπάρτη `gedrehtes or geflochtenes rope, cable'; σπυρίς (ion. σφυρίς) `geflochtener basket' (from dem Akk. σπυρίδα derives through etrusk. mediation lat. sporta `geflochtener basket');

    alit. spartas `band, strap'; probably here arm. p`arem, p`arim `umschließe, umarme'.

    g-extension spereg-, nas. spreng- `winden, umwickeln, dadurch eng zusammenschnüren':

    Gr. σπάργω `wickle ein', σπάργανον ` diaper ';

    lit. springstù, spriñgti `würgen (Intr., beim Schlucken)', sprengė́ti ds., sprangùs `würgend', lett. sprangât `einschnüren'.

References: WP. II 667 f., Trautmann 279.

Page(s): 991-992

Root / lemma: sp(h)ei : sp(h)ī̆ and sp(h)ē : sp(h)ǝ-2

Meaning: to pull, drag

German meaning: `ziehen, spannen'

Material: Gr. σπάω, σπῶ (*spǝ-sō) `pull, zerre, verrenke, falle with Zuckungen, Krämpfen an, pull ein, suck ein'; σφάκελος m. `Zuckung, cramp'; σπασμός m. `Ziehen, Zuckung, cramp', σπάσμα n. ds. `rag, scrap, shred'; σπα-δ- e.g. in παρασπάς, -σπάδος f. `Pflanzenabsenker', σπάδιξ `abgerissenerZweig', σπαδών m. ` twitch, cramp, σπάδων `Verschnittener', ion. σπαδίζω `pull ab, reiße ab (δέρμα)', argiv. σπάδιον `στάδιον' (`in die Länge gezogen'); das sonstige στάδιον ` racecourse ', probably through Anlehnung an στάδιος `stehend'; σπάτος n. `skin' (`*Abgezogenes');

    partly auf einem present *spǝ-nṓ and spǝ-nu̯ṓ based on probably die germ. family ahd. spanan `locken, stir, tease, irritate' (`*anziehen'), as. spanan `locken, veranlassen, antreiben', ags. spanan ds., ahd. spennen (*spanjan) `allure, entice, anreizen' = aisl. spenja `allure, entice, überreden', norw. spana (*spanōn) `spannen, strecken', span m. `Spannung', ahd. spanst `Antrieb, Reiz, Lockung'; gi-spanst `Verlockung, deception ', mhd. (ge)-spenst `Verlockung, devilish delusion, Gespenst', nhd. abspenstig machen, widerspenstig; mhd. spān `discord, fight, contentio' (*spē-n-), widerspān ds., widerspǣne `widerspenstig'; ahd. spannan (*spǝnu̯ō) `spannen, anspannen'; intr. `sich dehnen, gespannt inerwartungsvoller Spannung sein', mhd. spannen ds.; ags. spannan `spannen, festbinden, anfügen', mhd. span, -nnes `Spannung, Zerwürfnis, discord', ahd. spanna, ags. spann f., aisl. spǫnn f. `span', Kaus. aisl. spenna `umspannen, umschließen, urge, press, push', mhd. spennen `spannen, dehnen'; eine germ. Gutturalableitung in addition in nhd. Spange; ahd. spanga, ags. spang ds., aisl. spǫng `dünnePlatte, Eisscholle'; spanst wird germ. formation from spanan from sein.

    Auf einem to-participle *spǝ-tós with the meaning from lat. tenuis `thin, also watery, from Flüssigkeiten' based on probably aschwed. spædher `schmächtig, tender, young ', schw. späd, dän. spæd `tender', aisl. spað `dünne soup';

    the same meaning `tenuis' with i-vocalism in:

    gr. σπι-νός `mager'; air. sēim (*spē̆imi-) `exilis, macer', sēime `Dünne';

    with guttural extension: gr. σπίκανον σπάνιον Hes., σπιγνόν μικρόν, βραχύ Hes.; aisl. spiki m. `Meise'; schwed. dial. spikjin `thin, schmächtig, mager', schwed. dial. spink `schmächtiger person', norw. spiken `arid, mager, geräuchert' (aisl. spiki-lax `gedörrter salmon'), isl. speikja `dehydrate, desiccate', schwed. spink `splinter', mnd. spik `dry' (nhd. Spick-aal etc).

References: WP. II 655 f.;

See also: in addition sp(h)ē̆i-3, (s)pen-1(d-) and (s)p(h)eu-d-.

Page(s): 982

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)elg-

Meaning: to split, splinter

German meaning: `spalten'

Comments: (Weiterbildung from (s)p(h)el- ds.)

Material: Arm. p`elk `langes Stück wood or Stoff'; aisl. spjalkir Pl. `Speiler', ags. spelc, spilc `chip, splinter, Holzschiene', ostfries. spalke `splinter', spalken `break, crack, split', aisl. spelkja, ags. spilcan `schienen'; compare cymr. fflochen `wooden splinter' (*splokitnā);

    gr. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεῖ, ληρεῖ Hes.; lit. paspilgęs `thin in straw (vom corn, grain), in Wachstum zurückgeblieben', become better to einer eigenen family the meaning `verkümmern, kümmerlich' zusammengeschlossen.

References: WP. II 680.

Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: sp(h)elĝh(en, -ā), splenĝh-, splē̆ĝh-

Meaning: spleen

Comments: taboo deformed

Material: Old Indian plīhán-, av. spǝrǝzan- m., arm. p`aicaɫn, gr. σπλήν (*σπληγχ, compare σπλάγχνα Nom. Pl. ` intestines, entrails '), lat. liēn, air. selg f., mbret. felc'h, aksl. slězena.

Maybe from av. spǝrǝzan derived alb. (*spelǝtan) shpretna `spleen'.

References: WP. II 680, WH. I 789, Trautmann 256, Vasmer 2, 605, Turner BSOAS 18, 451; different Specht, Die old Sprachen 5, 120.

Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-1

Meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board

German meaning: `spalten, abspalten, absplittern, abreißen'

Material: Old Indian sphaṭati (Dhātup.) `reißt, springt auf', sphaṭita- `gesprungen, zerfetzt', sphaṭikā- `Bergkristall' (`sich blättrig abspaltend'), *sphāṭáyati `splits', belegt das participle sphāṭita-; sphuṭáti `splits sich, springt auf, platzt, reißt' (sek. sphōṭati); besides diesen t-Präsentien (: ahd. spaltan) das to-participle sphuṭa- `aufgeblüht, offen' (: got. spilda); Old Indian paṭati `splits sich, cracks', pāṭayati `splits, bricht, zerreißt' (: paṭú- `sharp', gr. πλατύς `salzig'? s.under *pl̥tú-s);

    phálati `cracks, springt divided ', phálakam `(*gespaltenes wood) board, lath, leaf, shield, Holzbank', phāla- m. `Pflugschar' (`zugespitztes Aststück'?); apers. Glosse σπαρα-βάραι οἱ γερροφόροι Hes. `schildtragend', npers. ispar, sipar `shield' (Old Indian pharam, spharam `shield', uncovered, probably from dem Iran. and in anlaut after phálakam directed);

    gr. σφαλάσσειν τέμνειν, κεντεῖν Hes., σφάλαξ `Stechdorn', ἀσπάλαθος m. ds. (`*woran man sich reißt, ritzt'), σφάλαξ, ἀσφάλαξ, σπάλαξ, ἀσπάλαξ `Maulwurf' (`die Erde aufreißend'), σπαλύσσεται σπαράσσεται, ταράσσεται Hes., ἄσπαλον σκῦτος Hes., σπάλαυθρον `Schüreisen'; σπόλια τὰ παρατιλλόμενα ἐρίδια ἀπὸ τῶν σκελῶν τῶν προβάτων Hes. (: lat. spolium), att. σπολάς `abgezogenes fell, fur' and `Überwurf from Leder, breastplate, mantle', äol. σπαλίς, att. ψαλίς `Schere'; to σφαλάσσειν also σφαλός `Fußblock for Gefangene; Wurfscheibe' and σφάλλω `throw (originally with `Prügeln'), toss, fling, bump, poke' and `(at first beim Ringen) ein leg stellen, in fight, struggle behindern', from which `bring to collapse, injure, hurt, deceive, cheat, deceive', Med. `waver, fall, sich irren', ἀσφαλής `unerschütterlich, ohne sich fortstoßen to lassen' - `ruhig, certainly', σφαλερός `schlüpfrig', σφάλμα `falscher Schritt'; σφέλας `wooden log, club, cudgel; ausgehöhlter Block, bench ';

    from dem Alb. perhaps palë `Seite, Partei' (*polnā, compare aksl. polъ `Seite, bank, border, shore, gender, sex, half'); popëlë `Felsstück, Scholle', plis (*pli-ti̯o-) `clod of earth', plish `Schilfrohr' (*pli-si̯o-):

    lat. spolium `abgezogene or abgelegte Tierhaut; dem Feinde abgenommene Rüstung, booty';

    with t-Erweit.: ahd. spaltan, mnd. spalden `split', got. spilda (*speltā) `Schreibtafel', aisl. spjald (*speltos) `board', ags. speld `splint; bit of wood', mhd. spelte `abgespaltenes bit of wood, Handgerät the Weberei'; aisl. spjall, spell `damage' (*spelÞa-, -i-), ags. spilð, spild `Vernichtung, Ruin', whereof aisl. spilla, spella `spoil, slay' (*spelÞjan, *spelÞōn), as. spildian, ags. spildan `destroy', ahd. spildan, spilden `waste, spread, verschwenden', as. spildi ` generous '; germ. t in mnd. spelte `gespaltenes Stück', ostfries. spalter ds., germ. *speltō (out of it lat. spelta) in ahd. spelza vlat. spelta (from which:) `Spelt'; engl. spelter `Zink' (*spaldiz-); ags. spaldur `Balsam' (*spalduz- `Ausfluß from gespaltenen Pflanzen'); n-present ags.spillan, mhd. spillen `split' (*spelljan), wherefore without s- schwed. fjäll `Schinnen in Haar'; aisl. spǫlr `dünne flache shaft, pole', mengl. spale ds., mhd. spale `Leitersprosse'; probably (as `thin, flaches bit of wood') ahd. spuolo m., isl. spōle `Weberschiffchen', norw. spōle `coil, spool' (germ. *spōlan-); ahd. spuola (germ. *spōlōn-) `coil, spool', `duct, tube, pipe, Federkiel'; without anl. s-: aisl. fjǫl `board' (*pelā);

    with t-Erweit., but without s- probably ir. alta(i)n, cymr. ellyn, acymr. elinn `Schermesser', abret. altin gl. `ferula', mbret. autenn, nbret. aotenn `Schermesser' (*paltinā); mcymr. allaw `shave' (*altā-mu-); J. Loth RC. 45, 173.

    lit. spãlis, Pl. spãliai, lett. spal'i `Flachsschäben'; lett. spals `handle, grasp, Handhabe'; apr.spelanxtis `splinter';

    aksl. ras-platiti `split' (*poltiti, compare nhd. spalten, Old Indian sphaṭati), platъ `ῥάκος, scrap, shred', polěno `piece of wood wood', polica `board', palica, aruss. palъka `stick', russ. ras-polótь `entzweischneiden', pо́lotь, poltь `(abgeschnittene) Speckseite', poltina `half', aksl. polъ, Gen. -u `half, Seite, bank, border, shore, gender, sex'; abg. plěvǫ, plěti (russ. polótъ) `jäten', plěvelъ `weed'; *o-pelnъ in čech. oplen, oplin `Gipfstock, Rungenstock', sloven. oplẹ̀n `Wagengipfenholz' etc;

    with dem v from plěvǫ (*pelu̯ō) is zusammenzuhalten: lett. spal̃va ` feather, Gefieder, hair', spil̃va `husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras', spìlvęns `Bettkissen' etc;

    toch. A spāltk-, В spalk- `sich anstrengen';

References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck Zink under Zinn, 157 ff.

See also: with (s)p(h)el- `split' hängen möglicherweise together: pel- `skin, fell, fur', spelg- `split', splei- `split', plēi- `naked, bald, bleak', plēk̂- plēik- ` rend ', pleu (s-, -k-) `ausrupfen', plas- `abspalten'.

Page(s): 985-987

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-2

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

German meaning: `glänzen, schimmern'

Material: Old Indian sphuliŋga- m. `spark' (Erweiter. eines *sphuli = arm. p`ail, idg. *sph_eli-), vi-sphulíŋga- ds., vi-spuliŋgaká- `Funken sprühend'; arm. p`ail, Gen. p`ailic̣ ` radiance, Schimmer', p`ailem `gleams, schimmere'; p`aɫp`aɫim, p`oɫp`oɫim `gleams'.

    g-extension sp(h)el-g-, nas. (s)p(h)leng-:

    lett. spul̃guôt `gleam, sparkle, glitter', spul̃gis `the Funkelnde = the morning star', spul̃gans, spil̃gans `schillernd, gleaming'; nas. germ. *flinka- `flimmernd, also from rascher Bewegung' in nd. (nhd.) flink `rash, hasty, quick, fast', flinkern `gleam, shimmer', mhd. kupfervlinke `Kupfererz', changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) nhd. flunkern `flicker; einem etwas vormachen', and perhaps lett. plañga, pluñga, pleñga `blister'.

    d-extension, nas. (s)plēnd-, (s)plǝnd-:

    Gr. σπληδός m. (σπληδώ f. Hes.) `ash'; lat. splendeō, -ēre `gleam, shimmer', alit. <spléndžiu, splendė́ti `gleam, shine'; perhaps also air. lēss (*lanssu- from *plǝnd-tu-) `light'; mir. lainnech `gleaming' (*plǝndi̯āko).

References: WP. II 679 f., WH. II 576 f.

Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: sp(h)e(n)d-

Meaning: to shiver, to shake

German meaning: `zucken, zappeln' and (about `flackern') `glänzen'

Material: Old Indian spandatē `shrugs, jerks, hits, knocks from', spanda- m. ` twitch, movement', snāyu-spanda- `Pulsschlag', spandana- m. `zuckend'; gr. σφενδόνη `Schleuder', σφαδάζω `zucke, zapple, bewege mich violent'(*σφn̥δ-); σφόνδυλος, σπόνδυλος m. `whirl an the Spindel, etc'; unnasaliert σφεδανός, σφοδρός `violent, keen, eager'; older ndl. spat `cramp', nhd. Spat(h), mhd. spat, ostfries. spat(t), spad(de) `Geschwulst am Pferdefuß' (germ. d, dd besides t, tt kann new Variation sein), nd. ndl. spatten ` twitch, zappeln';

    here lit. spį́stu, spį́sti `erglänzen', spìndžiu, spindė́ti `gleam', lett. atspîst `wiedererglänzen', spîdêt `gleam, gleam, shine', ablaut. spuôžs `gleaming, bright, luminous' (*spandús), spuôdrs `gleaming, durchsichtig, clean' (*spondros).

References: WP. II 664, Trautmann 275;

See also: compare *sp(h)eng- `gleam'.

Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: sp(h)eng-

Meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glänzen'

Comments: (and *speg-?)

Material: Lit. spingu, spingė́ti `gleam', spiñgis `Durchbau in Walde';

    lett. spĩgana `eine Lufterscheinung, dragon, Hexe', spĩgans ds., spĩganis `Irrlicht', spĩgulis `Johanneswürmchen', spĩguluot `shimmer'; spuoga `Spiegelbild', spuogalas f. Pl. ` radiance ', spuogât `gleam';

    apr. soanxti (leg. spanxti) `spark';

    to this group as `*blinzelnd' also lit. spañgas `undeutlich seeing ', apspañgęs `verblendet', spangỹs `Halbblinder, Schielender'; also ags. spincan `Funken sprühen', engl. spunk `spark, Feuerschwamm, tinder' as `*phosphoreszierend';

    da helle light- and onomatopoeic words Schallempfindungen frequent, often with the same words bezeichnet become, darf also lit. speñgti `klingen', lett. spìegt `as eine Maus pfeifen' angereiht become;

    perhaps idg. spheng-, also to gr. φέγγος n. `light, shine', φέγγω `leuchte, erhelle';

da *spend- `gleam' eine Zerlegung in *sp(h)en-g-, -d- zur Erwägung places, kann speng-not zuversichtlich as nasal form eines:

(s)peg- gelten, das erschlossen wird from nhd. Spuk from mnd. spōk `Spuk, ghost' (germ.*spōk-); in the case of in addition also die group from mnd. spakeren `sprühen' (etc)?.

References: WP. II 663 f.

Page(s): 989-990

Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nas. sp(h)rend(h)-

Meaning: to rush; to spring; running

German meaning: `zucken, springen'

Comments: d(h)-extension to 1. and 2. sp(h)er-.

Material: Old Indian spárdhatē, spūrdháti (Perf. paspr̥dhḗ, Inf. spūrdhásē) `wetteifern, fight', spŕ̥dh- f. `Wetteifer, fight, struggle' (: got. spaúrds), av. spǝrǝd- f. `Eifer'; gr. in spartan. names Σπερθίης; got. spaúrds f. ` racecourse ', ags. spyrd m. ` racecourse, Wettlauf', ahd. spurt ` racecourse '.

In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange:

Gr. σπυρθίζειν `aufspringen, zappeln, violent bewegt sein'; aisl. spraðka `zappeln', norw. spradla ds. (*spraðla), westfäl. spraddeln ds., ahd. spratalōn ds., ahd. sprata `linea, regula, norma', mhd. spretzen `spray'; aisl. sporðr m. `tail; äußerstes end from etwas', mhd. sporte `tail', aisl. *sperðill, Pl. *sper[ð]lar vorausgesetzt from norw. dial. speril, sperl, spæl `kurzen tail';

with germ. t: schwed. sprata `with den Füßen umherstoßen, strampeln', norw. spratla `zappeln', ahd. sprazzalōn `zappeln', mhd. spretzen (*sprattian) `ausspritzen', nhd. bair. spratzeln `spray, sprühen', mnd. spartelen, spertelen, sportelen `zappeln';

nasal. aisl. spretta (*sprintan) `auffahren, aufspringen, sprossen, spray, aufgehen (from the sun)', Kaus. spretta (*sprantian; partly also sprattian?) `losreißen, separate', mhd. sprenzen schw. V. ` sprinkle, spray, sprenkeln = bunt schmücken, putzen' and `sich spreizen, einherstolzieren'; mhd. sprinz `das Aufspringen the Blumen, Farbenschmelz', nhd. bair. sprinz `aufgeschossener junger person', ahd. spranz `crack', mhd. spranz `das Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen', mengl. sprenten `spring, run', nordengl. sprent `spring, burst', sprent `Schmutzfleck';

lit. sprándas `Genick, Nacken', lett. sprañda ds., lit. sprindỹs `span', lett. sprîdis ds.;

with germ. d:

ags. sprind `agile, lively, strong', aisl. sprund f. `Ritze, cleft, fissure; wife, woman';

aksl. predajǫ, -ati `spring; tremble', russ. prjádatь, prjánutь `hüpfen, spring', ablaut. poln. prąd `Stromschnelle', slov. prôdek `alert, awake, smart' etc

References: WP. II 675 f., Trautmann 277 f., Vasmer 2, 450.

Page(s): 995-996

Root / lemma: sp(h)er-1, sp(h)erǝ-

Meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc.

German meaning: `zucken, with dem Fuße wegstoßen, zappeln, schnellen'

Grammatical information: spr̥i̯ō, spr̥-nā-mi ds.;

Comments: compare per-1`sprühen, spray', further: sper- `sparrow', sper- `Sparren', sp(h)er- `Mistkügelchen', sp(h)ereg- ` twitch ', sperĝh- `sich hastig bewegen', sp(h)ered(h)- ` twitch ', sp(h)reig- `strotzen'

Material: Old Indian sphuráti `stößt with dem Fuße weg, tritt, schnellt, shrugs, jerks, zittert, zappelt', ápaspharīḥ Aor. Inj. `schnelle weg, entzieh dich rasch' (: lat. aspernārī), apa-sphúra- `wegstoßend' (: lat.asper-), sphúra- `zuckend', sphuraṇa- `blinking, gleaming, funkelnd', n. ` twitch, Funkeln, Erscheinen', visphārita-m `das Schnellen'; sphūrti- `das Hervorbrechen, Offenbarwerden' (*sphr̥̄-ti-, compare lit. spìrti), pharpharāyate `bewegt sich heftig hin and her'; spr̥- `losmachen', spr̥ṇóti `wehrt ab', spr̥ṇāti `tötet';

av. spar(aiti) `tritt, stößt', with frā `rushes, hastes', with vi `auseinandertreten, -stomp', sparman- n. perhaps `Tritt, shove ', np. sipardan `tread';

arm. spaṙnal `bedrohen' (idg. sp-);

gr. σπαίρω, ἀσπαίρω (ἀ- Vokalvorschlag) `zucke, zapple' (= lit. spiriù), σπαίρει ἅλλεται, σκιρτᾳ, πηδᾳ Hes. (aspiriert σφαῖρα `Ball zum Spielen'?), aspiriert σφυρόν `Knöchel, Ferse', wovonσφῦρα `hammer, beetle, hammer' (to σφυρόν compare ahd. spuri-halz `hinkend', eig. `knöchel-lahm');

lat. spernō, -ere, sprē-vī, -tum `back-, fortstoßen, verschmähen, despise ', aspernor, -ārī `from sich weisen', asper `rough, harsh, abstoßend' (: Old Indian apa-sphúra-);

air. seir `Ferse' (*speret-s), Akk. Du. di pherid, cymr. ffēr, ffern ` the ankle, ankle bone; the heel, knuckles, a little hammer; a kind of fire-dart '; mbret. fer ds.; cymr. uffarn `Knöchel' from *opi-sp_er-no-;

aisl. sperna `with den Füßen ausschlagen, wegstoßen' (: lat. spernō), ags. speornan ds., ahd.firspirnit `stößt an, tritt fehl'; aisl. sporna (-aða) `with dem Fuße ausschlagen', ags. spurnan, spornan `ds., also `zurückstoßen, despise ', as. ahd. spurnan `tread, with dem Fuße bump, poke'; ahd. spornōn `with the Ferse ausschlagen, dem Fuße bump, poke', spurnen (spurnta) ds., `zurückstoßen' (spurnida `Anstoß'), aisl. spyrna `with dem Fuße bump, poke; (den foot) entgegenstemmen'; without präsensbildendes n: aisl. spora `with Füßen treten', ags. sporettan `with dem Fuße bump, poke'; aisl.spori, ags. spora, spura, ahd. sporo `Sporn'; aisl. ags. ahd. spor n. `Fußspur', mhd. spur, spür f. n. `spoor', ahd. spuri-halz `lahm, hinkend, from horses' (see above to σφυρόν), ahd. (etc) spurjan, spurren `the spoor nachgehen, erforschen, skillful '; ags. spearwa m. `calf', mhd. spar-golze f. `ein Teil the Beinbekleidung' (perhaps `Wadenstutzen'); with erweiterndem g: aisl. sparka `with dem Fuße bump, poke', in addition postverbal spark `Getrampel';

lit. spiriù, spìrti `with dem Fuße bump, poke, urge, press, push, constrain, oblige' (from the heavy basis), ablaut. ãtsparas `Widerstand', spárdau, -yti `fortgesetzt with den Füßen bump, poke'; lett. sper̂t `ausschlagen (vom Pferde), with dem Fuße bump, poke'; spars `Energie, Schwung, Wucht'; lit. spartùs `ausgiebig; rash, hasty, agile, lively', apr. sparts `mighty', sperclan `Zehballen'; but lit. spurzdė́ti `sich with den Flügeln jiggle or flutter', suspùrsti from birds `in eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten', then überhaupt `in heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become' are probably schallnachahmend (compare nhd. brr!).

References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.

Page(s): 992-993

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-2, sprei-, spreu-

Meaning: to sprinkle, scatter

German meaning: `streuen, säen; sprengen, spritzen, sprühen; also vom Aufspringen from Knospen, Pflanzentrieben'

Comments: probably with sp(h)er-1 ` twitch ' identical, also with per-1, above S. 809 f.

Material: A. Arm. p`arat `zerstreut' (*ph_er-), p`aratem `zerstreue, entferne, take weg' (compare gr. σποράς, -άδος); perhaps also sp`ṙem `zerstreue', sp`ir `zerstreut, verstreut, vast, spacious' (wäre *sphēro-);

gr. σπείρω `streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, sprühe' (σπερῶ, ἔσπαρκα, ἐσπάρην), σπέρμα n. ` seed, sperm ', σπορά, σπόρος m. `das Säen, die Saat', σποράς, -άδος `verstreut', Adv. σποράδην, σπαρνός `dünngesät, spärlich';

mir. sreb `stream' (*spre-bhā); srāb `stream, Sturzbach, Schaar' (*sprō-bhu-);

ahd. sprāt `das Spritzen, Sprühen', mnd. sprē-wedel `Sprengwedel'; with dem by germ. roots auf langen vowel auftretenden w urgerm. *sprēwēn in norw. spraa, ä. dän. spraaes ` brittle, brüchig become', dän. dial. spraae `sich öffnen, from Knospen; break, crack', schwed. dial. språ, språs ` sprout, sich öffnen, break, crack', norw. spra from *sprada (and spræ from *sprēwjan) `spray, sprinkle '; derived aisl. sprǣna `spray, trans. and intr.'; *sprēwjan in mhd. sprǣjen, sprǣwen, mnl. spraeien ` whisk '; *sprōwjan in nhd. sprühen, nl. sproeien ds.; norw. sprōa `Strebepfeiler, pad' (*sprōwōn; to meaning see below); d-present nl. sproeten `spray', sproetelen `bubble out', mnd. sprōte `(Spritzer =) Fleck, Sommersprosse'.

B. i-basis sprei-d-, -t-:

ahd. sprīzan, spreiz `in Stücke splittern, spray', aisl. sprita `apart sperren' (after Fischer, The Lehnwörter of Awn. 40 from mhd. sprîten borrows); norw. sprita `spray'; mhd. sprīten and (with grammatischem variation) sprīden `sich ausbreiten, sich scatter, zersplittern', Kaus. aschwed. spreda `scatter, outspread ', norw. spreida, ags. sprǣdan ds., ahd. spreitan, mhd. nhd. spreiten;

alit. sprainas `steif, starr, übersichtig, vom eye' (probably *spraid-na-s, actually `die Augen weit aufspreizend'), lett. spriêst `spannen, urge, press, push, ausmessen' (`*spreizen'), spraids `Stelle, wo Leute zusammengedrängt stand', debes-spraislis `Himmelsgewölbe'; in addition presumably lit. spréndžiu `spanne with the hand'.

C. extension spreu-: ahd. spriu, Gen. spriuwes `chaff'; ags. sprēawlian `sich krampfhaft bewegen'; nhd. spröde = mengl. sprēÞe ds. (*sprauÞia- actually `light zerspringend');

cymr. ffrau `(Hervorsprudeln), stream', ffreuo `hervorspritzen' (*sprou̯-), ffraw `agile, lively' (*sprōu̯o-), cyffro `erregen', deffro `erwecken' (Loth RC. 42, 347; 44, 270 f.); air. sruth (*spru-tu-) m. `river' = cymr. etc ffrwd ds.; gall. FlN Φρουδιος Gen. (leg. Φρουτυος), nhd. FlN Frutz (Vorarlberg), oberital. fruda `Sturzbach'; bret. Vannes fru `Sprühregen' (*spreus-); also nhd. Sprudel?

lett. spraûjuôs, spraûtiês `hervordringen, emporkommen'; lit. spriaũnas `lustig, fresh, alert, awake, smart, ausgelassen'.

spreu-d- (d-extension, perhaps originally from einem d-present) `spray, quick, fast hervorkommen, sprout' etc):

cymr. ffrwst m. `Hast' (*sprud-to- or -stu-);

got. sprautō Adv. `quick, fast, bald'; mhd. spriezen ` sprout', and. ūtsprūtan `hervorsprießen', afries. sprūta `germinate, sprout', engl. sprout; ags. spryttan ` sprout', nd. sprütten `spray', mhd. sprützen ` sprout, spray'; aisl. sproti m. `young sprout in a tree, Stecken', ahd. sprozzo `sprout, scion, shoot'; mnd. sprote(le) `(*Spritzer =) Fleck, Sommersprosse', nhd.Sommersprosse; mnd. sprūte, md. sprūze ds.; ags. sprēot ` shaft, pole', ndl. spriet (out of it nhd. Spriet); norw. spraut, sprauta `Stellholz in the Falle', sprøyta `Fenstersprosse, Spannstock in einem loom'; ahd. spriuzen `spreizen, prop, support, stemmen', spriuza `Spreize, pad, Strebe';

lit. spriáusti `hineinzwängen, klemmen'; ablaut. sprústi `from einer Klemme infolge of Druckes herauskommen'; lett. spraûst `hineinstecken', ablaut. sprū-st `eingeklemmt become'.

spreu-g-, -k- in gleichem Bedeutungsumfang:

nhd. nd. spriegel, sprügel, sprugel, sprogel `Schnellbogen; gespannter Bogen to einer Überdeckung; Sprenkel beim Vogelfang', luxemb. spriegel `Sperrholz zum Auseinanderspannen';

lett. spruga, spruñga `Klemme', spruñǵis `toggle';

lit. sprūgsti `entspringen, escape; to get away ', lett. sprauga `Lücke'; probably also (as `zerprengen, zerstieben make'), lett. spràugt `coarse mahlen, schroten'; with k: lett. sprukt ` escape; to get away, entgleiten'; spruksts `ein Leichtfüßiger, Springer', spraukt `durchzwängen, entfliehen'.

Maybe alb. (*spreu-k-) shpërthej `bloom, blow' [common alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation].

(s)preus- see above S. 809 f. ((s)preus-)

References: WP. II 670 ff., Trautmann 277, 278, Vendryes RC. 46, 255 ff.

Page(s): 993-995

Root / lemma: sp(h)er-3

Meaning: cattle excrements

German meaning: in Worten for die Mistkügelchen von Ziegen and Schafen, also Pille, Ball überhaupt (letzteres erst through Übertragung?)

Material: Gr. σφυράς (att.), σπυράς, σπύραθος (also πύραθος) `Mistkügelchen from Ziegen and Schafen', σφυράς, σπυράς also `Kügelchen, Pille überhaupt'; lit. spìros `Schafmistkügelchen', lett. spiras `Mistkügelchen the sheep, Ziegen, Hasen; große graue Erbsen', pires `Schafmist';

with dh-extension: gr. σπορθύγγια τρίβολα τὰ διαχωρήματα τῶν αἰγῶν, ἅ τινες σπυράδας καλοῦσιν Hes.; nisl. sparð n. `Schafmist', sperðill `Ziegenmist'.

References: WP. II 672.

Page(s): 995

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-4, (s)p(h)erǝg-

Meaning: to tear; rag, snippet

German meaning: `reißen; Fetzen'

Material: Arm. p`ert` ` ragged Stück' (*sperk-to-); aisl. spiǫrr f. `scrap, shred, abgerissener Streifen Tuch' (urgerm. *sperrō);

gr. σπαράσσω, att. -άττω `tear, rend, zerre' (probably analogical for -άζω), σπάραγμα ` ragged Stück', σπαραγμός `das Zerren, Reißen; cramp';

nas. perhaps abg. prǫžiti, prǫžati `lacerare'.

References: WP. II 668.

Page(s): 992

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-d-

Meaning: to press, hurry

German meaning: `drücken, with Nachdruck betreiben, eilen'

Material: Npers. poy `haste, hurry' (iran. *pauda-), parth. pwd `run, flow';

gr. σπεύδω `spute mich, eile; bin emsig, strebe, strenge mich an'; trans. `treibe an, beschleunige' (originally `dränge, push, press', as in σπούδαξ `Mörserkeule', i.e. `Zerdrücker' Hes.); σπουδή f. `haste, hurry, Eifer, Bestrebung', σπουδαῖος `hasty, keen, eager, fleißig', σπουδάζω `spute mich, betreibe with Eifer';

perhaps alb. punë `work, business ' (*pudnā);

Note: There is no phonetic mutation in alb. of the nature: dnā > nā; Root / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-d- Meaning: `to press, hurry' etymology suggest that alb. puna `work derived from zero grade of hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' see Root / lemma: op-1 Meaning: `to work, perform'.

whether d-extension einer root spēu- : speu- : spū̆-, eventuell to Old Indian sphā-vayati `mästet, verstärkt', ags. spōwan `thrive' (different above under 2. spēi-); compare also gr. ἐσφυδωμένος `vollgestopft with food, eating', σφυδῶν ἰσχυρός, σκληρός Hes., διασφυδῶσαι αὐξῆσαι Hes.; doubtful gr.σφύζω (Fut. σφύξω) `zucke, bewege mich violent, fiebere, strebe eifrig', σφυγμός m., σφύξις f. `Zuckung, Puls', ἀσφυκτέω `bin ohne Pulsschlag' (*sphug-);

ahd. spioz `Kampfspieß', nhd. Spieß, asächs. spiot, aisl. spjót `spit, pike', spýta `peg, plug'; in the case of here without s-: norw. föysa `antreiben', nisl. fausi `hitzige person, fool' (*poud-to-)?

lit. spáusti `press', Iter. spáudyti; spaudà `Presse'; ablaut, spũdinti `hurry, flee', spūdė́ti `sich abmühen'.

References: WP. II 659, Trautmann 273 f., Szemerényi ZDMG 101, 205 f.

Page(s): 998-999

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)ē̆i-1 : (s)p(h)ī̆-

Meaning: sharp, sharp stick

German meaning: `spitz, spitzes Holzstück'

Comments: extended with -d, -g, -k, -l, -n, -r, -t

Material: 1. Old Indian sphyá- m. `chip of wood, staff, Spiere, Ruder';

2. ahd. mhd. spiz `Bratspieß' (different from Spieß `spear, javelin' from ahd. spioz), ags. spitu ds.; norw. spita f. `peg, plug'; spit m. `cusp, peak, dünner Wasserstrahl'; schwed. speta `peg, plug'; ahd. spizzi ` pointed '; o-grade mnd. speis(s)e `long spit, pike' (*spoid-tā); perhaps here lat.cuspis, -idis f. `cusp, peak, spit, pikee', whether from *curi-spis `Lanzenspitze' (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);

3. lat. spīca, spīcus, -um `Ähre', spīculum `Lanzenspitze', vlat. spīcārium `Speicher'; ndl. spie `peg, plug, Bolzen' (*spīχōn); arm. p`k`in `Pfeil' (*phīkīno-);

ahd. speihha, as. spēca f., ags. spāca m. `Speiche, ray'; md. spīcher, nhd. Speichernagel, mnd. nnd. spīker `eiserner nail', engl. spike, ags. spīcing ds., aisl. spīkr m. `nail', spīk f. `wooden splinter', norw. spīk `Speiche', ags. spīc `spitzes Landstück', bair. spickel `wedge';

lit. speigliaĩ `Stacheln';

4. gr. σπίλος f., σπιλάς, -άδος f. `Riff'; mhd. spīl m. `cusp, peak of Speeres', nhd. dial. Speil `chip, splinter, splinter, wedge', mnd. nnd. spīle `Bratspieß'; ags. spilu f. `peg, cusp, peak', aisl. spila f. `thin, schmales Stück wood', etc; (das langvokalische germ. *spīlō could also *spīðlō sein, in gramm. variation with mhd. spidel, spedel, nhd. dial. speidel `splinter'); čech. spíle `Stecknadel', lett. spīle `Holznagel';

5. lat. spīna `backbone, spine, thorn' (in addition umbr. spinia, spina `columnam'?), spīna crīnālis `Haarnadel', spīnus `briar'; as. ahd. spinela, spenula `Haarnadel, Schnalle', mhd. spenel `Stecknadel, Spennadel'; lett. spina `Gerte, rod', ält. poln. spina `backbone, spine', russ. spiná `back'; s-los at most germ. *finnō, *finōn in ags. finn, nhd. Finne `Floßfeder, Spitzflosse', schwed. fina `Flosse', norw. finn ` grass bristles ', mhd. vinne `nail; Finne in the skin', next to which schwed. fime, fläm. vimme `Flosse, Achel';

maybe alb. shpina ‘spine’, *shpino-, shpoj ‘pierce, prick’, shpata ‘sword’ from lat. spatha -ae f. `a broad two-edged sword', alb. shpatulla `shoulder blade' from lat. spathula dim. of spatha -ae.

toch. A spin- `Hacken, peg, plug';

6. ags. spīr `Halm, sprout', engl. spire `sprout; Turmspitze', mnd. spīr `germ, sprout-, Grasspitze, Ähre, Turmspitze, very small person', aisl. spīra `Stiel, young scion, shoot, Rohrstab under likewise';

7. lit. spitulỹs `Stern auf the Tierstirn', spitẽlė, spitulė̃ `die needle, the thorn in the Schnalle', spitnà ds.; perhaps is in lat. secespita `Opfermesser' ein cognate *spita contain;

References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer 2, 708.

Page(s): 981-982

Root / lemma: sp(h)ē(i)-3, spī- and sphē- : sphǝ-

Meaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc.

German meaning: `gedeihen, sich ausdehnen = dick werden, vorwärtskommen, Erfolg haben, gelingen'

Material: Old Indian sphā́yatē `wird fat, obese, nimmt to', participle sphītá- `swollen, wohlhabend, dense, full', sphāta- `big, large, strong', sphītí- f. `das prospering; flourishing ', sphātí- f. `Mästung, prospering; flourishing ', Kaus. sphāváyati `mästet, verstärkt', sphārá- `vast, spacious, wide, big, large', sphirá- `fat, obese' (idg. *sphǝ-ró- = aksl.sporъ, ahd. spar); with formants -ko- (as lett. spḕks): pīva-sphāká- `from Fett strotzend';

Old Indian vi-ṣpitám is strittiger meaning;

from the aspir. form sphē-: ἐρί-σφηλον `ἐρισθενῆ', ἄσφηλοι ἀσθενεῖς; σφηλὸν γὰρ τὸ ἰσχυρόν Hes.; without s- arm. p`art`am `rich';

lat. spatium `Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration'; spēs, -ēī, Pl. spērēs f. `Erwartung, hope', spērō, -āre `hoffe'; originally `from Hoffnung geschwellt'; prosperus `günstig, lucky' (*pro-spǝ-ro-);

maybe alb. shpat `precipice, mountain, forest'

Note:

The lack of frozen lat. ending proves this cognate is part of inherited lexicon of alb. from illyr.

mcymr. ffysgiaw, corn. fesky `Eilen' (*spid-sk-);

got. spēdiza `späterer', spēdumists `spätester', ahd. spāti, Adv. spāto `late' (eig. `*sich hinziehend');

ags. spōwan `thrive, glücken', ahd. spuon `succeed', germ. *spōði- in ahd. spuot, as. spōd, ags. spēd ` prospering; flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry', nhd. sich sputen; ahd. etc spar see under;

lit. spė́ti ` have the time or leisure, be quick enough, be able ', spė́rus ` quick ', spė̃tas m. ` leisure ', spėmė̃ f. `haste, hurry'; spė̃kas and spėkà ` power ';

maybe alb. (*spė́t-) shpejt ` quick '

lett. spẽt `vermögen, können', spḕks ` force, strength, power' (probably also lett. spīte ` contrariness ', spîtîgs `defiant'); ;

maybe alb. (*spẽt-) shpëtim `salvage', (-im m. noun suffix) shpëtoj `save, preserve, keep' (-o verb suffix).

Note:

The affinity of alb. with balt. lang. Not with skr. proves the illyr. origin of alb. cognate as part of inherited glossary.

aksl. spějǫ, spěti `Erfolg haben'; spěсhъ m. `studium', spěšiti `hurry';

maybe alb. spesh `often, frequent', shpejt `fast'

aksl. sporъ (= Old Indian sphirá- etc) `rich', in neueren slav. Sprachen also (and probably das ursprünglichere) `lange lasting, lang ausreichend', so russ. spóryj, serb. spȍr `lang lasting ', hence anderseits also `lange ausreichend, economical ', čech. sporý `ergiebig, ausgiebig' and ` economical, spärlich', spořiti `spare' (dt. influence?), ahd. spar ` economical, concise', ags. spær, aisl. sparr ` economical, penurious ' (: sporъ);

hitt. išpāi `ißt sich satt', 3. Pl. išpii̯anzi.

Von spĭ- (: speĭ-) from:

with the meaning `fat, thick' and g-formants: Old Indian sphij- (Nom. Sg. sphik, Du. sphijāu; sphicāu through Entgleisung after d. Nom. Sg.?), sphigī `Arschbacke, hip, haunch'; aisl. spik n., ags. spic n., ahd. spec, -ckes `bacon';

With Dentalformantien: gr. σπίδνος `vast, spacious, wide, eben', σπιδόεις, σπιδνός (Hes.) ds., σπιδόθεν `from weitem', ἑλεσ-[σ]πίς, -σπίδος `Sumpffläche', ἀσπιδής (*αν-σπιδής with preposition ἀν) `geräumig', ἀσπίς, -ίδος `shield', (`*dem Körper entlang gebreitete surface, plain, area'?), σπίζω `ἐκτείνω';

lat. spissus (*spid-to-) `dense, thick, slow, zögernd';

with dh: σπιθάμη `span (the hand)', σπιθίαι σανίδες νεώς Hes.;

with t: lit. speičiù, speĩsti `umringen', spiẽsti `schwärmen', spintù, spìsti `in Schwärmenausbrechen, from Bienen', lett. spiêts `Bienenschwarm' (participle lit. spìstas `gedrängt', lat.spissus); compare also lett. spaile, spailis `line, Schwaden of Mähers' (-l- maybe from -dl-), lit. spielóti `in den Nährahmen einspannen', lett. spailes `gespaltener Stecken zum Einklemmen', spī̀le, spī̀lis `eine Zwicke, Zwickeisen; Holznägel; need, Verlegenheit' (mhd. Lw.?), spī̀lis also `zeltartig ausgespannte Leinwand', spī̀lêt `klemmen - zwicken, spannen'.

With g-formant:

gr. σφίγγω `schnüre ein, klemme ein', σφιγκτήρ `cord, band, strap; Muskel';

lett. spaiglis, spaigle `Krebsgabel'; germ. with the meaning `ausspannen = spreizen': nhd. dial. spaichen `ausschreiten', ausspaichen `with Schritten or ausgespannten Fingern ausmessen', norw. speika `with steifen (gespannten) Beinen gehen', spīka `widerspenstig sein'.

References: WP. II 656 ff., WH. II 568 f., 576, Trautmann 274 f., Vendryes RC. 50, 92, Vasmer 2, 707, 710;

See also: in addition spēi-2 and spen-1.

Page(s): 983-984

Root / lemma: sp(h)ē-, sp(h)ǝ-(dh-)

Meaning: long flat piece of wood

German meaning: in Worten for `langes, flaches Holzstück'

Material: Gr. σφήν, -ός m. `wedge'; maybe from *σφανσ-, idg. *sphǝnes-;

germ. *spē-nu-s in: ahd. mnd. spān `chip of wood', ags. spōn ds. (engl. spoon `spoon'), afries. span, spon `flat Brustschmuck', aisl. spānn, spōnn `chip, splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte'; borrows finn. paana ` shingle, chip, splinter';

maybe alb. (*spon) shponj `pierce, prick'

with dh-formants: gr. σπάθη `breites flaches Holz the Weber; Ruderblatt, scapula, langes breites sword'; compare hitt. išpatar `spit, pike', A. Kammenhuber Festschr. Sommer, 105;

germ. *spaðan: as. spado, ags. spada m., -e, -u f. `spade'; nhd. Spaten;

maybe alb. shpata `sword', s(ë)pata `axe'

with g-formants: norw. spæk `chip, splinter', nisl. norw. sprækja; changing through ablaut spake ` shaft, pole', ags. spæc n. `twig, branch', ahd. spahha, -o `dry brushwood ', nhd. dial. Spach, Spachen `chip, splinter, wooden log', Spache `Speicher' and (as `arid, as ein Stecken') mnd. spak, mhd. spach `arid', etc;

with t-forms probably germ. *spēÞa-, spēða- in mhd. spāt `blättrig brechendes Gestein, Spat', nhd. dial. also spaad, ndl. spaath.

References: WP. II 652 f.;

See also: to sp(h)ēi-2, sp(h)ē-.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)i̯ēu- : (s)pi̯ū-, (s)pīu̯-

Meaning: to spit

German meaning: `speien, spucken' and ähnliche Nachahmungen of Spucklautes

Comments: die i̯-losen forms at least partly through dissimilation in i̯o-present *sp[i̯]ū-i̯ō.

Material: Old Indian ṣṭhīvati `spuckt, speit from' (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound with ni(ḥ)-, daherṣ- from s-; ṣt-v dissimil. from ṣp-v, so that = got. speiwan), ṣṭhyūtá- `gespuckt, gespien'; av. spāma- `saliva, mucus'; gr. πτύ̄ω `spucke', πτύαλον, πτύελον `saliva', πῡτίζω (dissimil. from *πτῡτίζω) `spucke, spritze' (πτυ:- from *pi̯ū-; compare with Inlautbehandlung the group ἐπιφθύσδω Theokr. `despuō'; ψύττει πτύει Hes. with φÞ- from φθ-); lat. spuō, -ere, spūtum `spit, spucken', despuō `spucke from, verschmähe'; got. speiwan, aisl. spȳja, ags. as. ahd. spīwan `spit', aisl. spȳta `spit', (in addition aisl. schw. spotta, dän. spotte, afries. spottia, mnd. spotten, ahd. spottōn `spotten'), ostfries. spüjen `spucken, sprühen', mndl. holl. spuwen `spucken, spit'; lit. spiáuju, spiáuti `spit', aksl. pljujǫ, pljьvati ds.;

Maybe alb. (*spȳta) pështyj `spit', shpëtonj `escape, drip'

arm. t`uk` `saliva', t`k`anem `spucke, speie from' (t` kann, although from pt- herleitbar not dem gr. πτ < πι̯ gleichgesetzt become), osset. t`u, npers. tuf, tuh `saliva' from einer dem Old Indian (Lexikogr.) thutkara-, thūthū as Wiedergabe of Spucklautes vergleichbaren Lautgebärde;

again etwas different Old Indian kṣīvati (Dhātup.) `spuckt, speit from', gr. σίαλον, ion. σίελον `saliva, slobber', kypr. σῖαι (Cod. σίαι < *σιFαι, Bechtel Gr. Dial. I 412, or *σῖσαι?) πτύσαι (Cod. πτῆσαι). Πάφιοι Hes.

References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 752, 4.

Page(s): 999-1000

Root / lemma: sp(h)reig-

Meaning: to abound

German meaning: `strotzen, prall gespannt sein'

Comments: compare (s)p(h)ereg-

Material: Gr. σφριγάω ` to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, swell, bin in voller vitality, bin begierig, lüstern', σφρίγoς n. `strotzende fullness, wealth'; norw. sprikja `ausspannen, spreizen', intr. `entspannt sein, strotzen, to swell', schwed. dial. sprika `ausspannen'.

References: WP. II 683 f.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: (s)pingo-

Meaning: sparrow, finch

German meaning: `Sperling, Fink', vom piependen Laute

Material: Gr. σπίγγος (Hes.), σπίζα (*σπιγγι̯α) `finch' (similarly σπύγγας, σπινθών, σπίνος `finch'), σπιζίᾱς m. `Sperber' (meaning `Sperlingstößer' as in nhd. Sperber: ahd. sparo `sparrow'), σπίζω `piepe'; schwed. spink, spikke `small bird, sparrow under ä.', engl. (from dem Nord.) spink `finch'; Old Indianphiŋgaka- m. `ein best. bird, the gabelschwänzige Würger' (meaning as in σπιζίας, see above);

besides without anlaut. s- ahd. fincho, ags. finc, engl. finch `finch', therefrom unabhängige onomatopoeic words Schallbezeichnung in frz. pinson, ital. pincione, span, pinzon, as probably also in schwed. pink `sparrow', engl. dial. pink, pinch `finch'.

References: WP. II 682.

Page(s): 999

Root / lemma: (s)pī̆ko-

Meaning: woodpecker, etc.

German meaning: `Specht and andere größere Vögel'

Material: Old Indian piká- m. `the indische Kuckuck'; lat. pīca `Elster', pīcus `Specht'; umbr. peico `picum' (ei for ī), ital. VN Pīcentes; with anlaut. s: ahd. speh, speht, aisl. spǣtr, norw. spett(a), schwed. spett, dän. spætte `Specht'; apr. picle `Krammetsvogel'.

References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.

Page(s): 999

Root / lemma: (s)pleiĝh-

Meaning: to spread the legs

German meaning: `die Beine spreizen'

Material: Old Indian *plḗhatē `goes, bewegt sich'; gr. πλίσσομαι `schreite from', ἐκπλίσσομαι `klaffe apart (from Wunden)', πλιχάς f. `die Spreize, Stelle between den Schenkeln', στόμα διαπεπλιχός `offenstehender mouth'; with anl. s- probably air. sliassait f. `Schenkel' (*spleigh-s-ontī); about air. lingid `springt', preterit leblang- (*ple-plong-?) s. Thurneysen Gr. p. 687.

References: WP. II 684., Pisani Mél. Boisacq II, 181 ff.

Page(s): 1000

Root / lemma: (s)plei-

Meaning: to split, cut

German meaning: `spalten, abspalten, spleißen'

Comments: compare S. 985 under (s)p(h)el-1 and plēi- `naked, bald, bleak, bare' (see 834), if actually `entrindet, flayed '.

Material: lett. plītes `small crumbs ', plivin̨a `abgelöste flatternde Baumrinde, Schelfer'; very doubtful aisl. fleinn `abstehender Haken an einem Geräte', ags. flān f. m., flā f. `Pfeil, spear, lance';

d-present (or d-extensions): mhd. splīzen, afries. splīta `spleißen, split; intr. sich split', nd. nl. splitten `sich split', mhd. splitter (germ. *splitra-) `splinter', schwed. splittra, mnd. splitteren `zersplittern';

nasalized norw. splint `wooden nail, wedge', engl. splint, splent `gespaltenes Stück Holz, splinter, chip, splinter', engl. nd. nl. splinter `splinter, chip, splinter'; without s-: norw. flinter `shred', nl. flenter `scrap, shred'; aisl. fletta (*flintōn) in fletta-grjōt `Feuerstein', schwed. flinta ds.; norw.flint `spall', ags. flint `Feuerstein, Fels', mnd. vlint-stēn (besides ahd. flins, mhd. mnd. vlins `Kiesel, harter Stein', probably as *flint-sa-, Nachkomme eines -es-stem); mnd. nd. vlîse (out of it nhd. Fliese) `Steinplättchen', aisl. flīs `splinter' (*plīd-to-);

besides with germ. d: norw. flindra `dünne Scheibe or splinter', engl. flinders `Stöcke, Stümpfe' and norw. splindra `großer flat wooden splinter', ädän. splind, splinder `splinter', splinde `splittern';

air. sliss `Schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter', slissiu `Schnitzel, lath' (*splid-ti-, -tiō); aberslind `Ziegel, flat Stein' to bret. sklent `Schiefer' and probably rearrangement from lat. scindula: *scindla - *sklinda.

References: WP. II 684.

Page(s): 1000

Root / lemma: (s)poimno-, -ā

Meaning: foam

German meaning: `Schaum, Gischt'

Material: Old Indian phḗna- m. `scum, froth, foam, Feim'; osset. fink, fink`ä ds.; lat. spūma f. `scum, froth, foam, Gischt', pūmex m. `Bimsstein' (from seiner schaumartig porösen Beschaffenheit);

ahd. feim, ags. fām `Feim, scum, froth, foam'; lit. spáinė `Schaumstreifen auf bewegter sea', apr. spoayno `scum, froth, foam' (*spáinā), aksl. pěna (russ. péna, skr. pjȅna) `scum, froth, foam'.

References: WP. II 681, WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: sprei-, spreu-

See also: see above S. 994 f. (spher-).

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: srakʷ-to-, -ti-

Meaning: sharp-edged

German meaning: `scharfkantig, scharfe Kante, Ecke, Felszacke'?

Material: Old Indian sraktí- f. `prong, spike, point, edge', av. sraxti-, ϑraxti- `point, edge, Seite'; gr. ῥακτοί φάραγγες Hes. besides secondary ῥάπται ds.

References: WP. II 702, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: srebh-, sr̥bh- and serbh-

Meaning: to sip, swallow

German meaning: `schlürfen'

Material: Arm. arbi (*sr̥bh-) `I trank', arb `Zechgelage'; gr. ῥοφέω (ion. ῥυφέω) `schlürfe' (also ῥόφειν EM.), ῥοπτός `geschlürft', ῥόφημα (ion. ῥύφημα) n., ῥόφος m. `broth, thick Trank'; alb. gjerp (*serbhō) `I schlürfe', gjerbë `drop, drip';

Common alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation.

lat. sorbeō, -ēre `> slurp '; mir. srub `snout' (*srobu-); lit. srebiù, srė̃bti ` slurp ' (also sriobiù, sriaubiù, perhaps due toeines *srubiu), ablaut. surbiù, sur̃bti `suck, slurp ', lett. surbju, surbt ` slurp ' (-ur-Reduktionsstufe to srobh- or sorbh-?; compare also poln. sarbać), lett. strebju, strèbt ` slurp, auslöffeln', stręba `somewhat to Schlürfendes; ein Betrunkener'; proto slav.. *serbjǫ, *sьrbati ` slurp ', with variant Ausgleichungen in sloven. srẹ́bati, čech. střebati etc; perhaps also mhd. sürpfeln, sürfeln ` slurp ', isl. sarpr `Kropf the Vögel', aisl. as Spitzname (`*gullet'), with germ. p from gemin. pp; also ndl. slorpen, slurpen, nhd. schlurfen with l after schlucken.

References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 612; W. Schulze setzte *s(u̯)erbh-, *srubh- an.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: sr-edh-, sr-et-

Meaning: to whirl, wave, boil

German meaning: `strudeln, wallen, brausen, rauschen'

Comments: extension from 1. ser-

Material: Gr. ῥόθος m. `das Wogenrauschen', ἁλί-ρροθος `meerumrauscht', ταχύ-ρροθοι λόγοι `schnelldahinrauschende words', ἐπίρροθος (and ἐπιτάρροθος) `herbeisausend; also from Göttern: zur help', ῥόθιος ` roaring ', assimil. ῥάθαγος τάραχος Hes.; perhaps also späteres ῥώθων, mostly Pl. ῥώθωνες `Nasenlöcher, nose' as Trivialausdruck `*Schnarcher, Rassler'; in addition ῥέθεα Pl. `Nasenlöcher, nose'; compare ῥί̄ς, ῥῑνός f. `nose' as `die Fließende' zur root form *srēi- : srī-;

acorn. stret gl. `latex', mcorn. streyth `river'; mir. srithit f. `ray from milk or blood' (*sr̥t-n̥tī); ahd. stredan, strad, mhd. streden `roar, strudeln, cook', stredunga, stridunga `Aufwallung', mhd. stradem `whirlpool', late mhd. and nhd. Strudel.

References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Wörter 220.

Page(s): 1001-1002

Root / lemma: (s)reigh-

Meaning: to climb, creep

German meaning: `klettern, mühsam kriechen'?

Comments: (also (s)reikh-?)

Material: Old Indian ríṅgati (voiced-nonaspirated in connection with the nasalization) and ríṅkhati `bewegt sich mühsam, crawls' (from children);

gr. ἀνα-ρριχάομαι, ἀρριχάομαι `mühselig with Handen and Füßen emporklettern'.

References: WP. II 702, Frisk Gr. Wb. 103.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: srenk-

Meaning: to snore

German meaning: `schnarchen'

Material: Gr. ῥέγκω, ῥέγχω `schnarche; snort'; ῥέγκος n., ῥέγξις f. `Schnarchen', ῥόγκος, ῥογμός ds.; air. srennim `schnarche' (*srenk-nā-mi); mir. srēimm n. `Schnarchen' (*srenk-smn̥), also srĕimm through influence of srennim;

einer similar onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung entspringt probably gr. ῥύγχος `Schweinsrüssel, snout, bill, beak, neb'; in the case of arm. *ṙungn, Pl. ṙngun-k`, ṙǝngun-k̄ `Nasenlöcher, nose' out of it borrows or under idg. *srungh- with it common origin sei, is doubtful.

References: WP. II 705.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: sresk-

Meaning: to drizzle

German meaning: `tropfen'?

Material: Av. srask- (srasča-) `triefen, abtriefen from; triefregnen', sraska- m. (np. sirišk) `tears, Weinen', mp. srixt `dropped', arm. srskel (*srēsk- or srōsk-) `sprinkle'; borrowing of arm. words from dem Arischen wäre die Vorbedingung for die connection from av. srask-, arm. srskel as *k̂lek-skō- with lit. šlãkas `drip', šlakė́ti `drip, trickle', šlė̃kti `spray' (see above S. 607 k̂leu- `spülen').

References: WP. II 602 f., 705.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: sreup-

Meaning: scabby, dirt

German meaning: `schorfiger Schmutz am Körper'

Material: Gr. ῥύπος m. `smut, Unreinlichkeit', ῥυπόω, ῥυπαίνω `sully', ῥυπαρός `dirty, filthy', ῥυπάω `bin dirty, filthy', ῥύπος n. `wheys', ῥύπτω `clean', Med. `wasche mich, schneuze mich'; proto slav..*strupъ (from *sreupos or *sroupos) `wound' (aksl; eig. `*scurf, scab auf the wound'), ` poison, Eiter' (slov.), `scurf, scab' (nbulg. russ.), `skin rash by children' (skr.), `Grind, crust' (poln. čech.); ablaut. ksl. strъpъtъ `roughness, Härte'.

References: WP. II 703, Vasmer 3, 32.

Page(s): 1004

Root / lemma: sreu-

Meaning: to flow

German meaning: `fließen'

Material: Old Indian srávati ` flows ' (= gr. ῥέω), srava- m. `das Fließen' (= gr. ῥόος, aksl. o-strovъ), giri-sravā `Bergstrom' (= gr. ῥοή, lit. sravà), srutá- flowing, geflossen' (= gr. ῥυτός = fem. lit. srutà; zero grade lett. strauts), srutí- f. `way, das Fließen' (= gr. ῥύσις, perhaps arm.aṙu), sravát- f. `river' (= gr. -ρεFετ-ης), Old Indian srōtaḥ n., apers. rautah- n., npers. rōd `river'; Kausat. srăváyati `makes flow', srāva- m. `Ausfluß';

av. (ravan-), Gen. Pl. raonąm `the Flüsse', urvant- (sru-vant-) ` flowing '; from einemd(h)-present from (: gr. ῥυθ-μός?): av. raoδaiti ` flows ', raoδah- n. `river', urūd f. `Flußlauf, bed' (Old Indian visrúh- f. `stream' or likewise?);

arm. aṙoganem, oṙoganem `benetze' (*srou̯-), compare alit. srãvinu `make bluten'), probably also aṙu `canal' (*srutis or *srui̯os);

gr. ῥέω `fließe' (Fut. ῥεύσομαι, Аог. Epidaur. ἐξερρύᾱ, Kalymna ἐ[γ]-ρυᾳ Konj. from *sruu̯ā-; compare lit. pasrùvo `floß' from -āt; gewöhnlich *sreu̯ē- in ἐρρύην, lit. sravė́ti; to einer this beiden heavy Basen Old Indian Inf. srávitavē); ῥόος (kypr. ῥόFος), att. ῥοῦς m. `current, Flut', περί-ρροος `rings umflossen' (also ἀψό-ροος for überliefertes ἄψορρος), ῥοή (korkyr. Dat. Pl. ρhοFαῖσιν) `das Strömen, stream' (= lit. sravà), ῥυτός ` flowing, strömend', περίρρυτος `rings umflossen' (= Old Indian pari-sruta-), ῥύσις f. `das Strömen', ῥύας, -άδος `rinnend', ῥύδην, hom. ῥυδόνAdv. `in Überfluß'; ῥεῦμα n. `Strömen, river; Wallen'; ἀκαλα-ρρείτης `gentle flowing ', βαθυ-ρρείτης `deep flowing ', ἐυ-ρρείτης `rich flowing ', (*-ρρεFετης, compare Old Indian sravat-), as ion. ῥέεθρον, att. ῥεῖθρον n. `Flußlauf, Flußbett' from themat. *sreu̯e- derive ; ῥυθμός, ion. ῥυσμός (`the wash of the waves of Meeres verglichene) regelmäßige Bewegung, Rhythmus'; thrak.Στρύ̄μων river name, Στρύ̄μη Stadtname;

air. sruaimm n. `river', abret. strum `copia (lactis)' (= gr. ῥεῦμα, if not ablautgleich with germ. *strauma-); but air. sruth `river', cymr. ffrwd etc, from *spru-tu-; compare Pokorny Celtica 3, 308 f.;

ahd. stroum, ags. strēam, aisl. straumr `stream' (: lett. straume, poln. strumień);

lit. sraviù, sravė́ti (old sravù) `gelinde fließen, sickern', sraũjas `rasch flowing ', sravà `das Fließen, Menstruieren', srovė̃, lett. strāve, stràume `stream', strauts `Regenbach, Stromschnelle', lit. srutà `Jauche'; aksl. struja `current', ostrovъ `island' (`das Umflossene'), poln. strumień `stream, brook';

idg. sreu- is extension from ser- `flow'.

References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.

Page(s): 1003

Root / lemma: srēno-, -ā

Meaning: body part (hip?)

German meaning: Körperteilbenennung, etwa `Oberschenkel, Lenden'

Material: Av. rāna- m. `the outer Teil of Oberschenkels, thigh', mp. np. rān `Schenkel'; lit. strė́nos `die loins, das Kreuz'.

References: WP. II 705.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: srīg-, srīgos-

Meaning: cold, frost

German meaning: `Kälte, Frost'

Material: Gr. ῥῖγος n. `frost', ῥῑγέω, Perf. m. present-meaning ἔρρῑγα `frieren, shudder, erschauern'; ῥῑγώω `friere';

lat. frīgus, -oris n. (= gr. ῥῖγος) `coldness, frost', frīgeō, -ēre `cold sein, frieren, gefrroren sein', frīgidus `cold'.

References: WP. II 705 f.; after WH. I 547, II 434, zero grade from *(s)rēiĝ-, to lat. rigeō `starre', rigor `Erstarrung (vor coldness)', lit. réižtis `sich strecken' (different above S. 855, 862.)

Page(s): 1004

Root / lemma: srō̆mo-

Meaning: lame

German meaning: `lahm'

Comments: only altindisch and slavisch

Material: Old Indian srāmá- `lahm', srā́ma- m. `Lahmheit'; aksl. (etc) chromъ `lahm'.

References: WP. II 706; Machek Slavia 16, 191, IF. 53, 94; Vasmer 3, 272 f.

Page(s): 1004

Root / lemma: stag-

Meaning: to drop, drizzle

German meaning: `sickern, tröpfeln, leise rinnen'

Material: Gr. στάζω, στάξω σταγῆναι `drip, trickle, einträufeln tr., drip, trickle lassen; drip, trickle intr., rinnen', στακτός `tröpfelnd, tropfend', σταγών, -όνος f. `drip', στάγες Pl. ds.;

lat. stāgnum `jedes ausgetretene Gewässer, sea, pond, pool, Tümpel, pool or langsam running Gewässer';

lat. (kelt. Lw.?) stagnum `Zinn' (`das Getropfte, light Schmelzbare'), air. stān `Zinn'; cymr. ystaen, ncorn. stean, bret. stean (from dem Lat.?);

abret. staer, nbret. ster `river, stream, brook' (*stagrā), cymr. taen `conspersio, adspersio' (*stagnā).

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 585, Flasdieck Zinn under Zink 14 ff.

Page(s): 1010

Root / lemma: (s)tāi-

Meaning: to conceal; to steal

German meaning: `heimlich um etwas bringen, hehlen, stehlen'

Material: Old Indian stāyát ` clandestine, hide, conceal', stāyú-, tāyú- `thief' (= aksl. taj Adv. `geheim', if from *tāi̯u; gr. τηΰ-σιος); stḗya-m `Diebstahl', stēná- `thief'; av. tāyu- `thief', tāya- `Diebstahl'; gr. τηυσίη ὁδός `ein way, the einen um die Mühe the intention betrügt' (*τᾱΰ-τιος, from *τᾱι̯υ-τᾱ), τήτη ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις Hes., τητάω `bringe um etwas, rob', Med. `darbe'; air. tāid `thief' (= abg. tatь, das -d analogical); aksl. taj ` clandestine ', tajǫ, tajiti `verhehlen', tatь `thief'; hitt. tajezzi, tajazzi `stiehlt'.

References: WP. II 610, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 69.

Page(s): 1010

Root / lemma: stāi-, stī̆-, sti̯-ā-

Meaning: to condense, press together

German meaning: `verdichten, zusammendrängen, stopfen; sich verdichten, gerinnen, stocken'

Comments: in addition stē̆ib(h)-, stē̆ip- ` shaft, pole etc'

Material: Old Indian styā́yatē `gerinnt, wird hart', participle styāna-; (Gramm.) prastīma- `gedrängt, gehäuft', stīmá- `idle' (eig. `gestockt'), viṣṭīmín- Bez. of cunnus, stíyā f. `träges, stehendes water', stimita- `schwerfällig, idle, unbeweglich, damp'; av. stā(y)- `heap, Masse';

gr. στέᾱρ, στέᾱτος `stehendes fat, tallow, suet' (*stāi̯r̥); hom. ἀγχι-στῖνος `nahe aneinandergedrängt' (compare Old Indian styā-na-); στί̄α f., στῖον n. `Steinchen'; στίλη `drip' (compare lat. stīria, stīlla);

lat. stīria `frozen drip, icicle', Demin. stīlla `drip' (*stīr[e]lā);

nisl. stīrur `stiffness in the eyes', norw. stīra, aisl. stira, dän. schwed. stirra `starren, stieren', ostfries. stīr `steif, starr', nhd. stier, stieren; lit. styrstù, stỹrti `erstarren', stýrau, -oti `steif and lümmelhaft dastehen';

aisl. stīm n. `Unruhe, din, fuss, noise', norw. stīm `Fischschwarm', mhd. stīm, steim `bunte bulk, mass, Getümmel';

got. stains, aisl. steinn, ags. stān, ahd. stein `Stein';

aksl. sténa `wall', stěnьnъ `steinig';

perhaps also aisl. stī n. `Stall', stīa `einhegen', ags. stig, stī `Schweinestall; Halle', mnd. stege `corral, pen, fold', ahd. stīga, mhd. stīge, stīje `Stall or Lattenverschlag for small cattle';

lit. stìngti ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', lett. stingt `kompakt become', stingrs `stramm, starr, zusammenhaltend, gespannt, steif';

about lat. timeō `dread mich', etc s. WH. II 682.

References: WP. II 610 f., WH. II 595;

See also: s. also steu̯ǝ- S. 1035.

Page(s): 1010-1011

Root / lemma: stāk-, stek-

Meaning: to stand; to put

German meaning: `stehen, stellen; stehend, Ständer = aufrecht stehender Pfahl'

Comments: extension from stā- `stand'

Material: Old Indian stákati `widersteht', av. staxta- `tight, firm, strong', staxra- `strong, tight, firm; esp. vom Winterfrost: stern'; umbr. stakaz `statūtus';

ahd. stahal n. m. aisl. stāl n. (derived ahd. stehli, ags. stiele n.) `Stahl' (from dem Germ. derives apr. staclan `Stahl'), germ. *stahla- probably = av. staxra-, idg. *stóklo-; aisl. stagl n. `wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient', norw. stagle `picket, pole', staga `steif gehen', aisl. stag n., ags. stæg n. `rope, hawser' (`*das steif gespannte');

with other meaning change (`stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become') aisl. stakka f. `Stummel', stakkaðr, stǫkuttr `short', dän. stak-aandet `kurzatmig'; lit. stokà `lack', stokstù, stõkti `to lack begin'.

References: WP. II 611, WH. II 585.

Page(s): 1011

Root / lemma: stā- : stǝ-

Meaning: to stand

German meaning: `stehen, stellen'

Comments: reduplicated si-stā-, extended stāi- : stī̆-, stāu- : stū̆- and st-eu-

Material: A. Old Indian tiṣṭhati, av. hištaiti, ap. 3. Sg. Impf. a-ištata `stehn' (: lat. sistō, ir. -sissiur; athematic still gr. ἵστημι, during late ahd. sestōn `disponere' from dem roman. ital. assestāre ` bring in order ' borrows is), Aor. Old Indian á-sthā-m (= gr. ἔστην), Perf. tasthā́u, tasthimá, tasthivas-; gr. ἵστημι (dor. ἵστᾱμι) `stelle', Aor. ἔστην, Perf. ἕστηκα, ἕσταμεν, ἑσταώς (ἐπί-σταμαι `verstehe' probably neologism after Aor. ἐπι-σταίμην, ἐπι-στάμενος); ἱστός `Mastbaum, the senkrechte Weberbaum, Gewebe';

av. ap. stāya- `stellen; Med. sich stellen';

lat. sistō `stelle', umbr. sestu `sistō', volsk. sistiatiens `statuērunt';

air. tair-(ś)issiur `stehe, bleibe stand', ar-sissedar `insistitur, innititur', fo-sissedar `tritt ein for' (sessam `das Stehen', sessed ds. etc);

lat. stō (stāre, stetī) = umbr. stahu `stehe', *stā-i̯ō; altlat. probably also trans. `stellen'; osk. staít (*stai̯ei̯eti) `stat' Pl. stahínt, eestínt (*ēstai̯ei̯ent) `extant'; air. ad-tāu, -tō `I befinde mich, bin' (*stā-i̯ō), 3. Sg. (ad)-tā = cymr. taw `daß es is' from *stā-t, unpersönl. Passiv tāthar `man is (mad, wicked, evil)'from *stā-to-ro (?), mcymr. Impersonale ny-m-dawr `es kümmert mich nicht', corn. ny-m-deur (*tā-ro-) `I will not'; air. ness- (*ni-stā-) `niedertreten' in com-ness- ds., `verurteilen', dī-ness ` despise ', to-ness- `betreten', ar-ossa `erwartet' (*are-uks-stā-); assae `light to tun' from *ad-stā-i̯o- `adponendus';

Note:

Maybe alb. stan 'winter station for animals' from med.L stantia f. L stant- pres. ppl stem of stare to stand.

as. ahd. stān, stēn `stand'; Reimwortbildungen to gēn, gān `gehen' (see 419); with t-extension: preterit got. stōÞ, aisl. stōð, as. stōd, ahd. stuot (mostly stuont after dem present) `I stand', wherefore with präsentischer nasalization got. as. standan, aisl. standa, ags. stondan, ahd. stantan `stand'; in addition ahd. stanta `Kübel, Kufe' and with neuem ablaut aisl. stund `time(punkt), while, hour, length', ags. stund f. `bestimmte time, hour, Mal', as. stunda `time(punkt)', ahd. stunta ds., spätmhd. also `hour';

lit. stóju (*stāi̯ō), stóti `tread', aksl. *stajǫ, stati `sich stellen', stojǫ stojati (*stǝi̯ēti) `stand'; toch. В ste `is', 3. Pl. stare.

B. idg. n-present *stǝ-nā- in av. fra-stanvanti `sie kommen voran', arm. stanam `erstehe, erwerbe', gr. kret. στανύω `stelle' (neologism gr. ἱστάνω); lat. prae-stināre `den Preis vorher feststellen, buy', dēstināre `festmachen, festsetzen, fest beschließen' (dēstina `pad'), obstināre `auf etwas bestehen'; alb. shtonj `vermehre' (`*stelle, staple auf'); aksl. stanǫ (Inf. stati) `werde mich stellen, tread'; apr. postānimai `wir become', postāt `become', stānintei `stehend'; toch. В stäm- `stand'; compare also die nouns with n-formant.

C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:

Old Indian ni-ṣṭhā́- `hervorstehend, -ragend', pari-ṣṭhā́- `(*herumstehend =) hemmend', f. ` hindrance ', pr̥thivi-ṣṭhā- (and -ṣṭhá-) `auf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend', rathē-ṣṭhā́- `auf dem Wagen stehend, kämpfend' = av. raϑaē-štā- `warrior'; gr. θέμις, -στος `right, law ' (originally Göttername `die fest and unverbrüchlich Stehende', *θεμί-στᾱ), gr. μετανάστης `wer seinen ursprünglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug verändert hat'; air. hiress `faith, belief' (Präf.*[p]eri + stā).

D. -st-o-: Old Indian e.g. prati-ṣṭhá- `standing firm' (-ṣṭhā f. `Stillestehen, Beharren'), duḥ-stha- = gr. δύσ[σ]τος `δύστηνος', bala-stha- `in voller Kraft stehend' under likewise; Subst. pra-stha- m. `Bergebene' (`hervorstehend') = air. ross `Vorgebirge, wood, forest', mbret. ross `hill', cymr. rhos `moor, fen', aksl. Adj. `straight, schlicht, simple, just'; Old Indian pr̥-ṣṭhá- n. `back' etc (see 813); gr. παστός `Bettvorhang' (compare with d-suffix gr. παραστάς, παστάς etc in the same place); Old Indian gōṣṭhá- m. n. `Kuhstall', bhayá-stha- m. n. `gefahrvolle Lage', ahd. ewi-st m. `Schafstall, Schafhürde', aisl. nau-st n. `Schuppen for Schiffe, Schiffshaus'; alb. breshtë, bresht f. `Tannenwald' (: brē `fir') under likewise; altillyr. Tergeste, Λαδεστα, -στον etc; Old Indian tri-ṣṭhá- `auf drei Unterlagen stehend', osk.trstus `testes' (tristaamentud `testamento'), lat. (to. i-stem geworden) testis (*tri-sto-) `wer as dritter, as Zeuge by zwei Streitenden steht', air. tress- `dritter'; lat. caelestis `incaelo stationem habens' (originally o-stem, compare ἅπαξ λεγ. Veneris caelestae), agrestis `ländlich'; lit. atstùs `afar' (: atstóti `sich entfernen'; vom Adverb atstù = Instr. auf -ṓ derive ), lett. nuô-st Adv. `weg, hinweg, fort'; lat. praestō `gegenwärtig, da, zur Hand, to Diensten';praestōlarī `bereitstehen' probably from *praestōdārī;

as idg. *st[ǝ]ti-s with in the Komposition geschwundenem ǝ are whereas aufzufassen:

Old Indian pr̥-ṣṭi- f. `back' etc (see 813 Mitte) and prati-ṣṭhi- `Widerstand'; gr. ἔξαστις `from dem Gewebe vorstehender Faden' (*ἔξ-αν-στις), κατ' ἄντηστιν `compared with' (*αντην-στι-); lit. dim-stis ` courtyard, courtyard, blessing'.

E. nouns with Dental-suffixes:

1. lat. super-stes, anti-stes (*stǝ-t-);

2. participle Old Indian sthitá- `stehend' (av. stāti- `stehend' with geneuerter = renamed, has changed?? lengthened grade), gr. στατός `gestellt, stehend', lat. (osk.-volsk.) status `gestellt'; air. fossad `tight, firm', cymr. gwastad `planus, constans, aequus' (*upo-statos); aisl. staðr `zum Stehen geneigt, stätig' (esp. from horses) derivative mhd. stetec ds.; ahd. stata f. `bequemer Ort or Zeitpunkt, help', nhd. zustatten; ahd. gistatōn `gute Gelegenheit give, gestatten', aisl. steðja `stellen, bestätigen, gestatten', mnd. steden ds., ags. stæÞÞan `zum Stehen bringen'; lit. stataũ, -ýti `stellen';

3. alb. mështet, pshtet `stütze, lehne an', fstetem `bleibe' (to Verbaladj. *stǝ-to-);

4. Old Indian sthíti- f. `das Stehen, Stand, Bestand', av. stāti- `Stehen, Aufstellung'; gr. στάσις, -εως ` position, Stand; Aufstand' (στατικός, στάσιμος);

lat. statim `during of Stehens, stehend'; klass. `auf the Stelle', statiō = osk. statíf `Standort', got. staÞs m. (i-stem), aisl. staðr m., ahd. stat f. `place, site, Stadt', ags. stede, styde f. `das Stehen, Stehenbleiben, site' (compare also anord. en-stem steði m., Gen.steðja `Amboß' from *staÞjan-, actually `Ständer'); zero grade av. stāiti- `Stehen, Stand, Aufstellung', aksl. postatь ` determination ', Inf. lit. stóti, lett. stāt, apr. stāt, aksl. stati `sich stellen, tread';

lat. status, -ūs `das Stehen, position, Stand', statuō, -ere `hin-, aufstellen', umbr. <statita `statūta'; bret. steut, cymr. ystawd `Garben' (*stā-tā), bret. steudenn ` spigot, nail' (*stā-t-), Loth RC. 43, 154 f.; lit. statùs `stehend, steil', got. staÞa Dat., as. stath m., ahd.stad, stado m. `Landungsort, bank, border, shore, seashore'; aisl. stǫð f. `Landungsort, position ', stǫðva `zum Stehen bringen' (*staÞwō(n), compare lat. statu-s, -ere); staði `Heustapel in the barn' (= mnd.stade `place, wo die Ernte aufgehäuft wird').

5. with dh-suffix: cymr. an-sawdd `das Festmachen', air. sādud (*stādh-ī-tu-) ds.; aisl. stōð n. `Standort, herd from Stuten with einem or mehreren Hengsten', ags. stōd n. `Pferdeherde', mnd. stōt (-d-) f. `Einzäunung for Pferde, herd from Zuchtpferden', ahd. stuot f. `herd from Zuchtpferden', also `mare', nhd. Stute; aisl. (e.g. hug-) stø̄ðr `standing firm, tight, firm' (rather idg. t because of got. ungastoÞai `ohne festen Stand'; t or dh with analog. ablaut ē: ahd. stāti `tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet', mnd. stēde `tight, firm, beständig'); Kaus. got. ana-, du-stōdjan `begin', aisl.stø̄ða `zum Stehen bringen'; with germ. *stōÞia- lautet ab lit. stãčias `stehend'; lit. statìnė `big, giant Holzwanne';

6. Old Indian sthātar- `Lenker', sthātr̥ n. `das Stehende', lat. stātor; gr. στατήρ, -ῆρος `ein Gewicht and eine Münze'; *st[ǝ]-ter with reduction of ǝ in compound, perhaps in Old Indian savya(ē)-ṣṭhar- `the links stehende Wagenkämpfer', av. raϑaē-štar- `warrior, Kriegsheld' (as raϑaē-štā-, see above; perhaps but reshuffling from -ṣṭhā after den nouns agentis auf -tar);

7. lat. obstāculum ` hindrance ' n.; cymr. cystadl `equivalent', distadl `wertlos' (*stǝ-tlo-); aisl. stǫðull m. `Melkplatz, Senne' = ags. staÞol `base, position, place', as. stathal ` position ', mnd. stadel `barn', ahd. stadal `Stand, Kornscheuer', nhd. (süddt.) Stadel, older dän. stedel `ground, Hofstätte'; lit. stãklės Pl. `loom'; lit. stãklė `picket, pole', lett. staklis `ds. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork ', apr. stakle `pad' (with kl from tl).

8. with formants -dhlo-: lat. stabulum `Standort, abode, residence; Lager wilder animal, Stall' (prōstibulum `Ding zum öffentlich Ausstehen, Dirne', naustibulum `Schiffstandort, vessel in Schiffsform'), stabilis `standing firm, steadfast', umbr. staflarem `stabulārem', osk. staflatas-set `statutae sunt', pälign. pri-stafalacirix `*praestibulātrix, antistita';

vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: -dh- in gr. σταθμός, mostly Pl. σταθμά `Stand, Standort, Gewicht', σταθερός `stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm'; -d- in στάδιος `stehend, unbeweglich, steif, zugewogen', στάδην `stehend', ἀπο-σταδόν `fern abstehend'.

9. with l-formant:

cymr. cystal ` just as well ' (*kom-sta-lo-); got. stōls `Thron', ahd. stuol, ags. stōl, anord.stōll `Stuhl', lit. pastõlai `Gestell for Bienenkörbe', zero grade aksl. stolъ `Thron, seat', in den neuern slav. Spr. `Stuhl' or `table, desk'.

10. with m-formant:

Old Indian sthā́man- n. `Standort, power '; gr. στήμων m., στήμεναι `stand', lat. stāmen n. `Aufzug am aufrecht stehenden loom, etc', umbr. Dat. stahmei `statiōni'; stahmito `statūtum'; air. sessam `das Stehen' (*si-stā-mu-), foessam ` protection' (*upo-si-sta-mu-) = mcymr. gwaessaw `Garantie'; got. stōma `ὑπόστασις, foundation, Stoff'; lit. stomuõ, -eñs `Statur'; russ. stamiík `Stützbalken';

gr. στάμνος `crock, pitcher', σταμῖν-ες Pl. `Ständer, Seitenbalken'; cymr. cysefin `erster' (*kentu-stamīno-); mir. samaigim `stelle', cymr. sefyll, corn. sevell `stand', bret. sévell (*stamili̯o-) `erect, to build' (besides with kelt. t air. tamun `tree truck'; ahd. stam, stammes `stem' etc seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- with einem staƀna-, s. *steb- `Pfosten'); toch. A ṣtām, В stām `tree'; but ahd. ungistuomi ` boisterous ' to stem- `hemmen', see there.

11. with n-formant (compare die Präsensbildungen with n):

Old Indian sthā́na- n., av. ap. stāna- n. `Standort, place', npers. sitān, gr. δύσ-[σ]τηνος, dor. δύστᾱνος `(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky ', ἄστηνος ds., lit. stónas `Stand', aksl.stanъ `Stand, Lager', alb. shtuarë `stehend', shtorazë `erect' (*stā-no-di̯o-, compare to d-suffix gr. ἀποσταδόν etc), shtâzë, shtėzë `Vieh' (*stan-zë).

Maybe alb. stan ‘animal stall’, (*status), shtat ‘standing body’, shtyj ‘push (pushing animal)’, shtie ‘kill (an animal)’. Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: stā- : stǝ- : (to stand) derived from Root / lemma: sed- : (to sit).

12. with r-formants: Old Indian sthirá- `tight, firm, unbeweglich'; lit. stóras `thick, umfangreich' (actually `stämmig'), aksl. starъ `old' (`*stämmig' in contrast zur zarteren Jugend), anord. stōrr `big, large', as. stōri `big, large, illustrious', ags. stōr `vast, grand';

13. with dem i̯ from *stā-i̯ō other formations: Old Indian jala-sthāya- m. ` water container, water carrier ', sthāyin- `stille stehend, verweilend, stetig' under likewise, sthēmán- m. `Festigkeit, Ruhe, duration' (*sthayiman-).

F. st(h)āu-: st(h)ū-: lit. stóviu, -ė́ti `stand' (Memel stáunu), stovà `place', stõvis `state, status', stovùs `stehend (vom water)', lett. stãvu, stãvêt `stand', stãvus `stehend, erect';stãvs `steil', stāvs `shape', stāvi, stāve `loom'; aksl. staviti `stellen', stavъ `Stand, Gefüge'; ags. stōw, afries. stō f. `place', aisl. eld-stō `Feuerstätte'; got. stōjan `richten' (perhaps *stōwjan : aksl. staviti), staua f. `court' (*stōwō), staua m. `judge', ags. stōwian ` restrain ', engl. stow `stauen', ahd. mhd. stouwen (*stawjan) `(au)klagen; (scheltend) gebieten; Refl. sich stauen', nhd. stauen; with ū: ahd. stūatago `Gerichtstag', stūan `anklagen, scold, chide, hemmen', mnd. stūwen (= stouwen, stōwen) `stauen', etc;

with gradation stōu-: gr. *στωF-ός ` column ' in att. στοιά, στοά (*στωFι̯ᾱ), äol. στωΐα `Säulenhalle', στωΐδιον Demin., στωικός `zur Schule the Stoa gehörig', στώμιξ δοκὶς ξυλίνη Hes.;

zero grade: Old Indian sthūṇā ` column ' (mind. n̥ from n), av. stū̆na, stunā ` column '; gr. στύ̄ω `steife, richte empor', Med. `bin steil aufgerichtet', στῦμα n. `erectio penis', στύμος στέλεχος, κορμός; στῦλος m. ` column, Griffel', στύραξ `das untere end the Lanze'; aisl. stūmi `ein Riese'; mhd. stūnende `widersetzlich', nhd. staunen as `starr blicken'; keine Belege for diese ablaut grade are whereas die u-stem Old Indian su-ṣṭhú Adv. `good, beautiful', anu-ṣṭhú, anu-ṣṭhuyā́ `sogleich';

with t-forms in addition: aisl. stoð (Pl. stoðir, støðr, steðr) f. `pad, Pfosten, Unterstützung', ags. stuðu, studu f. `pad, Pfosten', mhd. stud f. ds., aisl. stuðill m.ds., mhd. studel `Pfosten, Turpfosten';

aisl. styðja `prop, support', ahd. studen ` belay, statuere', aisl. stoða `unterstützen, help'; with intens. consonant stretch: mnd. stutten `(under-)prop, support', ahd. (under)stutzen, nhd. (under)stützen; also ahd. stūda `Staude'; lett. stute, stuta `Reis, rod';

reduced grade stǝu-: gr. σταυρός `picket, pole' = aisl. staurr `picket, pole' (ablaut. norw. dial.styr, styrja `long shaft, pole, steife person'); lat. in: instaurāre `instand place' (originally from Stangen, Ständern beim Bau), restaurāre `wiederinstandsetzen'.

G. st-eu-, st-eu̯ǝ- `massiv, tight, firm, thick, breit' (germ. stiura see below) as `standsicher, standing firm' in Old Indian sthāvará- `thick, standing firm, beständig' (latter meaning and die Vokallänge perhaps through Anlehnung an sthā- `stand'), sthávira- `breit, thick, strong, dense, old', (or after dem compounds Sup. erfolgter replacement for:) Old Indian sthūrá-, sthūlá- `thick' = av. stūra- `umfangreich, strong' (Kompositionsform stūi-, stvi-, i.e. *stuvi-), Kompar. Superl. Old Indian sthávīyas-, av.staoyā̊ `the Umfangreichere, Stärkere, Größere', Old Indian sthá-viṣṭha-, av. stāvišta- `the Stärkste, Derbste, Gröbste', Old Indian stháviman- n. `Breite', av. stavah- n. `thickness, fatness, Starke'; arm. stvar `thick' (*stuu̯ar-);

aschw. stūr `big, large' (besides stōr, see above), stȳras `brag', mnd. stūr `big, large, strong, heavy; störrisch, coarse, unfreundlich' (compare Old Indian ni-ṣṭhura- `rough, hard, coarse', ni-ṣṭhūrin- `coarse, raw'), aisl. stūra `Düsterheit', Vb. ` grieving sein' (nschw. stūra `starr hinsehen' in the meaning after the family of nhd. stieren umgeändert), zero grade ahd. stiuri `strong, stately, stout, proud';

with other meaning: ahd. stiura, mhd. stiure `pad, Steuerruder, Unterstützung, tax', nhd. Steuer f. and (from dem Nd.) n., ags. stēor f. `Steuerruder', aisl. stȳri n. `Steuerruder', mnd. stür(e) n. `Steuerruder', f. n. `Regierung; help, Gegenwehr', f. `Unterstützung', got. us-stiurei `Zügellosigkeit', mnd. unstǖre ds., got. stiurjan `feststellen, behaupten', nhd. zur Steuer der Wahrheit, aisl. stȳra `ein ship steuern; regieren', ags. stīeran ds., ahd.stiurren `prop, support, steuern, lenken'; probably originally `picket, pole, Steuerruder (secondary: with it prop, support, lenken)', with aisl. staurr, gr. σταυρός (see above) under *stēu-ro- : *stǝu̯-ro- compatible, das from *st(h)āu- not quite apart, separated become could;

to Old Indian sthūrá- etc stellt sich probably idg. steu-ro- `bull (and anderes cattle)':

av. staora- `cattle', mpers. stōr ` draft animal, steed', got. stiur m. `Stierkalb, bull' (after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 483 = Old Indian sthávira-); ahd. stior, ags. stēor, aisl. stiōrr (besides Þjōrr) `bull'.

References: WP. II 603 ff., WH. I 343 f., 705 f., Trautmann 280 ff., Vasmer 3, 2 ff.

Page(s): 1004-1010

Root / lemma: steb(h)- and stēb(h)- : stǝbh-, nasalized stemb(h)-; step- (also stēp-?), nasalized stemp-; nominal stǝbho-s, stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s

Meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc.

German meaning: Bedeutungsumfang: `Pfosten, Pfeiler, stem, Baumstumpf (also `Busch, Büschel'); verbal: `prop, support, versteifen, feststellen, anhalten, (also `hemmen'), (auf)stampfen, treten (Tritt, grade, Fußspur); beschimpfen (steif and herausfordernd dastehen; brag, boast), staunen (from erstarrt dastehen)'

Comments: relationship to *stā- `stand' is möglich.

Material: root form with -b:

Old Indian stábaka- m. n. ` tussock ', stambá- m. `bush, tussock ' (= lit. stámbas `Kohlstrunk');

gr. στέμβω `stampfe, mißhandle, schmähe', στεμβάζειν λοιδορεῖν, Hes. στόβος m. `Schelten, Prahlerei', στοβέω, στοβάζω `schmähe';

as. preterit stōp `trat fest auf', ags. stæppan (steppan), stōp `fest treten, schreiten', ahd.stepfen and stapfōn `fest auftreten, fest auftretend schreiten', in addition Kaus. ags. stǣpan `einweihen', ahd. (Hildebrandslied) stoptun tosamane `liessen zusammenstapfen'; mnd. stappe, ahd. stapf, stapfo (stāffo) `Stapfe, Fußspur' (germ. *stapp-); aisl. stǫpull m. `Pfosten, Pfeiler, tower', afries. stapul `Richtblock; Krone eines Zahnes', ags. stapol m. `stem, Pfosten, column ', mnd.stapel m. ` column, Unterlage, aufgeschichteter heap, Stapelplatz' (out of it nhd. Stapel), ahd. stapfal, staffal ` foundation, Schritt, grade', nhd. Staffel `Leitersprosse, Treppenabsatz'; as. stōpo m. `Tritt, Fußspur', ags. stōpel ds., ahd. stuoffa, stuofa, nhd. grade, mhd. stüefe `tight, firm, strong'; ags. stǣpe, stepe, Pl. stapas `Schritt, grade', afries. stepe ds., aisl. stapi m. `hoher and steiler Felsen'; afries. stēpa `beisteuern' (denominative from:) afries. ield-stōpe `Beisteuer; Wergeld', ahd. stuopfa ds. (Aksl. stapъ `Steigbügel' from dem Germ.);

nasalized and. stamp, ahd. stampf m. `tool zum Stoßen', (aksl. stopa `mortar' from dem Germ.), therefrom aisl. stappa `bump, poke, stomp, zermalmen', ags. stempan `in mortar zerstoßen' (engl. stamp also `prägen'), mhd. stempfen and ahd. stampfōn, mhd. stampfen `stomp, hit, prägen' and further mnd. stempel, ahd. stempfil `Stämpfel, pestle'; mnd. stump m. `Baumstumpf; adj. `dull, stupid', ahd. stumpf m. `stump, Stummel, Baumstumpf'; Adj. `stumpf, verstümmelt, abbreviated ';

problematisch mir. sibal `a walking, marching' (*stebulo-).

root form with -bh-:

Old Indian stabhnā́ti, stabhnṓti, stambhatē, -ti `prop, support, hemmen', Medd. `steif become, erstarren', stabhitá- `gestützt', stabdha- `steif, starr; hochmütig', Kaus. stambhayati, -te `befestigt, makes steif, lähmt,, halt an, oppressed', stambha- m. `Pfosten, column; Hemmung, Lähmung; Aufgeblasenheit', (compare np. sitamba `gewalttätig, streitsüchtig'), stambhanam `Befestigung, Festhalten, Hemmung' = av. stǝmbana- `pad', av. stawra- `tight, firm', np. sitabr, istabr `strong, vast, grand'; ved. stabhūyán, stabhūyámāna- `sich nicht from the Stelle rührend, unbeweglich', ap. sta^mbava `leiste Widerstand! lehne dich auf!' (indoiran. *sta^mbhau-);

gr. ἀστεμφής `unerschütterlich' (actually `wer nicht gepreßt become kann'), στέμφυλα n. Pl. `ausgepreßte Oliven or Trauben', σταφυλή ` grape, Weinstock; Zäpfchen in Munde', σταφύλη `Senkblei';

mir. sab f. `Schaft, Pfeiler, stick' (*stǝb[h]ā); semmor `Klee' (*stemb[h]ro-);

aisl. stefja (*staƀjan) `hinder', stefna `stauen' (*steif make, zum Stehen bringen'), ahd. stabēn `starr, steif sein', ostfries. staf `steif, lahm'; got. *stafs (Nom. Pl. stabeis) στοιχεῖα `Buchstaben' (Unterricht through Runenstäbchen), aisl. stafr `staff, pad, alphabetic letter', ags. stæf `staff, alphabetic letter', ahd. mhd. stap (-b-) `stick, pad, Stab'; schwed. dän. staver `Zaunpfahl' (compare aksl. stoborъ, lit. stãbaras); afries. stef `staff';

aisl. stef n. (*stabja-), stefna f. (*staƀanjōn-) `bestimmte, feste time etc', ags. stefn, stemm m. `time, Mal, Periode'; aisl. stafn n. `Steven, Hausgiebel', as. stamn m. `Steven', ags. stefn, stemn m. `stem, root, Steven', ahd. stam (-mm-) `tree truck, Geschlechtsstamm', nhd. stem (Verquikkung eines *staƀ-na- with einem *stam-na-: air. tamun `tree truck');

nasalized ahd. stumbal `abgeschnittenes Stück, Stummel', stumbilōn `verstümmeln', afries. stemblinge `Verstümmelung'.

lit. stem̃bti `Stengel ansetzen', stem̃bras, stembrỹs `Stengel' (= mir. semmor), stim̃bras `Schwanzstumpf, -stummel', žem. stámbris ``Stengel', lit. stambùs `coarse, grobkörnig', stámbas `Kohlstrunk', lett. stuobrs `Halm, reed'; lit. stebulė̃ f. `Radnabe', lett. stebe `Mast', russ.stebátь, klr. stebnuty `peitschen; steppen, sew '; stabýti, stabdýti `zum Stehen bringen', stãbas `Pfosten, Schlagfluß', alit. stabas `Götzenbild' (divine revered peg, plug), lett. stabs `Pfeiler, column ', apr. stabis m. `Stein', stabni f. `(steinerner) Ofen', lit. stãbaras `trockener bough', aksl. stoborъ ` column '; with the meaning `staunen': lit. stebė́tis;

root form auf -p-:

Old Indian in Kaus. sthāpáyāmi `stelle, gründe';

aksl. stopa `Fußspur', stepenь `grade', altlit. stapýtis `stand bleiben', lit. stẽpas `Schlagfluß', stapìnti `penem erigere';

aksl. stǫpiti, stǫpati `tread'.

References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalpräs. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16, 19, 35.

Page(s): 1011-1013

Root / lemma: stegh-, nasal. stengh-

Meaning: to stick; pole, stalk, etc.

German meaning: `stechen; Stange, Halm, Spitzes, Steifes'

Material: Gr. στόχος `das assigned Ziel, Vermutung' (στοχάζομαι `ziele, forsche from, errate'); schwed. stagg (germ. *stagga-) `stiff and stechendes Gras', dial. `Achel, Stichling (Fisch)', wherefore *staggian- `with *sting, prick = penis versehen' in aisl. steggi m. `Stecher', nisl. also `tomcat, male-cat' (late ags. stagga m., engl. stag `the ausgewachsene deer', engl. dial. also `Männchen', from dem Nord.); preuß.-lit. stegė, stegis `Stichling', lett. staga(i)s `ein stacheliger Fisch', stage `Alant' (also stagi `ein herb, das as Kohl gegessen wird'?);

nasalized: gr. στόνυξ, -υχος (geformt after ὄνυχ- `scharfe cusp, peak'), στόνυξι κέρασι Hes.; στάχῠ̄ς, -υος (also ἄσταχυς) m. `Ähre' (α = n̥);

aisl. stinga, stakk, ags. stingan `stecken'; got. usstagg `ἔξελε, stich from!'; ahd. stanga, aisl. stǫng `stick, picket, pole, shaft, pole', ags. steng (*stangi-) ds., nl. steng (*stangiō[n]-) ds., ahd. stengil `Stengel'; ablaut. ahd. stungen `prick';

ksl. ostegъ, serb.-ksl. ostežь `dress, mantle'; russ. stegátь, stegnútь `steppen, sew, peitschen', stëžka ` suture' (e in geschlossener syllable from ь and auf stegátь figurative); čech. steh, poln. ścieg, ścig `prick, sting';

here as `sich versteifen', with the Intonation einer heavy basis: lit. sténg-iu, -ti `sich anstrengen', Refl. `sich widersetzen', stangùs `widerspenstig'?

References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285.

Page(s): 1014-1015

Root / lemma: (s)teg-1

Meaning: to cover

German meaning: `decken'

Material: Old Indian sthagati (umbelegt), sthagayati `verhüllt, verbirgt'; gr. στέγω `decke, schütze etc', στέγος, τέγος n. (= air. tech), στέγη, τέγη f. `Dach, house', στεγανός `deckend, schirmend; bedeckt, versteckt', στεγνός `bedeckend, schützend; bedeckt, verschlossen; kompakt, tight, firm, dense' (see because of this meaning also *tegu- `thick'), στεκτικός `bedeckend, schützend';

lat. tegō, -ere `cover, bedecken', tēctum `Dach' (= στεκτός), tegulum `cover, Dach, Hülle', teges, -etis `cover, Matte', tē;gula ` a roof tile ', toga ` the white woolen upper garment worn by Roman citizens '; umbr. tehteřim ` a covering, plaster used for covering';

maybe alb. (*tēgula) tjegulla `tile, brick', (*tēgula) tulla `tile, brick', tehu (*tegu) `blade, sharp edge' [common alb., italic -g- > -h- phonetic mutation]

air. tech (neutraler -es-stem = gr. τέγος), acymr. tig, ncymr. ty, acorn. ti `house', abret. bou-tig `Kuhstall' (with unclear brit. i); Pl. acymr. te, ncymr. tai, also in air. teg-lach `Hausgenossenschaft', cymr. teulu, acorn. teilu `Familie' (*tego-slougo-), air. -tuigiur `I decke' = ahd. decchiu; tuige `stramen' (*togi̯ā), imthuge `Bedeckung, Bekleidung', cymr. am-do `amiculum, involucrum', air. ētach `dress', cymr. corn. to `Dach', cymr. toï `tegere';

aisl. Þekja `cover', ags. Þeccan `bedecken', ahd. decchen `cover' (iterative *togei̯ō = air. tuigiur, under Verdrängung from idg. *tegō); aisl. Þak, ags. ðæc, ahd. dah n. `Dach'; aisl. Þekja `Dach', ahd. decchi `cover, Dach'; ags. Þecen, as. thecina ds., in addition aisl. staka, stakka f. `fell, fur'; (without s norw. dial. taka `Schweinshaut');

lengthened grade lit. stíegiu stíegti `ein Dach eindecken', apr. steege `barn', lit. stíegtojas `Dachdecker', ablaut. stógas = apr. stogis `Dach'; perhaps russ.-ksl. stogъ m. `barn, haystack, heap'.

References: WP. II 621 f., WH. II 654 f., Trautmann 288.

Page(s): 1013-1014

Root / lemma: (s)teg-2

Meaning: pole, stick, beam

German meaning: `Stange, Pfahl, Stock, Knüttel, Balken'

Comments: s. also under steig- `prick'

Material: Arm. t`akn, Gen. t`akan `cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint', t`akaɫak, t`akaɫaɫ `capitello, architrave';

lat. tīgnum (*tegnom) `timber, balk, beam';

aisl. stjaki `picket, pole, shaft, pole' = ahd. stehho `cudgel, club, picket, pole, Stecken, peg, plug'; (with expressive Gemination stekko): aschwed. staki ` shaft, pole, spit, pike', ags. staca ds., mnd. stake ds., ahd. stach `Spießhirsch';

dän. stak `Achel, awn'; denominative aisl. stjaka `bump, poke', staka `bump, poke, fall', mnd. staken `bump, poke'; got. hleiÞra-stakeins `Einstecken from Zelten';

vom Bilde the shaft, pole genommen is norw. dial. staka, stjaka `steif gehen, stumble', nd. stakern ds.;

aisl. stakkr `barn, haystack', mnd. stak `schräger Damm from Pfählen and deadwood' (: aksl. stogъ `barn, haystack');

lit. stãgaras, stegerỹs `dürrer langer Stengel', lett. stēga f., stēgs m. `long shaft, pole, long stick, spit, pike'; stega f. `penis';

aksl. stežerъ `cardo', russ. stožár ` shaft, pole', sloven. stę̂žja, stǫ̂žje `Schoberstock', serb. stȍžêr `tree auf the Dreschtenne', osorb. sćëžor `Mast'; aksl. stogъ `haystack'; stěgъ `banner, ensign, flag'; about aksl. stьgno see under (s)teigʷ-.

References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.

Page(s): 1014

Root / lemma: steigh-

Meaning: to march, ascend

German meaning: `schreiten, steigen'

Material: Old Indian stighnōti `steigt' (Dhātup.), ved. pra-stighnuyāt Opt. present `er möge emporkommen', ati-ṣṭigham Inf. `übersteigen, bemeistern';

gr. στείχω `schreite, go', *στίξ, Gen. στιχός, Pl. στίχες, -ας `row, Zeile', att. στίχος `row, Zeile, line', στιχᾶσθαι `in dichter Reihe besides- or hintereinander gehen or kommen', στοῖχος `row, line';

alb. shtek, shteg-u `Durchgang, Eingang, way, Haarscheitel' (= στοῖχος);

air. tīagu `I schreite, go', techt f. `das Gehen, the summoner ', cymr. taith `journey' = bret. tiz `haste, hurry' (*[s]tiktā), cymr. mor-dwy `Seefahrt' (*[s]teigho-) etc;

got. steigan, aisl. stīga, ags. ahd. stīgan `steigen' (= gr. στείχω); ahd. stīg `Steig, Pfad, grade', aisl. stīgr `Fußsteig'; got. staiga `Steig, way', ahd. steiga `steiler way';

ahd. steg m. `Steg, small bridge'; aisl. stigi m. `Stiege, ladder', stig n. `Schritt, grade', ags. stige `das Hinauf- or Herabsteigen', ahd. stega `grade, stairs, ladder' (ahd. stiega, nhd. Stiege with ē², also probably from *stēighā); ags. stǣger f. `Тreрре' (engl. stair), mnd. steiger `steil', nld. `Ladeplatz, scaffold, trestle', aisl. steigur-ligr `steil, erect'; aisl. stētt f. `Fußspur, Trittstein, way, Stand, rank', stēttr m. ds. (: cymr. taith), aisl. stētta `unterstützen, help', ags. stihtan, stihtian (`*auf eine basis stellen =) einrichten, sort, order, arrange', anfrk. stihtan (= ahd. stiftan?) etc;

lit. staigà Adv. `sudden', staigùs `violent, quick, fast aufbrausend', staigaũs, -ýtis and steigiúos, steĩgtis `sich beeilen, sich bemühen'; lett. stèidzu(ôs), stèigt(iês) `sich beeilen', staĩgât `wandeln', stiga `Pfad'; aksl. stignǫ `I komme', stьdza, stьza `Fußsteig, road', stьgna `road'.

References: WP. II 614 f., Trautmann 285 f.

Page(s): 1017-1018

Root / lemma: (s)teig-

Meaning: to stick; sharp

German meaning: `stechen; spitz'

Comments: extension from stei- ds.

Material: Old Indian tējatē `is sharp, schärft', tējáyati `schärft, stachelt', tiktá- `sharp, bitter', tigmá- `spiky, sharp', tḗjas- n. ` sharpness, cutting edge, radiance ', tḗjana-m `das Schärfen, Anzünden; cusp, peak, Pfeilspitze, Rohrstab, Pfeilschaft', wherefore as collective tējanī́ f. `netting or Bund from reed, straw under likewise';

av. taēɣa-, taēža- `sharp; m. sharpness', tiɣra-, ар. tigra- `sharp'; afghan. tērǝ `sharp, spiky' (*taigra-); av. tiži- ds., tiɣri- `Pfeil' etc, np. tēɣ `cusp, peak, sword' (arm. Lw. tēg `Lanze'), tēz `sharp', tēj `Pfeil';

without anlaut. s- also germ. *Þī̆hstila- `thistle' (compare den s-stem Old Indian tḗjas-) in aisl. Þistill, ags. ðistel, ahd. distil and norw. tīstel, ostfries. dīssel `thistle' and perhaps acymr. tigom `naevi' (`*Punkt, Tupf' from `prick, sting'? compare gr. στίγμα);

gr. στίζω `steche, tätowiere', στίγμα `prick, sting, Punkt', στικτός `varicolored' (`gestickt');

lat. īnstīgō, -āre `anspornen, sting, goad, anreizen, aufreizen';

nasalized īnstinguō `reize an', interstinguō `besetze (bestecke) hin and again with etwas', distinguō `(steche, stochere apart) unterscheide' (-uō after unguō etc), umbr. anstintu `distinguito'; lat. stinguō, -ere `auslöschen' (vom Auseinanderstochern the brennenden Scheite);

mir. tiug- (*tigu-) `letzter', acymr. guotig, cymr. wedi `after' (`*hinter dem end'), air. tigernae `master, mister', gall. Tigernum castrum, cymr. teyrn `ruler' (often beeinflußt from *tegos `house'); bret. stec'h ` fascicle, sheaf ' (*stikkā); bret. stiogen `Tintenschnecke' to *stiog from *stigākā (compare Loth RC. 43, 156);

got. stiks `prick, sting, Punkt', ahd. stih, as. stiki, mnd. steke, ags. stice m. `ds.'; stician `prick'; Intr. `steckenbleiben, fest bleiben', mnd. sticken `prick, sticken, kindle, inflame, ersticken', ahd. sticken `prick, sticken', ir-sticken `ersticken', ahd. steckēn `festsitzen', nhd. stecken (*stikkēn gleichsam `angenagelt sein'); aisl. steikja `fry' (eig. `an den spit, pike stecken'; in addition steikr `Braten', stikna `roasted become'); with Ablautentgleisung: as. stëkan `festheften, festhaften', ahd. stëhhan, nhd. stechen, Kaus. *stakjan in ahd. stecken `(durch Stiche) befestigen, einstecken', nhd. stecken tr., got. staks `Wundmal', ahd. stahhula `sting, prick', aisl. stǣkr `stinkend, sharp'; diese structure in die e-Reihe war begünstigt through die germ. Ableger from *steg- ` shaft, pole' (e.g. aisl. stjaki m. `Pfosten'), with denen sich die group got. stiks, nhd. stechen to einer neuen Einheit zusammenschloß; so based on formal auf *stig-, but with the meaning from *steg-: aisl. stika, ahd. stehho `Stecken' (letzteres but zugleich also = aisl.stjaki), aisl. stik n. `picket, pole'; with kk: aisl. stikka `Stecken, shaft, pole', ags. sticca m. `Stecken, spoon', as. stekko `Stecken, picket, pole', ahd. stecko `Stecken';

to *stig- stellen sich still: aisl. stikill `cusp, peak', ags. sticel(s) m. `sting, prick', mnd. stekel, ahd. stihhil `sting, prick', nhd. Stichel; got. stikls, ahd. stehhal `Becher' as `zum Einstecken in die Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel'; as. stekal `rough, steinig', mnd. stekel `devexus', ags. sticol `steil, high', ahd. stehhal, mhd. stechel, stichel, stickel `steil' as `die Fußsohlen pricking, voll spitzer Steine';

lett. stigt ` sink in ', lit. stingù stigaũ, stìgti and stýgau, -oti `an einem Orte ruhig verbleiben (steckenbleiben'); in the case of to (s)teigʷh-?

References: WP. II 612 ff., Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 86 f., 191, Vasmer 3, 8;

See also: see under (s)teg-2.

Page(s): 1016-1017

Root / lemma: (s)teigʷ-

Meaning: shoulder, arm, hip

German meaning: `Schulter, Arm, Schenkel'?

Material: Arm. t`ēkn, Gen. t`ikan `shoulder, Achsel; Arm', Pl. t`itunk` `Schultern; back; rump, Seite eines Gebäudes etc' (*toigʷ-no-);

kelt. *toibos from *toigʷ-os- in air. tōeb, tōib n., cymr. corn. bret. tu `Seite';

aksl. stьgno `femur', slov. stégno `thigh', russ. stegnó `hip, haunch, Lende; thigh'.

References: WP. II 614; different Vasmer 3, 8 (to steg-2).

Page(s): 1018

Root / lemma: (s)teigʷh-

Meaning: to await patiently

German meaning: `ausharren, ruhig verweilen'?

Material: Old Indian títikṣatē `hält from, duldet', titikṣā `geduldiges Ertragen, endurance, Geduld'; got. stiwiti `Geduld'; here lett. stigt, above S. 1017.

References: WP. II 615.

Page(s): 1018

Root / lemma: (s)tei-

Meaning: sharp, spike

German meaning: `spitzig'

Material: Av. staēra- `Bergspitze' ἅπαξ λεγ., taēra- `Bergspitze, acme, apex ' (probably *stoi-lo-, so that dieVollstufe to:) lat. stilus `spitziger picket, pole, Stiel, Stengel, Griffel zum Schreiben'; with formants-mo-: lat. sti-mu-lus `sting, prick'; in addition lat. stīva (and *stēva the rom. Sprachen) `Pflugsterz' as *stei-u̯ā? compare Old Indian tīvrá- `violent, sharp', das from `*sharp, pricking ' could have evolved;

about ahd. as. stil etc s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f.

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 592.

Page(s): 1015

Root / lemma: (s)tel-1

Meaning: to let flow; to urinate

German meaning: `fließen lassen, harnen'

Material: Gr. σταλάσσω, att. -ττω `rinnen lassen; triefen, drip' (probably analogical for -άζω), στάλαγμα `drip', σταλαγμός `das Tröpfeln, drip', late σταλάω `σταλάσσω'; τέλμα n. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar' (arm. teɫm, tiɫm `slime, mud, ordure' out of it borrows?);

engl. stale `urine', to stale `urinate, pass water', mnd. stal `urine the Pferde', mnd. nhd. stallen `urinate, pass water' (from horses, schweiz. also from people); unclear mbret. staut, nbret. staot `urine' (*stalto-?);

eine ĝ(h)-extension perhaps in lit. įtel̃žti ` steep, eingießen', Intrans. ištil̃žti `aufweichen', ablaut. tul̃žti `humid, wet become'; proto slav.. *tъlstъ `swollen, thick' in aksl. *tlъstъ ds., russ. tolstyj `thick'.

References: WP. II 642 f., Trautmann 331 f., Vasmer 3, 117.

Page(s): 1018

Root / lemma: stel-2, stelǝ-

Meaning: broad, to broaden

German meaning: `ausbreiten, flach hinbreiten'

Material: Arm. aṙa-staɫ (*stḷ-no-) `Dach', lain `breit' (*lai-in, extension from lai- from *stlā-to =lat. lātus);

lat. lātus (*stlā-to-) `breit', older anlaut in stlatta `Kauffahrteischiff';

ablaut. *stlǝ- in latus, -eris n. `Seite', later `Ziegelstein' (whether `platter Stein'), perhaps lāmina `dünne Platte', whether from *(s)tlā-menā `die ausgebreitete', also Latium, if from *(s)tlǝ-t-iom `Flachland';

proto slav.. steljǫ stьlati ` outspread ' in aksl. po-steljǫ, po-stьlati `στρωννύειν', stelja f. `στέγη'; in addition lett. slāju, slāt `laden, packen'.

References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;

See also: probably to stel-3.

Page(s): 1018-1019

Root / lemma: stel-3

Meaning: to put, place

German meaning: `stellen, aufstellen; stehend, unbeweglich, steif; Ständer, Pfosten, stem, Stiel'

Material: Old Indian sthála-m, sthalī́ `elevation, Anhöhe, Festland', sthálā `Erdaufschüttung', sthálati (Dhātup.) `steht'; perhaps sthāla-m, sthālī́ `vessel, pot, pan'; unclear sthāṇú- `standing firm', Subst. `stump, stick' (*stharnú-, idg. *st(h)el-nu-?);

arm. steɫcanem `schaffe', steɫn, Pl. steɫunk` `stem, Stengel, twig, branch';

gr. στέλλω `stelle auf (in order); bestelle, lasse kommen; schicke; rüste to, kleide, stelle fertig', στόλος m. `Zurüstung, pull, Heereszug' and `hervorstehender balk, beam, peg, plug, Ruderstange and likewise', στολή f. `armament, armor, Kleidung, Ausrüstung, Heereszug'; στολίζω `bestelle, make fertig, rüste', στελεά̄ f. `Stiel the axe', later στελεόν n., homer. στελει-ή, -όν ds., att. στελεός m. ds., στέλεχος n. `stem, Strunk; fool '; lesb.-thess. στάλλα, dor. στά̄λᾱ, att. στήλη ` column ' (*stḷ-nā, compare ahd. stollo); perhaps στάλιξ(ᾰ); `peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze';

alb. shtjelj (*stel-nō) `wickle ein'?;

lat. stolidus ` doltish, stupid, ungebildet', stultus `crazy', stolō, -ōnis `Wurzelschoß' (eig. `Steecken, Stiel');

lat. locus, altlat. stlocus `place' (*stlo-ko-); īlicō `auf the Stelle' (*en-stlokōd);

aisl. stjǫlr `rump', norw. stjø̄l `Stengel, Stiel', ags. stela m. `Pflanzenstiel', ablaut. mengl. stall `Pflanzenstengel, Leitersprosse, Stiel', mnd. stale, stal `Pfosten; foot'; aisl. stāl n. `barn, haystack, Stapel', ags. stǣl `place' (*stēlā); vandal. PN Stilico = nhd. Stilka;

aisl. stallr (*stolnos) `Gestell, altar, crib, Stall', ags. steall ` position, Stand, Stall', ahd. mhd. stal (-ll-) `domicile, place, Stall'; therefrom ahd. stellen `auf-, feststellen, einrichten', as. stellian, ags. stellan `place, stellen'; aisl. stallra `stehenbleiben, stocken';

as. stollo `Fußgestell', ahd. stollo, mhd. stolle `pad, Gestell, Pfosten, foot eines Sessels', nhd. Stolle, Stollen (idg. *stl̥n-, compare gr. στήλη and das the changing by ablaut aisl. stallr `Gestell');

as. ahd. stilli `still, ruhig', ags. stille ds. (*stel-ni-); aisl. stilla `stillen, sort, order, arrange, überlisten', as. gistillian `stillen', ags. stillan `stillen, beruhigen', Intr. `still become', ahd. nhd. stillen `still make';

isl. stālmi, norw. stalme m. `das Angeschwollensein of Euters', schwed. stolm `Stoppeln' (: lett. stul̂ms); norw. stalma, stolma ` curdle, coagulate, harden ';

apr. stallīt `stand'; lett. stul̂ms `Baumstumpf; Glied, Arm, leg';

as s-lose Nebenformen kommt in Betracht *tel- `still sein' (see there).

Erweiterte root forms:

stelb-, stelp-; st_elbo- `Pfosten':

and. stelpōn `stagnare', ndl. stelpen `stillen, hemmen', nhd. (nd.) stelpen `sistere sanguinem', mnd. stalpen `stagnāre', stolpe `Schmalz and other Fettarten' (`*gestockt'); aisl. stolpi, mengl. stulpe, mnd. stolpe `balk, beam, Pfosten'; mnd. stülpen `umstülpen, umkehren', stulpe `Stülpe, Topfdeckel'; norw. stolpa `with steifen and langen Schritten gehen', nhd. (nd.) stolpern under likewise;

lit. stalbúotis `stand bleiben', stelbúotis `schal become', ablaut. lett. stul̃bs `betäubt, verblüfft', stùlbs `Pfosten', ablaut. stil̃bs `shinbone'; aksl. stlъba `grade', russ. stolb ` column, Pfosten';

danehen with p lit. stul̃pas, lett. stùlps, aksl. stlъpъ `columna, turris', russ. stolp;

eine nasal. root form stlemb- probably in lat. stlembus `schwerfällig, slow'.

steld-:

Old Indian at most in sthaḍu- m. `Buckel, Höcker';

ahd. stëlza, mnd. stelte, schwed. stylta, mengl. stilte `Stelze', engl. stilt ds.; nd. stilte ` shaft, pole, Stengel', ags. styltan `verdutzt sein' (*erstarren'), ostfries. stoltern `stumble', mhd. stolzen, stülzen `hinken', schwed. stulta `stumble', mnd. stolt `stately, hochmütig', ahd. mhd. stolz ds. (mhd. also `crazy');

ein dh-present to stel- in got. and-staldan `darreichen, offer, bid', ga-staldan `acquire, besitzen', ags. stealdan `besitzen', ahd. (etc) hagustalt `(only einen Hag besitzend =) Taglöhner, unverheirateter man, Hagestolz'.

stelg- (also stelk-?) nominal (s)tolgo-:

mir. tolg m. f. ` strength '; aschwed. stiælke, norw. stjelk, stelk and changing through ablaut stalk, engl. stalk `Stengel, Stiel', ags. stealc `high, steil', mnd. stolkeren `stolzieren', nld. stelkeren, stolkeren ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', further as `steif, gehen'; norw. stalka, stulka `stapfen, slink', as ags. stealcian, engl. stalk ds., aisl. stelkr `Strandkiebitz'; compare mir. ta(i)lc `strong', with k;

lit. stel̃gti `anstarren, starr hinsehen', stalgùs `starr, defiant, stout, proud', stel̃gtis `brag, boast', probably also žem. stìlguos `sich beeilen'; because of the meaning doubtful lit. stulgỹn `in die Höhe', alit.stulginti `verlängern'.

References: WP. II 643 ff., WH. I 817 f., II 599, Trautmann 284, 290 f., Vasmer 3, 18.

Page(s): 1019-1020

Root / lemma: stem-

Meaning: to push; to stumble, stutter

German meaning: `stoßen, anstoßen; stottern, stammeln; hemmen'

Comments: only germ. and kelt.

Material: Ahd. gistemōn, gistemēn, mhd. stemen `Einhalt tun', ahd. ungistuomi ` boisterous ' (*sich nicht beherrschend'), mhd. gestüeme `gentle, still'; got. stamms `stammelnd', aisl. stamr ds. `behindert, beraubt', ags. stam, ahd. stamm `stammelnd', aisl. stama, ahd. stamēn `stammeln', ags. stamor `stammelnd', ahd. stam(m)al ds., stamalōn `stammeln'; aisl. stemma (*stammjan) `stemmen, dämmen, hinder', ostfries. stemmen ds., mhd. stemmen `stand make, steif make; Intr. (vom water) gestaut become'; zero grade aisl. stumra `stumble' (norw. also stamra), mengl. stumren, stum(b)len, ostfries. stummeln ds.; as. afries. ahd. stum(m) `stumm';

lett. stuomîtiês `stammeln, stumble, stand bleiben, sich bäumen, zaudern' (*stōm), stumt `bump, poke', lit. stumiù, stúmiau, stùmti `bump, poke, schieben', lett. stuostīt (*stamstīti) `bump, poke'; Refl. `stottern'.

References: WP. II 625 f., Wissmann KZ 62, 141 f.

Page(s): 1021

Root / lemma: (s)ten-1

Meaning: to groan, etc.

German meaning: von lauten Geräuschen: `donnern, rauschen, dröhnen, stöhnen'

Material: Old Indian stánati (= gr. στένω, ags. stenan, lit. stenù), stániti, stanáyati `donnert, dröhnt, bellow, roar, braust', stanayitnú- m. `thunder', tanayitnú- `dröhnend, donnernd', tányati (= äol. τέννει) ` soughs, sounds, donnert', tanyú- ` soughing, thundering '; afghan. tanā `thunder', np. tundar ds.; Old Indianabhi-ṣṭaná- m. `Getöse';

gr. στένω `dröhne, ächze, jammere', ion. στείνω (= aksl. stenjǫ) ds., στενάζω ds., στεναγμός `das Seufzen', στενάχω ds., στόνος m. `das Stöhnen', ἀγά-στονος `very stöhnend' (Old Indian abhi-ṣṭaná- `das Tosen, shout', russ. ston `sigh'), Στέντωρ; lesb. τέννει στένει, βρύ̄χεται Hes.;

lat. tonō, -āre `donnern; also from other lauten Schalleindrücken', to-nitrū, tonitrus `thunder'; kelt. FlN Tanaros (: ahd. donar);

ags. stenan st. V. `stöhnen'; mnd. stenen schw. V. ds. (*stanjan = Old Indian stanáyati); aisl. stynja ds. = mnd. stönen (nhd. stöhnen); aisl. stynr m. `Gestöhne', ags. gestun n. `din, fuss, noise, whirlwind'; aisl. stanka `stöhnen', ags. stenecian `pant, gasp'; ahd. donar `thunder', ags. Þunor ds., aisl. Þōrr `Donnergott', ags. ðunian `donnern, roar, bellow, sigh';

lit. stenù, -ė́ti ` groan, stöhnen', aksl. stenjǫ, stenati ds.; russ. stón `das Stöhnen'; apr. *stint, stīnons participle Perf. Akt. `gelitten'.

References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; Vasmer 3, 10, 19.

Page(s): 1021

Root / lemma: sten-2

Meaning: narrow

German meaning: `eng, einengen'?

Material: Alt. στενός, ion. στεινός `eng' (*στεν-Fό-ς), hom. τὸ στεῖνος `narrowness, narrow Raum; crush, Bedrängnis (so also att. τὸ στένος)', στενυγρός `eng', Στενύ-κληρος (στεν-υ- : στεν-Fο-); στάνει (σ)τείνεται συμβέβυσται Hes.; perhaps to *sten-to- in aisl. stinnr `steif, tight, firm, hard, strong', ags. stīð, afries. stīth ds., das Holthausen further to lett. stinte `icicle' places.

References: WP. II 627; Holthausen Aengl. Etym. Wb. 323.

Page(s): 1021-1022

Root / lemma: sterg-, sterk-

Meaning: to care for, take care of

German meaning: `sorgend worauf achten, hegen and pflegen'

Material: Gr. στέργω `liebe; bin zufrieden', στοργή `love, affection '; ir. serc `love' wird because of cymr. serch ds. rather as *sterkā here, as to ser-2 or ser-4 belong; to slav. *sterg- `worauf sorgend achten, guard, watch': aksl. strěgǫ, strěšti `servare, beware, guard', stražь = russ. stórož `Wächter' etc

References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.

Page(s): 1032

Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)terǝ- : (s)trē-

Meaning: stiff, immovable; solid, etc.

German meaning: `starr, steif sein, starrer, fester Gegenstand, especially Pflanzenstamm or -stengel; steif gehen, stolpern, fallen, stolzieren'

Comments: s. also ster- `unfruchtbar' and ster- `steifer Pflanzenschaft', further treg- `alle Kräfte anstrengen', strenk- `straff'

Material: A. Gr. στερεός (att. also στερρός from
*στερεός) `starr, tight, firm, hard', στέριφος ds. (also
`unfruchtbar', s. ster-6 `unfruchtbar'), στερέμνιος ds.;
στεῖρα `Kielbalken', lengthened grade: στῆρα τὰ
λίθινα πρόθυρα Hes., στηρίζω (Fut. -ξω) `tight, firm
prop, support, stemmen', Med. Pass. `sich prop, support, sich feststemmen',
στῆριγξ, -γγος `pad', wherefore σκηρίπτω `stütze',
Med. `stütze mich, stemme mich', dissimil. from *στηρίπτω;

στρηνής, στρηνός `hard, sharp, kraftvoll',
στρῆνος n. `heftiges desire, power, Übermut',
στρηνιᾶν `minxish, wanton sein', στρηνύζω `cry rauh' (in
formant. Bez. to lat. strēnuus??), lat. strēnuus `voll rüstiger
Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker'; alb. shterr (*ster-n-) `lay, place
dry, macheversiegen'; about strēnā `good omen, sign' s. WH. II 601;
lat. consternō, -āre, also exsternō `bestürzen, from the Fassung
bringen', sternāx `shy, störrisch';

cymr. trin `toil, fight, struggle'
(*strēnā?);

germ. *stara- `starr, esp. vom eye' in mnl. star
m. `Starrheit of Auges', ahd. stara-blint, ags. stær(e)blind
`starblind', aisl. stara, ags. starian, ahd. starēn `starren,
stieren'; with-rr- (from -rn-) aisl. stǫrr f. `Carex' (eig. `die
Steife'), starr (Akk. starran) `steif, starr, hard', nhd. starr,
mhd. sterre, nhd. bair. sterr `starr, steif', whereof mhd. starren,
sterren `starr sein or become', nhd. erstarren, starren, norw.
stara and sterra (*starrian) `sichsträuben, sich anstrengen';
*sturra- (*sturna-) `sich steif aufrichtend, stemmend' in got.
and-staúrran `unmutig sein', ahd. stōrren `steif herausstehen,
hervorragen', ahd. storro `Baumstumpf, clot, chunk', nhd. störrig,
störrisch; ags. stierne `ernst, hard, stern', ahd. stornēn
`stutzen, frighten' (*`steif, starr vor Schrecken'), sturni `stupor',
schwed. sturna `stutzen';

aisl. stirðr `steif, unbeugsam, hard,
unfreundlich';

apr. stūrnawiskan Instr. Sg. `Ernst',
stūrnawingisku Adv. `ernstlich', stūrni-tickrōms `keen, eager'; lit.
starinù, -ìnti `steif make';

russ. starátьsja `sich abmühen';
with ablaut *strō- (to στρη-νής, strē-nuus) and
Dentalformans: aksl. strada `hard work, toil', stradati `leiden';
in addition aksl. strastь `affliction' (*strad-tь), lett.struôstêt
`bedrohen'; with formants -mo- presumably aksl. strьmo `steil,
abschüssig', ablaut. poln.stromy ds. (Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 25).

1.
guttural extensions:

(s)ter-g- and (s)tre-g-:

Aisl.
participle storkinn `geronnen, erstarrt'; got. ga-staúrknan `erstarren',
aisl. storkna ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', ahd. ki-, er-storchanēn `erstarren,
erkalten'; nhd. tirol. stork `Knorren, stump eines Baumes', bair.
stork `Fischerstange', mhd. storch `penis'; also (vom steifen Gange)
aisl.storkr, ags. storc, ahd. stork, storah(h) `Storch'; (in the case of
in addition gr. τόργος `Geier', eig. `steif = big, large'?), compare tirol.
storke(l)n `with langen Beinen einherschreiten', thüring.
storchen `as ein Storch gehen', westfäl. storkeln `straucheln,
stumble';

Adj. *starku- in ags. stearc `steif, stern, strong',
ahd. starc, starah `strong, big, large', aisl. sterkr, aschwed. starker
`strong', zero grade aisl. styrkr (*sturki-) m. ` strength ';

mnd.
strak (-ck-) `steif, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; störrig', mhd.
strac (-ck-) `straff, gestreckt, straight': ags. strec, stræc
(strǣk?) `starr, tight, firm, stern, violent'; Denom. (or umgekehrt strak
post-verbal?) ahd. stracchēn `ausgestreckt sein' and strecchan,
strecken `ausstrecken, straight make', ags. streccan `ausstrecken'; compare
still treg- `die Kräfte anstrengen';

lett. terglis `eigensinniger,
störrischer person', terglāties `sich auf etwas versteifen';

lit.
strė́gti `erstarren, to Eis become'; doubtful, in the case of in addition abg. strachъ
`fright' as *strōgso-, compare Vasmer 3, 23;

perhaps based on auf
(s)terg-: lat. tergus, -oris `hard Rückenhaut the animal, fell, fur,
back' (probably from dem am back am stärksten gesträubten Haare), tergum
`ds., esp. back', tergīnum `Peitsche from leather';

here perhaps
as nasalized form strenk-, streng-, see there.

(s)ter-k-:

klr. storčáty, storčity `ragen, starren',
torčáti, torčity ds., čech. strčeti, trčeti ds.

2.
Dental extensions:

(s)tert-, more properly *ster-to- in cymr.
serth `steil, obszön', aisl. stirðr `steif' (see above) and storð
`grass, grüner Stengel';

(s)terd-:

aisl. stertr `tail',
ags. steort, ahd. sterz ds., mhd. also `Stengel, Stiel' (as engl.
start), nhd. Sterz; ablaut. norw. dial. start `steifer twig, branch,
dull', mhd. stürzel `Stengel'; aisl. upp-stertr `hochmütig', aisl.
sterta `spannen', mhd. sterzen (also st. Verb.) `steif emporragen,
sich rasch bewegen', trans. (also starzen) `starr aufwärtsrichten', mengl.
sterten `auffahren, frighten', engl. start; aisl. stirtla
`aufrichten', ags. steartlian `stumble', engl. startle `vor Schreck
auffahren'; westgerm. *sturtjan, ahd sturzen, mhd. stürzen, mnd.
storten `fall, diffuse, bestürzt make', afries. stirta
`umstoßen'; mhd. storzen `strotzen'; without anlaut. s: norw.
tart (and start) `Steißbein', turt `Sonchus alpinus' (t- from
anord. Þ-), compare gr. τόρδυλον `eine Doldenpflanze'; cymr.
tarddu `to break out, spring, issue';

(s)terǝ-d-: cymr.
tardd m. `eruption, issue, flow', corn. tardh `Anbruch (of Tages)',
bret. tarz `rupture, éclat', tarz-ann-deiz `daybreak'
(*tr̥̄d-);

with similar meaning as nhd. Sterz, norw. (s)tart,
here: lit. tursóti `with ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen',
tursė́ti `den Hintern hinausstrecken' (turs- from *t_ort-s-)
and air. tarr `belly' (*t_ortso-); identical seems ir.
torrach `pregnant', cymr. torrog ds., corn. tor, abret. tar,
bret. tor, teur, cymr. tor(r) `belly, lower abdomen'.

(s)terdh-:

Gr. στόρθη Hes., στόρθυγξ `cusp, peak';
eventuell here cymr. tardd see above;

eine nas. root *strend- in
Germ., e.g. mhd. strunz `stump, Lanzensplitter, grober Bengel', engl.
dial. to strunt `steif, gespreizt umhergehen' etc

3.
Labial extensions:

(s)terp-:

Lat. stirps `stem eines
Baumes (übertr. progeny, Ursprung)';

lit. stir̃pti `somewhat
emporkommen, heranwachsen' (eig. `*sich straffen'), ster̃ptis `auf seinem
Rechte bestehen' (`sich versteifen'), stùrplis `rump of
Pferdes';

alb. shterpë `unfruchtbar' (compare also 6. ster-
`unfruchtbar'); ir. serrach `Füllen' (from den langen Beinen);

without
s-: torpeō, -ēre `starr, gefühllos, betäubt sein' (= abg.
u-trъpěti or = russ. toropétь); lit. tir̃pti `erstarren,
gefühllos become', lett. tìrpt ds.;

serb.-ksl. utrъpěti
`erstarren', russ. térpnutь `ds., also vor fear', r.-ksl. terpkij
`αὐστηρός', r. térpkij `herb, sour'; russ. toropétь,
otoropétь `bestürzt become' (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 325), klr. torópa
`unbeweglicher person', slov. tràp `Dummkopf'; auf the Bedeut. `starr,
steif = persistent sein' based on probably aksl. trъpěti `leiden', russ.
terpétь ds.; proto slav.. *torpiti (Kaus.) in čech. trápiti, apoln.
tropić `torment, smite', russ. toropítь `antreiben'; as `starr, dull,
vomStandpunkte of Geschmacks': aksl. *trъръkъ `acerbus, asper', russ.
térpkij `herb, sour', as np.turuš `sour' (if from *tr̥fša-)
and nhd. derb (see under).

Teils auf (s)terp-, partly auf
(s)terbh- können go back:

aisl. Þiarfr, ags. ðeorf,
as. thervi, ahd. derbi ` unleavened ', nhd. bair. derb `arid,
dry, mager';

with anlaut. s-: aisl. stjarfi m. `work,
toil', stjarfr `hartmäulig (from horses)', stirfinn `halsstarrig',
starf n. `work, Streben, Amt', starfa `sich abmühen';

ahd.
sterban `die' (`*erstarren'; see under mir. ussarb); as.
sterƀan, afries. sterva, ags. steorfan ds. (engl. starve
`umkommen, esp. vor hunger'); ahd. sterbo, ags. steorfa `Pest';

nhd.-tirol. storfn `Strunk, Baumstumpf', westfäl. storpeln
`straucheln' können auf einer root form auf b based on.

strep-:

Lit. par-strapìnti `heimtorkeln', strỹpti
`trample', stripinỹs, stráipis `Leitersprosse'; spätmhd. straf
(-ff-) `straff, strenge', wfläm. strāf (*strēpo-) `strong,
stern', ostfries. strabben `sich widerspenstig gebärden', mhd.
strabbeln `zappeln'; schweiz. strapfen `straff ziehen'
(*strappōn); probably as `stern behandeln' here: afries. straffia
`bestreiten, scold, chide', mnl. mnd. straffen, from which borrows mhd.
strāfen, ds. `punish, curse', strāfe `Schelte, reprimand, punishment '.

sterbh-, strebh-:

gr. στέρφνιον
σκληρόν, στερεόν Hes. (compare also στέριφoς,
στριφνός under under streibh-), στέρφος,
τέρφος, dor. στρέφος `Rückenhaut the animal, fell, fur, leather';
mir. ussarb `death' (*uks-sterbhā); cymr. serfyll `hinfällig' (Loth
RC. 43, 147); mir. srebann m. `skin';

aksl. u-strabiti `recreāre',
poln. postrobić `stärken' (proto slav.. *storbiti); ablaut. aruss.
u-strebe Aor. `wurde reif', ksl. strъblъ `fit, healthy, tight, firm', russ.
stérbnutь `erstarren, absterben', etc (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 11
f.);

in the case of die gr. groups from στρεβλός `gedreht',
στρέφειν `turn', ablaut. στραβός `verdreht',
στράβων `schielend', στροβέω `drehe herum',
στροφή ` turn ' etc from einer meaning `straff zusammenziehen' (see
under nhd. bestremmen this meaning) expounded become dürfen, is höchst
fragwürdig; rather to einer besonderen root streb-, strebh- `turn,
winden'.

stremb-, stremp-:

mnd. strampe(le)n `with
den Füßen heftig auftreten', nhd. (eigent. nd.) strampeln, mnd.
strumpe(le)n `straucheln, anstoßen' under likewise; mhd. strumpf, mnd.
strump `Strumpf, Stummel' (nhd. `gestutzte britches, Strumpf'), norw. dial.
strump `small Holzschüssel under likewise' (`*ausgehöhlter tree truck', also
stropp `ein Maß'); norw. dial. stremba `anspannen; breast or Magen
aufblähen', isl. strembinn `straff, hard, stout, proud', norw. dial. stramb
`scharfer smell, odor'; with -mm-: mnd. stram (-mm-) `straff, strong,
thickset, strong' (nhd. stramm from dem Nd.), nhd. bair. bestremmen,
bestrempen `zusammenziehen, beengen';

apr. strambo `Stoppel',
lett. strìebs and struobs (*strambas) `Halm, reed',
strumbulis `cudgel, club';

lit. stram̃pas `cudgel, club', strampalióti
`wankend (*steif) gehen'; lett. strampul(i)s `Strunk, small bit of wood;
hartgefrorener ordure'.

B. strē̆i-, steri-:

ags.
strīmendi `resisting, striving' Gloss.; engl. dial. to strime = to
stride; lit. strainùs `strebsam, widerspenstig', pasistraĩnyti
`strive, sich feststemmen'.

1. With guttural extension: s. streig-
`steif'.

2. With Dental extensions:

with idg. -dh-: ags.
strīdan st. V. `schreiten', engl. to stride, mnd. strīden `die
Beine spreizen, weit ausschreiten' (about lat. strittabellae `Buhldirnen'
s. WH. II 605 f.); ahd. strītan st V. `quarrel, sich bemühen', schw.
V. aisl. strīða `quarrel, torment, smite', ags. strīdian `quarrel'; aisl.
strīð `fight, plague, care, Strenge', as. strīd `toil, fight, struggle', ahd.
strīt `fight', einstrīti `hartnäckig'; aisl. strīðr `steif,
hard, stern, strong'; with idg. -d-: aisl. strita `strive, sich
anstrengen', streita ds.; without anlaut. s-: aschwed. Þrēsker
`widerspenstig', norw. dial. treisk `defiant, beschwerlich, mühsam'.

3. With bh-Erweit.: gr. στέριφος `starr, hard, tight, firm,
unfruchtbar', subst. `Kielbalken' (as στεῖρα), στριφνός
`hard, tight, firm' (compare above στέρφνιον, στέρφος); mnd. nnd.
strif, stref `steif, tight, firm', streven `steif sein, sich strecken',
mhd. streben `sich aufrichten, sich strecken, ragen', nhd. streben,
Strebe-balken, -pfeiler; ablaut. md. strīben st. V., nld.
strijven `strive, quarrel'.

C. strē̆u-:

1. With
guttural extensions:

ndl. struik, mnd. strūk, mhd. strūch,
nhd. Strauch; mhd. strūch `struppig'; nisl. striūgr `Gericht from
geronnener milk', strūga `rough, struppig make', aisl. strūgr
` repulsion, pride, hauteur', mengl. nengl. to struggle `sich abmühen,
fight';

lett. strūkuls `icicle', also alit. strungas, lit.
strùgas, striùgas, strùkas `short, gestutzt'.

2. With
Dental extensions:

lit. strustìs f. `Baststreifen in Siebe'; without
anlaut. s-: proto slav.. *trъstь in aksl. trъstь `reed'; gr.
θρυόν n. ` bulrush' (*trusom); lit. trùšiai m. Pl. `reed',
trušìs, triušìs f. `reed, Schilfrohr', lett. trusis ` bulrush, reed',
aksl. trъsa, trъsina `stiff hair, bristle'; lett.trums `swelling, blister,
ulcer', (if for *trud-mo-, compare:) lat. strūma f. `geschwollene
Drüsen, Kropf' (*streud-stroud-, strūd-mā); after Vasmer 3, 145
in addition lit. traũšti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', lett. trausls `frail, breakable',
trust `faulen, modern';

aisl. strūtr `cusp, peak', dän. strude,
strutte `steif stand, widerstreben', schwed. strutta `stolpernd gehen',
ags. strūtian `steif stand', nd. strutt `steif', nhd. strotz ds.,
mhd. nhd. strotzen, mhd. striuzen `sträuben, spreizen', strūz
`Widerstand', fight', nhd. Strauß ds. = mengl. strūt `das Schwellen,
fight'; mhd. strūzach `shrubbery, bush', gestriuze `Buschwerk', nhd.
(Blumen-)Strauß; here also as. strota `tuba, guttur', mnd.
strote, strotte f., mhd. strozze `throat, windpipe ', afries.
strot-bolla ds.; without anl. s-: ags. ðrotu, ðrote, engl.
throat, throttle `throat, windpipe ', ags. ðrot-bolla ` windpipe ',
(engl. thropple), ahd. drozza `throat, windpipe ', nhd. Drossel with
the derivative erdrosseln, mhd. drüzzel `throat' and `snout', aisl.
Þrūtr `snout';

aisl. Þrūtinn `swollen', Þrūtna
`to swell, also vor pride, hauteur', Þroti `Anschwellung', ags. ðrūtian
`vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury schwellen';

dieselben meaning `to swell,
fight' also in mir. trot, nir. troid `fight' (*truzdā?), cymr.
trythu `to swell', trythyll `wollüstig';

3. With
Labial extensions:

gr. στρῡφνός `herb (from taste);
mürrisch; tight, firm, steif';

as. strūf `struppig, rough', strūvian
`sträuben', mhd. strup (-b-), strūbe `struppig', ahd. strūbēn,
mhd. strūben, *striuben `starren', nhd. sträuben, mhd. strobel
`struppig', agerm. Strubiloscalleo `Strubbelkopf'; mhd. Struppe (germ.
-bb-), nhd. Gestrüpp, nl.. strobbe `stump, shrub, bush',
strobbelen `straucheln', schwed. strubbla ds.; with germ. -p- (idg.
-b-): norw. strøypa `klemmen', nhd. schweiz. stru(m)pfen, mnd.
strumpen `zusammenziehen', struppe `stump';

    aisl.
str(j)ūpi `throat, Gurgel', norw. strop `narrow aperture ';


lit. strùbas, lett. stru(m)ps `short abgestutzt', strubikis,
strupikis, strupastis `Stumpfschwanz', lett. strupulis `kurzer thick
person; Stück wood, clot, chunk', alit. strupas `abgelebter man'.

References: WP. II 627 ff., WH. II 595, 601 f., 606 f., 692, Trautmann 284 f., 325, Vasmer 3, 98 f., 126.

Page(s): 1022-1027

Root / lemma: ster-3

Meaning: to rob, steal

German meaning: `rauben, stehlen'

Material: Gr. στερέω (att. στερίσκω only present) `rob', στέρομαι `bin beraubt, miss';

    mir. serb `Diebstahl' (*ster-u̯ā); with l instead of r through hybridization with hehlen: got. stilan, aisl. stela, ags. ahd. stelan `steal'.

References: WP. II 636.

Page(s): 1028

Root / lemma: ster-4

Meaning: line, stripe, ray

German meaning: `Streifen, Strich, Strähne, Strahl'; `about etwas hinwegstreifen, -streichen'

Comments: also sterǝ- : strē-, strei-, streu-; with g, b, dh (or t) extended; identical with ster- ` outspread '

Material: Ahd. strāl(a) `Pfeil, Blitzstrahl', nhd. Strahl, as. strāla f. `Pfeil', mnd. strāle `Pfeil, ray, sting, prick', ags. strǣl f. `Pfeil, Lanze', norw. straal `small Fischschwarm', ostfries.strāl `stripe', as. strāl m., mhd. stræl (*strēlia-) `comb' (from den teeth = Strahlen), whereof ahd. strālen, nhd. strählen `comb'; norw. strīl, strīla `stripe, vein, ray', schwed.stril `small Wasserstrahl', strila `rieseln', aksl. strěla `Pfeil';

    mhd. strām `Lichtstreifen, ray, stream', nhd. dial. strām `stripe'; to strei-: ahd. strīmo, nhd. dial. streimen, mnd. strīme `stripe, Strieme, ray'; to *streu- perhaps: mhd. mnl. strieme, mnd. strēme `stripe, ray' (if from ahd. *striomo), nhd. Striemen;

    ahd. strëno, mhd. strën(e) `Strähne, braid, plait '; to *streu-: lit. struniti `to build', aksl.struna `Strang, Saite'; from the basis *ster-: klr. postorónok, poln. postronek, čech. postranek `Strang, rope, Saite'.

    lett. (saules) stars `Sonnenstrahl', stars `bough', stara `rope, stripe';

    streig-: gr. ξέστριξ (knid.) `sechsseitig', whether from ξέσ-στριξ; lat. striga `line, Schwade; Zeltreihe; Längsfurche', strigōsus `schmächtig, mager', stria (probably *strigi̯ā) `furrow, Falte';stringō, -ere in the meaning `abstreifen, stroke, touch, das sword ziehen', strigilis `Schabeisen' (out of it nhd. Striegel);

    ahd. strīhhan `stroke', ags. strīcan `stroke, rub, sich bewegen, gehen'; got. striks `line', ahd. strik `line, stripe, Strecke Wegs, line Landes', ags. strica `stripe'; aisl. strik `gestreiftes Zeug', norw. strik `line, Windstrich, prank'; mnd. strēk `prank, prank', mhd. streich `prank, blow, knock' (*straika-), ags. strācian `stroke', engl. stroke `blow, knock';

    apr. strigli `thistle'; aksl. strigǫ, strišti `shave, shear'; russ.-ksl. strěgъ `κουρά' (*stroigo- = mhd. Streich); with schwed. streke (*strikan-) `Stromstrich' compare proto slav.. strьž-: russ. stréženь, strež, strežá `Stromstrich';

    after Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 12 f. here as `Mitte, heart', apr. strigeno `Gehirn', proto slav.. *strьžьnь, bzw. *strьženь `Mitte, Mark', russ.-ksl. strьženь `Mark' etc

    streib-: air. srīab `stripe' (*streibā); mnd. strīpe `stripe', mhd. strīfe, nhd. Streifen, norw. strīpa ds., schwed. stripa `herabhängender topknot '; mnd. mnl. strīpen `(ab)stripe', mhd. streifen (*straipjan) `stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay', nd. strēpen `abstreifen' under likewise

    streug-: gr. στρεύγομαι `werde entkräftet, schmachte hin' (air. trōg ` woeful, wretched, miserable '? see below ter-, treugh- `rub'); aisl. strjūka `stroke, whisk, smooth; sich rasch bewegen', strȳkja, strȳkva ds., stryk `line', strykr `starker wind', ahd. strûchon `ruere, impingere', mhd.strûchen `straucheln', nl. strooken `streicheln, übereinstimmen with', ostfries. strōk `Streif, stripe', mnd. straken `stripe, streicheln' (a from o), ags. stroccian `stroke', norw.strokk `Hobel'; lett. strūgains `gestreift', lit. striũgas `knife' (poln. Lw.); aksl. stružǫ, strъgati `scrape, shave, shear', strugъ `tool zum Schaben', russ. strug `Hobel' etc

    streub-: ahd. stroufen, mhd. ströufen (*straupjan) `abstreifen, mug, rob, plündern, umherstreifen' = mnd. strӧ̄pen ds., ags. be-strīepan ds., mhd. striefen (*streupan) `stripe'; mhd. strupfen `stripe, pick off, remove'.

    streudh- or streut-: ags. strūdian and strūdan `plündern', strȳdan `mug, rob', mnd. stroden, ahd. strutten ds.

References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.

Page(s): 1028-1029

Root / lemma: ster-5, sterǝ- : strē-, steru- : streu-

Meaning: to widen, to scatter

German meaning: `ausbreiten, ausstreuen'

Comments: (compare ster- `starren, steif sein')

Material: A. Old Indian str̥ṇā́ti, str̥ṇṓti (eig. zur basis streu-), later also starati `streut (hin), bestreut; wirft hin, wirft nieder', participle str̥tá-, stīrṇá-, Inf. stártavē and staritavāi, starītavē;sva-stara- m. `eigene Streu', pra-stará- m. `Streu, Polster; surface, plain, area, Ebene' (= russ. prostór `Raum, Geräumigkeit'); stárī-man- n. `Ausbreitung, Ausstreuung' (ablaut. with gr. στρῶμα, lat.strāmen);

    av. star- (present starati, stǝrǝnaoti, stǝrǝnāti) `sternere', participle stǝrǝta- and starǝta-; stairiš- n. `Streu, Lager, bed'; urvarō-straya- `Niederhauen from Pflanzungen';

    gr. στόρνῡμι (only present and Impf.; to vocalism compare ὀμόργνυμι), στορέννῡμι (neologism), στρώννῡμι (after στρῶσαι) `bestreue, strecke hin; breite from; ebne', äol. Perf. ἐστόροται; participleστρωτός; στρῶμα n. `Streu, Lager, rug, cover', στρωμνή ds.; στρατός (= Old Indian str̥tá-) `troop, multitude, crowd, Volksmenge' (kret. σταρτός with rearrangement `eine Unterabteilung the Phyle'), then `Heer' (in addition στρατιά, στρατεία, στρατηγός), äol. στροτός; zero grade στέρνον `breast' (`ausgebreitete surface, plain, area'; compare ahd. stirna `forehead', red.-st. Old Indian stīrṇa-, cymr. sarn, and o-grade aksl. strana);

    alb. shtrinj `breite from' (str̥ni̯ō); shtie `lay, place there, werfe, make eine Fehlgeburt' (*sterō); shtrofkë `cover, cave, nest';

    lat. sternō, -ere `hinstreuen, hinbreiten; niederstrecken', participle strātus (*st_erǝtós), darnach Perf. strāvī; prosternere (: slav. prostьrą, Old Indian pra-stará-); strāmen `Streu' (: στρῶμα; Old Indian stárīman-); in addition with g-Erweit. strāgēs `das Niederstürzen, Hinsinken, Verwüstung' (`*Hingestrecktsein'), strāgulus `zum Über- or Unterbreiten dienlich';

    air. sernim `breite from' (= lat. sternō), cossair `bed' (*kom-stari- or stori-), fossair `Strohdecke' (*upo-stori-), sreth `strues' (*str̥tā́), sreith `pratum'; from the heavy basis mir. srath (tu-stem) `beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund' (not Lw.; lat. Lw. are but cymr. ystrad `valley', bret. strad `le fond, l'endroit le plus bas'); cymr. sarn `stratum, pavimentum' (*st_erǝno-, urkelt. *starno- : Old Indian stīrṇá-);

    ahd. stirna `Stirne' (*sterni̯ā), ags. steornede `audacious';

    lit. strāja `with Stroh ausgelegter Stall';

    aksl. pro-stьrǫ -strěti (russ. sterétь) ` outspread ', prostranъ (*storno-) `breit', strana `Seite, region', russ. storoná ds.; aksl. aruss. etc strojь `order', strojiti `parāre';

    perhaps here die partly s-losen, auf einem stem *(s)tr-eno-, *(s)trent-, (s)tron-t- beruhenden forms:

    preuß.-lit. trẽnis `region, place' (compare aksl. strana, ursl. *stor-nā); alit. trenta `place, region, line'; air. trēt (Gen. trēoit) `herd' (*trento-); aisl. strind f. `Seite, edge; land'; strǫnd `edge, beach, seaside', ags. strand, spätmhd. strant (-d-), nhd. Strand, aisl. fer-strendr `viereckig'.

    B. extensions:

    stre-k-: ags. stregdan st. V. `strew, distribute, spray, allot' (Präsensbildung as bregdan); lengthened grade aksl. strěkati `prick', ablaut. stroka `κέντρον, στίγμα', slav. *strъkati in čech. strkati `bump, poke', serb. stȑcati `spray'.

    streu-: lat. struō, -ere (struxi, structum with analog. Gutt. after Verben with v from gʷ) `übereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen', struēs, struīx `heap, bulk, mass', umbr. struc̨la `*struiculam';

    abret. strouis `stravi', nbret. streuein `strew, distribute';

    got. straujan `strew, distribute', norw. strøya, aisl. strā `strew, distribute, outspread ', ags. strē(o)wian, strēgan, ahd. streuwen, strouwen `strew, distribute'; aisl. strā n. `straw', ags. strēaw, ahd. strō, nhd. Stroh, post-verbal mhd. ströu, nhd. Streu; germ. strava `Scheiterhaufen zur Siegesfeier'; ags. strēon n. `Reichtum, profit, gain, usury', ahd. gi-striuni n. `profit, gain', ags. strīenan `acquire, erzeugen'; ahd. gi-striunan `lucrari', mhd. striunen `schnuppernd umherstreifen', nhd. bair. streunen `after Vorteilen umhersuchen', nd. strüne `Gassendirne', eig. `die Umherstreifende';

    in the case of here serb. strovo `herabgeschüttelte Früchte', kroat. strovaliti `strew, distribute' and aksl. ostruiti, ostrujati `destroy' (`*apart streuen')??

References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.

Page(s): 1029-1031

Root / lemma: ster-6

Meaning: sterile

German meaning: `unfruchtbar'

Comments: old Sonderanwendung from ster- `steif'

Material: Old Indian starī́- f. `unfruchtbare cow';

    arm. sterj `unfruchtbar, from animals', also sterd (*ster-dh-o-, -i̯o-);

    gr. στεῖρα f. `unfruchtbare' (cow, wife, woman), στέριφος `unfruchtbar' (and `starr');

    alb. shtjerrë `young cow, lamb';

    lat. sterilis `unfruchtbar';

    got. stairō f. `unfruchtbar', ahd. stero `aries, ram'; with k- extended mndd. sterke `young cow', ags. stierc `calf'; isl. stirtla `unfruchtbare cow';

    bulg. sterica `Gelte'.

References: WP. II 640 f., WH. II 589 f.

Page(s): 1031

Root / lemma: (s)ter-7n-

Meaning: sharp stalk or thorn

German meaning: in Worten for stechende Pflanzenschäfte

Comments: to ster- `starren, steif sein'

Material: Old Indian tŕ̥ṇa-m `Grashalm, grass, herb'; gr. τέρναξ `Artischocken-, Kaktusstengel'; got. Þaúrnus, aisl. ags. Þorn, ahd. dorn `thorn'; aksl. trъnъ `thorn', strъnь `Halm'.

References: WP. II 641, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 14, 98.

Page(s): 1031

Root / lemma: (s)ter-8

Meaning: dirty water, mud, smear

German meaning: in Worten for `unreine Flüssigkeit, Mist; besudeln; verwesen'

Material: Av. star- `sich blemish, sündigen';

    arm. t`arax, -ic̣, -oc̣ `pus, humeur' (*t_ero-; besides o-grade perhaps:) arm. t`or `that flows down, that drops'; norw. stor n. `Faulen, Verwesen'; russ.-ksl. stьrvъ, russ. stérva `Aas'; without anlaut. s-: lit. terménti `schmieren', bulg. torъ ` manure'.

    (s)terk̂-, nasal. (s)trenk̂-:

    lat. stercus, -oris `Exkremente, ordure, crap, muck, droppings, manure', sterculīnum, sterquilīnum `Misthaufen'; cymr. trwnc `Urin, yeast', bret. stroñk `Menschenkot';

    cymr. troeth `lye, Urin', troethi `mingere', bret. troaz `Urin' (*troktā or *tronktā); lit. teršiù, ter̃šti `smudge', apter̃šti `smudge', tiršti `dickflüssig become'; ostlit. tręsiù, trę̃sti `düngen' (as lat. stercorāre);

    lit. trąšà ` manure', trèšti `faulen, verwesen', traškanos `Eiter in den Augen', wherefore nisl. Þrār `faul, ranzig', norw. traa ds., ags. ðrōh `rancor'.

    (s)terg-, (s)treg-:

    gr. στεργάνος κόπρων Hes.; τάργανον `Weinessig'; ablaut. τρύξ, -γός `young, still trüber Wein, Weinhefe under likewise'; expressive aisl. Þrekkr, mhd. drec, -ckes ` filth '; probably also ags. ðreax `caries'; perhaps lat. troia `sow' (*trogi̯ā `die Dreckige'), das but also to mir. trogaid `gebiert' belong could; in the case of air. torc, cymr. twrch, acorn. torch, bret. tourc'h `boar' from*trogos after [p]orc- `swine' reshaped sei, is doubtful, yet could es as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong.

References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, Vasmer 3, 12.

Page(s): 1031-1032

Root / lemma: (s)teu-1

Meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen' under likewise

Comments: with conservative extensions

Material: A. (s)teu-k-: gr. τύκος `hammer, chisel; Streitaxt', τυκίζω `bearbeite Steine', τυκάνη `Dreschvorrichtung' (by Hes. τυτάνη); air. toll `hollow', toll `cave, hole' (*tukslo-), cymr. twll `foramen', adj. `perforatus', bret. toull `hole'; probably ahd. dūken `press, niederdrücken', ags. ðȳ(a)n, ðēon `press, constrain, oblige, prick' (see Genaueres under tu̯enĝh- `beset');

    lett. tukstêt `knock', taucêt `in mortar stampfen', russ.-ksl. istъknǫti `effodere', aksl. tъkati `to weave, prick', etc;

maye alb. (*stuk) thuk 'mortar' [common alb. s- > th- shift]

    aisl. styggr `angry, irate, unfreundlich', nl. stug, older stugge `steif, unfreundlich, abstoßend' können originally `abstossend' and `steif' sein and in letzteren Falle with lit. stúkti (see under) under steugh- `steif dastehen' vereinigt become.

    B. (s)teu-g-: Old Indian tujáti, tuñjáti, tunákti `throngs, stößt', Med. `kommt in schnelle Bewegung';

    mir. tūag f. `axe' and `bow', newer stūag, tūagaim `hit with the axe', tōcht `part, piece'; expressives *stoukkā in bret. stuc'h `Pfeilspitze, feather ', stuc'henn ` fascicle, sheaf, Brotschnitte' (nir. stūaic `Anhöhe, cusp, peak' etc is brit. Lw.); compare nhd. `Stück = piece' and `Stauche' (Loth RC. 42, 320 ff.);

    presumably lit. stùngis `Messerstumpf', stúkti `in die Höhe ragen'; and aksl. tъštati sę `σπεύδειν';

    schwed. stuka `überwältigen', norw. stauka `bump, poke, injure, stottern', mnl. nnd. stūken `bump, poke, aufschichten, astonish', nhd. verstauchen (from dem Nd.), ndl. verstuiken `verrenken'; afries. stāk `steif' to norw. stauka;

    mnd. stoken `prick, stochern', engl. dial. stoke `das fire schüren', nhd. stoche(r)n; without anlaut. s-: aisl. Þoka `rücken, verändern, gehen', ags. ðocerian `umherlaufen';

    ahd. mhd. stoc, -ckes `Stock, staff, tree truck' (probably `*abgeschlagener bough or stem', compare abstocken), ags. stocc `stick, stem, stump', aisl. stokkr `tree truck, picket, pole, Block', next to which with the meaning `steif' nd. stück, mhd. nhd. stocken `steif become'; aisl. stykki, ags. stycce, ahd.stucki, nhd. Stück;

    ahd. stūhha f., mhd. stūche m. f. `weit offener Ärmel am Frauengewand (eig. Ärmelstumpf), Kopftuch', nhd. Stauche, mnd. stūke `stump, further Ärmel'; with ŭ: ags. stocu f. `long Ärmel';

    manche neigen zur assumption eines meaning-Kernes `steif' (from which `bump, poke' has evolved), and for comparison with lit. stúkti `in die Höhe stand' (alit. stauginė́ti `amble', actually `steif, stolpernd gehen'); compare russ. stugnutь `gefrieren (*steif, starr become?)', gr. στύγες Pl. `Eiskälte', στύγος n. `Abscheu, hate', στυγέω `hasse, verabscheue, dread', στύξ, Gen. στυγός f. `das Verhaßte, frost'; FlN Στύξ, see under S. 1035;

    dubious and only under the assumption from `Ablautentgleisung' möglich is die affiliation from got. stigqan `zusammenstossen with', ga-stigqan `anstossen', aisl. støkkva st. V. `spray', Intr. `break, crack, spring, fall, run'; ags. stincan ` whisk, steam, whirl up; stink', as. ahd. stincan `stink, smell'; Kaus. aisl. støkkva `verjagen, sprinkle', ags. stencan `scatter', mhd. steuken `stink make'; as. stank, stunk, ags. stenc `smell, odor, fetidness ', ahd. stanc `ds., also Duft'.

    C. (s)teu-d-: Old Indian tundatē, tudáti `stößt, stachelt, sticht', todá- m. `Stachler, Lenker'; arm. t`ndal, t`ndel `erschüttert become';

    from dem Gr. presumably names as Τυδεύς, Τυνδάρεως; doubtful τυννός `μικρός' (`*zerstoßen', Old Indian tunná-? rather babble-word with consonant stretch as τυτθός `ganz small; young ');

    alb. shtynj `poke, push' (*studni̯ō);

    lat. tundō -ere, tutudī `bump, poke, hit, hammer', tudes, -itis `hammer', tuditāre `violent bump, poke', probably also tussis `Husten' (in the case of in addition umbr. tuder `finem', tuderato `finitum', so that `limit, boundary' eig. `Endpunkt; woran man anstößt'?); studeō, -ēre `sich ernstlich worum bemmühen, eifrig betreiben, sich befleißigen', studium `Streben, Eifer' (`*whereupon zielen' from `whereupon hit');

    air. do-tuit `fällt' (das t vom Pl. -tuittet from *-to-tudi̯ont); abret. ar-stud `cuspis', bret. astuz `Ungeziefer', cymr. cystudd `pain', etc;

    got. stautan (aisl. stauta schw. V.), as. stōtan, ahd. stōzan `bump, poke'; mhd. nhd. stutzen `with den Hörnern Stoßen, sudden stillestehen, zurückprallen', mhd. stotze `stem, clot, chunk'; aisl. steytr, ahd. stōz ` shove '; ahd. stiuz, nhd. Steiß (with md. ei for eu) actually `*abgestutzter Körperteil' (compare nhd. Stoß `die Schwanzfedern of Vogels in the Jägersprache');

    aisl. stūtr `horn, stump, ox', mnd. stūt `thigh, rump'; schwed. norw. stota `stottern, stumble', nhd. (nd.) `stottern'; due to of nasal present aisl. stuttr `short', ags. styntan `stutzen' under likewise

    D. (s)teu-p- (vereinzelt -b-, -bh-) `bump, poke'; also `stick, stump'.

    Old Indian pra-stumpáti (uncovered), tṓpati, tupáti, túmpati, tumpáti `stößt', tūpará- `ungehörnt';

    gr. τύπτω `hit', τύπος `blow, knock, Eindruck'; στυπάζει βροντᾳ, ψοφεῖ ὠθεῖ Hes., στύπος `stick, Stiel, Stengel'; with -bh- στυφελίζω `hit, mißhandle', στυφλός `rough, steinig'; about στυφελός `herrisch' s. Leumann Homer. Wörter 269 f.;

    lat. stuprum `Schande', esp. `die Entehrung through Unzucht' (originally `die dafür verhängte Prügelstrafe'?); stupeō, -ēre `starr stand; betäubt, betreten sein, stutzen', stupendus `erstaunlich, staunenswert'; with -b(h)- perhaps titubāre `wankeln, straucheln, with the tongue anstoßen, stottern';

    from *steub(h)-mā, *stoub(h)-mā: cymr. ystum f. `bend, turn, shape', bret. stumm ds. (ins Ir. borrows mir. stuaimm f. `Fähigkeit'), also `Flußbiegung'; dastum `das Einsammeln' (Loth RC. 48, 354 ff); compare ags. stūpian;

    ahd. stobarōn `obstupēre';

    aisl. stūfr `stump', mnd. stūf Adj. `dull', stūven = aisl. styfa `abstumpfen, abhauen'; aisl. stofn `Baumstumpf, foundation '; ags. stofn ds., aisl. stubbr, stubbi m. `stump, Baumstumpf', ags. stybb n. `Baumstumpf';

    with germ. -p-: aisl. stūpa `emporragen', ags. stūpian, mnl. stupen `sich bücken'; ablaut. ags. stēap `high, ragend' (engl. steep `steil'), mhd. stouf `hochragender Felsen' (Hohestaufen), mhd. stief `steil'; aisl. staup n. `hole, Becher'; ags. stēap, ahd. mhd. stouf `Becher'; ags. stoppa `Kübel, Eimer'; from `abgestutzt = beraubt' expounded sich aisl. stjūp- `Stief-' (stjūpr `Stiefsohn'), ags. stēop-, ahd. stiof-, stiuf-, nhd. Stief-, ags. ābe-stīepan `mug, rob', ā-stīeped `verwaist', ahd. ar-, bi-stiufan `the parents or the Kinder berauben';

    lett. staũpe `Pferdefußtapfen'; stupe, stups `Besenstumpf; (abgebrochene) rod'.

References: WP. II 615 ff., WH. II 608 ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer 3, 109, 160.

Page(s): 1032-1034

Root / lemma: steu-2

Meaning: to praise

German meaning: `laut preisen'

Comments: only indo-iran. under gr.

Material: Old Indian stā́uti, stávatē etc `lobt, preist', participle stutá- `gepriesen', stutí- f. `Lob, Preis', stōtár- `Lobsanger' etc, av. staoiti `lobt, preist, besingt; betet', participle stūta-, stūiti-, staotar- etc, extended Old Indian stṓbhati `preist, jauchzt'; gr. στεῦται `(*rühmt sich) verspricht prahlend'.

References: WP. II 620.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: steu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to get dense or tight

German meaning: `sich verdichten, sich ballen'

Comments: perhaps stāu-, stǝu- : stū̆ with stāi- : stī̆- : sti̯-ā- `sich verdichten, stocken' as extension eines *stā- auffaßbar

Material: Old Indian ghr̥ta-stāvaḥ Akk. Pl. `Schmalz, drip'; pr̥thu-ṣṭu- `with einem breiten Zopfe', stú-k-ā, stuka- m. ` tuft of wool, Flocke', stōká- m. `drip', with the meaning-Entw. ` clots, rundliches thing', probably lett. stũḱis `Wickelkind' and Old Indian stúka- m. `kid, child, Tierjunges'; Old Indian stū́-p-a-, stupá- m. `Haarschopf', gr. *στύ̄πη, στύππη ` oakum ' (out of it lat. stūpa, stuppa ds); gr. στύ̄φω `pull together, make dense, hard, schmecke herb', στῦμμα `zusammenziehendes Mittel', στῦψις `dasZusammenziehen, Beizen', στῡπτικός `zusammenziehend', στῡφός, στῡφρός, στῡφνός `herb, zusammenziehend', στυμνός `tight, firm, kompakt'; perhaps gr. στύξ, στυγός in Pl. `durchdringender frost, Eiseskälte', στύγος n. `(*Schauder) Abscheu, hate', στυγέω `hasse, verabscheue, dread', yet compare above S. 1033;

    ksl. studъ studь `coldness', stynǫti `erkalten' and styděti `sich schämen' (`*erstarren'); russ. istygnutь, stugnutь `gefrieren'.

References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: stē̆ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-, stē̆ip-, stī̆p-

Meaning: pole, stick; stiff

German meaning: `Stange, Stecken; steif' and `zusammendrängen' etc

Material: 1. stē̆ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-: Old Indian stibhi- m. `Rispe, tussock '; gr. στιφρός `dense (zusammengedrängt), tight, firm, strong', στῖφος n. `Zusammengedrängtes, heap';

    arm. stēp `frequent, often', as Subst. ` power, Zwang', stipem `dränge, zwinge'; gr. στείβω `make dense, trete tight, firm, betrete', στιπτός `tight, firm, thickset ', στιβαρός ds., στίβος m. `the betretene Pfad', στιβάς, -άδος `Lager from Streu or straw etc', στοιβή `das Stopfen, Ausstopfung', στοιβάζω `häufe an', στί̄βη ` hoarfrost ';

    aksl. stьblъ, stьblo (russ. stébelь) `Stengel', stьblije `καλάμη'; lit. stáibiai `Schienbeine', stíebas `stick, Pfeiler, Mast', lett. stiba `staff, rod', apr. stibinis `Schlittenbein', lit. stībis `membrum virile': lit. stiẽbtis `sich high aufrichten', lett. stibt `betäubt become', lit. stíebas `staff, Pfeiler, Mast', lett. stìebrs ` bulrush'.

    2. stē̆ip-, stī̆p-: lat. stīpes, -itis m. `picket, pole, stem, shaft, pole', stīpō, -āre `dense to press together, zusammenhäufen, gedrängt vollstopfen', obstīpus `seitwärts geneigt';

    with ĭ: stipula f. `Halm, straw'; unclear are stips, stipis `Geld, gift, Spende'; stī̆pendium `Soldatenlöhnung, tax, Tribut, Sold' (*stipi-pendiom), stipulor, -ārī `bedinge mir fromm'; umbr. steplatu, stiplato `stipulātō';

    gr. PN Στί̄πων to *στῑπος = ags. stīf, mhd. (eigentl. md.) stīf `steif, erect', besides altfries. stef (?); mnd. stīvele `pad', mhd. stīvel ds., aisl. stīfla `dämmen' (out of it engl. stifle `ersticken'); with germ. p: nd. stīpel, stīper `Stützholz', fries. stīpe `picket, pole', engl. stipe `Stengel'; mnd. stip, stippe `Punkt, Tupf', stippen `punktieren, sticken', mhd. steppen `reihenweise sew, sticken', nhd. steppen; mnd. stift `small nail, peg', ahd. steft `cusp, peak, thorn, peg'; unclear are and. stiftōn `aedificare', ahd. mhd. stiften `feststellen, gründen, to build, anstiften', nhd. stiften;

    lit. stimpù stìpti `erstarren, verenden', stiprùs `strong', Pl. stipinaĩ `pad am sled ', lett. stipt `steif become', ablaut. lit. stiẽpti, lett. stiept `recken'; apr. postippin `whole'.

References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7;

See also: to stāi- S. 1010.

Page(s): 1015-1016

Root / lemma: stē̆r-2

Meaning: star

German meaning: `Stern'

Material: Old Indian Instr. Pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, Nom. Pl. tāraḥ m. `Sterne', tarā f. `Stern', av. Akk. Sg. stā̆rǝm, Gen. stārō, Pl. Nom. staras-ča, stārō, Akk. strǝ̄uš, Gen. strǝ̄m, Dat. stǝrǝbyō `Stern'; arm. astɫ, Gen.asteɫ `Stern, stars'; gr. ἀστήρ, -έρος `Stern', kollekt. ἄστρα `jünger' ἄστρον `Stern, stars' (out of it lat. astrum), wherefore probably with (ὠπ-)ὀπ-: (ἀ)στεροπή, ἀστραπή `lightning, Wetterleuchten', στέροψ `flimmernd', (ἀ)στράπτω `flash, sparkle, glitter', ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαῖος `Blitzeschleuderer(Zeus)'; without anl. s- (as Old Indian tāraḥ, tarā) τερέων Gen. Pl., with metr. lengthening τείρεα, τείρεσιν `Gestirne'; lat. stēlla `Stern' (*stēr-[o]lā, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.seren `Stern' (Pl. ser), mir. ser `Stern' (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade gall. GN Dɦirona, Sirona; got. staírnō, ahd. sterno, anord. stjarna `Stern' and ahd. as. sterro, ags. steorra `Stern' (*sters- to s-stem *steros?), afries. stēra `Stern' (or stēre f.).

Maybe alb. (*Hstēr-[o]lā, diminutive > abbreviated hyll `star'.

Old Indian Instr. Pl. str ̥́ bhih ̣, Nom. Pl. tārah ̣ m. 'Stars', tar ā f. 'Star', av. Acc. Sg. st ā̆ rǝm, gene. stār ō, Pl. Nom. staras- a, stār ō, acc. str ǝ̄ uš, gene. str ǝ̄ m, dat. stǝrǝby ō 'star'; poor. ast ɫ, Gen.aste ɫ ` star, stars '; gr. ἀστήρ, - έρος 'star', kollekt. ἄστρα 'more recently' ἄστρον ` star, stars ' (from it lat. astrum), for what probably with (ὠπ-) ὀπ: (ἀ) στεροπή, ἀστραπή ` flash, summer lightning ', στέροψ 'shimmering', (ἀ) στράπτω ` flashes, sparkle ', ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαῖος ` Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus) '; without on the occasion of s-(how Old Indian tārah ̣, tar ā) τερέων gene. Pl., with metr. Stretch τείρεα, τείρεσιν 'stars'; lat. stēlla 'star' (*stēr-[o] l ā, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.seren 'star' (Pl. ser), to me. ser 'star' (ZfcPh. 19, 200) stjarna 'star' and ahd. as. sterro, ags. steorra 'star' (*sters to p. stem *steros?), afries. stēra 'star' (or stēre f.).

References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff., Frisk Gr. Et. Wb. 170 f.

Page(s): 1027-1028

Root / lemma: stilp-, stilb- ?

Meaning: to shine; to show

German meaning: `glänzen; schauen'?

Comments: dem Bau idg. roots widersprechend

Material: Gr. στίλβω `gleams, schimmere', στίλβη ` radiance '; στιλπνός `gleaming' = ir. sell `eye', sellaim `sehe an', cymr. syllu, corn. sylly, bret. sellout `anschauen'.

References: WP. II 646.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: stomen-

Meaning: mouth

German meaning: `Mund'

Material: Av. staman- n. `muzzle (vom dog)'; gr. στόμα n. `mouth', στόμαχος (-gho-forms) `throat, estuary (the bubble, of Uterus); Magenmund, Magen'; lengthened grade στωμύλος `mundfertig, geschwätzig; artig plaudernd', στωμύλλω `plaudere', στωμυλία `Geschwätzigkeit' (daß ved. stāmú- perhaps `tönend, stöhnend' bedeute and related sei, is doubtful); with secondary a: cymr. safn `Kinnlade'; sefnig `throat', acorn. stefenic `palate', mbret. staffn, nbret. staoñ ds.

References: WP. II 648.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: storos, stornos (str̥nos?)

Meaning: a kind of bird (starling)

German meaning: `Star and Vögel ähnlichen Lauteindrucks'

Material: Lat. sturnus, -ī m. `Star', from *str̥nos or *stornos, in latter Falle = ags. stearn `Seeschwalbe', apr. starnite `Möwe' (Ms. stamite); compare also čech. strnad, russ. strenátka `Goldammer'?

    ahd. star(a), nhd. Star, aisl. stari, ags. stær, Demin. stærling ds.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer 3, 26.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: streig-1

Meaning: to stop, be immovable

German meaning: `stehenbleiben, steckenbleiben, innehalten'

Material: Lat. strigō, -āre `stehenbleiben, innehalten (besonders from Zugtieren)', wherefore probably also obstrigillō, -āre `hemmend entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein'; norw. strika (*strikōn =strigāre) `einhalten, stoppen', striken `obstructive', strīka st. V. `den run, flow hemmen, stoppen'; lit. straigýti `hineinstoßen', stringù, strìgti `steckenbleiben', lett. striêgt and strigt ` sink in ' (eig. `steckenbleiben'), straignis `morass'; slav. *stręg-ti in poln. zastrząc, ustrząc.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f., Trautmann 290.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: streig-2

Meaning: stiff

German meaning: `steif, straff' and `zusammendrehen, Strick'

Comments: probably extension from ster- `starren'

Material: Lat. stringō, -ere, strictus in the meaning `straff anziehen, zusammenziehen, schnüren';

    norw. dial. strīkja `die Augen aufsperren, to swell', strīk, strek `ein aufgeschossener knave, boy'; *strikki- `rope' in afries. strik, mnd. strik (-ck-), ahd. mhd. stric (-ck-) `rope'; therefrom mnd. stricken `schnüren, bind, stricken', ahd. strickan `heften, festschnüren, stricken', ags. strician `stricken, ausbessern'.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: (s)treig-3, streid(h)-

Meaning: to hiss

German meaning: `zischen, schwirren'; Schallwort

Material: Gr. τρίζω, τέτρῑγα `zirpe, schwirre, knirsche', τριγμός (neologism τρισμός) m. `das Zirpen, Schwirren', τρί̄γλη `Seebarbe', τρῑγόλας `Knurrhahn'; στρίγξ, -γγός f., also στρίξ, στλίξ; στρίγλος Hes. `ein Nachtvogel', lat. strīx, -gis f. `Ohreule', strīdd(e)ō, -ē̆re, strīdī `hiss, schwirren, schrillen'.

References: WP. II 651, WH. II 606.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: strenk-, streng-

Meaning: stiff, tight

German meaning: `straff, beengt' under likewise ; `Strang, zusammendrehen, zusammenziehen'

Comments: (as by ster-g-, stre-g-, see under ster- `starren')

Material: Gr. στραγγός `gedreht'; through eine schmale aperture tröpfelnd' (στραγγουρία `Striktur'), στράγξ, -γγός f. `aussickernder, ausgedrückter drip', στραγγεύεσθαι `sich zusammendrehen, hindurchpressen, hesitate', στραγγάλη f. `Strang, rope, Schlinge', στραγγαλεύω, -ίζω, -όω (from which lat. strangulō) `erdroßle', στρογγύλος (from *στραγγύλος) `gedreht = rund';

    mir. srengim `pull, drag', sreng `rope', srincne `Nabelschnur' (strengīni̯ā);

    lett. stringt `stramm become; wilt' (`*sich zusammenziehen'), strangs `gamy, fresh' (Lituanismus);

    in Germanischen from the root form auf k or gh: aisl. strengr `cord, Strang, stripe, schmaler stream' (*strangi-), ags. streng m. `cord, Strang', ahd. stranc (-g-), nhd. Strang; denominative aisl. strengja `festbinden, shut';

    with other meaning aisl. strangr `violent, strong, stern, hard', ags. as. strang ds., strenge `stern', mnd. strenge, ahd. strengi `sharp, strong, valiant, stern', and ags. strengan `befestigen', mhd. strengen `strecken, urge, press, push', nhd. anstrengen;

    norw. strungen `steif or beklemmt in Magen'; aisl. strangi m. `tree truck';

    from the root form auf idg. voiced-nonaspirated: aschwed. strunker `aufgerichtet, straight', norw. dän. strunk `ds., stout, proud', norw. strunken = strungen (see above), mhd. strunk `Strunk', mnd. strunk `Stengel', mhd. strunken, strunkeln `straucheln', (könnten also nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- sein);

    lett. streñkals `ein Stück verhärteten Auswurfs' (perhaps `steif, starr').

References: WP. II 650 f., WH. II 605.

Page(s): 1036-1037

Root / lemma: (s)trep-, (s)treb-

Meaning: to cry wildly, make noise, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: `wild lärmen, schreien under likewise'; Schallwurzel

Material: Lat. strepō, -ere `make a noise, cry, rausche'; perhaps the ital. FlN Trebia;

    isl. Þrefa `quarrel, squabble', aisl. Þrapt n. `gossip', ags. Þræft n. `discord, quarrel', mnd.drevelinge ds. (with p: aisl. Þrapr ` babbler ', Þrap n. `garrulitas');

    compare (s)treig-3, streid(h)- `hiss, schwirren' and lat. stertō `schnarche'.

References: WP. II 649 f., WH. II 602.

Page(s): 1037

Root / lemma: stru-

Meaning: gray-haired, old

German meaning: `greis, alt'

Comments: only kelt. and balto-slav.

Material: Air. sruith `old, ehrwürdig' (*stru-ti-s), acymr. strutiu gl. `antiquam'; lit. strūjus `Greis'; aksl. stryjь `patruus', strynja `amita'.

References: WP. II 651, Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 29.

Page(s): 1037

Root / lemma: su-, sū-

Meaning: well, good

German meaning: `probably, gut' as 1. composition part

Material: Old Indian su-, av. hu-, apers. u-, e.g. in Old Indian su-drú- `starkes wood', su-bhága- `lucky, beglückend', av. hu-baɣa- `good Eheglück gewährend';

    gr. ὑγιής `fit, healthy' (*su-gʷii̯ēs `wohllebend');

    gall. su- (e.g. Su-carus =) cymr. hy-gar `liebenswürdig', corn. hy-, bret. he-, air. su-, so- (e.g. su-thain `ewig', so-scél(a)e `Evangelium');

    germ. sū̆- in Su-gambri VN, aisl. sū-svǫrt f. `Schwarzamsel' (`die whole Schwarze');

    lit. sūdrus `horny, lustful, luscious'; aksl. sъdravъ `ὑγιής', čech. zdravý (compare above Old Indian su-drú-) etc; slav. *sъbožьje, čech. zboží `Besitztum' from *sъ-bogъ (= Old Indian subhága-, above S. 107);

    su- is zero grade to *su̯e- (above S. 882 f.); compare Old Indian sva- in sva-dhā = su-dhā `süßer Trank' (above S. 241), svá-dhita- = sú-dhita- `tight, firm, fit, healthy';

References: WH. II 512, E. Fraenkel Mél. Pedersen 443 ff., Vasmer 1, 450 f.

Page(s): 1037-1038

Root / lemma: su̯ard-

Meaning: to laugh

German meaning: `lachen'?

Material: σαρδάνιος `höhnisch, spöttisch', σαρδίζειν `hohnlachen'; cymr. chwarddu, corn. hwerthin, mbret.huersin `lachen'.

References: WP. II 517.

Page(s): 1040

Root / lemma: su̯ād-

Meaning: sweet

German meaning: `süß; an etwas Geschmack, Freude finden'

Material: 1. su̯ādú-s `sweet': Old Indian svādú-, f. svādvī́ `sweet, mellifluous'; gr. ἡδύς, f. -εῖα (*-εFια), -ύ, dor. ἁδύς `sweet'; with formants -mo-: ἅ̄δυμος, hom. ἥδυμος `pleasant'; lat. suāvis (*su̯ādu̯is) `sweet'; as. swōti, ahd. suozi, ags. swēte, aisl. sø̄tr `sweet'; gall. PN Suadurīx, -genus, ir. Sadb f. PN; about got. sutis `ruhig, gentle', s. Mayrhofer KZ 71, 74 f. under 73, 116 f.

    Kompar. Superl. Old Indian svádīyas-, gr. ἡδίων; Old Indian svā́diṣṭha- = gr. ἥδιστος;

    2. su̯ā́dos- n. Süßigkeit, Wohlgefallen': ved. prá-svādas- ` mellifluous, pleasant', μελιηδής `honigsüß', ἧδος n. `Essig' (gr. ἦδος n. `benefit, advantage', absents).

    3. su̯ādonom, -ā: Old Indian svā́danam, gr. ἡδονή f. `Lust'.

    4. Verba and other nominal formation:

    Old Indian ved. svādatē `is erfreut, enjoys' = gr. ἥδομαι (böot. Fἅ̄δομη) `freue mich';

    av. x ̌āstō `durch Kochen gar (schmackhaft) gemacht, cooked, boiled' = Old Indian svāttá- `gewürzt'; Old Indian svā́da- m. `taste, Wohlgeschmack', bal. vād `salt' (Mittelbegriff `Würze');

    Kausat. bzw. intensive svādáyati (= lat. suādeō, see below) and svadáyati `schmackhaft, annehmbar make; taste, genießen', zero grade sūdayati `gehörig einrichten, good make, fertigmachen = slay, destroy' (with derselben ablaut grade Perf. suṣūdimá; sūdā- m. `Koch', lit. súdyti, got. sūtis);

    with analog. ă: svádati `makes schmackhaft, würzt', svádate `schmeckt', participle svattá-; nasalized av. x ̌andra-kara- `angenehmes tuend = compliant', afgh. x ̌and `Wohlgeschmack, pleasure' (compare gr. ἁνδά̄νω);

    Gr. ἥδομαι (see above); ἄσμενος `erfreut', not certainly here as participle to s-Aorist ἥσατο (the Lenis unerklärt); *αFᾱδεω, *αηδεω (hom. ἀηδήσειε, ἀδηκότες) `bin querulous ', lokr. FεFαδηκότα (ᾱ or ᾰ?); ἁνδάνω `gefalle', Aor. hom. εὔαδε, gortyn. ἔFαδε, Perf. ἕᾱδα (: Old Indian sasvadē), ἀφανδάνω `mißfalle' (ἀφαδία `enmity'), ion. ἅδος m. `decision', ἅδημα Hes. ds., αὐθά̄δης, ion. αὐτώδης `hubristic, overbearing, selbstgefällig' (*αὐτοFάδης), ἀFαδής ` querulous ', whereof ἀαδεῖν ὀχλεῖν, ἀπορεῖν Photios; this -es-stem ἅδος is previously gr. neologism from ἁνδάνω from;

    lat. suādeō, -ēre `rate' (i.e. `mache einem etwas gefallen');

    lit. sū́dyti ` spice, salzen';

    perhaps here ags. swatan Pl. `beer', schott. swats `fresh gebrautes beer'.

Maybe alb. (*hu̯ād-) anda ‘appetite, desire, wish’ related also to Hittite anza ‘desire’???

Root / lemma: su̯ād- : sweet

Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-

English meaning: water current

Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

English meaning: water, river

Root / lemma: from-

English meaning: to draw (water), ladle

Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er-

English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc.

References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f., Frisk 104, 166, 184 f.

Page(s): 1039-1040

Root / lemma: su̯eid-1

Meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glänzen, schimmern'

Material: Av. x ̌aēna- `glühend, lohend' (*x ̌aēdna-); lat. sīdus, -eris `stars', consīderāre `betrachten', dēsīderāre `long, want';

    lit. svidùs `blank, gleaming', svýsti `to gleam begin', svidù, -ė́ti `gleam', lett. svī́st `anbrechen, vom days', sváidīt `salben' (eig. `gleam make');

    ein similar *su̯eit-, but in the meaning `singe, burn' in aisl. svīða, ahd. swīdan `burn'; in addition probably as Aoristpräs. ahd. swedan `schwelend verbrennen' and with Ablautentgleisung ags. swaðul `smoke', mhd. swadem `Rauchschwaden, haze, mist' under likewise

References: WP. II 520 f., WH. II 534, Trautmann 296.

Page(s): 1042

Root / lemma: su̯eid-2

Meaning: to sweat; sweat n.

German meaning: `schwitzen'

Material: Old Indian svídyati, svḗdatē `schwitzt', svḗda- m. = av. xvaēda- `Schweiß' (= germ. *swaita-);

    arm. k`irt-n, Gen. -an `Schweiß' (rt from dr, compare gr. ἱδρώς, lett. sviêdri); gr. (ε)ἶδος (ion.) n. `Schweiß', hom. etc (ε)ἰ/δίω, att. ἰ̄δί̄ω `sweat', ἰ̄δρώς, -ῶτος, att. ἱ̄δρώς probably after εὐρώς, -ῶτος `Moder' from dem originally -os-stem from hom. Dat. ἱδρῷ, Akk. ἱδρῶ- (grown from idg. *su̯idro-), ἱδρώω `sweat' (*ἱδρωσ-ι̯ω);

    alb. dirsë, djersë ` sweat ', djers ` to sweat ' (with s from ti̯ in present *su̯í-drō^xti̯ō);

Note:

Alb. usually developed zero grade by dropping the initial su- > zero as in Old Indian śváśura-, av. x ̌asura- `father-in-law' > alb. vjehërr ` father-in-law ', hence alb. djersë ` sweat ' (*sūderis) reflects the same phonetic mutation attested in gr. (ε)ἶδος (ion.) n. ` sweat ', hom. etc (ε)ἰ/δίω, att. ἰ̄δί̄ω `sweat', ἰ̄δρώς, -ῶτος, att. ἱ̄δρώς ` sweat '. That means that gr. and illyr. cognates were created simultaneously hence both languages derived from the same proto illyr.-gr. mother tongue. Since gr. displays the same phonetic mutations as alb. and illyr. that means that both illyr. and gr. come from the same ancestor.

Yet in alb. -s didn’t derive from ti̯ in present *su̯í-drō^xti̯ō as previously thought because alb. djersë ` sweat ' is a truncated form of earlier alb. (*sūderis). Often modern alb. solidified illyr. and gr. -os, -es, endings or dropped them altogether.

rum. sudoare 'sweat'

    lat. sūdor, -ōris `Schweiß' (*su̯oidōs), sūdō, -āre `schwitzen';

    kymr. chwys, corn. whys, bret. c'houez `Schweiß' (*su̯idso-);

    ags. swāt, as. swēt, ahd. sweiz m. `Schweiß', aisl. sveiti m. ds.; ahd. swizzen (= Old Indian svídyati) `schwitzen', Kaus.-Iter. ahd. sweizzan, mhd. sweizen `Schweiß shed, bluten, damp become', mhd. also `hot make, rösten, in Gluthitze aneinanderhämmern, schweißen' (= Old Indian svēdáyati `läßt schwitzen');

    lett. sviêdri Pl. `Schweiß', svîstu, svîst `schwitzen', svîdêt `schwitzen make'.

References: WP. II 521, WH. II 623, Trautmann 295.

Page(s): 1043

Root / lemma: su̯ei-, su̯i-

Meaning: to hiss, whistle

German meaning: `zischen, pfeifen', Schallwort

Comments: extended su̯eizd-; ital. and germ. su̯eighl-

Material: Idg. Alters is *su̯eizdō: Old Indian kṣvēḍati, kṣvēdati `saust, braust, summt' (if kṣ- onomatopoeic words Schallverstärkung eines from *svaiẓdati assimilierten *svaiẓdati); air. sēt- `(ein Instrument) blow', mir. airfitiud `durch Musik ergötzen', air. ind fet `sibilus', nir. fead `a whistle' (*swizdā), mir. fetán `shepherd’s pipe', cymr. chwythu `blow, (ein Instrument) blow', chwyth `das blast', chwythell `Pfeife' (chwib ds., hybridization from chwyth with pib `Pfeife' from lat. pīpa), corn. whythe, whethe, bret. c'houeza `blow'; aksl. svistati, zvizdati `sibilāre' (kann from *svizdati assimil. sein);

    gr. σίζω ` fizz ', Aor. ἔσιξα (σίξις, σιγμός `das Zischen') is similar onomatopoeic word formation as lett. sīkt ds.;

    also lat. sībilō, -āre `hiss, whistle', sībilus `zischend; das Zischen', sekundär sīfilō, sīfilus, compare zero grade got. swiglōn `die flute blasen, whistle', ahd. swëglōn ds., swëgala `flute' (*su̯ighlā-);

maybe through metathesis in alb. (*swëgala) fishkëllej 'whistle'.

    similarly, but without geschichtlichen connection with obigen words also npers. siflīden `whistle, chirp, twitter', aksl. sipota ` hoarseness ', sipnǫti ` become hoarse ', čech. sípati `hiss, hoarse become'.

References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer 2, 594 f.

Page(s): 1040-1041

Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́-

Meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law

German meaning: `Mutter of Ehemannes'

Material: Old Indian śváśura-, av. x ̌asura- `father-in-law', Old Indian śvaśrū́- `Schwiegermutter'; npers. χusrū ds.;

    arm. skesur `Schwiegermutter' from *k̂u̯ek̂urā), darnach skesrair `father-in-law', actually `man the Schwiegermutter';

maybe alb. (*skes) shkes `messenger of the groom'

gr. ἑκυρός `father-in-law, under zw. the father of Ehemanns', ἑκυρά̄ `Schwiegermutter';

alb. vjehërr `father-in-law', vjéherrë `Schwiegermutter'; [common alb. shift sv- > v-, or drop of the initial s-]

lat. socer, -eri `father-in-law', socrus, -ūs `Schwiegermutter'; cymr. chwegr, corn. hweger `Schwiegermutter', neologism cymr. chwegrwn, corn. hwigeren `father-in-law'; ahd. swehur, ags. swēor `Schwäher', ahd. swigar, ags. sweger (*sweʒ-rū́) `Schwiegermutter';

    got. swaíhrō = anord. svǣra `Schwiegermutter' (*swehrōn-), neologism got. swaíhra `father-in-law' (*swehran-), as also nhd. Schwiegervater after Schwieger(mutter) for Schwäher;

    lit. šẽšuras `father-in-law'; aksl. svekry `Schwiegermutter' (-kr- through dissimilation against den anlaut not to -sr- geworden), whereupon m. svekrъ `father-in-law';

    lengthened grade: Old Indian śvāśura- `zum father-in-law gehörig', ahd. swāgur (*su̯ēkurós) `Schwager (*son of Schwiegervaters)', also `father-in-law, son-in-law'.

References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer 2, 588.

Page(s): 1043-1044

Root / lemma: su̯ek-

Meaning: to smell (well)

German meaning: `(gut) riechen'

Comments: only brit. and westgerm.

Material: Cymr. chweg `sweet, pleasant', corn. whek, bret. c'houek; cymr. chwaeth (*su̯ekto-) `taste'; ahd. swehhan `smell, stink, spring up, bubble'; with Geminata ahd. swekhe, sueckia Pl. `odores', as. swec `smell, odor, Duft', ags. swecc, swæcc `taste, smell, odor, Duft', sweccan `smell'.

References: WP. II 521.

Page(s): 1043

Root / lemma: su̯ek̂s, sek̂s, ksek̂s, ksu̯ek̂s, u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s)

Meaning: six

German meaning: `sechs'

Material: Old Indian ṣáṭ (from saṭṣ), av. xšvaš; arm. vec̣ (in vat`sun `60' is a from e umgelautet); gr. ἕξ, dial. Fέξ (knidisch ξέστριξ `sechszeilige barley', maybe from *ξεξ); alb. gjashtë; lat. sex; air. sē `6', seser `6 man', mōr-feser `magnus seviratus, 7 man', cymr. etc chwech `6'; got. saihs, aisl. sex, ahd. sehs; lit. flektiert šešì; aksl. šestь (= Old Indian ṣaṣṭí-); toch. A ṣäk, В ṣkas; compare lat. sēdecim: Old Indian ṣōḍaśa 16 (av. xšvašdasa- `the 16.').

    ordinals: Old Indian ṣaṣṭhá-, av. xštva-; arm. vec̣erord; gr. ἕκτος; alb. i-gjashtëtë, i-gjashtë; illyr. Sestus; lat. sextus, sestus (Sestius, osk. Σεστιες, umbr. sestentasiaru `sextantariārum'; idg. probably *s(u̯)ek̂tos, in Lat. and Germ. with Eindringen of s from the Grundzahl); gall. suexos, air. sessed, cymr. chweched; got. saíhsta, ahd. sehsto, sehto, aisl. sētte; lit. šẽštas, apr. m. zero grade uschts, compare alit. ušios `Wochenbett' (apr. Lw.), genuine lit. šẽšios ds.: aksl. šestъ; toch. A ṣkäṣt, В ṣkaste.

It seems that PIE root lemma for number six was based on the Semitic system:

East: Akkadian+ shishshu, Central: Arabic sittah, Saudi sitta, Yemeni sitteh, Syrian s^ette, Lebanese setti, Cypriot sítte, Iraqi sitta, Egyptian sitta, E Libyan 'sitta, N African (Darja) sitta, Moroccan setta, Sudanese si|tta, Nigerian sitte, Zanzibari sitte, Maltese sitta, Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t-t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shêsh, Modern Hebrew shesh, Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h, Modern: Aramaic shé:'tta:, Classical Syriac+ `eshta:, Syriac 'ishta, Van ishta, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th, South Arabian (Harsusi) 'hatt^eh, (Sheri) shet, Socotra yha`T, N Ethiopic : Geez+ siddistu, Tigre s^es, Beni Amir siss, Tigrinya shuddushte, S Ethiopic : Amharic siddist, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage seddest, Gafat+ seddestä, Soddo sedd^est, Goggot s^edd^est, Muher seddest, Masqan seddest, CW Gurage s^ed^est, Ennemor s^ed^est.

Egyptian : Egyptian+ s-y-s-w, (Recons.) sar'saw, Coptic+ sow.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: Old English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English six, Scots sax, Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) sæks, Dutch zes, W/S Flemish zèsse, Brabants zes, Low Saxon söß, Emsland zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass, Afrikaans ses, German sechs, Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex, Cimbrian sèks, Rimella zhakshe, Rheinfränkisch sechs, Pennsylvania sex, Luxembourgeois sechs, Swiss German sächs, Yiddish zeks, Middle High German+ sëhs, Old High German+ sehs, Northern: Runic+ sæx, Old Norse+ sex, Norwegian seks, Danish seks, Swedish sex, Faroese seks, Old Icelandic+ sex, Icelandic sex, Eastern: Gothic+ saíhs, Crimean+ seis, Italic: Oscan+ *sehs, Umbrian+ sehs-, Faliscan+ zex, Latin+ sex, Romance: Mozarabic+ xaix, Portuguese seis, Galician seis, Spanish seis, Ladino sex, Asturian seis, Aragonese seis, Catalan sis, Valencian sis, Old French+ sis, French six, Walloon shijh, Jèrriais six, Poitevin sis, Old Picard+ sies, Picard sis, Occitan (Provençal) sièis, Lengadocian sièis, Gascon shèis, Auvergnat siei, Limosin siei, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sî, Rumantsch Grischun sis, Sursilvan sis, Vallader ses, Friulian sîs, Ladin síes, Dalmatian+ si, Italian sei, Piedmontese sés, Milanese sés, Genovese sei, Venetian sié, Parmesan se:s, Corsican sei, Umbrian séi, Neapolitan sèië, Sicilian sie, Romanian s,ase, Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite s,asi, Istriot s,åse, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex, Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-Celtic): Welsh chwech, Cardiganshire sich, Breton c'hwec'h, Vannetais huéh, Unified Cornish+ whegh, Common hwegh, Modern whee, Devonian+ hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): Old Irish+ se, Irish sé, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-), Classical Greek+ héx, Greek éksi, Cypriot éksi, Tsakonian ékse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ säk, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjashtë, Gheg (Qosaj) gh'asht, Tosk (Mandritsa) g'áshtë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vec^h, Armenian vec, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *usjai, East : Lithuanian sheshì, Latvian seshi, Latgalian seshi, Slavic East : Russian shesth, shest'; Belarussian shesthh, shesc'; Ukrainian sh--sth, shist'; West : Polish szes'c', Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech shest, Slovak shest', West shest, East shesc, Upper Sorbian shêsc', Lower Sorbian sêsc', South: Old Church Slavonic+ shesti, Bulgarian shest, Macedonian shest, Serbo-Croat shêst, Slovene shest, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *(k)swacsh, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron æxsæz, Digor æxsæz, Avestan+ xshuuash, Khwarezmian+ 'x, Sogdian+ wghwshw, Yaghnobi uxsh, Bactrian+

Saka+ ksäta', Pashto shpag, Wakhi sha:d, Munji a:xshe, Yidgha uxsho, Ishkashmi xu,l, Sanglechi

Shughn xo:gh, Rushani xu:,w, Yazgulami xu, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) xel, Parachi xi, Ormuri sh.^ah, Western Northwest : Parthian+ shwh, Yazdi shash, Nayini Natanzi shæsh, Khunsari shäsh, Gazi shösh, Sivandi shush, Vafsi shish, Semnani shash, Sangisari shash, Gilaki shish, Mazanderani shesh, Talysh shash, Harzani shosh, Zaza shesh, Gorani shIsh, Baluchi sh^esh, Turkmenistan shash, E Hill shash, Rakhshani (Western) sh^eshsh, Kermanji (S) Kurdish shash, Zaza (N) Kurdish shash, Bajalani shish, Kermanshahi shäsh, Southwest : Old Persian+: Pahlavi+ shash, Farsi shesh, Isfahani shish, Tajik shash, Tati shæsh, Chali shesh, Fars shisht, Lari shish, Luri shish, Kumzari shish, Nuristani

Ashkun shû:, Wasi-weri wu:sh, Kati shu, Kalasha-ala shu:, Indic : Sanskrit+ s.as., Prakrit+ ch`a, Ardhamagadhi+ cha, Pali+ cha, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish jol, Welsh shov, Kalderash shov, Syrian sha:s, Armenian shesh, Iranian shov, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese haya, Vedda pahamay tava ekamay, Maldivian haie, Northern India Dardic: Kashmiri shah, Shina sha, Brokskat sa, Phalura sho^h, Bashkarik sho:, Tirahi xo, Torwali sho:, Wotapuri sho:, Maiya sho:h, Kalasha sho, Khowar chhoy, Dameli sho, Gawar-bati sh^uo:, Pashai chha, Shumashti shoo, Nangalami so:, Dumaki sha, Western: Marathi s^eha, Konkani sô, Sindhi cha, Khatri cho, Lahnda ch`e:, Central: Hindi/ Urdu c^hai, Parya ch^he, Punjabi che, Siraiki chi, Gujarati ch^e, Rajasthani (Marwari) ch`aw, Banjari (Lamani) cho, Malvi ch`e:, Bhili so:, Dogri ch`e:, Kumauni ch`ai, Garhwali ch`ai:, W Pahari tsho:, Khandeshi ch`a, East Central: Nepali cha, Maithili ch`a:, Magahi chau, Bhojpuri c^hæ, Awadhi (Kosali) cha:, Chattisgarhi ch`e:, Eastern: Oriya cha'a, Bengali choy, Assamese s^ei, Mayang soy.

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui shash, Northeast : Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye, Central : Kolami saa / a:r, Naiki

Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda

Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:, South: Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru, Kodagu a:r^ü, Kurumba -a.ru, Toda o:r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:ru, Irula aru,

Nahali

Nahali cha:h,

Basque

Basque sei

Etruscan

Etruscan+ sa

References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS 1944, 54 f.

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Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo-s

Meaning: sap, pitch, *blood

German meaning: `pflanzlicher Saft; Harz'

Material: Gr. ὀπός `Pflanzensaft, Baumharz', ὀπόεις `saftig', whereof the PN ᾽Οπόεις (inschr. hοποντίων);

    lett. svakas f. Pl., umgelautet svek'is, Pl. svek'i `resin, Gummi', lit. sakaĩ Pl., apr. sackis ds. `juice, sap the Pflanzen and Früchte'; with Übertragung aufs tierische russ. osoka `Bluteiter', klr. posoka `blood eines animals' and alb. gjak `blood'.

Note:

Alb. (*sak) gjaku `blood' [common alb. s- > gj- shift]. Clearly alb. cognate derived from lat. sanguis -inis m. (and sanguen, n.) `blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family, progeny; life-blood, strength, vigor'.

Also gr. (*saina) αἷμα `blood', ahd. seim ` honey ', Sansk. soma `blood of animals, sap of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink'

From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *sḕgù

Meaning: healthy; blood

Turkic protoform: *sạg

Mongolian protoform: *saji(n)

Tungus protoform: *sēgV-

Korean protoform: *sà'ó-náb-

Japanese protoform: *sùkù-jaka

References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer 2, 688.

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Root / lemma: su̯el-1(k-)

Meaning: to swallow, eat, drink

German meaning: `schlingen, essen, trinken'? Nur iran. and germ.?

Material: Av. x ̌ar- ` enjoy, consume '; engl. swill ` devour, drink greedily ' (also ` swill, flush ', as ags. swillan, swillian), mnd. swellen ` live excessively ',

isl. sollr ` carousal '; norw. soll ` milk with lump bread ', aisl. hrǣsollr ` blood ' (`*wet and lumpy '); aisl. sollr ` swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen refuse, used for pig-food, pigswill ' (which has also the meaning in engl. swill );

maybe alb. (*swill) sillë 'food, breakfast', (*swell) gjellë 'food, dish' [common alb. s- > gj- shift] similar to alb (*sak) gjak 'blood'.

   from an extension su̯elk-: ahd. swelhan and swelgan ` swallow, drink ', ags. swelgan, aisl. svelga, nhd. schwelgen; aisl. svelgr ` whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton ', mnd. mhd. swalch ` throat ', nhd. Schwalch ` Opening of the furnace ', nd. swalgen ` suffocate '; schwed. svalg, svulg ` throat ', aisl. sylgr ` gulp '.

Maybe alb. (*svel) vel 'overeat, eat too much' [the common alb. shift SV > V], vjell 'vomit (from eating too much'.

References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;

See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. u̯elk-.

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Root / lemma: su̯el-2

Meaning: to smoulder, burn

German meaning: `schwelen, brennen'

Material: Old Indian svárati `radiates, shines '; svargá- m. ` sky ';

    gr. εἵλη, εἴλη, ἕλη f. ` solar warmth, sunlight ', γέλαν αὐγήν ἡλίου, lak. βέλα Hes., ἐλάνη ` flambeau, torch ', assim. ἑλένη Hes., ΏΕλένη originally a light goddess; zero grade ἀλέα f. ` solar warmth ', ἁλεαίνω ` warms up ', ἀλεεινός `hot', ἁλυκρός (Nikand.) `warm';

   uncertain affiliation from σέλας n. ` Shine ', σελήνη, äol. σελάννα ` moon ' (*σελασνᾱ), σελαγεῖν ` shine ';

maybe alb. (*σελαγεῖν) *xelagein, shkëlqen `shines'

maybe alb. (*σελάννα) hana ` moon ' similar to alb. (*sūli-) hül, ül ` star, planet, *sun ' [the shift S > H];

alb. and gr. prove that from Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun) derived Root / lemma: su̯el-2 : (to smoulder, burn).

    ags. swelan st. V. ` burn, is ignited ', mnd. swelen schw. V. (nhd. schwelen), ahd. swilizōn; aisl. svalr ` cold ' (actually `singeing'), mnd. swalm ` dense smoke ', ags. swol n. (*swula-), sw(e)oloð(a) m. ` the burning, heat ';

maybe alb. (*sveri) veri 'north cold wind', (*sveri) veri 'north, cold'

lengthened grade *swēl- in aisl. svǣla ` burn incense ', f. ` thick smoke ', ags. swǣlan ` incinerate, burn (trans.)', and *swōl- in nd. swōl ` sultry ' (umlaut, nhd. schwül), ndl. zwoel, zoel ds.;

- with germ. k: nd. swalk ` steam, smoke ', mhd. swelk ` withered, dry ', ahd. swelchen, mhd. swelken ` become wilted '. – the d-present in ahd. swelzan ` burn, incinerate (intr.)', for what presumably as ` swelter ' (compare engl. sweltry, sultry ` extremely hot '),

ags. as.sweltan st. V. ` die, pass away ', mndl. swelten, aisl. svelta st. V. ` starve, die ', got. swiltan st. V. ` to die ', zero grade got. swulta-wairÞja ` he who leans toward death, he who is inclined toward death ', aisl. sultr m. ` hunger ', ags. swylt m. ` death '; maybe to arm. k`aɫc-nu-m ` starve ', k`aɫc̣ ` hunger ' (*su̯l̥d-sk̂-ō);

    lit. svįlù, svìlti ` is being scorched (intr)., burn without flame ', Kausat. svìlinti ` to singe (tr.)', žem. svìlis ` heat, fevers ', svelti ` smolder ', lett. svel'u, svelt ` to scorch (tr.)', svelme f. ` steam, glow ', svals m. ` steam ', svelains ` sharp, cold ' (compare meaning from anord. svalr).

Maybe alb. (*svala) valë 'boil, steam', phr. merr një valë 'to steam' [the common alb. shift SV > V].

References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.;

See also: see above S. 881 f. sāu̯el-.

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Root / lemma: (su̯el-3), su̯ol-, sul-

Meaning: foot sole; ground

German meaning: `Fußsohle, also Grundlage, Unterstes'

Material: Lat. solea ` a sandal; a kind of fetter; a shoe for an animal; a fish, the sole '; solum ` bottom, floor, foundation; the sole of the foot, or shoe; soil, ground, earth, land, country ';

    mir. fol. i. bond ` foundation, foot sole ', Akk. Sg. folaig, Nom. Pl. solaig, Dat. Pl. air. soilgib;

    zero grade gr. ὑλία (Hes.) ` foot sole '.

Alb. shollë 'sole' (probably a lat. loanword).

References: WP. II 552, WH. II 554 f.

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Root / lemma: su̯el-4

Meaning: ` arbor, joist, beam, timber, bar, rod '

See also: see above S. 898 f. under sel-2.

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Root / lemma: su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o(n)-

Meaning: a kind of relation

German meaning: ` brothers-in-law who have married sisters? Schwäger, die Schwestern to Frauen haben '

Material: Gr. ἀέλιοι (ἀ- cop., compare ahd. ge- in ge-swīo ` brother-in-law ': swīo), αἴλιοι, εἰλίονες (for to be expected *ἑλίονες) ds. (Hes., Poll.);

    aisl. svilar Pl. ds., Sg. svili ` brother-in-law ';

    to reflexive possessive pronoun *se, seu̯e-.

maybe initially alb. (*svelioi) vëllai 'brother' [the common alb. shift SV > V] or rather from alb. geg (*ἀέλιοι) vëllau, tosk, vëllai ` brother ' from gr. ἀέλιοι. Since initial vowels in gr. yielded to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of alb. vesh m. ` ear ' (*ōus-, ōs-) against gr. dor. ὦς (*ōus) ` ear '; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form alb. geg. (*εἰλίονες) vëllazën, tosk. vëllezër Pl. `brothers' where -ër, -ën plural endings as N/R behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in alb. has been recorded at the end of the word in alb. (*radius) reze 'ray, rays'.

maybe alb. *su̯e-lo-, vëlla '*brother in law, brother'. The shift su̯e- > ve- has also been attested in alb. alb. vjehërr ` father-in-law ', vjéherrë ` mother-in-law ' from Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- : (mother-in law or father-in-law).

Note:

An impact of illyr. on balt. languages has been felt through Estonian veli 'brother', Finnish veli 'brother'. Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family through Illyrians.

References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.

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Root / lemma: su̯elplo-s

Meaning: sulphur

German meaning: `Schwefel'

Material: Got. swibls, ags. swefl, ahd. swebal ` sulphur ' = lat. sulpur ds. (*su̯elplo-s); germ. dissim. to *swe[l]fla-, *swe[l]ƀla-.

Maybe alb. sulfur ‘sulphur’

References: WP. II 533, WH. II 628; people's etymological influences from su̯el-2.

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