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Root / lemma: su̯em-

Meaning: to move; to swim

German meaning: `sich bewegen', in Germ. meist `schwimmen'

Material: Air. to-senn- `verfolgen' (*su̯em-d-ne-), Verbalnomen tofunn, probably to:

    norw. svamla `fantasize', svamra `umherirren, schwärmen'; aisl. svim(m)a, symja (preterit svamm summum and svam svǭmum) `schwimmen', ahd. as. ags. swimman ds.; Kaus. mhd. swemmen `schwimmen lassen', nhd. schwemmen; afries. swammia, mhd. swamen `schwimmen', isl. norw. svamla, sumla `plätschern', got. swumsl n. `pond, pool'; aisl. sund n. `das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund' (i.e. `*still überschwimmbar'), syndr `schwimmfähig', ags. sund n. `Schwimmfähigkeit', poet. `sea, water', mnd. sunt (-d-) `Meerenge' (nhd. Sund); different about nhd. Sund Kluge-Gotze16 780.

References: WP. II 524.

Page(s): 1046


Root / lemma: (s)u̯endh-

Meaning: to disappear

German meaning: `schwinden'?

Material: Ahd. swintan ` dwindle, abmagern, wither, wilt, bewußtlos become', as. far-swindan ` disappear', ags. swindan ` abate, dwindle ', Kaus. mhd. swenden ` dwindle make, ausreuten', nhd. verschwenden dial. `durch Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen', ahd. swintilōn, nhd. schwindeln; ablaut. nhd. Schwund; aksl. uvędati `wither, wilt', ablaut. ksl. ǫditi `räuchen';

    compare air. a-sennad Adv. `denique, postremo' (*su̯endh-no-?);

    in the case of germ. swindan to swīnan ` dwindle ' (see su̯ī-) belongs and previously through Entgleisung in die e-row übergetreten is?

References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.

Page(s): 1047


Root / lemma: su̯eng-, su̯enk- : su̯eg-, su̯ek-

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen; drehend schwingen, schwenken'

Material: Old Indian svájatē, -ti (svaŋkṣyate) `umschlingt', participle svaktá-, pariṣvakta- = av. pairišx ̌vaxta- `rings umschlossen'; air. seng `schlank' (`*pliable'), kelt. PN Singi-dūnum;

    mhd. mnd. swanc `pliable, schlank, fine, schmächtig', ags. swancor `pliable, schmächtig'; norw. svekk, svokk f. (*swank-i̯ō, -ō) `cavity the Fußsohle', ddän. schwed. swank `valley, cavity'; ags. swincan `work, sich quälen' (eig. `sich winden by the Arbeit'), Kaus. swencan `plague, peinigen' (swenc m. ` affliction '), ahd. mhd. swenken `schwingen lassen, toss, fling', nhd. schwenken; mhd. swank (-k-) ` turn, Schwung, prank, Einfall', nhd. Schwank;

    besides germ. *sweng- (idg. *su̯enk-):

    ahd. as. swingan `(sich) schwingen, fliegen', as. swingan (swinga `club, mace, joint'), ags. swingan `hit, peitschen, sich schwingen'; Kaus. got. af-swaggwjan `schwankend make' (?), ags. swengan `sich schwingen', mhd. swanc, swunc (-g-) `schwingende movement, Schwang, Schwung'; mnd. mhd. swengel `Schwengel'; aisl. svangr `thin, schmal', mhd. swanger `schlank'; aisl. svangi m. `die Leisten, Weichen' (`Einbiegung');

    nasallos: norw. svaga, svagra `waver, swerve ', svagga `schwankend gehen', aisl. sveggja `(ein ship) wenden'; mnd. swak `pliable, thin, weak', mhd. swach `evil, bad, armselig, feeble, weak', mnd. swaken also `wobble, sway' (as swanken).

References: WP. II 526 f.;

See also: compare also seu- and su̯ē̆(i)- `bend'.

Page(s): 1047-1048


Root / lemma: su̯enk-, sunk-

Meaning: heavy

German meaning: `schwerfällig (schwanger), schwer sein'

Material: Ags. swangor `schwerfällig, idle', ahd. swangar `pregnant'; lit. suñkti ` heavy become', sunkùs ` heavy ' (from Körpern and from Arbeiten), older lit. sunkinga `pregnant'.

References: WP. II 525.

Page(s): 1048


Root / lemma: su̯ento-, sunto-

Meaning: vigorous, vivacious, healthy

German meaning: `rege, rüstig, gesund'

Comments: only germ.?

Material: Got. swinÞs `strong, fit, healthy', aisl. svinnr `rash, hasty, strong, smart', ags. swīð, as. swīði `strong, violent, valiant', mhd. swint, swinde `strong, violent, geschwind, fierce, grim'; ahd.gisunt (-d-) `fit, healthy', as. gisund, ags. gesund, afries. sund `fresh, unbeschädigt, fit, healthy'.

References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably idg.; after Persson Beitr. 1892 and 587 to lit. siunèiu `sende' (different above S. 909); compare also lit. s(i)ùmdyti `aufhetzen'.

Page(s): 1048


Root / lemma: su̯en-

Meaning: to sound

German meaning: `tönen, schallen'

Material: Old Indian svánati (secondary ásvanīt) ` sounds, schallt' (= lat. sonit), -svanaḥ- n. `noise', svaná- m. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= lat. sonus), svāná- ` soughing '; av. *x ̌anat̃-èaxra- `einer, of Räder sausen'; lat. sonō, -āre, -ui, -itum alat. sonere (*su̯énō) `sound, clink, sound, klingen, sough, rustle', sonus (*su̯onos ` clangor '; air. son `sound' lat. Lw.); probably air. senn-, preterit sephainn `sonāre, play (ein Instrument)', das nn probably after to-senn- `verfolgen', das (from *su̯em-d-ne- originated) zur root su̯em- belongs; air. senim (i.e. seinm) `das Spielen, tintinnabulation'; ags. swinsian `singen, Musik make', swinn `Musik, Gesang'; also ahd. ags. swan `swan', aisl. svanr ` manly swan';

    in the case of sen- besides su̯en- in lett. sanēt, senēt `buzz', ir. sanas `Flüstern', cymr. hanes `history' eig. `*rumor'?

References: WP. II 524 f., WH. II 559 f.

Page(s): 1046-1047


Root / lemma: su̯ep-1, sup-

Meaning: to sleep

German meaning: `schlafen'

Material: Old Indian svápiti, svápati ` asleep, dozed off ', Pass. supyatē, participle suptá- `dozed off', Kaus. svāpáyati `schläfert ein' (= aisl. sø̄fa), svapayati ds. (= aisl. svefja etc); av. x ̌ap- `sleep'; gr. ὕπαρ `Wehrtraum';

    lat. sōpiō, -īre `einschläfern', sŏpor, -ōris `tiefer sleep' (*su̯epōr); aisl. sofa (svaf), ags. swefan st. V. `sleep, cease'; Kaus. aisl. svefja `einschläfern, stillen, besänftigen', ags. swefian ds., ags. swebban `einschläfern, slay', as. answebbian, ahd. antswebben, mhd. entsweben ds., mhd. also ` sleepy become, einschlafen' (*su̯opéi̯ō); aisl. sø̄fa `slay'(*su̯ōpéi̯ō); aisl. suǣfa `einschläfern' (*su̯ēpei̯ō), syfja unpers. ` sleepy make', ostfries. suffen ` sleepy become' (ndl. suf `schwindlig, stupid'); aisl. sofna schw. V. `einschlafen'; mhd. swep, -bes `sleep', ags. sweofot n. ds.; aksl. sъpati, Iter. sypati `sleep', usъnǫti `einschlafen';

    Old Indian svápna- `sleep, dream', av. x ̌afna- m. ds.; arm. k`un, Gen. k`noy `sleep' (*su̯opnos); gr. ὕπνος `sleep' (= aksl. sъnъ and:) alb. gjumë;

Note:

Alb. gjumë `sleep', për-gjumësh `sleepy' and lat. somnus `sleep' derived from a common root su̯opnos but the phonetic shift lat. p > mp > m is a typical alb. not lat. mutation. compare alb. geg. mesa (*nepōtiā), tosk. mbesa `niece'. Clearly lat. shared the same root with illyr.

lat. somnus `sleep' (*su̯epnos or *su̯opnos); air. sūan, cymr. corn. bret. hun `sleep' (*sopnos = lit. sãpnas); aisl. svefn, ags. swefn `sleep, dream', (from *su̯epnós); lit. sãpnas, sapnỹs `dream', lett. sapnis `dream'; aksl. sъnъ `sleep, dream'; compare Old Indian asvapna- `schlaflos', av. ax ̌afna- ds., lat. insomnis, gr. ἄυπνος ds. and diei̯o-derivative Old Indian svápnyam `Traumgesicht', lat. somnium `dream', žem. sapnis `sleep, dream', aksl. sъnije `Traumgesicht'; gr. ἐνύπνιον (nachgebildet lat. insomnium) ds., cymr. anhunedd `insomnia'; toch. A ṣpǝn, В ṣpäne `sleep, dream'; hitt. sup- (Medium), supparii̯a- `sleep'.

References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694.

Page(s): 1048-1049


Root / lemma: su̯ep-2, sup-, su̯eb-

Meaning: to throw

German meaning: `werfen, schleudern, schütten'

Material: Old Indian svapū́ ` besom '; aksl. svepiti sę `agitari'; zero grade sъpǫ, suti `schütten, strew, distribute', Iter. sypati `schütten', rasypati `ausstreuen'; sunǫti `effundere', sъpъ `heap' (but lit. sùpti `swing, wiegen' rather to seu- `bend'); lat. supō, -āre `throw', dissipō, -āre `auseinanderwerfen, scatter', obsipō, -āre `entgegensprengen (water), reproach', insipere `hineinwerfen';

    germ. *svab- and *svap- (idg. *su̯eb-) in aisl. sōfl `Kehrbesen' (*swōƀala-), svāf n. `spear, javelin'; ags. ge-swōpe f. `offal, rubbish' (isl. sópa `fegen' is engl. Lw.); nd. swabbeln `(from water under likewise) hin- and herschlagen, wogen', nhd. schwapp-en, -eln, -ern under likewise

References: WP. II 524, WH. I 356 ff., Trautmann 293, Vasmer 3, 57.

Page(s): 1049


Root / lemma: su̯erbh- (also su̯er-?)

Meaning: to turn; to sweep

German meaning: `drehen, drehend wischen, fegen'

Material: Cymr. chwerfu `das Wirbeln, Umdrehen', chwerfan `whirl for a spindle'; chwyrn `quick, fast (drehend)' from *su̯erbh-nio-; got. af-, bi-swaírban `abwischen', aisl. sverfa st. V. `feilen', svarf n. `Abfall beim Feilen', ags. sweorfan ds., afr. swerva `kriechen', as. swerƀan `abwischen', ahd. suuerban `extergere', suuarp, swirbil `gurges, vortex', mhd. swerben `sich wirbelnd bewegen'; aisl. svarfa `umherschweifen', aschwed. svarva `drechseln, (Lügen) ersinnen';

    slav. *svorbъ in ksl. svrabъ (in addition aksl. svrabьnъ `κνησμώδης'); ablaut. slav. *svьrbitъ, *svьrběti `jucken' in russ. sverbít, sverbětь etc; compare lett. svar̃pst m. `borer' (*su̯arb-sta-);

    perhaps in addition gr. σύρφος n., συρφετός m. `rubbish', σύρφαξ, -ᾱκος `Kehricht the Menschheit, Gesindel'; compare also σαίρω `fege' (*su̯eri̯ō), σάρον n., σάρος m. ` besom, rubbish' and σύ̄ρω (Fut. σῠρῶ) `pull, drag, fege, wasche', συρμός m. `das Hinziehen, das Erbrechen', συρμαίᾱ f. `Brechmittel', σύρμα n. `Schleppkleid, rubbish', σύρτης m. ` towing rope ', σύρτις, -ιδος f. `sandbank'.

References: WP. II 529 f., Trautmann 295, Vasmer 2, 589, 596 f.

Page(s): 1050-1051


Root / lemma: su̯ergh-

Meaning: to take care of; to be ill

German meaning: `sorgen, sich worum kümmern; krank sein'

Material: 1. Old Indian sūrkṣati `kümmert sich um etwas'; got. saúrga ` care, Betrübnis', aisl. ags. sorg, as. sorga, ahd. sorga, afränk. sworga ` care '; got. saúrgan, aisl. syrgja, as. sorgōn, ags. sorgian, ahd. sorgēn, sworgēn `care for, worry'.

    2. Air. serg `disease, malady', lit. sergù, sir̃gti `krank sein', aksl. sraga `disease, malady', sragъ `austerus, torvus'; probably also alb. dergjem `be bedridden' (*su̯orghi̯ō).

Note:

The shift of initial (*su̯e- > the-) is a common alb. phonetic mutation. Hence alb. dergjem `be bedridden, be sick' actually derived from (*su̯ergh-, therg-em) where -em is the reflexive alb. ending. While the alb. shift th > t, d was attested very early among Illyrians in TN Taulant, Daulant (*Thaulant)`people of the sun'.

In a similar way illyr. TN (*sāu̯elni̯ `sun')Taulant, Daulant [common alb. phonetic shift n > nt] ` people of the sun? ', (*thael) diell `sun'. The shift ae > e, ie similar to alb. (*caelum) kiel, qiell `sky' from lat. caelum (1) -i, n. the burin or engraving tool. caelum (2) -i, n. the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 258.

Page(s): 1051


Root / lemma: su̯er-1 (also ser-?)

Meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen, reden'

Material: Lat. sermō, -ōnis `Wechselrede, conversation, entertainment, Gespräch' (*sermō) is unclear;

Maybe alb. (*sermō) thirmë n. f. `shout, call' [common alb. s > th shift]

osk. sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wortführer'; got. swaran, swōr `swear, vow', aisl. sveria, ags. as. swerian, ahd. swerien, swerren ds., aisl. sø̄ri Nom. Pl. `vow, pledge, oath', mhd. swuor `vow, pledge', aisl. svara `anworten, Bürgschaft leisten', svǫr Pl. `Antwort', and-svar `gerichtliche Entscheidung', ags. and-swaru `Antwort', as. ant-swōr `Antwort, Verantwortung'; aksl. svarъ `quarrel' (Hin- and Widerrede), svarъ `fight, struggle', svariti `vilify, scold, bekämpfen'; russ. ssóra `quarrel' from *sъsora?

    *su̯er- `speak, talk' is perhaps (but not certainly) eine Anwendung from su̯er-`surren' auf artikuliertes Sprechen.

References: WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

Page(s): 1049


Root / lemma: su̯er-2

Meaning: to hiss

German meaning: `surren under dgl'

Material: Old Indian svárati ` sounds, erschallt, läßt erschallen'; also surmī́ `duct, tube, pipe' (flute?); svará- svára- m. ` clangor, sound, tone';

    ὕραξ, -κος m. `Spitzmaus' (*surak-), kret. ὕρον `Bienenschwarm' Hes.; lat. susurrus `das Zischen, Flüstern', susurrō, -āre `hiss, flüstern, buzz' (rr consonant increase in onomatopoeic words), absurdus `widrig klingend, ungereimt' (*su̯orodo-s); surdus `deaf' as `dull or undeutlich hörend and redend'?); probably sōrex, -icis (previously late sŏrex) `Spitzmaus' from *su̯ōr-ak- (: gr. ὕραξ ds.); cymr. chwyrnu `drone, grumble' (to *chwyrn from *su̯erni̯o-?);

    aisl. svarra `roar', norw. sverra `whirl; kreisen', nhd. schwirren; norw. surla `leise singen', schwed. sorla `rieseln, mumble, murmur', mnd. nhd. surren, mhd. surm `Gesumse'; vielleichtisl. svarmr ` dizziness ', ags. swearm `Schwarm, bulk, mass', ahd. swarm `Schwarm';

    lit. surmà `flute', aksl. svirati `whistle' (lengthening from *svьr-),

References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593.

See also: s. also su̯er- `speak'.

Page(s): 1049-1050


Root / lemma: su̯er-3

Meaning: stake

German meaning: `Pfahl'

Material: Old Indian sváru- m. `picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, langes bit of wood'; gr. ἕρμα n. `pad'; homer. Akk. ἑρμῖνα m. `Bettpfosten'; ahd. swirōn `bepfählen', mhd. swir `Uferpfahl', nhd. schweiz. Schwiren `picket, pole', ags. swier, swior m. f. `Pfosten, column '; with k-forms aisl. svīri m. ` neck, Schiffsschnabel'(*swerhjan-), ags. swīera, swīora ` neck ' (*swirhjan-); lat. zero grade surus `twig, branch, picket, pole', Demin. surculus, surcellus; perhaps sūra `calf, Wadenbein' (see under *sōrā).

References: WP. II 528 f., WH. II 635.

Page(s): 1050


Root / lemma: su̯er-4

Meaning: to cut, pierce

German meaning: `schneiden, stechen, schwären, eitern'

Material: Av. x ̌ara- m. `wound, Verwundung';

    air. serb, cymr. chwerw `bitter' (*su̯er-u̯o-), originally probably ` burning, pricking '; cymr. chwarren f. `Drüse' (*su̯orsinā);

    ahd. sweran st. V. `schmerzen, schwären, to swell', swero `leiblicher pain, esp. ulcer', nhd. Schwäre, Geschwür, ahd. swer(a)do `leiblicher pain', ags. sweornian ` curdle, coagulate, harden '; ahd. swert `Schwert', ags. sweord, aisl. sverð from *swer-ða- `stechende weapon';

    proto slav.. *su̯ara- `kränklich' in russ. chvóryj, aèech. chvorý, ablaut. churavý ds. and ksl. chyra ` fragileness '; perhaps here serb.-ksl. svrъdьlъ `borer', proto slav.. *svьrdьlo.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasmer 2, 589, 3, 237, 243, Loth RC. 41, 233.

Page(s): 1050


Root / lemma: su̯er-5

German meaning: `wägen'

See also: see under u̯er-1.

Page(s): 1050


Root / lemma: su̯esor-

Meaning: sister

German meaning: `Schwester'

Material: Old Indian svásar-, av. x ̌aŋhar- `Schwester';

Maybe metathesis in alb. (*svásar) varzë, vajzë 'girl', rum. (*westar) fatã `girl' [common alb. sv- > v-, s- > zero shift] as in alb. (*śváśura) vjehërr `father-in-law'];

arm. k`oir ds. (*su̯esōr); Nom. Pl. k`or-k` (*su̯esŏres), Gen. Sg. k`eṙ (*su̯esros); gr. ἔορ [Vok.] θυγάτηρ, ἀνεψιός Hes., ἔορες προσήκοντες, συγγενεῖς Hes.; lat. soror (in addition sobrīnus `Geschwisterkind, Nachgeschwisterkind', from *su̯esr-īnos = aksl. sestrinъ `the Schwester gehörig', compare also ostlit. seserė́nas `Schwestersohn'); air. siur `Schwester' (*su̯esōr), Dat. Akk. sīeir, Gen. sethar (analogy after māthir, Gen. māthar), cymr. chwaer, acorn.huir, mcorn. hoer, hor, bret. c'hoar; got. swistar (Gen. swistrs, Dat. swistr); aisl. syster, Pl. systr (urnord. swestar from -ēr), ahd. swester (*-ēr!), ags. sweostor, suster;

    vor dem t-Einschub neugeschaffen are as. aschwed. swiri `son the Mutterschwester', ags. swiria `Schwestersohn, weather ';

    apr. swestro (in die ā-Dekl. übergeführt) with w perhaps through nhd. influence, denn lit. sesuõ, Gen. seser̃s and aksl. sestra (in die ā-Dekl. übergeführt) `Schwester' (also FlN) place -loses *sesor- ahead; toch. A ṣar, В ṣer `Schwester'.

    Idg. *s(u̯)e-sor- to Reflexivstamme se-, seu̯e-; to ending compare fem. Old Indian ti-sraḥ `drei', air. téoir (*trisores) ds.; invokes perhaps yet *sor `wife, woman'? Or from *su-esor (see 343) ` of own blood, relative '?

References: WP. II 533 f., WH. II 563, Trautmann 258, Benveniste, BSL 35, 104 f.; Pisani, Miscellanea G. Galbiati III, 1951, 7 f., M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein Studien 32 ff.

Page(s): 1051


Root / lemma: su̯ēid-

Meaning: milk

German meaning: `Milch'

Material: Old Indian kṣvidyati, kṣvēdatē (unbel.) `wird humid, wet'; av. xšvīd- m. `milk', perhaps to lit. svíesti `schmieren', lett. svaîdît ds., lit. svíestas `Butter', lett. sviê(k)st ds.

References: WP. II 521, WH. II 624;

See also: s. also su̯eid- above S. 1042, Z. 5.

Page(s): 1043


Root / lemma: su̯ē̆(i)-

Meaning: to bend, turn, swing

German meaning: `biegen, drehen, schwingen'

Comments: (see also seu- and su̯eng- `bend')

Material: Gr. σῑμός `aufwärts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spöttisch' (in addition σικχός `ekel, all tadelnd'?); perhaps also σῑρός `pit, pothole' (*Einbiegung?);

    cymr. chwid `lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff', chwidl `sich in Kreise drehend, schwindlig', chwidr `quick, fast, fleeting, übereilt'; chwim m. (*su̯ī-smo-) `movement, Antrieb', Adj. `quick, fast', chwyf m. `movement' (*su̯ĭ-mo-, compare under germ. swī̆m-), chwyfio `movere', bret. fiñval, gwiñval `sich bewegen, rühren';

    cymr. chwyn `movement', chwil (*su̯ī-lo-) `sich quick, fast drehend'; chwyl and chwel (*su̯ĭ-lo-, -lā compare norw. svil) ` turn, run, flow', corn. wheyl `work', air. sel ` turn, Drehung, Zeitraum', mir. of-sel ` turn after right', tuath-bil ` turn after links';

    mnd. swāien, sweimen `sich schwingen'; as participle aisl. svað n. `das Gleiten', (*su̯ǝ-to-), svaða `glide, slide', ags. swaðian `(ein)wickeln', engl. swath(e), mnd. mhd. swade `Reihe from gemähtem Gras, Schwaden';

    norw. svīma `waver, lurch', mhd. swīmen ds.; ags. swīma m. `Schwindel, Ohnmacht', aisl. svīmi, ndl. zwijm ds.; mhd. swīmel, swimmel `Schwindel'; aisl. sveimr m., sveim n. `Getümmel, Tumult', sveima `umherziehen', mhd. sweim m. `das Schweben, Schweifen, Schwingen', sweimen `sichschwingen, waver'; norw. svil n. `Spirale; the krause Samenbeutel dorschartiger Fische'; nd. swīr `Schwung, Drehung, Bummeln', swīren `sich schwingend bewegen, umherfliegen, in Saus and Braus leben'.

    su̯eib-: av. xšvaēwayat̃-aštra- `die Peitsche schwingend', xšviwra- `flink'; got. midja-sweipains `Sintflut' (eig. `Fegung the Mitte'); aisl. sveipa `throw, umhüllen', ags. swāpan `swing, fegen, drive, push', as. swēp `fegte fort', ahd. sweifan `swing, schweifen, quarrel', sweif `Umschwung, tail' = aisl. sveipr `band, strap, Schlingung, gekräuseltes hair', aisl. svipa `Peitsche'.

    su̯eid-: in lit. svíesti, lett. sviêst `throw', Frequentativ lit. sváidyti, lett. svaĩdît `wiederholt toss, fling'; in the case of lett. svaĩdît `salben, schmieren' (under under su̯ēid-) here?

    su̯eig-: germ. also `nachgeben, nachlassen' (from su̯ī- ` dwindle ' derive  ) `(cunning) etwas drehen, ausweichen, deception ' under likewise: ahd. swīhhōn, ags. swīcian `schweifen, wandern, cheat, deceive', aisl. svīkva sȳkva (-present), svīkja `cheat, deceive, verraten', ags. swīcan `verlassen, cheat, deceive', poet. `fortgehen, wandern', as. swīan ds. `languish'; ahd. swīhhan `languish, nachlassen, verlassen', mhd. swīch m. `Zeitlauf', ā-swīch `heimlicher Fortgang', sweichen `languish'; aisl. svik n. ` betrayal, deceit', ags. swic n. ds., ahd. biswih m. ds.;

    lit. svaĩgti `Schwindel bekommen', svaiginė́ti ` giddy umherwanken', russ. svigát' `herumtreiben';

    toch. A wāweku `gelogen', В waike `lie, falsity'.

    su̯eik-: aisl. sveigr `pliable', m. `biegsamer Stengel', schwed. dial. svīga, svēg `sichbiegen', Kaus. aisl. sveigja `bend', Pass. svigna `sich beugen, nachgeben', svigi m. `biegsamer Stengel'; ahd. sweiga `cattle shed' (*netting).

    su̯eip-: aisl. svīfa `swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben', ags. swīfan `turn, fegen, wenden (engl. swift `quick, fast'), schwenken', aisl. sueifla `swing', mhd. swibeln, swivelen `lurch', ahd. sweibōn `schweben, swing', swebēn `schweben'.

    lett. svàipīt `peitschen', svipst(ik̨)s `Hasenfuß, Zierbengel'.

References: WP. II 518 ff., Vasmer 2, 591 f., Johannesson 794 ff.

Page(s): 1041-1042


Root / lemma: su̯ī-, -g-, -k-, -p-

Meaning: to fade, weaken, etc.

German meaning: `schwinden, nachlassen, schweigsam werden'

Comments: extended su̯ii̯ō-p-?

Material: Aisl. svīa `nachlassen'; svīna, ahd. swīnan ` abate, dwindle '; mhd. swīnen also `ohnmächtig become, verstummen'.

    su̯ī-k-: ahd. swīgēn, as. swigōn, ags. swīgian, sugian, suwian `schweigen'.

    su̯ī-g-: σῑγή f. `das Schweigen', σῑγάω `schweige' (compare ῥίγα σιώπα Hes., i.e. Fίγᾱ).

    su̯ī-p-: got. sweiban `cease, nachlassen', aisl. svīfask `from etwas zurückweichen, sich enthalten', ahd. giswiftōn `conticescere', mnd. swichten `weichen, nachlassen, zum Schweigen bringen', ndl. zwichten `weichen', nhd. (from dem Nd.) beschwichtigen (also messap. σίπτα σιώπα?);

    in addition *su̯ii̯ō-p- in gr. σιωπάω `schweige' and *su̯i̯ō-p- with gr. Schwunde from after Doppelkonsonanz in διασωπάσομαι, σεσωπᾱμένον (Pind.) and in εὐσωπία ἡσυχία Hes.

References: WP. II 534;

See also: compare above (s)u̯endh-.

Page(s): 1052


Root / lemma: su̯omb(h)o-s

Meaning: porous, spongy

German meaning: `schwammig, porös'

Material: Gr. σομφός `schwammig, porös' = germ. *swamba- in ahd. swamp, -bes m. `Schwamm'; besides germ. *swampu- (idg. *su̯ombu-) and *swamma- in aisl. suǫppr `Schwamm; Ball (after the shape)', mnd. swamp, -pes `Schwamm, Pilz' and got. swamm Akk. `(Wasch-)Schwamm', ags. swamm m. `Pilz', mnd. svam, -mmes `Schwamm; Pilz'; from schwaammigem Boden: engl. swamp `swamp, marsh'; westfäl. swampen `auf- and niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden', changing through ablaut mhd. sumpf `swamp, marsh' = aisl. soppr `Ball', norw. also `Pilz'.

References: WP. II 534 f.

Page(s): 1052


Root / lemma: su̯ordo-s

Meaning: black, dark

German meaning: `schwarz, schmutzfarben'

Material: Lat. *sordus as base from sordeō, -ēre `dirty, filthy, unflätig ssein', sordidus `dirty, filthy', sordēs, -is f. `smut, Unflat'; got. swartts, aisl. swart, ags. sweart, ahd. swarz `black', zero grade aisl. sorta f. `black paint, color', sorti m. `darkness, dichter fog', sortna `black become';

    sollte lat. suāsum `rußiger Fleck auf einem Kleide' as *suarssom related sein, käme as basic form *su̯ardo- in question, so that sordeo from su̯r̥d-;

    in the case of as. swerkan (participle gesworkan) `finster become, sich verfinstern, bewölkt become', ags. sweorcan `finster, sad become', ahd. giswerc, gisworc `Verfinsterung durch Gewölk' and ir. sorb `Makel, smut', related are (idg. *su̯er-g-, *su̯or-b(h)o- besides *su̯ordo-), is doubtful.

References: WP. II 535, WH. II 562 f.

Page(s): 1052


Root / lemma: sū-ro-, sou-ro-

Meaning: salty, bitter; cheese

German meaning: `sauer, salzig, bitter', zunächst von käsig Gerinnendem, schleimig Nassem; also in Flußnamen

Comments: root seu̯(ǝ)-, sou̯(ǝ)- : sū̆-

Material: Aisl. sūrr `sour, sharp', m. `sourdough', mnd. mhd. sūr n. `Bitterkeit'; aisl. sȳra f. `sour milk', ags. sȳring ds., ahd. sūrī `Säure'; ahd. ags. sūr `sour', aisl. sūr-eygr, ahd. sūr-ougi, ags. sūr-īege `triefäugig'; compare toch. В sūrma `Augenkrankheit';

    lit. sū́ras `salzig', lett. sũrs `salzig, bitter', lit. sū́ris m. `cheese', apr. suris ds.;

    aksl. syrъ `humid, wet', russ. syrój `humid, wet, raw, sour'; substantivized aksl. syrъ, russ. syr `cheese';

    ablaut. aisl. saurr m. `smut, tier. seed, sperm '; abg. surovъ `raw', russ. suróvyj `rough, raw' (*sou-ro-);

    compare die FlN kelt. Sūra, nhd. Sauer, Sūr, apr. Sure, lett. Sūr-upe, and den PN Συράκουσαι Pl. `Syrakus' (Sizilien), with nt-derivative to Συρακώ name eines Sumpfes.

References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; perhaps to seu̯(ǝ)-1 `juice, sap' (above S. 912 f.); about `milk' to: ` coagulated, sour milk'.

Page(s): 1039


Root / lemma: sū̆-s, suu̯-ós

Meaning: pig, swine

German meaning: `Hausschwein, Sau'

Material: Av. (Gen. Sg. for *huvō) `swine'; gr. ὗς, ὑός, Akk. ὗν m. `boar', f. `sow' (therefrom ὕαινα f. `Hyäne') besides σῦς, συός ds.; in addition συῆλαι τόποι βορβορώδεις Hes.; συφε(ι)ός, συφός m. `Schweinestall' (*-φέFιος, to φύω, idg. bheu-, above S. 146 ff.); Sternbild the ΏΥάδες `group from Schweinen'; compare gr. lak. σίκα;

    alb. thi `swine'; lat. sūs, suis `swine', umbr. sif `sues', sim `suem', suřum, sorsom, sorsalem `suillum' (*sŭ-do-, *sŭ-dāli-);

    gall. *su-tegis `Schweinestall' (M.-L. 8492);

    ahd. ags. , aisl. sȳr `sow';

    lett. suvẽns, sivẽns `Ferkel' (unclear apr. seweynis `Schweinestall'); toch. В suwo `swine';

    adjektivische no- derivatives: on the one hand gr. (late) ὑηνός `from swine', on the other hand (ursprachlich) lat. suīnus ds., aksl. svinъ ds. = lett. svīns `smudges'; toch. В swāñana misa `Schweinefleisch';

   substantivized got. swein, aisl. suīn, ags. ahd. swīn `swine'; aksl. svinija `swine' probably from *svīnī (fem. to svinъ) reshaped.

    k- derivatives:

    Old Indian sūkara- m. `boar, swine' (umgedeutet as `Sū-macher'); mpers. xūk, osset. χui ds.; lat.sucula `young sow'; with expressive Gemination: kelt. *sukko- `swine, (Schweine-)Schnauze, Pflugschar' in air. socc sáil `Meerschwein' (ein Fisch), mir. soc m. `Pflugschar, snout (of Schweines)', air. FlN Socc; cymr. hwch m. f., later only f. `swine', corn. hoch, bret. houc'h, hoc'h m. `swine'; from dem Gallo-Lat. derive cymr. swch, corn. soch, bret. souc'h and frz. soc `Pflugschar';

    ags. sugu `sow', as. suga, mnd. soge, nhd. schwäb. suge `sow'; with expressive Gemination norw. schwed. sugga, mnd. sugge.

References: WP. II 512 f., WH. II 635 ff., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 593, Benveniste BSL 45, 74 f. 90, Thieme, Heimat d. idg. Gemeinsprache 26 f., 36 f.; probably originally `Gebärerin', to seu-2: sū- ` to give birth to children ' (above S. 913 f.); compare air. berit `sow' (*bherentī); or but lautnachahmend?

Page(s): 1038-1039


Root / lemma: sūs-

Meaning: to buzz

German meaning: Schallnachahmung for `sausen'

Comments: only germ. and slav.

Material: Ahd. sūsōn `sausen', mnd. sūsen, schwed. susa, dän. suse ds.;

    aksl. sysati `sausen, whistle' (onomatopoeic words Schallkorrektur for lautgesetzliches *sych-); aruss. susol `Zieselmaus, Hausratte', bulg. sъsel ds.; sъskam ` fizz '; compare lett. susuris `Spitzmaus', susers `Haselmaus'.

Maybe alb. shushurimë `( onomatopoeic )rustle', shushur- ` to rustle', shushat `stun, make numb (unable to speak)'?

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.

Page(s): 1039


Root / lemma: sūs-

Meaning: parent

German meaning: `Erzeuger'

Comments: only altind. and alban.

Material: Old Indian sūḥ `Erzeuger'; alb. gjysh `grandfather' (*-s-i̯o-), originally `Erzeuger'; tregjysh `Urgroßvater', gjyshe `grandmother' (*sū-s-i̯ē).

References: Jokl. Ling.-kult. Untersuchungen 28 ff.;

See also: to seu̯ǝ- : -, above S. 913 f.

Page(s): 1039


Root / lemma: tag- (or teg- : tog- : teg-)

Meaning: to touch, gripe

German meaning: `berühren, angreifen'

Material: Gr. τεταγών `fassend' (: lat. tetigī); lat. tangō, -ere, tetigī tactum (alat. also aoristisches tagō, -ere) `touch', integer `unnversehrt (unangetastet)', tagax `diebisch'; taxim ` clandestine ', taxō, āre `abschätzen, betasten'; unclear with -gh- volsk. atahus Fut. II `attigerit', marruc. ta[h]a or ta[g]a `tangat'; lat. contamināre `entweihen' to contagiō `Berührung';

    ags. ðaccian `gentle touch, streicheln', and. thakolōn `streicheln'; perhaps here vom Begriffe `streicheln, fein anzufühlen': ir. tais `soft, humid, wet, gentle', gall. Taxi-magulus;

    whether air. tongid ` swears ', dī-tong- ` negate ', Perf. do-ru-thethaig (*te-tog-e) Verbalnomen dīthech (*dī-tego-) in addition belongs (to cymr. tyngu `swear, vow', corn. to-, mbret. toeaff, nbret. toui ds.), is perhaps eine idg. root *teg- must be assumed, wherefore still phryg. eti-te-tik-menos `verflucht' belongs; das gr. lat. a wäre then Red.-grade, as lat. a in frangō (above S. 165), etc

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath.

Page(s): 1054-1055


Root / lemma: tak-, takē(i)-

Meaning: to be silent

German meaning: `schweigen'

Material: Lat. taceō, -ēre `schweigen', umbr. tac̨ez `tacitus', tasetur Nom. Pl. `taciti';

    got. Þahan `schweigen', Þahains `Schweigen', with gramm. variation ahd. dagēn, as. thagōn, thagian ds., aisl. Þegja ds., Þagna `verstummen', Þagall, Þǫgull `schweigsam';

    perhaps as active to obiger neutropassiven group: air. tachtaid `würgt', cymr. tagu, corn. bret. taga `das Würgen' as originally `zum Schweigen bringen'; unclear is cymr. gos-teg f. `Schweigen'.

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.

Page(s): 1055


Root / lemma: tap-1

Meaning: to dip

German meaning: `eintauchen; Nässe'?

Material: Arm. t`at`avem `tauche ein', t`ōn (*tapni-) `Feuchtigkeit, Nässe, rain';

    aksl. topiti `immergere', *to(p)nǫti `immergi', in addition among others nsorb. toń `Tümpel', èech. tu̇ně `Vertiefung in Flusse', russ. tónja `geschützte Bucht'.

References: WP. I 705, Vasmer 3, 119, 120 f.

Page(s): 1056


Root / lemma: tap-2

Meaning: to press down, press together

German meaning: `niederdrücken, zusammendrücken'

Material: Gr. ταπεινός `niedrig, demütig' (`*gedrückt'); aisl. Þefja `stomp', Þōf n. `crush', Þōfi m. `Filz' (out of it lit. túba, lett. tūba, apr. tubo `Filz'.)

References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.

Page(s): 1056


Root / lemma: tata-, tē̆ta- under likewise

Meaning: Daddy; expr. child word

German meaning: Lallwort

Material: Old Indian tatá- `father', tāta- `father, son, Lieber'; gr. τέττα (Hom.) Vok., τατᾶ Vok. `o father!'; alb. tatë `father'; lat. tata `father (in the Kindersprache); Ernährer'; cymr. tad, corn. tat `father', hen-dat `grandfather'; aisl. Þjazi `ein Riese' (*Þeða-sa?); lett. tẽta, lit. tė̃tis, tė̃të, tėtýtis `father', apr. thetis `grandfather' (apr. tāws `father', thewis `Vaterbruder', lit. tė́vas, lett. tēves `father'), lit. tetà `aunt', žemait. titìs `father'; russ. táta etc `father', russ.-ksl. teta etc `aunt', aksl. tetъka ds.; nhd. Tate, ostfries. tatte `father'; norw. taate `Lutschbeutel', isl. táta ds., norw. schwed. tātte `Frauenbrust, teat';

    besides germ. forms with i and u: ags. titt ` nipple, Kuhzitze', mhd. zitze `teat';

Maybe alb. sisë `teat, breast'

schwed. titta `aunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman'; mhd. zutzel `Sauglappen', schwed. tytta `old wife, woman, Muhme', ahd. tutta, tuta ` nipple ' under likewise; similarly gr. τυτθός, -ον `small, noch ganz young ', τυτθόν `ein bißchen', inschr. also `βρέφος, παιδίον'; τυννός small, gering'; eine also außerhalb the idg. Sprachen verbreitete Lallwortgruppe.

References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer 3, 81.

Page(s): 1056


Root / lemma: taus-

Meaning: still, silent, peaceful

German meaning: `still, schweigend, zufrieden'

Material: Old Indian túṣyati `beruhigt sich, is zufrieden', tuṣṭá- `befriedigt, zufrieden', tūṣṇī́m Adv. `still, schweigend' (: av. tušni-, apr. tusnan), Kaus. tōṣáyati `beschwichtigt, stellt zufrieden, erfreut'; av. tušni- `stillschweigend' (tušnišad- `wer stillschweigend dasitzt');

    mir. (*tauso-) `still, schweigend', air. tūae `silentium' (basic form *tausi̯ā?), mcymr. taw `schweige!', ncymr. taw `Schweigen; schweigend', tawel `schweigend', bret. tao `Schweigen; still!', abret. taguelguiliat Gl. to dem as `schweigendes Wachen' mißverstandenen lat. silicernium; guo-teguis `compescuit', nbret. tevel `schweigen';

    aschwed. thyster `schweigend, stumm, still' (*Þusti-);

    apr. tusnan `still', tussīse `er schweige' (*tusē-, as lat. tacē-re), lit. taũsos, tausýtis `sich lay, place (vom Winde)';

    slav. *tušiti `beruhigen' (= Old Indian tōšáyati) in den trans. russ. tušítь `löschen, auslöschen', poln. po-tuszyć ` encourage ' (`*beruhigen'), etc; besides intr. *tuchnǫti in russ. túchnutь `erlöschen', slov. po-túhniti `still become, verlöschen'; russ. FlN Tósna (*Тъsna);

    hitt. dušk-, duškii̯a- `sich freuen'.

References: WP. I 714 f., Trautmann 332, Vasmer 3, 128, 158, Mayrhofer 1, 517.

Page(s): 1056-1057


Root / lemma: tād-

Meaning: to act on purpose

German meaning: etwa `with Vorbedacht handeln'

Comments: only gr. and osk.

Material: Gr. ἐπιτηδές Adv. `with Vorbedacht, geflissentlich' (ἐπιτήδειος `geeignet', ἐπιτηδεύω `betreibe geflissentlich'); osk. tadait `censeat'.

References: WP. I 705.

Page(s): 1054


Root / lemma: tāg-

Meaning: to put in order

German meaning: `an den rechten Platz, ordentlich hinstellen'

Material: Gr. τᾱγός m. `Anführer, Befehlshaber', τᾱγεύω, τᾱγέω `beherrsche, führe an', nachhom. τάσσω, att. τάττω, ἐτάγην, τακτός `auf einen bestimmten Posten, in Reih and Glied stellen, beordern, sort, order, arrange, regeln' (present τάσσω analog. instead of *τάζω), ταγή f. `Schlachtordnung', τάγμα n. `Heerschar; order', τάξις f. `order; alignment; Posten, rank';

    abrit. PN Pra-su-tagus (vorkelt. idg. Lw.);

    lit. pa-togùs `anständig, bequem' (εὔτακτος) = lett. patāgs `bequem', lit. su-tógti `sich vertragen, sich verbinden';

    toch. A tāśśi Pl. `Anführer'.

References: WP. I 704, Trautmann 312, van Windekens Ant. Class. 9, 67 f.

Page(s): 1055


Root / lemma: tāl-

Meaning: to grow; young animals

German meaning: `wachsen, grünen; Gewächs, junger Trieb'

Material: Gr. τᾶλις -ιδος `junges mannbares girl, bride' τῆλις, -εως, ion. -ιος f. `Hülsengewächs, Bockshorn', τηλεθάω ` blossom, sprieße';

    lat. tālea `Stäbchen, seedling, Setzreis', dial. for *tālia, as also tālla = tālia `Zwiebelhülse'; denominative tāliāre `split, cut, clip' (originally `*Zweige abschneiden');

    lit. a(t)tólas `Nachheu, Grummet', talõkas ` grown, nubile, marriageable'.

References: WP. I 705, WH. II 643, Mayrhofer 1, 498.

Page(s): 1055


Root / lemma: tā-, tǝ-; tāi-, tǝi-, tī̆-; [tāu-], tǝu-, tū̆-

Meaning: to melt, dissipate, decay

German meaning: `schmelzen, sich auflösen (fließen), hinschwinden (Moder, verwesendes)'

Material: A. Osset. thayun `tauen, melt' (*tāi̯ō) = aksl. tajǫ, tajetъ `melt', *talъ `geschmolzen, flüssig', russ. tályj;

    arm. t`anam `benetze (Aor. t`ac̣i); werde humid, wet (Aor. t`ac̣ay)';

    cymr. tawdd `liquēfactiō', toddi, bret. teuzi `melt' (-d- or -dh-forms);

    with b(h)-extension (compare under τῖ-φ-ος) lat. tābēs `das allmähliche Vergehen durch Schmelzen, Fäulnis, disease, malady etc', tābum `Jauche, mucus, Seuche', tābeō, -ēre, tābēscō, -ēre `melt, hinsiechen'.

    with k-extension gr. τήκω, dor. τά̄κω `schmelze', τακερός `soft, schmelzend', τηκεδών f. `Abzehrung, Schwindsucht, Verwesung';

    B. i-forms: aisl. Þīðr (*tī-tó-s) `geschmolzen, getaut', whereof Þīða `auftauen, tr. and intr.', Þīðenn `geschmolzen, getaut';

    with bh- (compare above tābēs) osset. ćirwä, c̣irw `yeast' from *tibh-no-; gr. τῖφος n. `marshy place, damp Grund'; dak. FlN Τιβίσκος; about lat. Tiberis (*Thubris, Θυβρίς < *dhubris) s. Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 5, 3 ff.;

    with l-suffix: gr. τῖλος `dünner Stuhlgang, Abführen'; abg. tьlěti `modern, verwesen', tьlja `Verwesung', russ. tlja `Motte' (compare under lat. tinea), `Blattlaus';

    with m-suffix: aksl. timěno `slime, mud';

    with n-suffix: ags. ðīnan `humid, wet become', ðān (*lǝi-no-) `humid, wet, bewassert', whereof ðǣnan `befeuchten', ðānian, ðǣnian `humid, wet sein or become';

    aksl. tina `slime, mud'; probably lat. tīnus `the lorbeerartige Schneeball' (from the stark abführenden Wirkung) and tinca `Schleie' (*tīnica `schleimiger or in Schlamme lebender Fisch'); lat. tinea `Motte, Holzwurm' (compare above russ. tlja) probably from einem *tino-, *tinā `Moder';

    with r-suffix: arm. *tīro-, -ri- in t`rik` `crap, muck, droppings', t`rem `knead meal, flour, dough' (`*make weiche Teigmasse') t`rmem `befeuchte, weiche ein', t`rjem `befeuchte, benetze, begieße, bewässere'; lit. týras, tỹrė porridge, mash', týrai `bewachsener morass, Heide', lett. tīrelis `morass';

    with s-suffix: ahd. theisk, deisk `stercus, fimus, rudera'; ksl. těsto, skr. ti jesto `dough', because of sl. tiskati `press' from toisk-to-; air. tōis-renn, tāis `massam (farinaceam)', cymr. toes, bret. tōaz m. `dough' (*tǝi-s-to-); ahd. theismo, deismo, ags. ðǣsma m. `sourdough'; gr. σταῖς or σταίς, Gen. σταιτός `Weizenmehl with Wasser zum Teig angerührt' (under influence of στέᾱρ from *stait- reconverted);

    with balt. ž-forms lit. tižùš `schlüpfrig, glitschig', tyžtù, tìžti `schlüpfrig become'?

    C. u-forms: aisl. Þeya, ahd. douwen, deuwen `tauen, to schmelzen anfangen, zergehn', trans. (fir-)douwen `verdauen', aisl. Þeyr `Tauwind', Þā (*Þawō) `schnee- and eisfreies Gefilde', ags. ðawian (*Þawōn) `tauen', aisl. Þāna `melt intr.' = ags. ðawenian `netzen' (*Þawanōn); aisl. Þǣsir `qui lenem facit', norw. tæsa `tauen, melt tr.' (*Þawisjan).

    In germ. also Þwī̆- in ags. ðwīnan ` dwindle, abate ', Kaus. ðwǣnan ` steep, irrigāre', aschwed. Þwīna `vor disease, malady, Sehnsucht under likewise hinschwinden', Þwæ̆na (from *Þwĕna =*Þwĭna) ds. (similarly also ahd. thwesben `auslöschen, exterminate '?); germ. *Þwĭnam probably reshuffling from Þīnan (see above) after den groups from ags. dwīnan, ā-cwīnan.

    D. Here still die urbrit. FlN *Tamā > engl. T(h)ame, *Tamēssā > engl. Thames, etc, *Tani̯ā> engl. Tain, Tean, *Tau̯ā > engl. Taw, Tay, in addition *Tilā > engl. Till, ven. Tiliaventus, illyr. Tilurius, tirol. Ziller etc

References: WP. I 701 ff., WH. II 639 f., 680, 683 f., Trautmann 312 f., 323; Vasmer 3, 84, 100, 105, 106, 110, Max Förster Themse 728 ff.

Page(s): 1053-1054


Root / lemma: tegu-

Meaning: thick

German meaning: `dick'; only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. tiug, cymr. corn. tew, bret. teo `thick'; aisl. Þykkr, Þjokkr, Þjukkr `thick', ags. ðicce `thick, dense', ahd. dicchi ds., as. thikki `ds., frequent, often'.

References: WP. I 718.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: teg-

See also: see above S. 1013 f. under (s)teg- and S. 1055.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: teig-

See also: see above S. 1016 f. under (s)teig-.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: teigʷ-

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)teigʷ-.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: tei-

See also: see above S. 1015 under (s)tei-.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: tek-1

Meaning: to produce; to bear

German meaning: `zeugen, gebären'

Material: Old Indian tákman- n. (Gramm.) `Abkömmling, kid, child'; takarī́ f. `ein Teil the weibl. Genitalien';

    gr. τίκτω (*τι-τκ-ω), ἔτεκον, τέξω, -ομαι, τέτοκα ` to give birth to children, zeugen', τέκος n. `kid, child; Tierjunges; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot', τέκνον n. `kid, child' (: germ. *Þegnáz), τόκος `das Gebären, progeny, interest', τοκίζω `leihe auf Zinsen', τοκεύς `father, mother, Pl. parents', ion. ἐπί-τοξ, ἐπί-τεξ `the Niederkunft nahe';

    aisl. Þegn `free Untertan, free man', ags. ðegn `Edelmann, warrior, Held, servant', as. ahd. thegan ds., nhd. Degen.

References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1, 466.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: tek-2

Meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get

German meaning: etwa `reichen; die Hand ausstrecken', teils um to empfangen ('empfangen, erlangen'), teils um to bitten ('betteln, bitten')

Material: The meaning `bid, beg, ask' only germ.: as. thiggian `flehen', ahd. dicken, diggen st. V. `worum bid, beg, ask', dän. tigge, schwed. tigga `beg', aschwed. Þiggja ds.;

    aisl. Þiggja `receive, annehmen', Þǣgr (*Þēgia-) `pleasant', aschwed. Þiggia and older dän. tigge also `bekommen', ags. ðicgan st. V. `bekommen, annehmen, consume', as. thiggian ds.;

    air. techtaim `I have', bret. tizaff `empfange' (due to eines *tektā `das Empfangene, property'), cymr. teg `beautiful, pretty' (compare to meaning aisl. Þǣgr), air. ētig = cymr. annheg `ugly' (*-teki-); o-grade probably air. toich `naturgemäß' (different under top-);

    lit. tenkù, tèkti `sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, genug haben; zuteil become, zufallen'; klr. taknuty `anrühren'.

References: WP. I 715, Kuiper Idg. Nasalpräs. 186 f.

Page(s): 1057-1058


Root / lemma: tek-3

Meaning: to weave, plait

German meaning: `weben, flechten'

Material: Osset. taxun `to weave', an-dax ` filament ' (x from k); arm. t`ek`em `drehe, flechte, wickle', t`iur (*tēk-ro-) `gedreht'; ahd. tāht `wick, cord', nhd. Docht = aisl. Þāttr `cord in einem Seil', schweiz. dǣgel, dohe, bair. dāhen, elsäss. dōche `wick' (urgerm. *Þēh-, Þēg-); also aisl. Þǣgja `press' eig. `zusammendrehen'? about aksl. tъkati `to weave' see above S. 1032.

References: WP. I 716, WH. II 678 f.

Page(s): 1058


Root / lemma: tek̂Þ-

Meaning: to plait; woodwork; carpenter

German meaning: `flechten, das Holzwerk of geflochtenen Hauses zusammenfügen'

Material: Old Indian takṣati `behaut, bearbeitet, zimmert, verfertigt', lengthened grade tā́ṣṭi ds., participle taṣṭá-, av. tašta- and tāšta-; also tašta- n. `Tasse, bowl'; Old Indian tákṣaṇ- m. `carpenter' (= av. tašan- `Bildner, creator, god', gr. τέκτων), fem. takṣṇī́ (: gr. τέκταινα), táṣṭar- `carpenter' (compare lat.textor `Weber');

    av. tašaiti `zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt', taša- m. `axe', np. taš ds., mp. tāšīδan `do carpentry, do woodwork ', ар. us-tašanā `Treppenhaus' (*`Aufbau');

maybe alb. tas `deep bowl'

    gr. τέκτων `carpenter', fem. τέκταινα, τέκμαρ, -ωρ `mark, token, sign', τέχνη `Handwerk, Kunst, artifice' (*τεξνᾱ from älterem *τεκτ[ε]σνᾱ);

    lat. texō, -ere, -ui -tum `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', gelegentlich `to build', textor, -ōris `Weber'; tēla `Gewebe' (*tek̂slā = slav. tesla, ahd. dehsala), subtīlis (*-texlis) `fine, thin, tender; feinfühlig, sharp witted, shrewd', subtēmen `Einschlag, Eintrag in Gewebe; Gewebe'; testa f. `Platte, shard, bowl', therefrom testūdō `turtle, tortoise' (compare above av. tašta-), perhaps also tēlum `Fernwaffe, Wurfgeschoß' (as `kundig zugeschnitzt, gearbeitet');

    air. tāl `axe' (*tōkslo-);

    ahd. dehsa, dehsala `Queraxt, hatchet, hack, mattock, hoe', aisl. Þexla f. `Queraxt'; mhd. dehsen `Flachs break, rupture', dehse `Spindel', ags. ðeox `spear, javelin'; germ. *Þahsu- in ahd. dahs, norw. svin-toks `Dachs = badger ';

    lit. tašaũ -ýti `hew' (originally iterative); lett. tešu (*teksi̯ō) and tèšu (*tēksi̯ō), testund tèst `hew'; aksl. tešǫ, tesati `hew', russ.-ksl. tesla `axe', èech. tes `Zimmerholz', russ. tës `gesägte Bretter';

    hitt. takš-, takkeš- `zusammenfügen, unternehmen'.

References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f., Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm. 1; Specht Idg. Dekl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.

Page(s): 1058-1059


Root / lemma: tekʷ-

Meaning: to run; to flow

German meaning: `laufen, fließen'

Material: Old Indian tákti ` hurries, schießt dahin', taktá-, táku- `hurrying, rash, hasty', takvá- ds.; avatká- `herabfließend'; av. taèaiti ` running, hurries; flows ', participle -taxta-, np. tāxtan `run', hantaèina- `zusammenfließend' (= lit. tẽkinas `laufend'), av. vi-taxti- f. `das Zerfließen, Schmelzen' (= Inf. slav. *tekti); here perhaps as `dahinschießend': iran. (skyth.) *taḫša- (npers. taxš) `Pfeil, bow', from which gr. τόξον ds., lat. taxus `Eibe' (Benveniste Mél. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.);

    av. taka- m., np. tak `run, flow' (= lit. tãkas, slav. tokъ); av. taèar- n. `run, flow, pathway', taèan- `hurrying'; taèi-āp- `running water (enthaltend)', iran. *taḫra- `quick, fast';

    alb. ndjek `pursue';

    air. techid `flieht' (Perf. ō-grade tāich), ateoch `bitte' (*ad-tekʷō `take meine Zuflucht'); brit. PN Vo-tepo-rīx; mcymr. go-dep `Zuflucht', tebet `escape'; bret. tec'het `flee', mcymr. 3. Sg. Konj. ny ry-decho `wer nicht flieht' (brit. ch from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm); ir. intech n. `way' (*enitekʷom, compare aksl. tekъ `run, flow');

    got. Þius `servant, Knecht' (= Old Indian takvá-, eigentl. ` runner', compare lett. teksnis `Aufwärter, Bedienter'), urnord. ÞewaR `Lehensmann', ags. ðēo(w), ahd. deo `Knecht, servant', Fem. got. Þiwi, aisl. Þȳ, Þīr, as. thiwi, thiu, ags. ðēowu, ðēowe(n), ahd. diu, diuwa ` bondmaid, Dienerin' (*tek-u̯ī́, entw. moviertes Fem. to *teku̯ó-s, or to *tekú-s: Old Indian táku-); with derivative as got. widuwairna `Waise' *Þewernōn in aisl. Þerna `Sklavin', as. thiorna, ahd. diorna `virgin', nhd. Dirne; n-extension in ags. ðēowen ` bondmaid ', aisl. Þjōnn `servant', whereof *Þewanōn `dienen' in aisl. Þēna, Þjōna, ahd. dionōn, dionēn `dienen'; got. anaÞiwan `subjugate, zum Sklaven machen', ags. ðēowian, aisl. Þjā ds.; lengthened gradees collective got. Þēwisa n. Pl. `servant, Knechte' (*tēku̯eso-);

    lit. tekù, -ė́ti `run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife, woman)', lett. teku, tecêt `run'; apr. tackelis, lit. tekė̃las, lett. teciêls m. `grindstone, whetstone'; lit. tėkmė̃ `wellspring, river', į́toka ` estuary '; lett. teksnis m. `Bedienter'; aksl. tekǫ, tešti `τρέχειν', serb. tèèēm, tèći `flow', etc; lit. tãkas `Pfad', lett. taks ds., lit. į̃takas ` estuary '; aksl. tokъ `ῥύσις', potokъ `χείμαρρος'; toch. В cake `river'; hitt. а-tku-zi `springt'.

References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer 3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f.

Page(s): 1059-1060


Root / lemma: teleĝh-

Meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'?

Material: Old Indian tarh- (tr̥ṇédhi, Perf. tatarha, participle tr̥dhá-) `shatter, zermalmen'; lit. su-talžti `durchprügeln', tálžyti `thrash', télžti `thrash, throw'; lett. talzīt, talstīt `durchprügeln'; with zweisilbiger root form lit. telẽži-ju, -yti `vast, grand durchprügeln', tàlažuoti `schwatzen' (meaning as nhd. Klatschen), talãžius ` babbler '.

References: WP. I 741, Mayrhofer 1, 522;

See also: compare under telek-.

Page(s): 1062


Root / lemma: telek-

Meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, zerstoßen, schlagen'

Comments: only Celtic and baltoslavisch

Material: Cymr. talch `piece, fragment, Mahlkorn', acorn. talch `furfures' (*telko-); proto slav.. *tьlkǫ, *telkti in aksl. tlъkǫ, tlěšti `κρούω' (idg. *telkō), to lit. tìlkstu, tìlkti `tame, domesticated sein', ap-tìlkęs žmogùs `durchtriebener person'; ablaut. slav. tolkъ m. `Stampfe' and slav. tolkъno n. in russ. toloknó `gestoßenes Hafermehl'; balto-slav. *talkā f. ` common work' in lit. talkà, lett.tàlka `zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft', russ. toloká ds., also `Tenne, pasture' etc

maybe alb. (*toloká) troka, toka ‘land’ from Ukrainian: toloká `occasional help by fellow villagers, fallow land, pasture' [f ā], tóloku [Accs]

 

References: WP. I 741, Trautmann 321 f., Vasmer 3, 116 f.;

See also: compare above teleĝh-.

Page(s): 1062


Root / lemma: tel-1, telǝ-, tlē(i)-, tlā-

Meaning: to transport, carry; to bear, suffer

German meaning: `aufheben, wägen; tragen; ertragen, dulden'

Material: Old Indian tulā́ f. `Waage, Gewicht', tulayati `hebt auf, wägt' (with Ablautneuerung in addition tōláyati ds.), tulima- `wägbar', túlya- `gleichartig, comparable '; arm. t`oɫum `lasse, dulde, ertrage';

    gr. ταλάσσαι and τλῆναι (dor. ἔτλᾱν), participle τλά̄ς, τλᾶσα, Fut. τλήσομαι, dor. τλά̄σομαι, Perf. τέτλᾰμεν, τέτλᾰθι, τετληυῖα, τετληότος `bear, endure, dulden', participle τλητός, dor. τλᾱτός `duldend, steadfast; erträglich' (= lat. lātus, cymr. tlawd `arm', idg. *tl̥̄-tós), τάλᾱς, -αντος and (after μέλᾱς) -&ανος, -αινα `ertragend, duldend, leidend', τάλαντον (originally to τάλᾱς, n. τάλαν gehöriger Pl. τάλαντα (eig. `die beiden Waagschalen') `Waage; ein bestimmtes Gewicht', ἀτάλαντος `from gleichem Gewicht, equivalent, gleich', πολύτλᾱς `wer viel ausgestanden hat; very patiently'; PN ῎Ατλᾱς, -αντος; τλήμων, dor. τλά̄μων `ertragend, duldend', ταλαός ds., in compound ταλα-; e.g. ταλα-πενθής `affliction ertragend', ταλά-φρων `ausharrenden Sinnes, beharrlich', next to which ταλασί-φρων and ταλαί-πωρος `*Gefahren or Nachstellungen erduldend' i.e. ` afflicted, unlucky '; τάλαρος m. `(das, worin man carries =) basket, pannier, Käsekorb etc', *ταλάτης `*wer mühevolle Arbeit to ertragen hat, spez. from the spinnery as Arbeit the Frauen', whereof ταλάσια ἔργα, ταλασίᾱ `Wollspinnerei'; -τλος `pain' (Präf. -); redupl. PN Tάνταλος, τανταλ-εύω, -ίζω, -όω `lasse schweben, schwenke, swing, brandish'; gradation о in τόλμη, τόλμᾰ `boldness, das Wagen', τολμήεις `duldend, steadfast, bold', τολμάω `ertrage, hold from, dulde; wage'; e-grade τελάσσαι τολμῆσαι, τλῆναι Hes., τελαμών ` bearer, Tragriemen, etc', further as `aufheben = in die Höhe heben' ἀνα-, ἐξανα-τέλλειν `sich erheben, aufgehen, from Gestirnen' (ἀνατολή `Aufgang from Gestirnen'), ἐπιτέλλεσθαι, ὑπερτείλας ἥλιος, trans. (`aufheben and jemandem aufladen, auferlegen')ἐντέλλειν, -εσθαι `auftragen, order', ἐπιτέλλειν, -εσθαι ds., further: τέλος n. `Zahlung, tribute, tax, Ausgabe, Kosten', εὐτελής `wohlfeil, wenig kostend', πολυτελής `viel Aufwand erfordernd, precious', ἀτελής `frei from tributes and Leistungen, abgabenfrei', probably also (with formants as ἄχθος, πλῆθος, perhaps through mediation eines Verbums *τέλ-θω) τέλθος n. `Entrichtung, sacrifice, oblation';

    venet. tolar 3. Sg. Deponens `bringt dar';

    lat. tollō, -ere (sustulī, sublātum) `empor, in die Höhe heben etc' (*tln̥ō, transfigured from *tl̥-nā-mi), tolūtim `in Trabe' (eig. `die Füße hebend'), tolerō, -āre `(er)trage, unterhalte', tulī, old tetulī Perf. to ferō, alat. Konj. tulam `bear, carry, bring', lātus `getragen' (= gr. τλᾱτός, cymr. tlawd);

    mir. tlenaim `stehle' (*tl̥nāmi), cymr. tlawd `arm' (`*duldend'), ir. tlāith `weak, gentle' (*tlā-ti-); air. tol f. `volition' (*tolā), whereof tolnathar `welcher gefällt' under likewise; at most air. tailm, Gen. telma, bret. talm `Schlinge, Schleuder', cymr. telm `Dohne' (: τελαμών?);

    got. Þulan, -aida `bear, endure, dulden', aisl. Þola, ags. ðolian, ahd. dolēn ds., aisl. Þol n. `Geduld', ahd. dult, ags. geÞyld, nhd. Geduld, dulden;

    lett. iz-tilt `bear, endure, endure', perhaps (compare got. barn `kid, child', eig. `as Leibesfrucht getragen') lit. tẽlias, lett. tel'š, telẽns, aksl. telьcь, russ. telënok (Pl. teljáta) `calf'; different Būga Kalba ir s. 292 f.

    toch. А В täl- `heben, bear, carry', Kausat. tlässi, preterit A cacäl, В cāla.

References: WP. I 738 ff., WH. II 688 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 90, Mayrhofer 1, 516.

Page(s): 1060-1061


Root / lemma: tel-2, telǝ-, telu-

Meaning: flat, flat ground, board

German meaning: `flach, flacher Boden, Brett'

Material: Old Indian tala- n. `surface, plain, area, Ebene, palm, sole', secondary talimam- n. `Fußboden', tā́lu n. `Gaumen';

arm. t`aɫ `region, Distrikt', t`aɫar `irden, earthen vessel, earthenware', t`aɫem `beerdige, vergrabe', very doubtful t`it`eln `leaf, Platte from Metall';

    gr. τηλίᾱ `Würfelbrett, Küchenbrett and likewise';

    lat. tellūs, -ūris f. `earth', meditullium `Binnenland' (*telnos; tellūs after rūs reshaped); in the case of tabula f. `board' etc from *tal-dhlā?

    air. talam (*telǝ-mō) Gen. talman `earth', mir. tel, t(a)ul n. `forehead, Schildbuckel', cymr.corn. bret. tal `forehead'; in Ir. is *tal with einem variant ir. tel, tul `Schildbuckel' zusammengeflossen, see below *tēu- `to swell';

    aisl. Þil(i) n. `Bretterwand', Þilja f. `Diele, plank', Þel n. `ground, bottom', ags. ðille `Diele', ðel `Schiffsplanke, Metallplatte', ahd. dil, dilo `Bretterwand, Bretterdiele', dilla (= aisl. Þilja, ags. ðille, whether these f.) `board, Diele, Schiffsdeck', finn. (from dem Nord.) teljo ` thwart ';

    apr. talus ` the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle bones of animals)'; lit. pã-talas `bed', tìlės f. Pl. `Bodenbretter in barge';lett. tilandi m. Pl. ds., tilinât, telinât `flat ausbreiten', tilât, tiluôt `ds., ausgebreitet liegen'; aruss. tьlo `bottom'; potolók (*tolu-ko-) `Zimmerdecke';

    with formants -to-: lit. tìltas, lett. til̃ts `bridge' = Old Indian taṭa- m. (mind. for *tr̥ta-) `bank, border, shore' (actually `gangbarer Fußboden')?

References: WP. I 740, WH. II 640 f., 655, Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 110, Mayrhofer 1, 469, 487, 499, Specht Idg. Dekl. 23.

Page(s): 1061


Root / lemma: tel-3

Meaning: to be still

German meaning: `still sein'

Material: Air. tu(i)lid, con-tu(i)li `sleeps' (Iter. *tolei̯ō), cotlud `sleep' (*kom-toli-tu-s);

    lit. tyliù, tylė́ti `schweigen' (balto-slav. *tilētēi with secondary lengthening of i to ī) and (ap-, nu-, pri-) tįlù, tìlti `schweigend become', Kausat. tìldau, tìldyti `schweigen make', tylùs `schweigsam' (idg. *tel-); aksl. tьlějǫ, tьlěti `vermodern, vergehen', serb. zà-tljâm, zà-tljati `einschlummern wollen'; in addition das causative slav. *toliti in aksl. u-toliti `beruhigen', ksl. toliti `placare'.

References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 114 f.;

See also: perhaps s-lose variant to stel- (ahd. stilli `still') above S. 1019.

Page(s): 1061-1062


Root / lemma: tel-4

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)tel-1.

Page(s): 1062


Root / lemma: telp-

Meaning: space; spacious

German meaning: `Raum haben'

Material: Old Indian tálpa- m., tálpā f. `Lager, Ruhesitz';

    air. -tella (analogical -talla) `es is Raum, Möglichkeit vorhanden for etwas';

    lit. telpù, til̃pti `Raum haben', talpà f. `ausreichender Raum', talpìnti, ablaut. tùlpinti `Raum schaffen'; lett. tęlpu, tìlpt `Raum haben', tilpe f. `Kramkammer'; proto slav.. *tilpa bzw. *tьlpa in aksl. tlъpa, russ. tolpá f. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd';

    toch. A tsälp- `gehen, hinübergehen, erlöst become'.

References: WP. I 741 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 117, Mayrhofer 1, 489.

Page(s): 1062


Root / lemma: tem(ǝ)-

Meaning: dark

German meaning: `dunkel'

Material: Old Indian támas- n. ` darkness, darkness ' = av. tǝmah- ds., npers. tam `Star of Auges', Old Indian tamasá- ` swart ' (= av. tǝmaŋha- `finster'), tamsra- `dark, livid'; támisrāḥ (= lat. tenebrae), newer támisrā f., tamisra-m ` darkness'; támasvān (-vant) `finster' = av. tǝmahvant- `verblendet'; tamrá- `verdunkelnd', tāmrá- ` oxblood, indigo, kupferrot', timirá- `dark, finster';támāla- m. `Xanthochymos pictorius' (tree with very dunkler bark); from tamāla-pattram `T.-leaf' derive gr. μαλάβαθρον, lat. mālobat(h)rum; av. tąϑra- Nom. Pl. `darkness', np. tār `finster' = *tam-sra-;

    gr. (äol.) VN Τέμμῑκες (*tems-);

    illyr. mountain-N Τόμαρος by Dodona;

    lat. tenebrae ` darkness ' (diss. from *temafrā = Old Indian támisrāḥ Pl.), temere `blindlings, aufs Geratewohl' (Lok. *temesi `in Dunkeln [tappend]'), temerō, -āre ` blemish, entehren' (eig. `unvorsichtig heiligen Dingen nahen'); mir. teim, temen `dark, gray', air. temel ` darkness ', mbret. teffal `finster'; ahd. demar n. `dawn, twilight'; as. thimm `dark' (*Þimzá-); mndl. deemster, ahd. dinstar (and probably also ahd. finstar) `finster' (*temsro- = Old Indian tamsra-); nd. dīsig, ndl. dijzig `nebelig, dark' (*Þemsiga-); lengthened grade probably aisl. Þām `obscuritas aeris', norw. taam `unklare Luft, dünne blanket of clouds ';

    lit. témsta, témti `finster become'; tamsà ` darkness ', tamsùs `dark', ablaut. lett. tima, timsa and tùmsa `darkness', lit. tim̃sras `schweißfüchsig, oxblood, indigo '; lett. tumst (Inf.tumt) `es dunkelt'; aksl. tьma ` darkness ', aksl. tьmьnъ `dark'; russ. témrivo ` darkness '; in the case of slav. těnь `shadow' as *tem-ni-s anzureihen?

    toch. В tamāsse `dark'.

Maybe alb. dimën ‘winter, long winter nights’ origin of PIE root for winter???, maybe alb. tym ‘smoke’ dark smoke’ similar to poln. dym???

References: WP. I 720 f., WH. II 656 f., 664, Trautmann 322, Vasmer 3, 92 f., 162.

Page(s): 1063-1064


Root / lemma: tem-1, tend-

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Gr. τέμνω, hom. ion. dor. τάμνω (hom. τέμει) `cut, bite' (ἔταμον and ἔτεμον, τεμῶ, τέτμηκα, τμητός); τομός `incisive', τόμoς `break, section, part; band, strap (book)', τομή `cut'; τέμαχος `abgeschnittenes Stück gesalzenen Fisches', τέμενος `(*abgeschnittener, abgesonderter) göttlicher or königlicher Bezirk'; τμῆσις `cut'; τάμισος `rennet' (weil es γάλα τέμνει, id est σχίζει, hence also γαλα-τμον λάχανον ἄγριον Hes.); ταμίας `Verwalter', as the die Portionen aufschneidende, then also die Arbeit verteilende; other formations τμήγω (by Balbilla τμά̄γω) `cut, bite' (3. Pl. Aor. Pass. τμά̆γεν); τένδω, τένθης see under; phryg. Τῆμνον ὄρος (: ksl. těmę);

    lat. aestumō, -āre `abschätzen, taxieren, schätzen' due to eines *ais-temos `Erz incisive'; about lat. temnō see under stemb-; air. tamun `stump', tamnaid `clips, cuts';

    bsl. *tĭnō, *tinti from *temnō (gr. τάμνω), *temǝtī in lit. tinù, tìnti `dengeln', slov. tnèm tę́ti `hacken', aèech. tnu, tieti `hew, hit', aruss. tьnu (tьmetъ is Druckfehler), tjǫti `hit', whereupon also *tonъ instead of *tomъ (= τόμος) in nsorb. ton `Aushau' etc; ksl. těmę `Scheitel';

    d-extension (originally d-present): gr. τένδω `benage, nasche', dh-present att. τένθω ds., τένθης `Näscher'; lat. (iterative) tondeō, -ēre, totondī, tōnsum `abscheren, abschneiden' (in addition tōnsa `Ruder', tōnsilla `Uferpfahl'); mir. tond, tonn, cymr. ton f. `skin'; mir. teinnid, tennaid `splits, bricht', teinm n. `split, tear' and schott.-gäl. tèum = cymr. tam, corn. tam, bret. tamm `morsel, mouthful, piece' (*tn̥dsmn̥-).

References: WP. I 719 f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 92, 111, 133.

Page(s): 1062-1063


Root / lemma: tem-2

Meaning: enthralled, confused

German meaning: häufig lengthened grade `geistig benommen, betäubt'

Material: Old Indian tā́myati `wird betäubt, wird ohnmächtig, ermattet', participle Perf. Pass. tāṃtá-, Kaus. tămáyati `erstickt (trans.), beraubt the Luft' (kslav. tomiti), támati `erstickt (intr.), wirdunbeweglich, wird hart', támiṣīcī f. `beklemmend, betäubend', timitá- `unbeweglich', (i after stimitá- ds. from *stāi- `verdichten'); arm. t`m(b)rim `werde betäubt' (*tēmiro-);

    lat. tēmētum `berauschendes Getränk, Met, Wein', tēmulentus `berauscht', abstēmius `sober'; mir. tām (*tōmu-) `disease, malady, Ohnmacht, death'; támaid `stirbt'; mcymr. taw `death'; nhd. damisch, dämlich `betäubt, benommenen Geistes', westfal. dümmeln `ersticken'; russ.-ksl. tomiti `torment, smite; bedrücken; exhaust'.

References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1, 495, 503;

See also: probably to consecutive (tem(ǝ)-).  

Page(s): 1063


Root / lemma: temp-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `dehnen, ziehen, spannen'

Comments: extension from *ten- ds.

Material: Npers. tāb-aδ, Inf. tāftan and tāb-ī-δan `turn, wenden, spinnen', intr. `sich drehen, afflicted become' (from einem to *tap = idg. *tm̥p- analogical gebildeten Кaus. *tāpayati), wherefore probably as iran.Lw. gr. τάπης, δάπις `cover, rug';

    arm. t`amb `(*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche Fleisch an Tierbeinen'; gr. PN Τέμπη (: lat. tempus `Schläfe');

    here lat. tempus, -oris n. `Schläfe' (from the thin gespannten skin, compare aisl. etc Þunn-vangi m. `Schläfe') = lat. tempus `Zeitspanne', in addition temperāre `Maß halten, Maß give' (hence `mix'); templum ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ' (`*ausgespannt = ausgemessen'); perhaps antemnā f. `sprit' (`die Aufgespannte') from *an(a)-temp-; templa, -ōrum `die gespannten Querhölzer, auf denen die Schindeln befestigt become'; contemplāri `ἀτενές βλέπειν', temptō, -āre (iterative to *tempō) `betasten, befühlen, assail, untersuchen, auf die Probe stellen' (see Persson Beitr. 488 ff.);

    aisl. Þambr `swollen, thick', Þǫmb Subst. `aufgedunsener Bauch, Bogensehne';

    lit. tem̃pti `durch Ziehen spannen, dehnen', Iter. tampýti ds., tim̃pti `sich recken', tìmpa `sinew', temptýva `Bogensehne' = aksl. tętiva `sinew', lit. į̃tampas `Anspannung, Anstrengung' (ablaut. į́tumpas `beginning zum Sprunge'), tamprùs `tenacious, elastisch'; lett. tìeptiês `hartnäckig sein';

    aksl. tǫpъ `obtusus, crassus'? perhaps from `gedunsen'; russ. tepstí `straff anziehen';

    toch. A tampe `power', AB cämp- `können, vermögen'.

References: WP. I 721 f., WH. I 54, II 659 f., 662, Trautmann 317 f., Vasmer 3, 95, 101, 153, Frisk Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. 57, 1951: 4.

Page(s): 1064-1065


Root / lemma: tend-

See also: see under tem-1.

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: tenǝgos, tenǝgos

Meaning: ground in water

German meaning: `Grund in Wasser'

Material: Gr. τέναγος n. `ford'; lett. tīgas (*tingas) `Tiefe between zwei Untiefen'.

References: WP. I 724.

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: tengh-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `ziehen, dehnen, spannen'

Comments: ar. *thengh-, yet probably trotzdem extension from ten-1 ds.

Material: Av. ϑang- (ϑanjasā̊ntē, ϑanjayentē, participle ϑaxta-) `ziehen, Bogen spannen'; but ϑanvarǝ, Abl. ϑanvanāt̲ `bow (as Schußwaffe)' after Mayrhofer through contamination with *danvan- (= Old Indian dhánvan-, above S. 234) originated; osset. t`ịnjịn ` distend '; arm. t`anjr, Gen. t`anju `dense, thick' (*tn̥ghi̯u-);

    lat. tēmō, -ōnis m. `shaft' (*tenksmō); aksl. *tęgnǫti `ziehen', rastęgǫ, rastęšti `distrahere', russ. tugój `straff, tight, firm, strong, heavy ', poln. tęgi ds., aksl. tǫga `συνοχή, περίστασις', slov. tǫ́ga ` sluggishness, Schwermut' etc; die meaning ` heavy ' also in slav. *tęgъkъ: aksl. otęgъèiti `βαρεῖν', tęžьkъ `βαρύς', tęgostь `βάρος', tęgota ds. etc; also aksl. istęsklъ `emaceratus, tabidus', istęsknǫti `tabescere' with sk-suffix; here aksl. tęža `Rechtsstreit';

    lit. tingùs `idle' (= slav. *tęgъ in tęgostь etc, and: aisl. Þungr), tìngiu, tingė́ti `idle, unlustig sein', tìng-stu, -au, -ti `träge become';

    aisl. Þungr ` heavy ', Þunge m. `burden, load', Þyngia `beschweren', Þyngð `Unannehmlichkeit, Verlegenheit', Þyngsl `Kummer, Bedrängnis'; ahd. dīhsala, ags. Þīxl, aisl. Þīsl `shaft' (urgerm. *Þenχslō eig. `Zugstange'); toch. A täṅk-, В tank- `hinder'.

References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, Vasmer 3, 166.

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: teng-1

Meaning: to soak, wet

German meaning: `benetzen, anfeuchten'

Material: Gr. τέγγω `benetze, befeuchte'; lat. tingō (older tinguō, das after unguō : unxi for older *tengō eingetreten is), -ere, -nxi, -nctum `benetzen, anfeuchten; färben'; ahd. thunkōn, dunkōn `tunken'; schweiz. tink `humid, wet'.

 

References: WP. I 726, WH. II 684.

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: teng-2

See also: s. S. 1088 (tong-).

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: tenk-1

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `ziehen, dehnen, spannen; Zeitspanne'

Comments: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only germanisch

Material: Got. Þeihs (*ténkos), Pl. Þeihsa n. `time'; with gramm. variation aisl. Þing n. `Gerichtsversammlung, property, Gegenstand', ags. ðing ds., as. thing, ahd. ding, nhd. Ding, langob. thinx `rechtliche Zusammenkunft, congregation, meeting', agerm. GN Mars Thinxus (germ.*Tius Þingsaz `the god the congregation, meeting'); ags. ðingan `einen pact, covenant make', nhd. dingen.

References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: tenk-2

Meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick

German meaning: `(sich) zusammenziehen (also especially von the Milch; gerinnen), fest, dicht werden' (out of it also `gedeihen')

Material: Old Indian tañc- tanákti `zieht together', with ā- `makes curdle, coagulate, harden ', ātángana-m `Mittel zum Gerinnen, rennet', takrá-m ` buttermilk ' (*tn̥k-ló-m: *ténk-lo-m in isl. Þél), npers. talxīna `sour milk'; av. taxma- `valiant, proficient, energisch, heldenhaft', compounds tąšyah-, Sup. tanèišta-; np. tanjīδan `zusammenziehen', afghan. tat `dense, thick' (*tahta-);

    mir. tēcar ` protection', tēcht (*tenkto-, compare aisl. Þēttr) `geronnen', tēchte `gehörig, recht', cymr. teithi `characteristics', mcymr. brenhin teithiawc `rex legitimus' (from `tight, firm'), air. con-tēci `gerinnt' (= got. Þeihan, idg. *ténkō), téchtaid ds. (*tenktō); ablaut. tocad, cymr.tynged `luck', bret. toñket `fate, destiny', PN Tunccetace, lat. Gen. in Wales; zero grade cymr.tanc f. `peace' (*tn̥kā), tangnef ds.; compare adän. taknem `dankbar' under tong-; gall. PN Tanco-rīx `Friedensfürst';

    nisl. Þēl n. ` buttermilk '; aisl. Þēttr `dicht', mhd. dīhte, nhd. dicht and dial. deicht (urgerm. *Þenχtu-); nisl. Þētti `sour milk'; got. Þeihan `thrive', ahd. gidīhan, ags. geðēon ds., participle ags. geðungen, as. githungan `vollkommen', in addition das Kaus. as. thengian `vollenden' (vom present *Þīhan from Übergang in die ī-row), got. gaÞaih, dt. gediegen, mnd. dege ` prospering; flourishing, Fortschritt'; Verschmelzung with Verwandten from lit. tinkù tìkti `taugen, passen', patinkù `schmecke, behage', Iter. táikau, -yti `zusammenfügen, bring in order ', tìkras `right', das to lit. tiẽkti, teĩkti belongs), nhd. bair. deihen `austrocknen and dadurch dichter become', compare with gradation *Þanχ- nhd. steir. dahen `dry, dorren' and die Bezeichnung the Tonerde got. Þāhō, ags. ðōhæ, ðō, ahd. dāha, nhd. Ton (*Þanχōn), aisl. Þā `loam', as. thāhi `irden';

    aisl. Þengill, ags. ðengel `prince, lord, master, mister' (аngilaz);

    aisl. Þang, mnd. dank `Seegras, Tang', ags. ðung `Aconitum napellus', nd. wodendung `Schierling' (`*dichte Masse, tussock '?);

    lit. tánkus `dense, frequent, often';

    klr. t'aknuty `nützen', slov. tek ` prospering; flourishing '; presumably aksl. tǫèa `rain', slov. t'ǫèa `hail', and likewise; in the case of got. Þeiƕō `thunder' dazugehört, with from `Wetterwolke' verschobener meaning, is höchst fragwürdig.

References: WP. I 725 f., Trautmann 313 f., Vasmer 3, 158 f. Marstrander ZcP. 7, 369 f., J. Loth RC. 41, 225 f.;

See also: root-extension from ten-1 `dehnen'.

Page(s): 1068


Root / lemma: ten-1, tend-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `dehnen, ziehen, spannen', also von the Weberei, Spinnen, Strick etc

Grammatical information: ten- bildet in Idg. einem athematischen Wurzelaorist (ved. átan, átata `er hat gespannt') and ein Perfekt (ved. tatā́na, tatné, lat. tetini). Das present wird with -eu-extension (ved. tanóti, tanuté, gr. hom. τάνυται) or -i̯e/o-suffix shaped (gr. τείνω); compare tenu-s `thin' and die extensions tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens- .

Material: Old Indian tanṓti `dehnt, spannt, erstreckt sich, dauert', av. pairi-tanava 1. Sg. Konj. Akt. `I will fernhalten', pairi-tanuya 1. Sg. Opt. Med.; Old Indian ut-tāna- `ausgestreckt' = av. ustāna- ds. (*tn̥nó-, compare Old Indian tani-man- n. `Dünne', also lit. tìnti, lat. tenē-re); np. tanīδan `turn, spinnen'; as d-present (as lat. tendō) Old Indian tandatē `läßt after, ermattet' (tandrā́ `Mattigkeit, Abspannung');

    participle Old Indian tatá- m. `gestreckt' (= gr. τατός, lat. tentus); tati- m. `row, cord, sacrifice, immolation ' (= gr. τάσις `Spannung, lengthening ', lat. in-, con-tentiō), next to which zero grade tánti- `cord, Saite, row', tantu- ` filament, cord, Saite, Aufzug of Gewebes'; tan- `Ausbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny ', Instr. tanā́ `continuō', tána- m. `Nachkomme', tána-m, tánā, tánas- n. ` progeny '; tántra-m `Zettel, Aufzug am loom' = np. tār (av. *tąϑra-) ds., afghan. tōr `Netz'; Old Indian tāna- m. `clay, filament ' (compare gr. τόνος); perhaps here tanū́- f. `body, person, Selbst' = av. tanū- f. ds. (Mayrhofer 475);

    gr. τάνυται `streckt sich' (= Old Indian tanutḗ), τανύω (ἐτάνυσα etc) `strecke, dehne'; τείνω ds. (τατός), τιταίνω ds.; ταινίᾱ `(long) stripe, Binde' (due to eiŋes Adj. *τανι̯ός); τέτανος `Spannung, twitch '; τετανός `gestreckt, long, straff'; τένων, -οντος `sinew', τένος n. `sinew, straff angezogenes Band' (= lat. tenus, -oris, compare also Old Indian tánas- n.), -τενής `very gespannt, straff' (- probably with ion. Psilose = sm̥-), whereof ἀτενίζω `hefte den Blick angespannt auf etwas'; τόνος `Spannung, Anspannung; also the voice, Hebung of Verses, musikalischer sound, tone' (: lit. tãnas); τάσις f. `Spannung' (*tn̥tis); about τανύ- `sich ausbreitend' see under tenu-s;

    alb. ndënj `breite from, pull, spanne die Saiten'; katund, këtunt (*ke-tn̥-t-) `village' (`*ausgespanntes tent');

    lat. tendō, -ere, tetendi, tentum, newer tēnsum `spannen, distend, ausstrecken' (originally d-present) = umbr. an-, en-tentu `intenditō', ustentu `ostenditō' etc, lat. tentus, (in-)tentiō; teneō, -ēre, tenui (alat. tetinī = Old Indian tatanē), tentum `hold, stop etc' (originally Durativ, trans. and intrans. `somewhat gespannt halten', hence tenēre also `dauern' = vast, spacious sein), at-tinēre, pertinēre, continuus; tenēre aliquid originally with Akk. of Zieles `auf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein' (tenē-re belongs to ahd. donēn `vast, spacious, ausgestreckt sein' undlit. tìnstu, tìnti `to swell'); tenus, -oris n. `cord with Schlinge' (= gr. τένος), tenor, -ōris m. `ununterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection; (jur.) sense, mind, Inhalt eines Gesetzes', tenus preposition m. Abl. Gen. Akk. `sich erstreckend bis, bis an', protinus `sich after vorn erstreckend, vorwärts' (compare Old Indian nū́tanāḥ, -tnāḥ `jetzig', lat. diū-tinus, lit. dabartìnis `jetzig'), tenāx ` tenacious, tenacious'; umbr. tenitu `teneto';

    air. tan `time' (*te), eigentl. `Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung' (in tain `when, if') (: lett. tina), air. tét `Saite' (*tn̥tā) = cymr. tant ds. (compare Old Indian tantu-, isl. Þind) = bret. ar-dant `Pflöcke am Wagen zur Befestigung of Seiles'; air. tēit `goes' (*ten-ti, alterWurzelaorist, originally `streckte');

    got. uf-Þanjan `sich distend, sich ausstrecken', aisl. Þenja `ausspannen, ausstrecken', ags. ðenian, ðennan `strecken, spannen', ahd. den(n)en `dehnen'; aisl. Þinull `rope, hawser, dasein Netz einfaßt and in addition dient, es to spannen', aisl. Þind, norw. tinder f. `Zwerchfell' (air. tēt, Old Indian tántu-); dh-present ags. ðindan `to swell, angry, irate sein'; in addition aisl. Þund f. `river'; ags. ðunian `sich heben, sich dehnen, to swell', gleich ahd. mhd. donên `sich distend, to swell, strotzen'; don `ausgespannt', mhd. done, don `Spannung', ahd. dona, as. thona `twig, branch, Ranke', nhd. Dohne, ags. ælf-ðone `Albranke, Solanum dulcamara'; aisl. Þǫn f. `Holzstäbchen, with dem Felle zum Trocknen ausgespannt become', schwed. tana `sinew', older dän. tan `Zwerchfell';

    lit. tìnstu, tìnti `to swell', tãnas `swelling, lump, growth' (`*sich distend ', also vom Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefördert through das reimende tvìnti `to swell'); lit. tiñ-klas `Netz', apr. sasin-tinclo `Hasengarn', lett. tinu, tît `flax, wattle, braid, winden, wickeln', tina `ein Setznetz' (: air. tan), tineklis `somewhat Gewundenes, Gewickeltes'; lit. tandus `idle';

    aksl. teneto, tonoto `rope'.

References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3, 93, Mayrhofer 1, 475, Bergin Ériu 12, 227 ff.

Page(s): 1065-1066


Root / lemma: ten-2

See also: see above S. 1021 under (s)ten-1.

Page(s): 1067


Root / lemma: tens-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `dehnen, ziehen, spannen'

Comments: extension from ten-1 ds.

Material: Old Indian taṁsayati `zieht hin and her, schüttelt', taṁsati (uncovered), Aor. á-tasat `pull, with Gewalt in Bewegung place', tásara-m `Weberschiffchen', vítasti- m.; av. vitasti- `span';

    lat. tōlēs, -ium `Kropf am Halse', Demin. tōnsillae `die Mandeln in Halse', prōtēlum ` towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang', whereof prōtēlāre `in die Länge ziehen' (during prōtēlāre `forttreiben, fortjagen' as tēlīs `prōpellere' to verstehen is); tēnsa `Prozessions- or Götterwagen', das subst. Fem. of participle tēnsus;

    got. atÞinsan `heranziehen', anld. thinsan `ziehen, rend ', ahd. dinsan `ziehen, drag', hess. dinse, dans `ziehen', participle nhd. gedunsen (eig. `aufgezogen'), ahd. dansōn `ziehen, dehnen';

    lit. tęsiù, tę̃sti `durch Ziehen dehnen, verlängern', pratęsà `Verzug, Aufschub', užtęsas `Leichentuch', Intr. tįstù, tį̃sti `sich dehnen, sich recken', tąsaũ -ýti (: Old Indian taṁsayati) `pull, recken', apr. tiēnstwei `stir, tease, irritate', 2. Pl. Imp. tenseiti, participle entensīts `gefaßt', teansis `shaft'.

References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491, 532.

Page(s): 1068-1069


Root / lemma: tenu-s, tenu-s

Meaning: thin

German meaning: `dünn', eig. `lang gedehnt'

Grammatical information: fem. tenu̯ī

Comments: to ten-1 `dehnen'

Material: Old Indian tanú-, fem. tanvī `thin, tender, schmächtig, unbedeutend' (tánuka- ds. = slav. tьnъkъ); substantivized Old Indian tanū́- f., tanuṣ- n., av. tanū- f., tanus- n., np. tan `body, Körper';

    gr. τανυ- `long', fem. τανεῖαι `long balk, beam'; τανα(F)ός `langgestreckt, long'; perhaps eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, Sommer Zur Gesch. d. gr. Nominalkomp. 127;

    lat. tenuis `thin, fine, tender' (from dem fem. *tenu̯ī = Old Indian tanvī́); gr. ταναFός kann from *τεναFός assimilated sein;

    air. tan(a)e (with sekund. -e), corn. tanow, bret. tanao, tano `thin' (urkelt. *tanau̯o-; cymr. teneu verdankt sein e dem influence of lat. tenuis);

    ahd. dunni, as. thunni, aisl. Þunnr `thin' (nn from nu̯); here also *Þennō, *Þunnō f. `Stirne, Schläfe' in ahd. tinna, mhd. tinne, tunne ds.; in den compounds. ahd. tinna-bacho `Schläfe' and ahd. dun-wangi, -wengi n., ags. ðun-wang(e) f., aisl. Þun-vangi m., schwed.tinning `Schläfe';

    lit. tę́vas, lett. tiêvs `schlank';

    aksl. tьnъkъ `thin' (assimil. *tъnъkъ, russ. tónkij).

References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang. and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319.

Page(s): 1069


Root / lemma: tep-

Meaning: warm

German meaning: `warm sein'

Material: Old Indian tápati `erwärmt, burns' (also `kasteit sich, übt penance, atonement'), participle taptá- `erwärmt, erhitzt', tápas- n. `heat, blaze, glow', tápu- `glühend, hot', Kaus. tāpáyati `erwärmt, erhitzt'; av. tāpaiti `is warm', Kaus. tāpayeiti `erwärmt, erhitzt', Inchoh. tafsaiti (*tepǝsk̂eti) `wird hot', participle tapta- `erwärmt, hot', tafnu- m. `Fieberhitze, fever', tafnah- n. `heat, blaze, glow; fever'; np. tāftan `burn, warm, gleam, shine';

    alb. tosk. ftoh, geg. ftof `make cold, lösche from, verletze with words' (*vëtēp-sk̂ō `entwärme');

    lat. tepeō -ēre `lauwarm sein', tepidus `warm', tepor `Wärme'; presumably osk. tefúrúm `a kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation' (*teps-ro-); umbr. Abl. Sg. with Postpos. tefru-to, Akk. Pl. umbr. tefra `carnes cremandas';

    air. `hot', Pl. tēit (*tepent- = Old Indian participle tapant-); ten and tene, Gen. -ed `fire' (*tepnet-), cymr. corn. bret. tan ds., corn. bret. tana `kindle, inflame'; air. tess, cymr. corn. tes, bret. tez `heat' (*teps-tu-, to es-stem lat. tepor, Old Indian tapas-); mir. timme `heat, fear'(*teps-mi̯ā); cymr. twym `heat', acorn. toim `hot', mbret. toem, nbret. tomm `hot' (*tepesmo-);

    norw. teva `vor heat keuchen', ags. ðefian `pant, gasp', aisl. Þefr m. smell, odor, taste', Þefa `smell' trans., Þefja `smell' intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen Dampfes from Speisen);

    aksl. *teplъ (in teplostь `θερμότης'), èech. teplý, russ. tëplyj and (with о after topiti) aksl. toplъ `warm'; Kaus. serb. tòpiti `melt', russ. topítь `heizen; zerlassen'; pr. PN Taplawken eig. `Warmfeld';

    hitt. tapašša- `fever, heat' (Old Indian Lw.?).

References: WP. I 718 f., WH. II 667 f., Trautmann 319, Vasmer 3, 111, Mayrhofer 1, 477, 569.

Page(s): 1069-1070


Root / lemma: terd-, tred-

Meaning: to drill

German meaning: `durchbohren'

Comments: (see also ter- `malmendes insect'), extension from *ter- `rub, durchbohren'

Material: Old Indian tr̥ṇátti, Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), Perf. tatárda `durchbohren, split', tardman- n. `hole, aperture ', tardá- m. `ein insect', tr̥dilá- `löcherig, durchbohrt', tradá- `the (durch Bohren) eröffnet'; lit. tréndu, -ė́ti `from Motten, Würmern zerfressen become', trandė̃ under trandìs `Made, Holzwurm'; ablaut. lett. trûdi `Moder', trûdêt `verwittern, faulen'; lit. trìdė `diarrhea'; aksl. trǫdъ `tinder' and `kind of disease, malady, δυσεντερία' (compare above S. 1073 lit. tríedžiu `have diarrhea': cymr. trwyddo `bore'), èech. trud `Zitterich am face'.

References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper Idg. Nasalpräs. 96 f., 183 f., Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.

Page(s): 1076


Root / lemma: terk-, trek- (tork-, trok-)

Meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Comments: probably extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben'

Material: Old Indian tarkú- m. `Spindel', niṣṭarkyá- `was sich aufdrehen läßt'; figurative tarkáyati `vermutet, sinnt after';

    gr. ἄτρακτος m. f. `Spindel (figurative: Pfeil, sprit)' = `ἐν', as (`Stäbchen zum Aufdrehen'), ἀτρεκής `unverhohlen, geradeheraus' (`unumwunden'); alb. tjerr `spinne' (*tērknō);

    lat. torqueō, -ere, torsi, tortum `turn, winden, verdrehen, agonize' (qu is k + formant u̯, compare Old Indian tarkú- `Spindel'), torquēs, torquis `Halskette as jewellery', tormentum `Winde, manacle, Marterwerkzeug, Wurfmaschine' (*torqu[e]mentom), tormina `Leibschmerzen', torculum `Drehpresse, Kelter', nasturtium `Kresse' (*nāstorctiom `quod nasum torqueat');

    ir. trochal `Schleuder'; perhaps cymr. torri `break, rupture' (*tork-s-), mbret. terryff ds.;

    ahd. drāhsil `Drechsler', nhd. drechseln, probably also ags. Þrǣstan `turn, zusammenwinden, press, peinigen' (as germ. *Þrēχsti̯an); in the case of also aisl. Þari `Tang' (from *Þarhan-) actually `band, strap'?

    apr. tarkue `Binderiemen (am Pferdegeschirr)' lies tarkne = *tarkìnė; aksl. trakъ `band, strap, Gurt', russ. tórok m. `Sattelriemen', poln. troki m. Pl. `strap, Fesseln';

    toch. AB tsärk- `torment, smite', A tark- `Ohrring', В tärk- `turn'.

    A meaning `verdreht, quer' shows die with tu̯- anlautende family of ahd. dwerah, dwerawēr ` slantwise, quer', nhd. zwerch, quer and mhd. twerge `Quere', zwerg `quer', ags. ðweorh `verkehrt', aisl. Þverr `quer, obstructive', got. Þwaírhs `angry, irate'; the anlaut tu̯- is perhaps through hybridization with *tu̯er- `turn' to define.

References: WP. I 735 f., WH. II 692 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125, Mayrhofer 1, 484 f.

Page(s): 1077


Root / lemma: ter-1

Meaning: to tremble, dabble

German meaning: `zappeln, zittern'

Material: Old Indian taralá- `zitternd, zuckend, unstet'; alb. tartaɫis `zapple' (from redupl. *tar-tar-).

References: WP. I 727 f., Mayrhofer 1, 481;

See also: extensions: trem-, tres- (Kombinationsform *trems-), trep-.

Page(s): 1070


Root / lemma: ter-2, teru-

Meaning: feeble, fragile, weak

German meaning: `zart, schwach'

Comments: (to ter- `rub' as `ab-, aufgerieben, geschwächt')

Material: Gr. τέρην `tender', sabin. terenum `molle', lat. (after tenuis reconverted) tener, -a, -um `tender, soft';

    from the u-basis: Old Indian táruṇa-, dial. tálina- ` young, tender' (m. f. ` youngling, girl', n. `sprout, Halm'), av. tauruna- ` young ', osset. tärịn `knave, boy';

    gr. τέρυ ἀσθενές, λεπτόν Hes., τέρυες ἵπποι `abgejagte Pferde' (τερύσκετο ἐτείρετο Hes.: τέρυ = μεθύσκω : μέθυ), τερύνης τετριμμένος ὄνος, καὶ γέρων Hes.;

    lat. tardus `slow, slack, zögernd' as do-derivative eines red.-stuf. *teru-?; air. terc `spärlich, gering';

    zur τέρην-group as ` young, tender; young Bursche, Tierjunges' also torno-s in lit. tar̃nas `servant', Old Indian tarṇa-, tarṇaka- m. `Tierjunges, calf'; arm. t`orn, Gen. t`orin `Enkel';

    alb. trim `valiant, gamy; m. young man', Pl. trima `bewaffnete Gefolgsmänner' (tr̥mo-), if `young Bursche, jugendkräftig' die meaning-Entw. war;

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared' is related to alb. alb. tosk. trëmp, geg. trem `I scare'; lat. tremō, -ere `tremble' from Root / lemma: trem-, trems- : `to thump; to tremble' (see below).

arm. t`arm ` young, fresh, green', perhaps aisl. Þyrma `spare, look after' as derivative eines *Þormaz `weak, tender'; is lat. termes, -itis `abgeschnittener twig, branch' die lengthened grade in addition? men-forms in gr. τεράμων `tender, light kochbar', ἀτεράμων `hard, raw', hom. ἀτέραμνος `hard, unerbittlich, unbeugsam'; presumably got. Þarihs `ungewalkt, neu (from kerchief, cloth)', eig. `fresh'.

References: WP. I 728, WH. II 648 f., 665, 670 f., Mayrhofer 1, 483.

Page(s): 1070-1071


Root / lemma: ter-3, terǝ- and teri-, trī-

Meaning: to rub

German meaning: `reiben; drehend reiben' (from which `drehen'), `(reibend) durchbohren'

Comments: also teru- : treu- (extended with b, g, gh, ĝh, k, p); here ter-2 `tender' (eig. `aufgerieben', compare lat. mollis : molō), and ter-6 in Worten for `malmendes insect'

Material: A. Old Indian turá- `wund' or `krank', ā́tura- ds.;

    gr. τείρω `reibe (auf), bedränge, quäle, betrübe', τίτρημι, newer τιτράω `grind, pulverize, durchbohre' (Fut. τρήσω; τρητός `durchbohrt, durchlöchert', τρῆμα `hole'), τετραίνω ds. (compare lit. trinù); κυκλοτερής `rund gedreht', τέρετρον `borer', τερέω `bohre, drechsle'; ἔτορε `durchbohrte' (participle present ἀντι-τορεῦντα, Perf. τετορημένος), τόρος `chisel' (compare also τορός ` piercing loud' under *toro-s `loud'), τορεύς `Grabstichel, chisel', τορεία `das Verfertigen erhabener Arbeit in Stein or Metall', τορεύω `carve'; τόρνος `Zirkel, Dreheisen; Kreisbewegung' (τόρονος τόρνος. Ταραντῖνοι Hes., compare lak. τορονευτός); τόρμος `hole'; about gr. ἀτάρτηρος ` inconsiderate ' (?) s. Frisk 176;

    alb. tjer `spinne' (*terō);

    lat. terō, -ere, trīvī, trītum `rub, grind ', die außerpräsentischen forms from the basis trēi-, trī-, likewise dētrīmentum (gleichbedeutendes termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) `Abbruch, damage', trīticum `wheat' (`*Dreschgetreide'), triō m. `Pflugochse' (`ā terendā terrā'), trībulum `Dreschbrett', trībulāre `pressen; beset, plague (late)', tetricus `mürrisch, finster', intertrīgō `wundgeriebene place'; teres, -etis (eig. `glattgerieben') `länglichrund, glattrund, schlank, fine', terebrā `borer'; trīcae `Ränke' (Pl.) to *trī- `tribulatio';

    toch AB trik- `in die Irre gehen, fehlen', В traik- `in die Irre guide, lead', participle Perf. Pass.tetrīku;

    from derselben basis trēi-, trī- (as trīvī etc) mir. trēith `weak', and gr. τρί̄βω (τρί̄ψω, ἐτρί̆βην) `rub, grind, pulverize, entkräfte etc', τρῐβή `das Reiben etc', τρίβος m. f. `abgetretener way, road; das Reiben, Verzug'; compare ksl. trěbiti `clean, roden' from ursl. *terb- (τρί̄βω : lat. trī- = sl. terb- : lat. ter-); in addition mir. trebaid (*tr̥b-) `pflügt, bewohnt', air. trebar `smart' (partly with treb, S. 1090, zusammengefallen);

    air. tarathar, cymr. etc taradr `borer'; mir. tuirenn (*torinā) `wheat' (`Reibefrucht');

    ahd. drāen `turn, drechseln' (originally `*drehend reiben or bore'), ags. ðrāwan `ds.'; intr. `sich umkehren' (engl. throw `throw'), ahd. drāt, ags. ðrǣd, aisl. Þrāðr `Draht, filament ' (*Þrēðu-z eig. `the Gedrehte'), ahd. drāti `quick, fast, rash, hasty, hasty' (eig. `sich hurtig drehend'); besides germ. *Þr-el- in nd. drillen `bore, torment, smite', mhd. gedrollen `gedreht, gerundet', nhd. drillen `winden, bore, torment, smite', afries. thralle Adv. `quick, fast', mnd. dral `rund gedreht, sich wirbelnd', mhd. drel, nhd. dial. drell, drall `strong, tight, firm, strong', wherewith ags. ðearl `stern, hard' perhaps identical is (*tor-los); aisl. Þarmr, ags. ðearm, ahd. daram `Darm' (= gr. τόρμος `hole'); with Þrē- the changing by ablaut Þrō- in got. ÞrōÞjan `üben' = russ. tratitь `consume', èech. tratiti `lose, zugrunde richten', to lit. trótinti `stir, tease, irritate, banter', žem. trúotas `whetstone', lett. truõts ds. (Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 133);

    got. Þriskan, aisl. Þriskja, Þryskva, ags. ðerscan, ahd. drescan `dreschen', to lit. sutrẽškinti Kausat. `entzweischlagen', also mir. tresc `offal, residuum ' (whether not aisl. Lw.);

    compare lit. treškė́ti `crack, crackle ', ksl. trěskъ `fragor, fulmen', ablaut. troska ds. etc;

    lit. tiriù, tìrti `forschen'; aksl. tьrǫ, trěti `rub' (proto slav.. *tьro, *terti); ablaut. ksl. istor `damnum', russ. tor `gebahnter way' (: gr. τόρος `borer, chisel') from proto slav.. *tara- m. `Reibung'; balto-slav. *tīrti- f. `Zerreibung', in аèech. trt ds., infinitive ksl. trъti, serb.tȑti = lit. tìrti; based on as slav. infinitive *terti auf zweisilbiger basis, as also balto-slav. *tīrta- `zerrieben' in serb. tȑt = lit. tìrtas `durchforscht'; with n-suffix: lit. trinù (*tre), trìnti `rub', lett. trinu, trìt `rub, schleifen'; with übertragener meaning also apr. trinie ` threatens ', trintawinni f. `Rächer' and lit. trenė́ti `modern';

    B. root form teru- : treu-:

    Old Indian táruṇa-, gr. τέρυ etc, see below *ter-2 `tender'; gr. ἀτειρής (*-τερF-ης?) perhaps `unverwüstlich'; τρύ̄ω `reibe auf, erschöpfe', τερύσκετο ἐτείρετο Hes.; τρύσκει τρύχει, ξηραίνει Hes., τρῦμα, τρύ̄μη `hole', τρῡτάνη `das Zünglein an the Waage' (originally from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); τιτρώσκω `I bewältige, damage, verwunde' (Fut. τρώσω), τρώω (*τρωFω) `durchbohre, verwunde, verletze', τρῶσις, dor. ion. τρῶμα `wound' (because of att. τραῦμα ds. with ō from ōu);

    cymr. taraw (*toraw) `hit', trewis `er schlug', mcymr. tereu `hits, knocks', mbret. tarauat `rub', abret. toreusit `attrivit' (*torōu̯-: gr. τορεύω), compare nbret. Vannes torein `hit' (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.);

    lit. truniù, -ė́ti `faulen', eig. `*aufgerieben, morsch become', lit. triùškinu, trùškinu `crunch ', perhaps (as `*noise as beim Darüberreiben'), truškù, -ė́ti ` crackle, knistern, beim Brechen from wood under likewise' (compare gr. τρύσκω `rub');

    aksl. trovǫ, truti, ablaut. causative traviti `aufzehren' (idg. *treu̯ō: *trōu̯ei̯ō); aksl. trava f. `garden' (ablaut. trěva from *trēuā), russ. travá `grass' (in addition the nhd. FlN Trave); ablaut. proto slav.. *trūi̯ō `rub' in ksl. tryjǫ, tryti (compare gr. τρύ̄ω `reibe auf': τρῡσί-βιος `das Leben erschöpfend'); here also ksl. trizna `Totenfeier' (from *tryzna);

    ags. ðrōwigean (*ðrōwōjan) `leiden, dulden', ahd. drōa `onus, passio', druoē̆n, druota `pati'; ags. līcðrōwere `ein Aussätziger', aisl. līkÞrār `aussätzig'; aisl. Þrā f. (*Þrawō) `heftiges, leidvolles desire', Þrā and Þreyja `long, want, sich sehnen', Þrā n. ` contrariness, pertinacia', Þrār `pertinax', ags. ðrēa, ðrawu f. `affliction, Drangsal; Drohung', as. thrāwerk `affliction' = ags. ðrēaworc ` woefulness ', ahd. drawa, thrauwa, drōa `Drohung, Drohen', ags. ðrēan `threaten, beset, plague', ahd. drawen, drewen, drauwen, drōen, nhd. drohen, dräuen; with the meaning-Entwicklung `rub - squeeze, press': ags. geðrūen `zusammengepreßt, verdichtet', ðrȳn `press';

    toch. A tsru `wenig' (*teru̯o-).

    C. As extension the i-basis kann gelten: *trēid- in cymr. trwyddo `bore', lit. tríedžiu `have starken diarrhea'; compare under S. 1076.

    D. extensions from ter- and treu-:

    1. terb-: s. S. 1071 under.

    2. terg-: lat. tergō, -ere, tergēo, -ēre `abwischen, clean', >mantēlum, mantēle `Handtuch' (*man-terg-sli-, to manus S. 740), changing through ablaut umbr. Akk. Sg. mantrahklu, mandraclo `mantēle' (*-trāg-kla); got. Þaírko n. `hole', zero grade mnd. dork `Kielraum', ags. ðurruc `cumba', `caupolus';

    *trōg-, *trǝg- in gr. τρώγω `zernage, knuppere, fresse Rohes' (Aor. ἔτραγον), τρωγάλια `Näschereien', τρώγλη `hole, cave', τρώξ `Kornwurm', τράγος ` he-goat; billy goat '; arm. t`urc, Gen. t`rcoy `mala, maxilla' (Nom. instead of *t`ruc from *trōĝ- through Entgleisung after dem Gen. t`rcoy?) and aracem `weide' (*trǝĝ-); toch. AB trāsk- `chew'.

    3. terĝh-: aksl. trězati, trьzati ` rend ', with Velar tъrgati, trъgnǫti ds.

    4. terp-, trep- (only bsl.): lett. tā̀rps `Wurm' (`the Zerbohrende'), lit. tárpas `Zwischenraum, Lücke, cleft, gap', tar̃p, ter̃p ` between '; lit. trapùs ` brittle, light brechend', lett. trapjš, trapans `mürbe', trapains `morsch, brüchig, verwitternd', trapêt, trepêt `verwittern, faul, mürbe become'; unclear aksl. trapъ `pit, pothole' (*torp-), serb. trap `Rübengrube'.

    5. treugh-: perhaps gr. τρύ̄χω `τρύω', τρῦχος n. `das Abgerissene, rag', τρῡχηρός `abgerissen, zerlumpt'; air. trōg, truag ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky '; cymr. mbret. tru ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', gall. PN Trougillus, Trōgus.

    6. treuk-: cymr. trwch ` cropped, truncated, cut off ', trychu `cut, clip' (*truk-s-); aisl. Þrō, Pl. Þrø̄r f. `trough', ags. ðrūh, Gen. ðrȳh f. m. n. `ds., gully, coffin', ahd. drūh drūch (actually `*Verbrecherblock') `Fußfessel, Tierfalle', nhd. Drauche `Falle, Wolfs- or Fuchseisen', as. thrūh `manacle'; with gramm. variation isl. Þrūga, norw. dial. trūga, tryge, trjug `kind of snowshoe'; aisl. Þrūga `threaten' (see to meaning above mhd. drohen); intensive aschwed. Þrykkja, ags. ðryccan `press, urge, press, push, press', ahd. drucken, nhd. drücken;

    lit. trúk-stu, -au, -ti ` rend, break, rupture, platzen', trũkis `crack, break, col, gap', lett. trũk-stu, -u, -t `entzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, fehlen', trũkums `break; lack'; traũks `Geschirr, vessel', lit. traukai `Gefäße' (`*ausgebohrtes, gehöhltes Stammstück'), lit. tráukti `ziehen', apr. pertraūki `verschloß' (eig. `umzog'), lett. traukt `hit'; lit. trùkti `dauern, währen', trúkšèioti ` twitch '.

    7. treup-: gr. τρῡπάω `bohre, durchbohre', τρύ̄πανον `borer', τρύ̄πη `hole'; apr. trupis `clot, chunk'; lit. trupù, -ė́ti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', trupùs `bröckelig', traupus ` brittle ', lett. sa-trupêt `morsch become'; russ.-ksl. trupъ (*troupos) `Baumklotz; corpse', aksl. trupije `θνησιμαῖα', skr. trûp `trunk' etc, aksl. truplь `hollow'.

Maybe alb. trup `body, trunk'

References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97, 124, 130 f., 143 f., Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.

Page(s): 1071-1074


Root / lemma: ter-4, terǝ- : tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-

Meaning: to cross, transgress, to stay, etc.

German meaning: `hinübergelangen, hindurchdringen; überqueren, überwinden, überholen, hinüberbringen, retten'

Material: Old Indian tárati ` places about, übertrifft, überwindet' (tiráti, titarti, tīryati; tarutē), tāráyati ` places about, führt hinüber', tará- `übersetzend, überwindend' (= av. -tara- `überschreitend, überwindend'); taráṇi- `durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, hilfreich', táras- n. `das Vorwärtsdringen, Energie', Instr. tárasā Adv. `hasty, rash, hasty', tará- Adj. `strong'; tarantá-m. `sea'; tīrthá- n. `ford, Tränke' (*tr̥̄tho-) besides *tūrthá- in prākr. tūha- `bank, border, shore', dardisch tūrt `ford'; compare pāmir türt `ford' (*tr̥̄to-);

    u-basis besides in tarutē also in tū́rvati `überwältigt, besiegt', Inf. turváṇē, Adj. turváṇi- `überwältigend, victorious '; av. tar- `hinübergelangen about' (present-stem titar-, taraya-, from the u-basis taurvaya-, Intens. titāraya-, participle vī-tǝrǝta-), taurvan- `überwindend', mp. tarvīnītan `überwinden, peinigen'; ар. viyatārayāma `wir überschritten', osset. tärịn `drive, push, hunt, chase', bal. tarag, tharaɣ `umwenden, umkehren';

    Verbaladjektiv Old Indian -túr (-tr̥̄) in ap-túr `die Wasser überquerend', āji-túr `in fight, struggle überwindend', ratha-túr `Wagen überholend', radhra-túr `den Ermattenden rettend', etc;compare gr. νέκ-ταρ above S. 762;

    alb. sh-tir, sh-tij `put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an'?

    with the meaning from Old Indian tará- (see above) probably illyr. Taros, Tara river names;

    gr. τέρθρον `end, cusp, peak';

    hitt. tarḫzi `besiegt, überwindet';

    Old Indian trā- `(*hinüberführen = retten), schützen, beware, guard' (trā́-sva, trāyátē, s-Aor. trādhvam, av. ϑrāzdūm `schirmet!', Perf. Old Indian tatrē), av. ϑrā- ds. (present-stem ϑrāya-), ϑrāti- f. `Schirm, protection' under likewise; idg. *trā- because of gr. τρᾱνής, τρᾱνός ` piercing = clear, bright vernehmlich, distinct' and lat. intrāre `hineingehen', extrābunt Afranius (see trāns beim präpositionalen ter-); trāmes `Seiten-, Querweg' from *trāns-with (to lat. meō);

    With m-formant: Old Indian sutárman- `good übersetzend', tárman (uncovered) `cusp, peak of Opferpfostens'; venet. termo `terminus' (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.);

    gr. τέρμα, -ατος n. `Ziel, Endpunkt', τέρμων m. `limit, boundary', τέρμιος `am end befindlich, lastly';

    lat. termen, termō, terminus `Grenzzeichen, Grenzstein' (originally `Grenzpfahl'), umbr. termnom-e `ad terminum', termnas `terminātus', osk. teremenniú `termina', teremnattens `terminavērunt';

    similarly arm. t`arm (*tremo-) `Endstück', gr. τράμις, τράμη `Damm between After and the genitals' (Hes.: τὸ τρῆμα τῆς ἕδρας, ὄρρος, τινες ἔντερον), ags. ðrum (engl. thrum) in tunge-ðrum `das Zungenband', mnd. drum, drom `Trumm, Endstück, Endstück eines Gewebes, edge', mhd. drum n. `Endstück, end, piece, splinter', nhd. Trumm, Trümmer, mhd. drumze, drunze, trunze `gebrochenes Speerstück, splinter';

    mnd. treme `Querstange, Sprosse'; aisl. Þrǫmr m. `edge, border'; compare - with sm-suffix - at most air. druimm, Gen. drommo `back', perhaps borrows from cymr. drum besides trum `ridge, back'? (*treusmn̥); Demin. ahd. dremil `balk, beam, bar, bolt'; mnd. trāme, mhd. drām, -e, trāme m. `balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter' (formal nahe steht τρῆμα `hole');

    hitt. tarma- `peg, plug, nail'.

References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503, 506, 507, 520, 569;

See also: s. also under tor-, toro-s S. 1088 f.

Page(s): 1074-1075


Root / lemma: ter-5

Meaning: over, etc.

German meaning: in präpositionalen Worten for `hindurch, about - weg'

Comments: to ter-4 `hinüber gelangen'

Material: Old Indian tiráḥ Adv. `weg, abseits', preposition m. Akk. `through - toward, about - weg' (later also m. Abl. `abseits from') = av. tarǝ̄, tarō Adv. `seitwärts, unvermerkt', preposition m. Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg, out; apart from, besides'; air. tar m. Akk. `about - out' (*tares, idg. *teres, compare tairse, tairsiu `trans eam, trans eos, eas, ea'), next to which tairm-, tarmi- ds., trem-, tremi- `through' (cymr. trim-uceint `30', `decade about 20 out'), transfigured nachrem- : re `vor, voran'; Old Indian tiraś-cā́ Adv. `quer durch' = av. tarasèa m. Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg'; Old Indian tiryañc-, tirīcīna- `in die Quere gerichtet, waagrecht' (den ending -yañc-, -īc- from pratyañc-, pratīc- bezogen) place altes *teri ahead; besides *trei in acymr. trui, mcymr. trwy, drwy, bret. corn. dre (altbret. tre), air. (with Proklisenkürzung) tri, tre `through'; Verstärkungspartikel mcymr. trwy- : try-;

    lat. trāns, umbr. traf, trahaf m. Akk. `jenseits, about - hinweg', probably participle of Verbums *trāre (*trānt-s);

    cymr. tra- e.g. in trannoeth `about night, am consecutive Tage' (geminiertes n!), etc, proclitic from *trāns, betont mcymr. traw, draw, bret. treu `jenseits'; with secondary -s: cymr. traws etc `feindselig', Präpos. tros `about';

    with derselben Verstärkung as Old Indian tiraś-cā́, av. tarasèa: got. Þaírh, ahd. durh, ags. ðurh m. Akk. `durch' (*ter-k(ʷ)e, *tr̥-k(ʷ)e); out of it evolved ahd. derh `durchbohrt', ags. ðyrel (*Þurhil) `durchbohrt'; n. `hole', ahd. dur(i)hhil `durchbohrt, durchlöchert'.

References: WP. I 734, WH. II 671 f.; Mayrhofer 1, 503.

Page(s): 1075-1076


Root / lemma: ter-6

Meaning: a kind of harmful insect

German meaning: in Worten for `malmendes or bohrendes Insekt'

Comments: to *ter- `rub, durchbohren'; compare erweitertes terd-

Material: Gr. τερηδών f. `Bohrwurm'; lat. tarmes (termes), -itis `Holzwurm' (probably from einem o-stem *termos or *terǝmo-s); cymr. cynrhonyn `termes, lendix', Pl. cynrhawn, corn. contronen `cimex', mbret. controunenn, nbret. contronenn `ver de viande' (*kon-trōno-); cymr. t(o)rog-en, abr. toroc, bret. teurok `Milbe' (*tōr-āko-).

References: WP. I 735, WH. II 649.

Page(s): 1076


Root / lemma: ter-7, terǝ-, terbh-, terd- terg- terp-

See also: see above S. 1022 ff., 1031 f. under ster-.

Page(s): 1076


Root / lemma: terp-, trep-

Meaning: to be satiated, satisfied

German meaning: `sich sättigen, genießen'

Material: Old Indian tṛ́pyati, tr̥pṇóti, tr̥mpáti, tarpati `sättigt sich, wird befriedigt', Kaus. tarpáyati `sättigt, befriedigt', tr̥ptí-, tŕ̥pti- f. `Sättigung, Befriedigung', av. ϑrąfδa- `befriedigt, ausreichend versehen' (*tramptha-: Old Indian tr̥mpáti), ϑrąfs- n. ` contentedness '; npers. tulf `Übersättigung'(*tr̥fra-); perhaps also Old Indian -tr̥p- `stehlend', av. tarǝp- `steal', mpers. tirft `Diebstahl', sogd. cf- `steal' (`sich of Besitzes erfreuen'?); gr. τέρπω `sättige, erfreue', τέρπομαι `freue mich'; τέρψις `Befriedigung';

    perhaps got. Þrafstjan `trösten, ermahnen', anaÞrafstjan `erquicken, zur Ruhe kommen lassen' (to *Þrafsta-, idg. *trop-sto-?); also die group got. Þaúrban (Þarf, Þaúrbum, preterit Þaúrfta) `bedürfen', aisl. Þurfa (Þarf, Þurfum), ahd. durfan (darf, durfum) ds., got. Þarbs `bedürftig, nötig', aisl. Þarfr `nützlich', Þarfi `nötig', got. Þarba `lack, Dürftigkeit', aisl. Þǫrf f. `Bedarf, benefit', ags. ðearf `Bedürfnis, benefit', ahd. darba `Entbehrung, lack', got. Þaúrfts f. `Bedürfnis' (= Old Indian tr̥pti-), aisl. Þurft, ahd. durft ds.?; die meaning-Entwicklung could gewesen sein `woran Befriedigung finden - bedürfen' (compare above S. 173 lat. fruor (ge)brauche);

    lit. tarpà ` prospering; flourishing, Wachstum', tarpstù, tar̃pti `thrive, zunehmen', lett. tārpa `was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, Wachstum', tērpinât `verbessern', apr. enterpo `nützt', enterpon, enterpen `nützlich';

    toch. AB tsārw- `sich freuen' (Pedersen Toch. Sprachgesch. 19).

References: WP. I 736 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125 f., 134, Mayrhofer 1, 523 f.

Page(s): 1077-1078


Root / lemma: ters-

Meaning: dry; thirst

German meaning: `trocknen, verdorren; Durst, dürsten'

Material: Old Indian tŕ̥ṣyati `dürstet, lechzt' (= got. Þaúrsjan), tarṣáyati `läßt dursten, schmachten' (= lat. torreō, ahd. derren), tarṣa- m. `Durst', tr̥ṣṭá- `arid, rough, jolting, hoarse', tr̥ṣú- `gierig, lechzend' = av. taršu- `dry, d. h. not flüssig' (= apart from Akzent got. Þaúrsus, alat. torrus `torridus'); Old Indian tŕ̥ṣṇā `Durst, Begier', av. taršna- m. `Durst'; Old Indian tr̥ṣṇá-j- ` thirsty ';

    arm. t`aṙamim, t`aršamim `welke', t`aṙ ` shaft, pole zum Trocknen from Trauben under likewise' (*tr̥sā or *tr̥si̯ā: gr. τρασιά);

    gr. τέρσομαι (ἐτέρσην) `werde dry', τερσαίνω `make dry', τρασιά̄, ταρσιά̄ `Darre', ταρσός, ταρρός `Darre, Dörr- or Trockenvorrichtung'; dubious τραυλός (*τρασυλός?) `lisping';

    alb. ter `trockne (trans.) an the Luft';

    lat. torreō, -ēre, -ui, tostum `dehydrate, desiccate, fry, rösten, singe' (tostus = Old Indian tr̥ṣṭa-), alat. torrus, extended torridus `ausgetrocknet, arid', torris `blaze, burning piece of wood', torrēns ` burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current', Subst. `Wildbach' (`in summer austrocknend'?);

    here also lat. terra f. `earth' (: extorris `verbannt' = tellus : meditullium), osk. teer[úm], terúm `territōrium', teras `terrae' from ital. *terso-, *tersā, idg. *tērs-, to air. tīr n. es-stem `Gebiet', corn. bret. acymr. tir `tellus', air. *tīr, tirim `dry'; also basic form *tēros-, *tēres-; lat. terres-tris, terrēnus after terra; air. tart `Durst' (*tr̥sto-);

    got. gaÞairsan st. V. ` wilt' (= gr. τέρσομαι); gaÞaúrsnan ds. = aisl. Þorna ds.; ahd. dorrēn ds.; ahd. derren `dry make, dehydrate, desiccate', aisl. Þerra `dry' (= Old Indian tarṣáyati, lat. torreō); got. Þaúrsjan `dürsten', aisl. Þyrstr (got. *ÞaursiÞs) ` thirsty ', whereof got. Þaúrstei f., aisl. Þorsti m., ags. Þurst, ahd. durst `Durst'; got. Þaúrsus (s instead of znach Þairsan = Old Indian tr̥ṣú-), aisl. Þurr, ags. Þyrre, ahd. durri `arid'; ahd. darra, schwed. tarre `Gestell zum Trocknen, Darre'; probably also aisl. Þorskr, mnd. dorsch `codfish' (`*the to Trocknende').

References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.

Page(s): 1078-1079


Root / lemma: tet(e)r-

Meaning: to quack (expr. root)

German meaning: redupl. Schallwort `gackern, hühnerartige Vögel under likewise'

Material: Old Indian tittirá-, tittirí-, tittíri- m. `Rebhuhn'; arm. tatrak `turtledove';

    npers. taðarv `Fasan' (also gr. τατύρας, τέταρος ds. are pers. Ursprungs);

    gr. τετράων, m. `Auerhahn' (*τετραF-ων), τέτραξ (out of it lat. tetrax) `Perlhuhn' (*tetr̥ks), τετράδων, τετραῖον, τετράων Vogelname by Hesych., τέτριξ `ein bird'; neologism mir. tethra `crow' (*tetori̯ā), aisl. Þiðurr `Auerhahn' (*ÞeÞuraz); apr. tatarwis `Birkhuhn', lit.tetervas ds., lett. teteris (Gen. teterja, from *tetervis), lit. tẽtervinas `Birkhahn, Auerhahn', tetirvà `Birkhenne' (lett. tĩtars `Truthahn' beeinflußt from tītêt, s. ti-ti-), russ.-ksl. tetrěvi Akk. Pl. `φασιανούς', skr. tȅtrijeb `Auerhahn', aèech. tetřěv ds., russ. téterev `Birkhahn' (tetërka `Birkhenne, Birkhuhn');

    verbal gr. τετράζω `gackere, gluckse (from the Henne)', lat. tetrinniō, -īre, tetrissitō, -āre `schnattern (from Enten)';

    also in other schallmalenden words kehrt t-r as characteristic Element again, compare e.g. lat. turtur `turtledove', *storos `Star', the thrush-names (see 1096), streīg-, streīd(h)- `hiss, schwirren', gr. τρύζω `girre', τρυγών f. `turtledove', τερετίζω `zirpe'.

Maybe alb. turtull ‘turtledove’

References: WP. I 718, WH. II 677 f., Trautmann 320 ff., Vasmer 3, 101; compare tor- S. 1088 f., Mayrhofer 1, 500.

Page(s): 1079


Root / lemma: teuk-

Meaning: sprout, seed, offspring

German meaning: `Keim, Same, Nachkommenschaft'

Material: Old Indian túc- f. `Kinder, progeny ' (besides túj- f. ds. with volkssprachlicher Erweichung the Tenuis); tokám n. ` progeny, Kinder'; tókman- n. `young Halm, sprout', av. taoxman- n. ` seed, sperm, germ, sprout', Pl. `Verwandtschaft', apers. taumā f. `Familie, seed, sperm, germ, sprout'; khotansak. ttīman- n. ` seed, sperm ', np. tum, afghan. tōma ` seed, sperm '; mhd. diehter `Enkel'.

References: WP. I 713, Vasmer 3, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;

See also: perhaps to teu-k- `to swell', above S. 1081 (tēu-).  

Page(s): 1085


Root / lemma: teu-1, teud-, teug-, teuk-, teup-

See also: see above S. 1032 ff. under (s)teu-.

Page(s): 1079


Root / lemma: teu-2

Meaning: to listen to, observe

German meaning: `in freudlichem Sinne die Aufmerksamkeit zuwenden, aufmerken'

Material: Lat. tueor, -ērī, tuitus and tūtātus sum `betrachten, observe, schützen', intu(e)or `consider', originally in-, in the case of-, con-tuor con-tuō; tūtus `certainly'; air. cumtūth ` protection'(*kom-ud-tou̯itus), mcymr. tuð `bedecken', tuðed `Hülle, dress', bret. dial. tuec (abret. *tuðoc) `Kissenbezug'; air. tūas-cert `nördlich', bret. tus `links' (*teu-sto-); kelt. *teu-to- in mcymr.tut `Zauberer', mir. tūathaid ds., air. tūaith `nördlich', mir. tūath `links, nördlich, mad, wicked, evil' (from `*günstig, good' as Antiphrasis zur Bezeichnung the unglückbringenden Linken); in addition got. ÞiuÞ `das Gute', aisl. Þȳðr `mild, friendly', Þȳða `Freundschaft', ags. geðīede `good, tugendhaft', geðīedan `sich (friendly) anschließen'; probably also ags. ðēaw ` custom, custom', as. thau, ahd.gethau `Disziplin' as `*observantia'; perhaps also gr. τύσσει ἱκετεύει Hes. (denominative eines *τυτός with similar meaning as got. ÞiuÞjan `segnen' from ÞiuÞ).

References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f., Loth RC 43, 160 ff.

Page(s): 1079-1080


Root / lemma: teup-

Meaning: to get down, conceal oneself

German meaning: `sich niederkauern, also um sich to verstecken'

Material: Gr. ἐντυπάς Adv., II. 24, 163, if `kauernd, hockend' bedeutend; presumably aisl. Þopta f. ` thwart ' (`auf the gehockt wird'), ahd. dofta f., mnd. ducht f., ags. ðoft ds. (wherefore aisl. Þopti m. `Mitruderer', ags. geðofta `comrade', ahd. gidufto `Mitruderer, comrade') and got. Þiubjō ` clandestine ', Þiubs `thief', aisl. Þjōfr, ags. ðēof, as. thiof, ahd. diob `thief';

    lit. tūpiù, tũpti `sich hinhocken, in die Knie place', tŭpiù, tupė́ti `hocken, in den Knien sitzen', lett. tupt `hocken'.

References: WP. I 714.

Page(s): 1085


Root / lemma: teus-

Meaning: to empty

German meaning: `leeren'

Material: Av. Kaus. taošayeiti `makes los, läßt los' (*tousei̯ō), Inchoativ (*tus-sk̂ṓ) av. tusǝn `sie verlieren die Fassung', baluèi tusag, thuaɣ `verlassen become'; Old Indian tucchá-, tucchyá- (*tus-sk̂o-, *tus-sk̂-i̯o-) `leer, öde, nichtig', afghan. taš `leer'; lat. tesqua n. Pl. `Einöden' (*tu̯esku̯ā); ags. ðost ` manure', ahd. dost ds. (`*Ausleerung'); aksl. tъštь `κενός', russ. tóšcij `leer; mager, hager' etc (= Old Indian tucchyá-).

References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.

Page(s): 1085


Root / lemma: teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ā-

Meaning: to sift

German meaning: `sieben, durchschlagen'

Material: Old Indian títau- (dreisilbig, from *titavu-?) `Sieb, Getreideschwinge';

    gr. σάω (ion.), τῶ (att. EM.), att. διαττάω `siebe' (*τFάι̯ω), δίαττος m. `Sieb' Hes., ἐττημένα σεσημένα Hes., ἀλευρότησις f. `Mehlsieb' (EM.), σήθω `siebe'.

References: WP. I 713; Mayrhofer 1, 499 f.

Page(s): 1085


Root / lemma: tēg-, tǝg-

Meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen'

Material: Gr. τήγανον, att. through rearrangement also τάγηνον `Bratpfanne, Tiegel';

    ags. ðeccan `burn' (is ðäecelle `torch' from fæcele, Lw. from lat. facula, reshaped?), ahd. dahhazzen `lodern'.

References: WP. I 717 f.

Page(s): 1057


Root / lemma: tēu-, tǝu-, teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-

Meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess

German meaning: `schwellen'

Comments: extended with bh, g, k, l, m, n, r, s, t

Material: Old Indian tavīti `is strong, hat Macht', Perf. tūtāva; in addition tavás- `strong, stalwart ', as Subst. Akk. tavásam, Instr. tavásā ` power, strength '; távyas- távīyas- `stärker', távasvant- `strong', táviṣmant- `strong, mighty', taviṣá- `strong', táviṣī f. `force, power'; ablaut. tuvi- inKompositis `very, mighty', tuviṣṭama- `the stärkste': tūya- `strong, geschwind';

    av. tav- `vermögen', tavah- n. `power, force', tǝvīšī f. `Körperkraft'; ap. atāvayam `I vermochte', tunuvant- `mighty', tauvīyah- `stärker' (: Old Indian távīyas-), tauman- n. `fortune, force, power';

    arm. t`iv `number'; doubtful t`up` (*tū̆-pho-) ` thicket, shrubbery, bush';

    gr. Τιτυός the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; ταΰς μέγας, πολύς Hes. (*tǝu̯-ú-s), ταΰσας μεγαλύνας, πλεονάσας Hes.; σάος (kypr. ΣαFοκλέFης), Kompar. σαώτερος, contracted ion. att. σῶς, σῶος `heil, unversehrt; certainly' (from *tu̯ǝ-u̯o-s); compare M. Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in addition hom. σα(F)όω, hom. att. σώζω (*σωΐζω), Fut. σώσω `retten, receive', σωτήρ `Retter' etc; (`voll an Körper = fit, healthy'); σῶμα n. `body' (*tu̯ō-mṇ `Gedrungenes'), σωματόω `fest make, verdichten'; σώ-φρων (*σαό-φρων) `fit, healthy an Geist, vernünftig'; with derselben Wurzelstufe still σωρός, S. 1083;

    lat. *toveō, -ēre `vollstopfen' as base from tōmentum `Polsterung' (*tou̯ementom) and tōtus `whole' (*tou̯etos `vollgestopft, kompakt');

    russ.-ksl. tyju, tyti `fett become', ablaut. serb. tôv m. `Fettigkeit'.

    1. bh-extension:

    Lat. tūber, -eris n. `Höcker, swelling, blister, Geschwulst, Knorren'; compare osk.-umbr. gloss. tūfera and ital. tar-tufo, -tufolo `terrae tuber';

    gr. τύφη `zum Ausstopfen from Polstern and Betten verwendete Pflanze' (probably ῡ);

    perhaps air. tūaimm `hill' (*teubh-mṇ), mir. tom m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f. `hill, Düngerhaufen' (*tubh-mo-, -); cymr. tumon `laa croupe'; also ystum `bend' from *eks-teubh-mo-, different above S. 1034;

    aisl. Þūfa `elevation in the earth, Hügelchen', obd. düppel `swelling, blister, swelling, lump, growth'.

    With the meaning ` tussock ': ags. ðūf m. `Laubbüschel, ein from Federbüschen zusammengesetztes banner', geðūf `blätterreich, luscious', ðūft `ein Platz voll from Büschen', ðȳfel `bush, thicket, blattreiche plant', ðūfian `sich belauben'; from the language germ. Soldaten derives lat. tūfa `a kind of Helmbüschel' (Vegetius).

    2. g-extension:

    Aisl. Þoka `fog', mnd. dak(e) (from *doke) ds., aschwed. thukna ds., ags. ðuxian `dark make', as. thiustri, mnd. dǖster (out of it nhd. düster), ags. ðīestre `dark' (*Þeuχstria-).

    3. k-Егweiterung: `to swell; fat' (as aksl. ty-ti `fett become'):

    Lat. tuccētum `a kind of Bauernwurst', tucca `κατάλυμα ζωμοῦ', umbr. toco `tuccas' (gall. Lw.); aksl. tukъ `fat'; ahd. dioh, ags. ðēoh `Schenkel', aisl. Þjō `the dicke Oberteil of Schenkels, Arschbacke'; engl. thigh; mir. tōn m., cymr. tin f. `podex' (*tuknā?); lit. taukaĩ `fat', táukas `Fettstückchen' and `uterus', tunkù, tùkti `fett become', lett. tūkt ds., tūks `swelling, lump, growth', tàuks `fat, fat, obese', tàuki Pl. `fat, tallow, suet', apr. taukis `Schmalz'; compare S. 1085 teuk- `germ, sprout' and den gr. PN Tεῦκρος.

    4. l-formations, partly as wurzelhaftes *tu̯-el- appearing:

    Old Indian tūlam `Rispe, Wedel, tussock, Baumwolle', tūlī̆- f. `paintbrush', pāli tūla- n. ` hassock, clump of grass ' etc? compare Mayrhofer 1, 520;

    gr. τύλη f., τύλος m. ` bulge;  bead;  lip;  torus;  wreath;  roll;  bulb, weal, callus, Buckel', and `peg, plug, nail, penis'; alb. tul' m. `Fleischstück without bone, calf';

    lat. tullius `Schwall, Guß' (*tul-no- or -so-); perhaps also Tullus, Tullius originally name for dicke, gedunsene Personen, whether not Etruscan;

    ags. geðyll ` draught ' (?), aisl. fimbul-Þul `ein mythischer river'; aisl. Þollr (*tul-no- or -so-) `tree, peg, plug', schwed. tull `Baumwipfel', ags. ðoll m. `Ruderpflock', mnd. dolle, dulle ds., nhd. Dolle ds. and `Krone eines Baumes, Blumenbüschel, Quaste, Helmbusch', obd. Dollfuß `angeschwollener foot, Klumpfuß', tirol. doll `thick', mnd. westfäl. dülle `swelling, blister'; perhaps the germ. Inselname Θούλη;

    apr. tūlan Adv. `much, a lot of', lit. túlas `mancher';

    ksl. tylъ `Nacken'; also aksl. *tlъstъ, russ. tólstyj etc `thick' (Nachahmung of Ausganges from slav. gǫstъ `dense, thick').

    A extension with balt. ž (idg. or ĝh) is lit. pa-tulžęs `swollen', lett. tulzums `swelling, lump, growth', tulzne `blister, bubble'; lit. tulžìs `gall';

    redupl. perhaps lat. tutulus `hohe kegelförmige Haartracht, Toupet'; the pilleus lanātus the Flamines and Pontifices and lett. tuntulēt (also tunturēt) `sich in viele Kleidungsstücke einhüllen'.

    tu̯el-, tu̯el-: gr. at most in σάλος n. `Wogenschwall, uncontrollable Bewegung (of Meeres)', σαλεῖσθαι `hüpfen', σαλεύω `shake, erschüttere; schwanke', κονίσ-σαλος m. `Staubwirbel'; mir.tel and t(a)ul `Schildbuckel', air. mir. telach, t(a)ulach `hill', redupl. tuthle (*tu-tu̯el-) `swelling, lump, growth' (die u-forms through eine similar Nachwirkung of Anlauts *tu̯- as air. cruth from *kʷr̥tu-); cymr. twlch `runde Masse, hill, nipple '.

maybe alb. (*tu̯el) tul 'fat, meat with fat' maybe poln. t³uszcz 'fat'

    5. m- derivatives:

    Old Indian tū-tumá- `wirkungsvoll', túmra- `strong, thick', tumala-, tumula- `geräuschvoll, lärmend', tumala-m `din, fuss, noise' (`*Schwall, das lärmende Durcheinander einer zusammengedrängten Menge'); av. *tuma- in Tumāspana- `from Tumāspa- (d. h. einem, dessen Rosse fat, obese are) stammend'; gr. korkyr. τῡμος `τύμβος';

    gr. τύμβος `burial mound, Erdhügel' = mir. tomm m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f. `Erdhügel, Düngerhaufen', whether diese not but from *tubh-mo-, -- (above S. 1080);

    lat. tumeō, -ēre `geschwollen sein', tumidus `swollen', tumor `swelling, lump, growth', tumulus `Erdhaufen, Erdhügel', tumultus `lärmende Unruhe, Getöse';

    cymr. twf ` power, strength ', tyfu `zunehmen, grow' (*tŭm-), mbret. tiñva (*tūm-) `zusammenwachsen (from einer wound); thrive';

    aschwed. Þumi m. `Daumen', Þum `toll', aisl. Þumall `Daumen'; ahd. dūmo, ags. ðūma `Daumen', ðȳmel `Fingerhut', mnd. dūmelinc, nhd. Däumling; mhd. doum ` spigot, bung, clot, thrombus' (meaning as gr. τύλος);

    lit. tumė́ti `dick become, curdle, coagulate, harden ', tùm(s)tas `heap, bulk, mass', tùmulas m. `piece';

    toch. В tumane, tmāne, A tmāṃ `10.000'.

    6. n-formations, z. Т. as wurzelhaftes *tu̯-en- appearing:

    Frühnhd. tünne `Woge', nd. düning, dünung `waves, billows gegen die Windrichtung'; but air. tonn, bret. etc ton `Welle' from *tus- (see 1084) or *to-snā (see 971 f.); nd. dūnen `to swell', mnd. dūn(e) `swollen, dense';

    lit. tvį́stu, tvinaũ, tvìnti `to bloat, bulge, swell (vom water)', Kaus. tvìndau, -yti `anschwellen make' (with Ablautentgleisung tvainýtis `buhlen', if eig. `to swell'), tvãnas `Flut', tvanùs `light tumescent (vom river)', lett. tvans, tvana `vapor, haze, mist'.

    With -nk-extension: lit. tviñkti `to bloat, bulge, swell, schwären' = lett. tvīkt `sultriness fühlen, vor Hitze schmachten'; lett. tvīcināt `muggy make, thirsty make', lit. tvìnkšèioti `fühlbar hit (vom Puls)', lit. tveñkti `schwellen make', tvañkas `sultriness', tvankùs `muggy' (Ablautentgleisung in lett. tveicināt = tvīcināt and tvàiks `vapor, haze, mist, sultriness'); with t:lit. tùntas `heap, bulk, mass' = tùmtas, wherefore perhaps gr. τύντλος `ordure, slime, mud' (as Rückstand einer Überschwemmung)?

    Auf einem *tu̯-ēn : *tu̯en-ós, *tu̯ṇ- `φαλλός' based on gr. σάθη `penis' (formation as πόσ-θη : πεός), σαίνω `schwänzeln, schmeicheln', σαῖνα, σάννιον `αἰδοῖον' Hes. (-νν- hypokoristische Doppelung); in addition σάννας `μωρός', σαννίων `du idiot, du fool'; also probably σανίς `picket, pole, balk, beam, board'.

    7. r-formations:

    Old Indian turá- in the meaning `strong, rich' (wherefore tuvi- as Kompositionsform as e.g. κῡδ-ρό-ς : κῡδι-άνειρα); aisl. Þora `venture, risk', Þoran ` courage, skillfulness ', Þori `bulk, mass, Masse';

    gr. τί:-τυρος ` he-goat; billy goat, Satyr';

    av. tūiri- n. `käsig gewordene milk, Molke'; gr. σωρός `heap' (*tu̯ō-ró-s), in addition ablaut. *-ro- in gr. τῡρός `cheese', βού-τῡρον `Butter'; affiliation also from abg. tvarogъ `lac coagulatum' as einer Hochstufenform is good möglich; compare tvorь `opus, creation ' under tu̯er-2;

    gr. Τῡρώ, eine Heroine, probably eig. `die Strotzende, Schwellende'; also illyr. PN Turo, Turus; ven. PN Turus, gall. VN Turones `Tours', PN Turīcum `Zürich'; mir. PN Torna (*turoni̯os);

    lat. *tūro-s, -m `swollen; clump' wird vorausgesetzt through in the case of-, re-tūrō `verstopfe'; turgeō, -ēre `swollen sein, strotzen' pperhaps derivative from einem *tūr-igos `swelling treibend', intrans. Gegenstück zur Klasse causativeer Verba auf -(i)gāre; spätlat. turiō, turgiō (-gi- probably not originally, but verbalism fur , or Anlehnung an turgēre) `young twig, branch, Trieb, scion, shoot';

    7.a: das word for bull: gr. ταῦρος, alb. tarok, lat. taurus, osk. ταυρομ, umbr. turuf, toru `tauros', apr. tauris `Bison', lit. taũras ds., aksl. turъ `Auerochs' (Trautmann 315, Vasmer 3, 154), either from idg. *tǝuro-s (compare Old Indian túm-ra- `strotzend' as epithet of Stieres), or because of orientalischen Stierkultes with ursemit. *tauru (arab. twr) zusammenhängend; gall. tarvos (mir. tarb, cymr. tarw), venet. PN Tarvisium, probably after kelt. carvos `deer' transfigured; aisl. Þjōrr, ndl. dial. deur etc, are after aisl. stjōrr, ahd. stior unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words beeinflußt is (see above idg. *steu-ro- S. 1010);

    doubtful ags. ðēor `inflammation, ignition' (*tēu-ro- `*swelling, lump, growth'?).

    8. s-formations, zusammenhängend with dem es-stem Old Indian tavás-, av. tavah- etc:

    Das germ. and bsl. word for `tausend': got. Þūsundi f., ahd. thūsunt, dūsunt f. under n., lex Salica thūschunde; as. thūsundig, thūsind, ags. ðūsend f. n., aisl. Þūsund f., Þūshund, ÞūshundraÞ (germ. *Þūs-hundi `vielhundert', idg. *tūs-k̂m̥tī);

    lit. túkstantis m., lett. tũkstuots, apr. tūsimtons (Akk. Pl.); besides lit. *tū́kstas in tūkstàsis and túkstinis `tausendster';

    aksl. tysęšta, ablaut. tysǫšta f., russ. tysjaèa, skr. tȉsuća etc (*tūsenti̯ā, *tūsonti̯ā);

    with the meaning `Schwall, anschwellende Bewegung (also seelisch), Auflauf, Tumult' under likewise: aisl. Þausk n., Þausn f. `din, fuss, noise, Tumult', Þeysa, Þysja `vorwärtsstürmen', Þys-s m. `Getümmel', ahd. dōsōn `roar, sough, rustle, rant, roister', nhd. tosen, aisl. Þjōstr `Heftigkeit', Þȳstr `rage, fury, gust of wind', nisl. Þusur f. Pl. `Heftigkeit, Unbeherrschtheit', Þusumaður `heftiger person', ags. ðyssa m. `Toser', mægen-ðysse `violence, force';

    with the meaning `swelling eines Blütenstandes; tussock; heap, hill' etc: gall. tuðos, tuððos `Schichte'? (*tus-to-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - Lw. from vlat. tōstus - Whatmough JC stem 1, 7 ff.), cymr. tusw m. `bundle' (*teus-t-u̯o-), bret. tossen, Vannes tosten `hill' (*tus-tā), bret. tuchen ds. (*toust-i̯en); in the case of air. tūaimm `hill' from *teus-mṇ? different above 1.; ahd. dosto, tosto ` tussock, tassel ' and `Origanum vulgare' (nhd. Dost, Dosten), nhd. dostig `ausgebreitet, aufgedunsen'; ostfries. dūst ` tassel ', norw. tūst `tuft, Haarzotte, Quaste', tūsta `tuft, Knoten, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone', isl. Þūsta `heap, Masse';

    eventuell here Old Indian tūṣa- m. `hem eines Gewandes', whether originally `Quasten';

    lett. tūska `swelling, lump, growth', tūsḱis `Wassersucht'; tušḱis `wisp, small Bündel' (könnten auch sk- derivatives besides lett. tûkt `to swell' sein); nhd. Dosche `bush, Dolde, Krauthaupt, Blumenstrauß, Quaste';

    ein *tu̯os-ti- or *tu̯ǝs-ti- perhaps in got. ga-Þwastjan `strong, tight, firm, certainly make', ÞwastiÞa ` certainty ', isl. Þvest, Þvesti n. `die festen parts of Fleisches'.

    9. t-derivative teutā `(bulk, mass) people, land'; teutono-s `Landesherr':

    Illyr. PN Τέυτα, Teutana, Teuticus, Τεύταρος; messap. PN ϑeotoria, Gen. ϑeotorras; thrak. PN Tauto-medes; osk. τωFτο, touto, umbr. Akk. totam `civitas'; gall. GN Teutates (*teuto-tatis `Landesvater' to tata, above S. 1056), newer Toutates, Tōtates, Tūtates, PN Teutiō, Toutius, Tūtius, Toutonos;

Maybe truncated alb. geg. (*teutana) tana, tanë 'all'

    air. tūath `people, stem, land', cymr. tūd `land', corn. tus, mbret. tut, nbret. tud `die people';

    got. Þiuda, ahd. diot(a) `people', as. thiod(a), ags. ðéod, aisl. Þjōð `people, people', whereof ahd. diutisc, nhd. deutsch (originally `zum eigenem stem or Volk gehörig', Weissgerber Deutsch as people's name 1953, 261) and ahd. diuten `verständlich make (gleichsam verdeutschen), define, deuten', ags. geÞīedan `übersetzen', aisl. Þȳða `ausdeuten, signify'; germ. VN *Theu-danōz, keltisiert Teutonī, Toutonī, to dän. PN Thyte-sysæl; got. Þiudans `king' (*teutonos), aisl.Þjōðann, ags. ðéoden, as. thiodan ds. (illyr. PN Teutana, gall. Toutonos);

    lett. tàuta `people', apr. tauto `land', lit. Tautà `Oberland, Deutschland', altlit. (Daukša) tautà `people';

    hitt. tuzzi- `master, mister, Heerlager' (*tut-ti-?).

References: WP. I 706 ff., WH. II 650 ff., 712 f., 714, 715 f., 718 f., 721, Trautmann 314 f., 331 f., Vasmer 3, 149, 154, 160 f., 161 f.; Krahe Sprache under Vorzeit 65 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 490, 513 f.

Page(s): 1080-1085


Root / lemma: ti-ti-, (ti)til-

Meaning: chirping of birds

German meaning: `Nachahmung von Vogelrufen'

Comments: barely ursprachlich

Material: Old Indian ṭiṭṭibha- m. `Parra jacana'; lett. titilbis, titilbīte `Wasserläufer', lit. tilvìkas, titilvìkas, titìlvis `Brachhuhn, Schnepfe'; gr. τῑτυβίζω or τιττυβίζω `gackern (vom Rebhuhn, the swallow'); lat. titiō, -āre `chirp, twitter, from sparrow'; lett. tītêt `singen'.

References: WP. I 742, WH. II 686, Mayrhofer 1, 457.

Page(s): 1086


Root / lemma: ti̯egʷ-

Meaning: to retreat in fear

German meaning: `scheu vor etwas zurücktreten or auffahren'

Material: Old Indian tyájati (= gr. σέβω) `verläßt, steht from etwas back', with ni- `verscheuchen, verdrängen', with niṣ- `hinaustreiben, verjagen', participle tyaktá- (= gr. σεπτός), noun agentis tyaktar- (= gr. θεοσέπτωρ `Anbeter the divinity'), Kaus. tyājáyati `makes zurücktreten', tyájas- n. `Verlassenheit' = av. iϑyajah-, iϑyejah- n. ds.; Old Indian tyāgá- m. `Hingabe, Freigebigkeit' etc;

    gr. σέβω (only present and Impf.), σέβομαι hom. `(die gods) scheuen', nachhom. `(die gods) worship, honour', σεπτός `(venerates =) ehrwürdig, holy', σέβας, Pl. σέβη n. hom. `fromme Scheu, Ehrfurcht', nachhom. `Heiligkeit, Majestät', hom. σεβάσσατο `scheute ehrfürchtig', σεμνός (*σεβνος) `verehrungswürdig, convex, elevated, holy; gravitätisch, einherstolzierend, prunkend', σοβέω `tue etwas from mir weg, entferne quick, fast, drive out'; intr. `gehe eilig, stolziere einher', σοβαρός `rash, hasty, quick, fast; hochfahrend, prunkend', σοβάς, -άδος f. `violent, eitel', σόβη `Pferdeschwanz'.

References: WP. I 746, Mayrhofer 1, 529.

Page(s): 1086


Root / lemma: to-1, tā-, ti̯o-

Meaning: that, he (demonstr. base)

German meaning: Pronominalstamm `der, die'

Grammatical information: Nom. Akk. Sg. n. tod, Akk. Sg. m. tom, f. tām, Gen. Sg. m. tosi̯o, f. tesiās

Comments: (Nom. Sg. m. f. so, , see there)

Material: Old Indian tád (tát) `das', av. tat̲, Akk. Sg. Old Indian tám m., tā́́m f., av. tǝm m., tām f., tat̃ n., etc; arm. -d (e.g. ter-d `thee master, mister da, du the master, mister', ay-d `the da'), da `this', doin `derselbe', etc;

    gr. τό, Akk. Sg. τόν, τήν (dor. τά̄ν), τό etc; το-νῦν `nun' = alb. ta-ní;

    alb. kë-ta `dieses' (*tod; out of it in Proklise:) të (Ablat. *tōd) `wo';

maybe alb. a-të, atë ‘that’, alb. geg. tanë ‘all, so much’

    lat. istum, -tam, -tud etc, umbr. estu `istum'; lat. tam `so' (old also temporal `tandem' from *tām-dem; auf *tām based on also (?) tantus, osk. e-tanto `tanta', umbr. e-tantu `tanta'), tum, tun-c `then, alsdann' = av. tǝm `then'; topper (*tod-per) `cito, fortasse, celeriter, tamen'; different about tam Szemerényi Gl. 35, 92 ff.;

    air. `ja' (*tod); infig. Pron. 3. Sg. m. -dn (*tom), n. -d (*tod), Pl. da (*tōns, f. *tās);

    got. Þata n., Akk. m. Þana, Lok. Þei etc, ahd. der, diu, daz, aisl. Þat etc;

    lit. tàs, tà, taĩ: etc `der(selbe)'; apr. Gen. Sg. f. s-tessias;

    aksl. , ta, to `jener';

    toch. A täm `dieses'.

    An Übereinstimmungen or Ähnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben:

    1. gr. hom. Ablat. τῶ `then, in diesem Falle; darum', lit. tuõ `with dem, sofort', perhaps ahd. thuo, duo, as. thō `da' (whether not from f. *); gr. ther. megar. τῆ-δε `hier', got. Þē `um so', perhaps aisl. Þā `da, damals, then' (if not = *Þan), ags. ðā `then, darauf'; with it probably originally gleich gr. τῆ `da, nimm!', lit. tè ds.

    2. tor, tēr `there': Old Indian tar-hi `to the time, then' (-hi to gr. hom. -χι), got. aisl. Þar `there', as. thar, afries. ther (ahd. dara) `there'; as. thār, ahd. dār, ags. ðǣr (ðara) `there'.

    3. toti `so viele': Old Indian táti ds. (tatithá- `the sovielte'), lat. tot, totidem (tŏtus `the sovielte'), in addition gr. τόσ(σ)ος from *toti-os `so big, large, so much, a lot of'.

    4. With -tro-suffix: Old Indian tátrā̆ `there(toward)', got. ÞaÞrō `from da from', aisl. Þaðra `there', ags. ðæder `the, dorthin'.

    5. Old Indian ta-dā́, av. taδa `then', lit. tadà (from *tadān, compare ostlit. tadù) `then, alsdann'; Old Indian tadā́nīm `damals'.

    6. Gr. τηλίκος `so old', lat. talis `so beschaffen of such kind, such ', lit. tõlei `bis dahin, solange'; aksl.toli `in dem Grade', tolь `so much, a lot of, so very', toliko ds.; after Szemerényi (Gl. 35, 1133) from*to-ali-.

Maybe alb. (*talis) i tillë, i a-tillë, i kë-tillë ' of such kind, such '.

 

    7. Gr. τῆμος, dor. τᾶμος `zur time, then', aksl. tamo `dorthin', lett. tām in nuo tām `hence'.

    8. Old Indian e-tā́vant `tantus', av. aē-tavant ds. from idg. *tāu̯n̥t, tāu̯ont-; gr. hom. τῆος (newer τέως), τᾶFος; through influence of m. τᾶFο(ντ)ς wurde das to erwartende *τᾶFα(τ) to *τᾶFο(τ), from which τᾶFος; here also after Szemérenyi lat. tantus (see above); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 609 Anm. 5.

    9. Der ending from τό-φρα `inzwischen' (in addition compare -φρα `solange as') perhaps to toch. A ku-pre, В kwri `if', tā-pär(k) `now, yet'.

    10. Ein stem idg. ti̯o- besides to- in Old Indian tyá- `jener, jener bekannte', alb. së (Gen. Dat. Sg. f.) etc (s- from ti̯-), urnord. Þīt, as. thit `dorthin' (Rosenfeld Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 177); lit. èià `hier', èiõn `here'; apers. tya `welches, das', leg. taya (*to + i̯o-), absents (Risch, Asiat. Stud. 8, 151 f.).

maybe alb. a-ty, aty, atje ‘there’

References: WP. I 742 f., WH. I 721 f., II 644, 645 f., 648, Trautmann 311 ff., Vasmer 3, 113, 128, Szemerényi Gl. 35, 42 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 499.

Page(s): 1086-1087


Root / lemma: to-2

German meaning: prefix

See also: see above S. 71 and 129 (messap. tabara)

Page(s): 1088


Root / lemma: tolkʷ-

Meaning: to speak

German meaning: `reden, darlegen'?

Material: Lat. loquor, -ī, locūtus sum `spreche, say, name';

    air. ad-tluch- `danken' (1. Sg. atluchur), to-tluch- `bid, beg, ask' (dotluchur); aksl. tlъkъ (*tъlkъ), russ. tolkъ `Deutung, explanation' (lit. tùlkas `Dolmetsch' is sl. Lw.).

References: WP. 1 744 f., WH. I 821, Vasmer 3, 115.

Page(s): 1088


Root / lemma: tong-1 (*teng-)

Meaning: to think, feel

German meaning: `denken, fühlen'

Material: Lat. tongeō, -ēre `nōsse, scīre', prän. tongitiō `nōtiō'; osk. Ablat. tanginúd `sententia' (messap. Lw.?); alb. tângë `resentment';

    got. Þagkjan, Þāhta `denken, überlegen', aisl. Þekkja `gewahr become, verstehen, kennen' (Þekkr `pleasant'), ahd. denchen `denken', ags. ðencan ds.; got. Þugkjan, Þūhta `seem, shine, appear, seem', aisl. Þykkja `ds., gefallen', ahd. dunchen `shine, appear, seem', ags. ðyncan ds.; got. *Þagks ` gratitude ', aisl. Þǫkk f. ` gratitude, contentedness ', ahd. dank `Denken, thought, notion, gratitude ', ags. ðanc `thought, notion, Gefühl, contentedness, gratitude '; mhd. danknǣme, adän. taknem `dankbar';

maybe alb. (*dunchen), dukem, duket `seem, appear': ahd. dunchen `shine, appear, seem', also alb. dukja `appearance'.

Maybe alb. geg. doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', duk- `to appear, seem' (see above).

Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma: tong-1 (*teng-) : `to think, feel'.

 

    toch. A tuṅk-, В taṅkw `love'.

References: WP. I 744, WH. II 690; besides *tenk- in lett. ticinat `ausfragen', kuron. teñcinât ds., also lett. tęnkāt `schwatzen, danken, praise, laud'.

Page(s): 1088


Root / lemma: tong-2

See also: see above S. 1055.

Page(s): 1088


Root / lemma: top-

Meaning: to stay; place

German meaning: `wohin gelangen, auf etwas treffen or verfallen; Ort, wo man hingelangt or hin will'

Material: Gr. τόπος m. `place, place', τοπάζω `ziele hin, vermute, errate', τοπεῖον n. `rope, hawser, rope, cable'; ags. ðafian `zustimmen, grant, gestatten; dulden';

    lit. tàpti (tampù) `become', pri-tàpti `find, encounter, kennen lernen, learn', lett. tapt (tùopu) `become, geschehen, gelangen', tapīgs `ein fähiger Kopf', tapinât `(zukommen lassen) borgen, leihen', pa-tapt `hingelangen, wherefore kommen können, Muße haben', sa-tapt `meet, auf jemandentreffen';

    whether Pedersen die gr. words right with mir. toich `naturgemäß' (different under tek-2) and cymr. tebyg (*tokʷiko-) `probably', annhebyg `unwahrscheinlich' zusammenstellt (compare gr. τοπικός `den Ort betreffend', -τοπος `wunderlich, auffallend'), wäre for diese eine Wurzeltekʷ- : tokʷ- must be assumed and die germ. and balt. words therefrom to separate.

References: WP. I 743, Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 129; different about die balt. words Stang NTS 16, 259 f. (to tep- `schmieren', Trautmann 139, Vasmer 3, 95, 120).

Page(s): 1088


Root / lemma: tor-, toro-s

Meaning: loud, distinct

German meaning: `laut, vernehmlich'

Comments: old Abzweigung in the meaning ` piercing, shrilly, screaming' from *torós ` piercing ', s. *ter-4 `hinübergelangen, hindurchdringen'

Material: Old Indian tārá- ` piercing, shrilly, screaming'; gr. τορός ` piercing, loud, vernehmlich' (also `quick, fast, flink', compare Old Indian tarás Adj. `rash, hasty, piercing ' under *ter- `hinübergelangen'), τετορήσω `werde loud and distinct say';

    mir. torm, toirm n., newer f. `din, fuss, noise' (*tor-smn̥), ir. torann `thunder', cymr. taran, acorn. taran, bret. taran ds., gall. Taranis GN.;

    lit. tariù, tar̃ti and taraũ, tarýti `say', tarmė̃ `Ausspruch', apr. tārin Akk. Sg. `voice', ettrāi, Inf. attrātwei `antworten' (formal as Old Indian trā-ti `rettet': tiráti); slav. tortoriti in èech. tratořiti, russ. torotóritь `schwatzen', zero grade redupl. aksl. trъtorъ `sonus';

    arm. t`rt`rak `good speaker', if from *t`urt`urak, idg. *tortoro-;

    hitt. tar- `say, name'.

References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer 3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1, 497;

See also: compare tet(e)r- S. 1079.

Page(s): 1088-1089


Root / lemma: trāgh-, trō̆gh- and trē̆gh-

Meaning: to drag; to move, run

German meaning: `ziehen, am Boden schleppen, sich bewegen, laufen; Nachkommenschaft'

Comments: entspricht nicht the normalen idg. root form; in the case of through contamination from dherāgh-, dhregh- with terk- and trek- (above S. 1077) originated?

Material: Lat. trahō `pull' etc (different above S. 257 under dherāgh- `ziehen'); trāma f. `die Kette of Gewebes' (*trā̆gh-smā);

    gall. ver-tragus `schnellfüßiger dog'; air. traig, Gen. traiged (*traghetos) `foot', cymr. Pl. traëd `Füße'; with unclear ŏ: cymr. Sg. troed (einsilb.), Pl. traed (disyllabic) `foot', acorn. truit, mcorn. troys, bret. troad, Pl. treid `foot'; mir. trog `das parturition, progeny ', trogan `earth', trogaid `bringt zur Welt' (compare aserb. tragъ `Nachkomme');

    with idg. ā or ō: air. trāgud `Ebbe', trāig `beach, seaside', trāgid `ebbt', cymr. treio `refluere ut mare'; with idg. ŏ: cymr. godro `milk', abret. guotroit `demulgitis', mbret. gorzo, nbret. goero `milk'; cymr. corn. tro (*trogho-) `turn; variation, time', cymr. troi `vertere, volvere'; with ā or ō: serb. trâg `Fußtapfe', trážiti `suchen, spüren', aserb. tragъ `Nachkomme';

    probably got. Þragjan `run' (*troghei̯ō), ags. ðrǣgan ds. (*trēgh-), ðrāg `time', eig. `Zeitverlauf', and ahd. drigil `servant', if eig. ` runner', probably also aisl. Þrǣll `Knecht, servant' (> engl. thrall) from germ. *Þrā̆hilaz;

    besides trā̆gh-, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg- (see 1090), dhregh- (above S. 273), dherāgh- (above S. 257), dhreĝ- (compare also Anklänge under der- `flay': root form dergh-, dreg- and under dher- `hold, stop': root form dheregh-, dhereĝh-) and trek- (see 1092).

References: WP. I 752 f., WH II 697 ff., Trautmann 325, H. Lewis BBCS. 9, 34 f.

Page(s): 1089


Root / lemma: treg-

Meaning: to make an effort; force, battle; solid

German meaning: `alle Kräfte anstrengen; Kraft, Andrang, Kampf; standhaft, fest'

Comments: probably as `sich strecken, stemmen' to (s)terg-, (s)treg- `starren' (above S. 1023)

Material: Air. trēn (*tregs-no-) `valiant, strong' (from which probably cymr. tren `impetuous, strenuous', Subst. `force, rapidity' borrows is), Kompar. Superl. air. tressa, tressam, cymr. trech, trechaf; air. tress (*tregso-) `fight, struggle'; aisl. Þrekr m., Þrek n. ` strength, Tapferkeit', Þrekinn ` persistent ', Þreka `urge, press, push, press', ags. ðrece m. `Unterdrückung, force, might, Ermüdung', ðræc n. `Drängen, power, force, might', ðracu f. `Druck, Andrang, force, might', as. mōd-thraka f. `Kummer'; reduced grade*Þruhtu- in aisl. Þrōttr m. ` power, endurance ', ags. ðroht m. `Anstrengung; drückend', russ. trógatь `touch', lett. treksne ` shove '.

References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.

Page(s): 1090


Root / lemma: treig-

See also: see above S. 1036 under (s)treig-, wherefore still toch. A trisk- `sound, clink, din, drone'.

Page(s): 1092


Root / lemma: treisti- or trīsti-

Meaning: stubborn; in a bad mood

German meaning: etwa `trotzig, finster gelaunt'

Comments: only lat. and germ.

Material: Lat. trīstis `finster gelaunt, sad; widerlich or sharp from Geschmack'; ahd. drīsti, as. thrīsti, ags. ðrīste `audacious'.

 

Maybe alb. trishtë ‘sad’

References: WP. I 754, WH. II 706 f.

Page(s): 1092


Root / lemma: trei-

Meaning: three

German meaning: `drei'

Grammatical information: Nom. m. trei̯es, Nom. Akk. n. trī, Akk. n. trins, f. tis(o)res, (dissimil. from *tris(o)res, etc)

Material: 1. Old Indian tráyaḥ m., trī, newer trīṇi n., tisráḥ f.; av. ϑrayō, ϑrayas m., ϑri n., tisrō f.; arm. erek (trei̯es); gr. τρεῖς, gort. τρεες, m. f., alb. tre, f. tri (originally neutrales *trī); lat. trēs (Akk. also trīs), tria (trī- in trī-ginta `30'), osk. trís `trēs', umbr. trif, tref, Akk. `trēs', triia `tria'; air. tri, f. tēoir, Akk. tēora (*tisorās, *tri-sor-n̥s); cymr. tri m., tair f., mcymr. bret. teir (*tedres < *tisres, das e after the Vierzahl), compare gall. tidres (?); got. Þreis, Akk. Þrins, n. Þrija, aisl. Þrīr, ahd. drī etc; apr. tris (Gen. treon), lit. trỹs, lett. trîs (n. tri in lit. try-lika `dreizehn', compare lat. trī-ginta `30'); aksl. trije m. and tri f. n.; hitt. tri- `drei'; toch. A tre m., tri- f., В trai m., tarya f.

    Kompositionsform tri- in Old Indian tripad-, gr. τρίπους, lat. tripēs, ags. ðrifēte, lit. trikõjis `dreifüßig'; av. ϑri-kamǝrǝda- `dreiköpfig', arm. ere-am `drei years old'; illyr. PN Τρι-τεύτα, PN Τρι-κόρνιον; kelt. PN Tri-toutos, gall. tri-garanus `with drei Kranichen'; air. trïar `drei man' (*tri-u̯irom); russ.-ksl. trъ-gubъ `dreifach' (= lit. tri-gubas ds); perhaps lat. tribus `dividing off, partitioning off of Volkes, administrative district ', umbr. trifu, trifо Akk. Sg. from *tri-bhu- (to *bheu- above S. 146); lat. trīga f. `Dreigespann' (shaped after bīgae Pl. `Zweigespann' from *bi-i̯ugae, see above S. 230 and 508); unclear air. tre-thenc `Dreiheit' besides mir. dē̆-cheng `Zweiheit', compare aisl. Þridjungr `Drittel';

    `dreizehn': Old Indian tráyodaśa- = lat. trēdecim (*trēs-decim); compare gr. τρεις-καί-δεκα;

    `dreißig': Old Indian tríṃśat- f., av. ϑrisat-, gr. τριά̄κοντα, lat. trī-ginta, air. *trīcho, Gen. trīchot (*trī-komtos), mir. trīcha, bret. tregont (das e from trede `dritter'), gall. Abl. Pl. tricontis, toch. A taryāk, В täryāka (*trii̯āk̂n̥t-s).

    2. ordinals: altererbt Old Indian tr̥-tī́ya- = apr. tīrts; otherwise is tri- for tr̥- eingetreten: Old Indian PN Tritá-, av. ϑrita-; av. ϑritya-, apers. ϑritiya- or -tīya; arm. erir, errord; gr. τρίτος; homer. τρίτατος extended as ἑβδόματος; lesb. τέρτος from *τρίτος; alb. tretë; illyr. PN Tritus; lat. tertius, umbr. tertiu `tertio', terti `tertium' (from *triti̯o-); gall. PN Tritios, cymr. try-dydd, bret. trede; got. Þridja, ahd. dritto etc; lit. trẽèias, lett. trešaĩs (tre- instead of tri- after *trei̯es? also:) aksl. tretijь; balt. trit- in lit. tritainis `Drittel';

    air. tress (newer triss) `the Dritte' (*tristo-), tre(i)sse `triduum', compare lat. testis `Zeuge' (also `testicle'); Ablat. osk. trístaamentud is probably from lat. testamentum borrows;

    toch. В trit; hitt. tarrii̯analli- `the dritte', [te-ri]-i̯a-an-na `dritter'.

    3. tris `dreimal': Old Indian tríḥ, av. ϑris, gr. τρίς, lat. ter, older terr (from *tris), air. fo-thrī `dreimal'; extended av. ϑrižvat̃ `dreimal', aisl. Þrisvar, ahd. driror, ags. ðriwa, ðreowa ds.; ein u̯o-suffix also in av. ϑrisva- n. `Drittel' and gr. θρῖον `Feigenblatt' from *τρισFον; in addition *tris-no- in gr. θρῖναξ `Dreizack'; lat. terni (*tri-no-) `je drei' (besides trīni by Pl. tantum from *tris-no- parallel with bīni, see under du̯ōu), aisl. Þrennr `dreifach', Þrenner `drei' (by Kollektiven);

    auf *trianon goes back air. trïan, acymr. trean, cymr. traean `Drittel', compare also gall. Akk. Pl. trianis `Drittel'?

    4. collective trei̯o-, troi̯o-: Old Indian trayá- `dreifach', trayam n. `Dreiheit', lit. trejì, f trẽjos `drei' (by Pluralsubstantiven), lett. treji, f. trejas ds., aksl. troji m. Pl.; auf *trei̯odi̯o- based on air. trēode `dreifach'.

References: WP. I 753 f., WH. II 668 f., 702 f., Trautmann 327 f., Vasmer 3, 137, Wackernagel-(Debrunner) 3, 346 f.

Page(s): 1090-1092


Root / lemma: trek-

Meaning: to run

German meaning: `ziehen, laufen'

Comments: gleichbed. with trāgh-, trō̆gh-, tregh-

Material: Aksl. trъkъ `run, flow', trъkaljati `wälzen', serb. tr̀èati `run', trakánac `spoor', bulg. tъrèá `laufe', trъkalo `wheel, Kreis';

    mir. tricc, nir. tric (expressives kk) `rash, hasty';

    eine variant auf palatal trek̂- perhaps in av. udarō-ϑrąsa- `auf dem Bauch sich bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen)'.

References: WP. I 755, WH. II 699.

Page(s): 1092


Root / lemma: trem-, trems-

Meaning: to thump; to tremble

German meaning: `trippeln, trampeln' and `zittern'

Comments: (contaminated with tres-); the same Doppelbed. by trep-.

Material: Gr. τρέμω `tremble' (= lat. tremō, alb. trem); ἀτρέμας, ἀτρέμα `unbeweglich, ruhig', ἀτρεμής `fearless', τρόμος m. `das Zittern', τρομέω `tremble', τρομερός `timorous', redupl. τετρεμαίνω `schaudere' (unclear ταρμύσσω `frighten');

    alb. tosk. trëmp, geg. trem `I terrify';

maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared'

Note:

Common alb. m > mp, mb phonetic mutation.

    lat. tremō, -ere `tremble', tremor `das Zittern', tremulus `zitternd', umbr. tremitu `tremefacito';

    got. Þramstei ` locust, grasshopper (idg. *trems-, as in aksl. tręsǫ amalgamation from trem- and tres-); as. thrimman st. V. `to bloat, bulge, swell' or `bekümmert become'; aisl. Þramma `trample, heavy gehen', mnd. drammen `rant, roister, violent urge, press, push', dram `din, fuss, noise, Bedrängnis, Getümmel' (: lett. tremt); -mm- Intensivgemination?

    lit. trìmti `erzittern', trémti `niederstoßen; verbannen, austreiben', sutramìnti `leiseanstoßen', lett. tremt `wegjagen', tramš `schreckhaft (from horses)', tramîgs `shy, bashful', tram̃dît `frighten, hunt, chase'; klr. tremèú, tremtḯty `tremble, quiver'; aksl. tręsǫ, tręsti `shake, upset', sę `tremble', trǫsь `σεισμός' (slav. *trems-, *troms-, see above);

    toch. A träm- `in rage, fury geraten', В tremi `rage, fury'.

References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.

See also: compare ter-1`zappeln', worfrom *trem- and *tres- extended are.

Page(s): 1092-1093


Root / lemma: trenk-1

Meaning: to push; to oppress

German meaning: `stoßen (also dröhnend), zusammendrängen, bedrängen'

Comments: s. also trenk- `waschen, baden'

Material: Av. ϑraxtanąm Gen. Pl. `zusammengedrängt' (in the meaning to Germ. stimmend);

    lat. truncus `tree truck, trunk', Adj. `verstümmelt, the Äste or Glieder beraubt', truncō, -āre `verstümmeln'; gall. trincos `a kind of Gladiatoren' (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.); perhaps (`es drängt mich') air. di-fo-thracc- `wünschen', Verbalnomen dūthracht; probably (as `abgedrängt become') air. mir. trēicim `verlasse, weiche', cymr. trengi `vergehen, die', tranc, Pl. trangau m. `Abschied, death, end';

maybe alb. trung `stump', alb. geg. (*truncus) truni `(*a dolt, blockhead), brain, head' from lat. truncus -a -um `maimed, mutilated, cut short. M. as subst. truncus -i, a lopped tree, the trunk of a tree; the trunk of a human body. Transf. a dolt, blockhead'. also alb. tr¹gull, trangull `cucumber; a dolt, blockhead'.

    got. Þreihan `urge, press, push' (from urg. *Þrenχō, *Þrinχō; through Ablautentgleisung Þráih, Þraíhans; faihu-Þraihna (Dat. Sg.) `Reichtum'; also as. thrēgian, mnd. ndl. dreigen `threaten'? Ein westgerm.*Þrīh- = got. Þreih- certainly in mhd. drīhe `Stecknadel, Handgerät of Flechtens and Webens'; with gramm. variation aisl. Þryngja, -va, Þrǫng `press, urge, press, push, pressen' (for *Þringa probably after dem Adj. Þrǫngr `eng' from *Þrangu-), as. thringan, ags. ðringan st. V., ahd. dringan ds. (mhd.dringen also `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', see above drīhe and compare above *terk- `turn'); Kaus. aisl. Þrøngja `urge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die Klemme bringen', mhd. drengen `urge, press, push'; aisl. Þrǫngr `eng' (= lit.trankùs), mhd. drange, gedrange Adv. `eng'; aisl. Þrǫng, Gen. -var f. `crush, narrowness', ags.drang m. `crush, gedrängte troop, multitude, crowd', mhd. dranc `Drang', ahd. drangōn `urge, press, push' (= lit. trankaũ);

    aisl. Þrǣta, Þrætta `quarrel, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten' (*Þranχatjan); ags. Þrǣll `Knecht, Unfreier' etc (*Þranhilaz);

    ngr. δροῦγγος, spätlat. drungus and air. drong `troop, multitude, crowd' are genuine Celtic (*dhrungho-) and keine germ. Lw.; irrig above S. 255;

    lit. treñkti `dröhnend bump, poke', Frequent. trankaũ, -ýti (= ahd. drangōn), trañksmas `crush, resonance ', trankùs `holperig' (eig. `stoßend' = aisl. Þrǫngr); trenkù, triñkti `waschen' (see also *trenk- `waschen'), trìnkiu, -ė́ti `din, drone'; lett. trìecu, trìekt `zerstoßen, zerquetschen; wegjagen'; trìecinât `upset', truoksnis `din, fuss, noise, Gepolter'; apr. pertrinktan `verstockt'; russ. trutýtъ `press, bump, poke', serb. trȕèíti `schmeißen';

    Anlautdublette in slov. drǫ́kati `bump, poke, stomp, squeeze', aksl. udrǫ́èiti `niederdrücken, torment, smite'?.

References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.

Page(s): 1093


Root / lemma: trenk-2

Meaning: to wash, bathe

German meaning: `waschen, baden'

Material: Ir. fothrucud `baden', bret. gozronquet ds. (*tronk-), cymr. trochi `mergere, balneare' (-ch- probably from -nk-s-); about lit. trenkù, triñkti `waschen' see above.

References: WP. I 759;

See also: probably identical with trenk-1;compare above S. 819 about lit. per̃ti.

Page(s): 1094


Root / lemma: trep-1

Meaning: to trample, tread

German meaning: `trippeln, trampeln, treten'

Material: Old Indian tr̥prá-, tr̥pála- `hasty, unstet'? (probably from `trippelnd'); afghan. drabǝl `jiggle, shake, herabdrücken'; gr. τροπέω `keltere' (`trete die Trauben from'), ἀτραπός, hom. ἀταρπός `Fußsteig' (- `copulativum', eig. `ausgetretener way'), τροπέοντο ἐπάτουν Hes., Οἰνοτρόποι `Gottheiten of Weinbaues'; alb. *trip = gr. τραπ- in sh-tip, sh-typ `zertrete, zerstoße, zerquetsche', për-t(r)yp `kaue', sh-trip, zdryp `steige herab';

    lat. trepidus `ängstlich umherlaufend', trepidō, -āre ` walk on tiptoe; trip, from Geschäftigkeit or fear';

ags. ðrafian `press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach'; engl. dial. thrave, threave `drift, trailing, herd', as. thraƀōn `trot', mhd. draben ds. (= russ. tropátь), schwed. trav `festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen', travla `(snow) feststampfen' (besides probably through hybridization with germ. *trep-, *tremp-, see under der- `run', mnd. drampen `trample', ostfries. ndl. drempel, nd. drumpel `Schwelle', mnd. dorpel `Schwelle');

    lit. trepsė́ti (3. Pers. trèpsi, old trèpsti) `with den Füßen trampeln', trep-(l)énti ds., trypsė́ti ds., ablaut. trypiù, trỹpti `trample' (for *trip-); trapinė́ti `with den Füßen bump, poke', apr. trapt `tread', ertreppa `sie übertreten';

    aksl. trepetъ `das Zittern, Beben', trepetati `tremble', trepati `palpare', bulg. trópam `stampfe, trample, trapple', trópot m. `Getrampel', russ. tropátь `stomp, trample, with den Füßen treten', tropá f. `Pfad; Fährte'.

References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f.

See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 `zappeln'.

Page(s): 1094


Root / lemma: trep-2

Meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)

German meaning: `wenden, also sich vor Scham abwenden'

Material: Old Indian trápatē `schämt sich, wird verlegen', trapā́ f. `the genitals, Verlegenheit';

    gr. τρέπω, dor. ion. τράπω `wende', τροπή ` reversal ', τρόπος ` turn ', τρόπις `keel, Grundbalken of Schiffes' (eig. `Wender'), τρωπάω `wende, verändere', Med. `drehe mich um, kehre um', ἐν-τρέπομαι `wende mich jemandem to, schäme mich vor jemandem', εὐτράπελος `movable, nimble';τερπικέραυνος in spite of τερπώμεθα τρεπώμεθα Hes. not `fulmina torquens', but to τέρπειν, -εσθαι as `the Blitzfrohe';

    lat. trepit `vertit'; turpis (*tr̥pis) `ugly, nasty ' (`*wovor man sich abwenden muß', formation as got. brūks `usable'), -ur- instead of -or- dialektisch.

Maybe alb. (*turpis) turp `shame'

References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530.

See also: Idg. trep- `wenden' extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben, turn'?

Page(s): 1094


Root / lemma: trep-3, treb-

See also: see above S. 1037 under (s)trep-.

Page(s): 1095


Root / lemma: tres-, ters- (*teres-)

Meaning: to tremble

German meaning: `zittern'

Material: Old Indian trásati `zittert' (= gr. τρέω), trastá- `zitternd' Kaus. trāsayati `makes erzittern'; av. taršta- (ar. *tr̥ṣta- `timorous'), tǝrǝsaiti, ар. tarsatiy `fürchtet' (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō) = lit. trišù); Kaus. av. Þrā̊ŋhayete `versetzt in fright'; perhaps arm. erer `Erschütterung, Beben, Zittern' (*tres-ri-);

    lat. terreo, -ēre `in Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare' (das e instead of kausativen o derives from:) terror `fright'; umbr. tursitu `terrētō, fugātō';

    gr. τρέω (Aor. hom. τρέσσαι) `tremble, flee', ἔτερσεν ἐφόβησεν Hes., ἄτρεστος `unerschrocken', τρηρός (*τρασρός), τρήρων `timorous, fleeting ';

    mir. tarrach `timorous' (*tr̥s-āko-); ags. ðrǣs `fringe' (compare Old Indian trasaṇa-m `eine bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration');

    lit. trisù `tremble' (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō); lett. trìsas f. Pl. `Zittern', trisêt `tremble, quiver', perhaps lit. tresiù, trė̃sti `läufig sein'.

References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;

See also: to 1. ter-1 `zappeln'.

Page(s): 1095


Root / lemma: tr-eu-d-

Meaning: to press, push, * displeasure

German meaning: `quetschen, stoßen, drücken'

Comments: probably extension to ter-3, tereu- `rub'

Note:

Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreĝh- : `unwilling, displeased' [common illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, illyr. alb. -g > -th phonetic mutation.

Material: Alb. treth `castrate, clip' (`*smash, crush testicles') = lat. trūdō, -ere `bump, poke, fortstoßen, urge, press, push' (trūdis `eisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum Fortstoßen');

Maybe nasalized alb. ndrydh `twist', also prefixed shtrydh `squeeze'.

mcymr. cythruð `torment, smite', godruð `wild', gorthruð `Bedrückung' (*-treudo-); mir. trotaid `streitet' (*truzd- from *trud-d-), cymr. trythill, drythill `wollüstig' (out of it mir. treitell `Liebling'); air. tromm, cymr. trwm ` heavy ' (*trudsmo- `drückend'); got. usÞriutan `beschwerlich fall', aisl. Þrjōta `lack', ags. (ā-)ðrēotan unpers. `exhaust, überdrüssig become', ahd. (ar-, bi-)driozan `beset, belästigen', nhd. verdrießen; aisl. Þrjōtr `widerspenstiger person', ahd. urdrioz ` displeasure '; aisl. Þraut f. `Kraftprobe, Bedrängnis', ags. ðrēat m. `crush, Gewalttätigkeit, Drohung', mhd. drōz ` displeasure, load, Beschwerde' (= slav. trudъ); ags. ðrēat(n)ian `urge, press, push, torment, smite, scold, chide, threaten';

    ags. ðrīetan `exhaust (tr.), urge, press, push', aisl. Þreyta ` power aufwenden, withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.)'; aisl. Þrȳsta, ahd. ðrūstit, ags. geðryscan `bedrücken', ðrysman `erdrücken, ersticken', mnd. drussemen `erdrosseln, erdrücken'; aksl. trudъ `toil', truždǫ, truditi `beschweren, torment, smite'.

Maybe alb. trys, trysa (aor.) `press, compress, squeeze', trondit `torment, overwhelm'.

References: WP. I 755, WH. II 710, Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 143, Loth RC 41, 226 ff.

Page(s): 1095-1096


Root / lemma: trē̆b-, trōb-, treb- or trǝb-, tr̥b-

Meaning: building, dwelling

German meaning: `Balkenbau, Gebäude, Wohnung'

Material: Lat. trabs and trabēs, -is f. `balk, beam', taberna `Bude, Wohnraum' (dissim. from *traberna);

    osk. trííbúm `domum, aedificium', trííbarakavúm `aedificare' (*trēb-), umbr. tremnu `tabernāculo', trebeit `versātur' (*trēb- or *trĕb-); acymr. treb, ncymr. tref, abret. treb `dwelling', mir. treb `house, estate', air. -thrub, cymr. di-dref `Wüste, Einsiedelei', air.atreba (*ad-treb-) `besitzt, wohnt', cymr. athref `dwelling, Besitzung', gall. VN Atrebates `possessōres or Seßhafte'; about mir. trebaid `bebaut, bewohnt', see above S. 1071;

    ags. ðorp, ðrop `estate, courtyard, village', afries. therp and thorp, as. thorp, ahd. dorf `village', aisl. Þorp `Gehöft', got. Þaúrp `field, farmland'; aisl. Þrep n. `Oberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, Absatz', Þrepi m. `erhöhte Unterlage' (besides also Þrafni m. `staff, balk, beam', Þref n. ds. from einer Wurzelvariante auf idg. p, as presumably gr. τράπηξ - att. inschr. τράφηξ - äol. τρόπηξ Hes. `picket, pole, Schiffsbord');

    ablaut. lit. trobà (Akk. tróbą) `house, edifice, building', lett. trāba `edifice, building', apr. in PN. Troben;

    eine vollere root form terǝb- in gr. τέραμνα, assim. τέρεμνα Pl. `house, dwelling' (*terǝb-no-), from which borrows aksl. trěmъ `tower', etc; about gr. θεράπνη `dwelling' s. Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f.

References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.

Page(s): 1090


Root / lemma: trē̆u-

Meaning: to prosper

German meaning: `gedeihen'

Comments: extended treu-s-

Material: Av. Perf. 3. Sg. Med. tuϑruyē (i.e. tuϑruwē) `hat aufgezogen, unterhalten', present-stem ϑraoš- (ϑraošta) `zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or bringen', ϑraošti- `( ripeness) consummation, end';

    ahd. triuuit (alem. t- for Þ-) `excellet, pollet, floret'; trowwen (*Þraujan) `pubescere, crescere', mhd. ūf gedrouwen `aufgewachsen, grown'; aisl. Þrōask `zunehmen, thrive, ripen' (*Þrōwōn), mhd. druo f. `fruit', older-nhd. druhen, truhen `thrive, zunehmen', schweiz. trüehen ds.; aisl. Þrūðr f. ` power ', ags. ðrȳð ds.; aisl. Þroskr (*trusko-) `(reif, vollwüchsig) strong', Þroski m. ` strength ', Þroskask `strong become'.

References: WP. I 754.

Page(s): 1095


Root / lemma: trii̯ǝto-, trīto-

Meaning: sea, watery

German meaning: `nasses Element'?

Material: Air. trïath, Gen. trethan `sea' (urkelt. *tri̯aton-); gr. Τρί̄των, son of Poseidon or Nereus and the ᾽Αμφι-τρί̄τη, also river name, Tρῑτωνίς f. `sea in Libyen'; Τρῑτογένεια `epithet the Athene' rather as Tρῐτογενεια `am 3. days geboren' with metr. lengthening of ι deutbar.

Maybe alb. tret `dissolve in water'

Note:

The origin of gr. Τρί̄των `son of Poseidon or Nereus' derived from Root / lemma: trei- : `three' or the trident of the sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea.

 

References: WP. I 760.

Page(s): 1096


Root / lemma: tris-

Meaning: stalk; vine

German meaning: `Pflanzenstengel, Rebe'?

Material: Gr. θρινία ἄμπελος ἐν Kρήτῃ (*trisniā); alb. trishë `Pfropfreis, sprout'; skr. trs `Weinrebe, reed' (trsje `Weinberg'), èech. trs `stalk of the plant', vinný trs `Weinstock', slov. ters `Weinstock' (slav. *trьso-).

References: WP. I 760 f.

Page(s): 1096


Root / lemma: trozdos- : tr̥zdos-

Meaning: blackbird

German meaning: `Drossel'

Comments: compare above S. 1079

Material: Lat. turdus, -ī m. `thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein Fisch' (*tr̥zdos, with dial. u?); mir. truit, druit f., nir. truid, druid `Star' (*trozdi-); from dem Ir. borrows mcymr. trydw, drydw (after drud `toll' transfigured to drudw), bret. dred, tred (older Pl.), acorn. troet m., ncorn. tros, Pl. tryjy, treyju, Singulativ f. mcorn. troʒan; besides abret. tra[s]cl, nbret. drask(l) m., Vannes also taraskl, f. cymr. tresglen `thrush'; aisl. Þrǫstr (*Þrastu-z, compare to u-stem cymr. trydw) `thrush', norw. trost, trast; unclear mhd. drostel, ags. drostle (germ. *Þrustalō-), ahd. drosca-(la), mhd. bair. dró́schel, schwäb.-alem. drostlǝ (germ. *Þrau(d)-sk-, -st-), ags. ðrysce (*Þruskjōn, engl. thrush; mnd. drōsle, and. thrōsla (reshaped from *throstla after *ōsla = ags.ōsle, nhd. `blackbird'); urgerm. -au- and -u- perhaps through influence einer onomatopoeic words Schallsippe with u, as in gr. τρύζω `girre', τρῡγών `turtledove', poln. trukać ds., etc; balto-slav. *trazda- m. `thrush' in apr. tresde f., lit. strãzdas, lett. strãzds m.; slav. *drozdъ in russ. drozd (Gen. drozdá) etc

References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht Idg. Dekl. 49.

Page(s): 1096


Root / lemma: truk̂-

See also: see under tu̯erk̂-.

Page(s): 1097


Root / lemma: trus-

Meaning: reed

German meaning: `Schilfrohr'?

Material: Gr. θρύον ` bulrush' as *τρυhον (?), *trusom to aksl. trъstь, skr. trst, trska etc `Schilfrohr', lit. tr(i)ušìs ds., strùstė, strustìs, srustìs `Rohrspan or Baststreifen'. Doubtful, da Binse and Schilf zwei ganz various things are.

References: WP. I 762, Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 141, 145.

Page(s): 1097


Root / lemma: trū̆of-

Meaning: leprosy

German meaning: `Aussatz'

Material: Air. trosc ` leprosy ' (*trŭds-ko-); bret. trousk `Schuppen', trouskan `Moos', cymr. trwsg(l) `raw'; got. Þrūts-fill n. ` leprosy ', ags. ðrūstfell (for *ðrūts-) ` leprosy '; compare gr. τρύω `reibe auf', lit. trunė́ti `modern' (see ter(eu)- `rub', basic meaning then perhaps `kratzig') and lat. trūdō etc (see *treud-).

References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.

Page(s): 1096-1097


Root / lemma: tu, tutu

Meaning: chirping of birds

German meaning: Vogelruf; also von andern dumpfen Schalleindrücken

Material: Old Indian thuthukr̥t- m. `ein certain bird, Ringeltaube'; gr. τυτώ γλαῦξ Hes., τοῦτις κόσσυφος Hes.; lat. tutubāre `cry' (from the Eule), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f. `vīn adferri noctuam, quae `tū, tū' usque dicat tibi?'; lit. tūtúoti `toot', tutlỹs, tutùtis `Wiedehopf'; in Germ. neugeschaffen (or with stockender consonant shift in onomatopoeic word) mnd. (nhd.) tūten `toot', aisl. tauta, tutla `murmur'; as älterer type (* with d-present) ags. ðūtan `einen Tonausstoßen', aisl. Þjōta `howl, einen starken Ton give', ags. ðēotan `howl, widerhallen, rant, roister', ahd. diozan `loud sound, clink', aisl. Þytr `starker sound, tone, Geheul', mhd. duz, diez, dōz ` clangor, noise', got. Þuthaúrn `Tuthorn, Trompete', aisl. Þyss `din, fuss, noise', ags. ðyssa m. `Toser'.

References: WP. I 745, WH. II 724, Mayrhofer 1, 542.

Page(s): 1097


Root / lemma: tu̯ak-2

Meaning: to bathe

German meaning: `baden'

Material: Apr. twaxtan `Badequast' (*tu̯akstom);

    got. Þwahan, Þwōh, aisl. Þvā, ags. ðwēan `baden', ahd. dwahan, dwōg, twuog `waschen', aisl. Þvāttr (*Þwahtu-) `das Waschen' etc; aisl. Þvál n. `Seife', got. Þwahl n. `spa, bath', ahd. dwahal ds., ags. ðwéal m. n. `Waschen'; as. twahila f. `Handtuch', ahd. dwahila m. ds., fränk. *thwahlja ds., out of it frz. touaille, from which engl. towel.

References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.

Page(s): 1098


Root / lemma: tu̯akos

Meaning: skin

German meaning: `Haut'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian tvacas- `skin' (in compound as hiranya-tvacas- `goldfellig' and in tvacasya- `in the skin befindlich'), besides tvák- f. `skin, fell, fur'; gr. σάκος `shield' (from Häuten, leather), φερε-σσάκης `Schildträger'; hitt. tu̯ekkas `Körper, person, selbst'.

References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.

Page(s): 1099


Root / lemma: tu̯ā̆k-1, tuk-

Meaning: to pull together, close up

German meaning: etwa `fest umschließen, zusammenschnüren' (gr. weiter also `fest hineinstopfen under likewise')?

Material: Old Indian tvanakti `zieht sich together' (unbel.);

    gr. att. σάττω, ion. σάσσω (ἔσαξα, ion. ἔσασα; ἐσεσάχατο) `ausrüsten, bewaffnen; anfüllen, feststopfen' (*tu̯aki̯ō), σακτός `vollgestopft', with gr. γ (Entgleisung) σάγη `armament, armor, Geschirr, saddle, Kleidung', σάγμα `cover, Saumsattel; Kleidung, Überzug' (> lat. sagma > ahd. soum, nhd. Saumtier), σαγήνη `Fischernetz', σάγουρον γυργάθιον Poll., σαγίς πήρα Hes., and theban. σάκτᾱς `physician, medicine man' and das dem lat. sagana `Zauberin' the basic liegende *σαγάνη; σηκός, dor. σᾱκός ` hurdle, Stall, heiliger place'; σηκάζω `pferche ein, sperre ein', dor. σᾱκί̄τᾱς `in the Schäferei aufgezogenes lamb', σηκίς, -ίδος `Sklavin'; also probably σηκόω `wiege', σήκωμα `Gewicht; Gegenwert, Belohnung'; with gradation ō probably hom. σῶκος `strong', σωκέω `bin strong, have power '; zero grade συχνός `gedrängt, numerous' (*τυκ-σνος).

References: WP. I 746 f., WH. II 463, Kuiper Idg. Nasalpräs. 122.

Page(s): 1098


Root / lemma: tu̯ei-2, extended tu̯ei-s-

Meaning: to excite, shake, move around; to shimmer

German meaning: `erregen, hin and her bewegen, schütteln, erschüttern, also seelisch'

Grammatical information: (s-present; to es-stem tu̯ei̯os-, tu̯ei̯es-, av. ϑwayah-)

Comments: = tu̯eis- `sparkle, glitter', da `lebhafte Bewegung - flicker, sparkle, glitter' ein häufiges Bedeutungsverhältnis is.

Material: Old Indian tviṣ- `erregt sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam' (present tvēṣati Gramm., átviṣur `sie waren erregt, bestürzt', 3. Sg. átviṣata, titviṣḗ), tveṣá- ` boisterous; funkelnd, gleaming', tviṣ-, tviṣi- f. `Erregung, Ungestüm; radiance '; urind. (Mitanni) PN Tušratta maybe from *Tviṣ(a)-ratha- = Old Indian tveṣá-ratha- `dessen Wagen boisterous vordringt';

    av. ϑwy-ant- participle `fear erweckend', upā-ϑwayeiti ` be afraid, ängstigt sich', ϑwyā `Schrecknis, danger', ϑwayah- n. ds. (therefrom ϑwayaŋha- n. `gefährlicher state, status, danger', ϑwayaŋhant- `terrible, dangerous'); ϑwaēsō n. `fear, Angst'; ϑwisra- `luminous' (wäre Old Indian*tvicchra-);

    gr. σείω `shake, swing, brandish, erschüttere' (*tu̯eisō; ἐπι-σσείων; σέσεισμαι), zero grades participle σιών (: Old Indian a-tviṣ-ata), σεῖσμα, σεισμός `Erschütterung, Erdbeben'; from einem *tu̯eis-ros `funkelnd' derives σείριος `glühend, burning (hochsommerlich); Hundsstern (Sirius), Stern überhaupt', σείρ, σειρός ἥλιος καὶ σείριος Suidas (to Kons.-stem probably after ἀστήρ geworden); if σῑγαλόεις `schimmernd' (σῑγαλόω `glätte, make blank') hier anzureihen is (: tu̯is- + γαλ[ήνη]), is es perhaps as tu̯isi- (Kompositionsform besides *tu̯eis-ro-) + γαλος, perhaps `vonfunkelnder Helle' to analysieren

References: WP. I 748, Mayrhofer 1, 540.

Page(s): 1099


Root / lemma: tu̯enĝh-

Meaning: to oppress

German meaning: `bedrängen'

Material: Av. ϑwązjaiti `gerät in Bedrängnis' (av. *tu̯anzǵhati with -zgh- from idg. -ĝh + skō), to as. thwingan, ahd. dwingan `press, zwingen, unterdrücken', aisl. Þvinga, -aða `constrain, oblige, belästigen, plague', ags. ðwinglian `aufbinden'; but ahd. dūhen `press, niederdrücken' (nhd. deuhen, dauhen), ags. ðȳn, ðēon (preterit ðȳde) `press, belästigen, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick' from *Þūhjan (*Þunχian), worauf also mndl. dūwen, douwen `press, pressen, and probably also anfrk. bethūwen `deprimere' and ags. ðȳwan `press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen' go back, belong to (s)teuk-, above S. 1032.

References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 126.

Page(s): 1099-1100


Root / lemma: tu̯en-

See also: see under tēu-6.

Page(s): 1099


Root / lemma: tu̯erk̂-

Meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Av. ϑwarǝs- `cut, clip, schnitzend gestalten', participle ϑwaršta-, ϑwōrǝštar- or ϑwarǝxštar- `creator, god, Bildner': Old Indian GN Tváṣṭā (-ar-) from *Tvárṣṭar; in addition probably gr. σάρξ, -κός `Fleisch', Pl. `Fleischstücke' (äol. σύρκες), σαρκάζειν `tear, sich auf die Lippen beißen, verhöhnen', σαρκό-φαγος `fleischfressend', Subst. `Sarg = coffin' (> lat. sarcophagus > ahd. sarch, nhd. Sarg); in the case of as `Querschnitt' here also die family of ahd. dwerah `quer' (etc, see below terk- `turn')?

    Ein from tu̯r̥k̂- entstandenes *truk̂- seeks man in lat. trux, trūcis `rough, prickly, durchbohrend (vom look), abstoßend, fierce, grim, defiant', truculentus `finster in den Mienen, griesgrämig', trucīdāre `niedermetzeln' (from *truci-caidos to lat. caedō above S. 917), to air. trū (*truk-s) `totgeweiht', Gen. troch (*trukós).

References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1, 539.

Page(s): 1102


Root / lemma: tu̯er-1 : tur- and tu̯r̥-

Meaning: to turn, whirl

German meaning: `drehen, quirlen, wirbeln', also von lebhafter Bewegung überhaupt

Comments: from which partly tru-

Material: A. Old Indian tváratē, turáti ` hurries ', tū́ryatē ds., tūrṇa-, tū́rṇi- `hasty', turá- in the meaning `rash, hasty' (not to turá- `strong', das to tēu- `to swell'), turáṇa- `hurrying', turaṇyáti ` hurries ' (: ὀτρύ̄νω from -τρυ-ν-ι̯ω), av. ϑwāša- (ar. *tvárta-) `hasty'; turaga- `horse' (`Renner');

    gr. -τρύ̄νω ( prefix) `treibe an', Med. `eile', ὀτραλέος (*τFρα- = idg. tu̯r̥-), ὀτρηρός `hurtig, flink' (compare without prefix τρηρόν ἐλαφρόν Hes.); τορύ̄νη `Rührkelle', τορύνω `rühre um' (*τυρυνᾱ);

    lat. trua f. `Schöpfkelle, also zum Umrühren beim Kochen', trulla, truella `Schöpfkelle, paten ', trulleum `Becken, Waschbecken', probably also amptruō, -āre `bei den saliarischen Religionsfeiern tanzen and hüpfen';

    ahd. dweran st. V. `quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander rühren, mix' (nhd. bair. zweren), ags. ðweran `rühren', ge-ðwer `curd', schwed. tvära `stir'; aisl. Þvara `Quirl', ags. ðwǣre, ðwēre f. `tudicula'; aisl. Þyrill, ags. ðwirel, ahd. dwiril `Quirl, Rührstab'; mnd. dwarl, dwerl `whirl, Locke'; isl. Þyrla `whirl', nhd. dorlen `sich drehen'; aisl. Þori m. `bulk, mass, greatness, bulk, extent, Anteil', vom onomatopoeic words Schalleindruck einer durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also aisl. Þyrja `run, sausen', Þurs, Þors `fiend, demon, Riese', ags. ðyrs `Riese, demon', ahd. thuris, dur(i)s, turs ds.;

    B. with b-Erweiter.: gr. σύρβη, att. τύρβη `din, fuss, noise, perplexity', Adv. σύρβᾰ, att. τύρβᾰ `durcheinander'; lat. turba f. `die lärmende Unordnung einer Menge, perplexity, Getümmel', turbō, -āre `bewilder, durcheinanderbringen', turbō, -inis m. `whirlwind, whirl, drehendeBewegung, Kreisel'; mir. torbaid ` baffle ', cymr. twrf m. `din, fuss, noise' (lat. Lw. torf f.), tyrfu `rant, roister' (M. O'Brien Ériu 11, 91); aisl. Þorp `Menschenhaufen', Þyrpa `urge, press, push'; perhaps hitt. tarup(p)- `vereinigen, versammeln';

    C. with m-formants: lat. turma `troop, multitude, crowd, Schwarm', aisl. Þruma f., Þrymr m. `din, fuss, noise, crash, blast', ags. ðrymm m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, power, glory, magnificence, radiance ', ðrymma `warrior'; as. heru-thrum `verderbliche Gewalt of Schwertes'; mhd. nhd. dial. drumeln `sich in Wirbel drehen, lurch', schweiz. drümmel `Schwindel', and mhd. *durm, turm `whirl, dizziness, Schwindel', mhd. nhd. dial. durmel, dürmel (t-) `Schwindel, dizziness, whirl', durmig (dürmig, dürmisch) `betäubt taumelnd, schwindlig; tobend, boisterous, angry, irate';

Maybe alb. turmë `crowd', (similar -m suffix to alb. zjarm `fire' hence not a lat. loanword), turrem `rush into a crowd'.

    D. in Germ. eine bedeutungsgleiche family with anlaut. s- and den ablaut germ. *stur- and *staur-: ahd. stōr(r)en (ga-, ar-, zi-) `stören, in Verwirrung bringen', nhd. stören `turbare' (stören `in Lande herumfahren, auf die stör gehen', zerstören, verstört, afries. tōstēra `destroy' (compare lat. turbāre : disturbāre); ablaut. aisl. styrr, Gen. styrjar m. `Getümmel, perplexity, noise', ags. styrian `move, bewilder, agitate, tell', gestyr n. `movement', ahd. irsturien, mhd. stürn `stochern, antreiben', nhd. stüren `in etwas herumstöbern or wühlen'; aisl. sturla `in Unordnung bringen, stören', mhd. stürel `tool zum Stüren'; mitm-suffix (see above) aisl. stormr `storm, Unruhe, Kampfessturm', ags. storm, ahd. sturm `storm', schweiz. sturm `schwindlig', stürmi `Schwindel'.

Maybe alb. shtyj, shtyra aor. 'push, stir'

References: WP. I 749 f., WH. I 42, II 708 f., 718, 719, Mayrhofer 1, 514, 539, 569 f.

Page(s): 1100-1101


Root / lemma: tu̯er-2 : tur-, tu̯erǝ-

Meaning: to grab, to enclose

German meaning: `fassen, einfassen, einzäunen'

Material: Gr. σειρά:, ep. ion. σειρή f. `rope, cable, band, strap' (*tu̯eri̯ā), παρά-σειρος (ἵππος) `Handpferd', compare σερίδες σειραί and σερί[ς] ξωστήρ Hes.; with o-gradation σορός f. `Urne' (*tu̯oros); perhaps Σειρήν, -ῆνος `Sirene (Todesgöttin); eine wilde Bienenart, ein small bird', whether originally `Umstrickerin', to σειρά̄ `rope, cable'; σαργάνη f., -ίς, -ίδος f. `basket, Flechtwerk', compare att. ταργάναι πλοκαί, συνδέσεις, πέδαι Hes.; perhaps extension *tu̯er-g-, compare *tu̯er-p- in gr. τάρπη f. `großer basket', whether hier *tu̯-p- to *t-p- dissimilated, thereafter also ταργ- besides σαργ-;

    after Loth RC 40, 475 f. here bret. torn-aod `Steilküste', gall. turno- `height' in PN wieTurno-magus, Turnācum etc;

    lit. tveriù, tvérti `fassen, to hem, gird, border, umhegen, form, mould', lett. tveŕu, tver̂t `greifen, fassen, hold, stop', ablaut. lit. turiù, turė́ti `hold, stop, haben', lett. turu, turêt ds., apr. turit `haben, sollen'; lit. ãp-tvaras ` paddock ', tvártas `Einzäunung', tvarstýti `mehrfach to hem, gird, border', lett. tvar̂stît `greifen, haschen, fangen'; ksl. tvorъ `forma', aksl. tvoriti `schaffen, make', aruss. tvorъ `Aussehen', serb. tvórac `creator, god'; lengthened grade lit. tvorà, lett. tvāre `fence', aksl.tvarъ ` creation, creature'; in addition russ. tvaróg m. (from which nhd. `Quark = curd'), compare zur formation lat.formaticum, frz. `fromage'; originally participle: lit. tvìr-tas, lett. tvirts `strong, tight, firm' (*tu̯r̥̄-to-), aksl. tvrъdъ, russ. tvërdyj ds. (*tu̯r̥-; the variation t : d from originally konson. Stammzu define); in addition still aruss. tvъrdь f. `Himmelsgewölbe, Befestigung'.

References: WP. I 750 f., Trautmann 333 f., Vasmer 3, 85 ff., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 305, 308, 353.

Page(s): 1101


Root / lemma: tu̯ē̆i-1

Meaning: to cut down, hack, hit

German meaning: `scharf hauen, schlagen'?

Material: Ags. ðwītan st. V. `cut, clip, abschneiden' (wäre d-present; in addition) geðwit `chip, splinter', aisl. Þveitr `Querhieb, incision ', Þveita `hew, hit, bump, poke'; lit. tvýskinu, -inti `vast, grand anklopfen', tvóju, tvóti Scherzwort for `proficient thrash'; infolge of onomatopoeic words Schallcharakters the lit. words fragwürdigerVergleich.

References: WP. I 747 f.

Page(s): 1099


Root / lemma: tu̯ī̆bh-

Meaning: hollow

German meaning: `röhrenartig hohl'

Comments: only gr. and lateinisch

Material: Gr. σί̄φων, -ωνος m. `Abzugsröhre, Weinheber, Feuerspritze, Weinschlauch', σιφνεύς `Maulwurf' (`röhrenförmige Gänge wühlend'), σιφνὸς κενός Hes. (eig. `hollow'), probably also σιφλός `hollow, gebrechlich, lahm', σιφλοῦν `spoil'; lat. tībia `Schienbeinknochen; gerade Pfeife, flute', belongs barely to stī̆b(h)- ` shaft, pole' (above S. 1015), das festes s- hat.

References: WP. I 751 f., WH. II 680.

Page(s): 1102


Root / lemma: tu̯ō[u]- : tu̯ǝu- : tū-l-

Meaning: tube

German meaning: `Röhre'?

Material: Old Indian tūṇa- m., tūṇī́ f. ` quiver ', tūṇava- m. `flute' (*tūl-n-): aksl. tulъ ` quiver '; gr. σωλήν `gully, duct, tube, pipe, canal'; with Red.-stem *tu̯ǝu-: *σαυρος or *σαυρα `duct, tube, pipe am unteren end the Lanze', in σαυρωτήρ `ein about das untere Lanzenende gestülptes, röhrenartiges Stück', with n-forms σαυνίον `τὸ ἀνδρεῖον αἰδοῖον' (`*duct, tube, pipe'), in the Koine `spear, javelin, spit, pike'.

References: WP. I 752, WH. II 688, Vasmer 3, 150, Mayrhofer 1, 518, J. Hubschmid, Bibl. Faculté de Philos. et Lettres de l'Univ. de Liége, Fasc. 129 (1953), 194.

Page(s): 1102


Root / lemma: tū-lo-

Meaning: sluggish, lazy

German meaning: `säumig and largweilig in Arbeiten, Reden under dgl'

Material: Lett. tūĺa, tūlis `wer with nichts fertig wird', tūĺûot, tūĺat, tūlúotiês `säumen, slowly sein, zögernd an die Arbeit gehen; schwatzen'; aisl. Þaul f. `Festsetzung', mǣla sik ī Þaul `beim Sprechen stocken', nisl. Þaul-reið `anhaltender ermattender Ritt' under likewise, Þaul-sætinn `cunctabundus', norw. tūla ` heavy work', tȳla `hesitate', lett. tūĺuotiês ds.; with other forms perhaps lett. tauńûotiês `hesitate, zaudern, nicht fertig become, slowly sein'.

References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 313.

Page(s): 1098


Root / lemma: tū̆

Meaning: thou

German meaning: `du'

Grammatical information: Gen. t(e)u̯e, Dat. toi, tebh(e)i, Akk. te; stem tū̆-, teu̯o-, teu̯e-, tu̯o-, tu̯e- and te-

Material: 1. Old Indian tú, tū́ `yet' (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle geworden), av. ds., enkl. `du'; ar. *tuu̯-ám (after Old Indian ahám) in Old Indian tuvám, tvám, gthav. tvǝ̄m, jav. tūm, ap. tuvam `du'; arm.du `du';

    gr. dor. τύ, hom. ion. att. σύ (σ- from den Kas. obl., wo σ- from τF-), hom. τύ̄νη, lak. τούνη, böot. τουν (after ἐγώ-ν, -νη); alb. ti (*); lat. ; air. (*tŭ or *), tu-ssu, -sso (*tŭ) `du', cymr. ti etc (*); got. Þu, aisl. Þū and suffig. Þu, Þo, as. thū, ahd. , du; lit. tù (* or *tŭ?), apr. tou (*) `du'; aksl. ty; toch. A tu, В t(u)we, hitt. zik, zikka `du'(*tega from *te + *egō), tuk, tukka `dir, dich', enklit. -du- (*tu) and -ta (*te or *toi) `dir, dich';

    2. idg. *teu̯e- `dein', kelt. *tou̯e in air. toī, mcymr. teu `das Deinige', preceding kelt. *tou > air. do `dein', cymr. dy, corn. the, bret. da ds.; hitt. -ti- `dein'.

    3. Possessivum teu̯o-s, tu̯o-s: Old Indian tvá-ḥ, gthav. ϑwa-, av. tava-, hom. ion. att. σός (*τFός), hom. lesb. dor. τεός, böot. τιός (*τεFός); alb. y-t, Akk. tën-t (Verschmelzung of article with dem Poss.); lat. tuus (from *tovos), umbr. tover `tui', osk. tuvai `tuae'; lit. tãvas, aksl. tvojь.

References: WP. I 745, WH. II 712, Trautmann 315, 331, Jackson Lang and Hist. 657, Mayrhofer 1, 507, Vasmer 3, 102 f., Pedersen Hittitisch p. 58.

Page(s): 1097-1098


Root / lemma: ub-

Meaning: to drag, press

German meaning: `drängen, (nieder)drücken'?

Material: Old Indian ubjáti `hält nieder, presses together', av. ubjyāite `wird niedergedrückt (auf the Wage)';

    preuß.-lit. ũbyti `zur haste, hurry urge, press, push'.

References: WP. I 193 f., Mayrhofer 1, 107.

Page(s): 1103


Root / lemma: udero-, u̯ēdero-

Meaning: belly

German meaning: `Bauch', and gleichbedeutende words ähnlichen Anlautes

Material: 1. Old Indian udára-m `belly, Anschwellung of Leibes, the dicke Teil eines Dinges, cavity, Inneres', anūdara- `bauchlos', av. udara- ds.; gr. ὅδερος γαστήρ Hes. (because of Asper rather for *ὕδερος); lat. uterus `lower abdomen, belly, esp. womb, Gebärmutter' (t for d am ehesten zugleich with dem Lautwandel from *udris `hose' to *utris, uter eingetreten); apr. weders `belly, Magen', lit. vė́daras ` intestines, entrails of fish, intestines, entrails; Wurstmagen', lett. vêders, vêdars `belly, Magen';

    zur Präposition ud belong perhaps gr. ὕστος γαστήρ Hes. (*ud-sto-s `vor-stehend') and ὑστέρα `womb, Gebärmutter' (ud + compounds-suffix tero-).

    2. Lat. venter, -tris `belly' (kann *u̯end-ri- sein).

    3. Lat. vē(n)sīca f. `die bubble', Old Indian vastí- m. `bubble, bladder' (*u̯n̥d-ti-?); vaniṣṭhú- `Mastdarm, or ein in the Nähe of Netzes liegender Körperteil'; compare ἤνυστρον `Labmagen', ahd. wan(a)st, węnist `paunch', nhd. Wanst also `Blättermagen', ablaut. isl. vinstr f. `Blättermagen', norw. dial. vinstr f. `Labmagen' (*u̯enistrō); compare also Lidén KZ 61, 19 ff.

maybe alb. * vē(n)sīca, vēsca, veshka `bladder'.

    4. Germ. *wanÞa- in mnd. ingewāt, ingewant, ingewende ds., ndl. ingewand; das -ge- from ingewāt is from Eingeweide, ndl. geweide (see 1122) herübergenommen.

References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 196 f.

Page(s): 1104-1105


Root / lemma: u-1

Meaning: expr. root

German meaning: in Schallworten

Material: A. As Nachahmung of Eulenrufes:

    Urgerm. *uwwōn in schweiz. huw(e), hu(e) `Eule'; Deminut. *uwwilōn in ahd. ūwila, mhd. iuwel, iule, nhd. Eule, ags. ȳl-twist `Vogelfalle' (with Lockeule), besides *uwwalōn in ahd. MN Ūl-, mnd. nd. ags. ūle, nnl. uil, engl. owl, aisl. ugla; compare nhd. Uhu (md.) and (with p-Erweit.) germ. *ūf- in aisl. ūfr, ags. ūf, abair. ūvo, bair.-österr. auf;

    in addition lett. ũpis `Uhu', ũpêt `cry (from Eulen and Tauben)', lit. ùpas `Echo', aruss. vyplь, ksl. vypъ `Möwe', russ. vyp m., vypь f. `Rohrdommel' (somewhat different lett. ūbuôt `girren, from Tauben', ūbele `turtledove'); compare Old Indian uhū́- `schreiend' and lat. ulula `Kauz' under ul-.

    B. k-extension uk-, euk-: air. uch `wehe!' and `sigh', mir. also och, ach ds.; vielleichtgot. auhjōn `rant, roister', auhjōdus `din, fuss, noise, Getümmel' (áu, aú?), lett. aũka `Sturmwind', apr. aukis `Greif', lit. apúokas `Nachteule', lett. ūkšuot `jauchzen', serb. ukati, uèati `hu rufen', ȕka `clamor'.

References: WP. I 187, WH. I 119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge-Götze16 182, 881 f., Mühlenbach-Endzelin 4, 409.

Page(s): 1103


Root / lemma: u-2

See also: s. au-4 S. 73 f.

Page(s): 1103


Root / lemma: ul-

Meaning: to howl

German meaning: Schallwz. `heulen'

Comments: vielfach redupl. ulul-

Material: Old Indian úlūka- m. = lat. (gloss.) ulucus `Kauz, Eule';

    Old Indian ululí-, ulūlú- `ululabilis, ululatus', gr. ὑλάω, ὑλακτέω `belle', lat. ululāre `howl', ulula f. `Kauz',

maybe alb. (*ululāre) ulëras, ulërij `howl'.

lit. ulula bañgos `es heulen die waves, billows', ulūlóti, ulóti `hallo rufen', ulbúoti, ùlbauti `rufen, singen, cry';

    but air. ilach `clamor' (*eluko-), mir. also ulach ds., nir. olchobhchán, ulchobhchán, ulgadán `Eule' probably to el-, ol-.

References: WP. I 194, WH. II 813 f.; compare el-, ol- S. 306.

Page(s): 1105


Root / lemma: upér, upéri

Meaning: over, above

Note

Centum languages prove that Root / lemma: upér, upéri : `over, above' derived from an older Root / lemma: *hukwér, *hukwéri : `over, above', later the old laryngeal was lost. What becomes clear is the common gr.- celt. -kw- > -p- phonetic mutation. Therefore Root / lemma: upér, upéri : `over, above' derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root developed from the concept of climbing a horse: Root / lemma: ek̂u̯o-s : `horse'. The sky above was seemly called according to the horse goddess : gall. Epona ` The Celtic horse goddess whose authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey'.

German meaning: `about, oberhalb', preposition and (außer in Ar.) preverb; also `about - hinaus'

Comments: related with upo s. d.

Material: 1. Old Indian upári, av. upairi, ар. upariy `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about - toward (Instr); about (Gen.)'; arm. probably i ver `hinauf, above' (probably *uper; besides from Kasusformen from *upero-:) i veroy `in the case of, oberhalb', i veray `above, darauf' (these as preposition beim Gen. `about, auf');

    gr. ὑπέρ, preverb `about, about - out' and preposition `about - toward, oberhalb, about - out (Akk.); about' also in sense from lat. ; `zum protection, zum Besten (m. echtem Gen.; arkad. with Dat.-Lok.)'; lat. umbr. super (to s- see below upo) preverb `about, drüber' and preposition `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about' (`Abl.' = Lok.); air. for-, for preverb `about, auf' and preposition `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk); about auf (`Dat.' = Instr. or Lok.)', cymr. gor-, gwar-, corn. gor-, bret. gour-, gall. uer-tragus `a kind of schnellfüßiger Hunde', PN Ver-cingeto-rīx (das inselkelt.-o- nachir. fo-, brit. gwo-);

    kelt. *vertamo- `the höchste' in VN Vertamo-cori(ī), changing through ablaut cymr. gwar-thaf `height' (*vortamos); keltiber. ueramos `summus' (*uperemos);

    got. ufar, aisl. yfir (*úperi); ahd. uber (*upéri), with in Satzinlaut bewahrtem i- ahd. ubari, ubiri preverb `about' and preposition `about, about - toward, about = out (Akk.); about' (`Dat.' = Instr. or Lok).

    2. Old Indian úpara- `the untere, nähere' = av. upara- `the obere'; gr. ὕπερος `Mörserkeule', ὑπέρᾱ `oberes rope, cable' (ὑπερῴα `Gaumen', ὑπερώιον ` upper chamber ' are unclear);

lat. super, superus ` that is above, upper, higher ', osk. supruis ` that is above, upper, higher ' (therefrom lat. suprā `Adv. over, on the top; of time, before, previously; in writing, above; of amount, etc. over, more, beyond; Prep. with acc. above, over; of time, before; of amount, more than, above, beyond', superior, suprēmus, umbr. subra `above', supru Adv. `above'; lat. supernus ` that is above, celestial, supernal ', umbr. superne m. Akk. ` over, above, upon, on '); got. ufarō Adv. `about, above', ahd. obaro Adj. ` that is above, upper, higher ', ags. yferra ds. (*uƀerizō; Superl. уfemest see below upo).

References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.

Page(s): 1105-1106


Root / lemma: upo, up, eup, (e)up-s-

Meaning: under, from under, etc.

German meaning: etwa `under an etwas heran'

Comments: from the meaning `from under hinauf' die meaning `hinauf, about', die partly hier, esp. but in related *upér(i) (see d.), as well as in the group ὑψῃλός etc ausgeprägt is; idg. upo is preverb (e.g. Old Indian úpa-i-, gr. ὕπ-ειμι, lat. sub-eō) and Präposition by variant case.

Material: 1. Old Indian úpa preverb and preposition ` toward - to (Akk.); an, by, to (Lok.); in Laufe from, gemäß, with in sense the Begleitung (Instr.)', av. upa, ар. upā preverb and preposition ` toward - to, in, auf (Akk.); by, in (Lok.)';

    gr. ὑπό preverb and preposition `under an etwas heran, under etwas (Akk.); under an, under (`Dativ', eig. Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.); under; vom Urheber beim Passiv (Gen. of Bereiches); from under weg, under - hervor (Abl.)';

    lat. sub (s- from *[e]ks-, compare gr. ἐξύπερθεν; -b from -p as in ab = gr. ἀπό), preverb and preposition `under an etwas heran, under etwas' (Akk.; also temporal, e.g. sub noctem); under an, under(`Abl.', eig. Lok.), as osk. συπ μεδικιαι (partly perhaps Instr., as umbr. su maronato `sub *maronatu'), besides subs- (as abs) in sustineō under likewise and in susque dēque ferō `aequō animō ferō' (Gell.), compare also under die group from ὕψι, umbr. sub-, su-, osk. συπ; air. fo preverb and preposition `under' (Akk., `Dat.' = Lok. or partly perhaps Instr.), acymr. guo-, gu-, gua-, ncymr. go-, gwa-, corn. go-, gu-, bret. gou- preverb and in compound gall. vo- (Voretus under likewise), ve- (gr.-kelt.-lat. parave-rēdus `Extrapostpferd', from which nhd. Pferd);

maybe alb. (*subeo, subito) shpejt 'sudden, fast'.

    perhaps cymr. gorau `best' from *uper-esu (= gr. ὑπέρ-ευ `very good', L.-P. S. 186) or from *uper-gousom (compare S. 399) after Binchy J. C. stem 1, 148 ff.; das о from kelt. vo-; with Old Indian upa-sthāna-m `Bedienung', úpa-sti-, upa-stí- m. `Untergebener, servant' compare mir. foss `servant' (*upo-sto-), cymr. bret. gwas, corn. guas ds., gall. PN Vasso-rīx etc, mlat. vassus, vassallus, sämtlich zur root stā- S. 1005, 1008, as also air. foth `replacement, equivalent' (fo + ) but mir. fothae ` foundation, Ursprung' from fo + suide (see 885);

    got. uf (ub-uh) prefix `auf, under', preposition `under' (Akk., `Dat.' = Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.), ahd. oba, mhd. obe, in the case of `in the case of, about' (*upó), but aisl. of `about, an, in', ags. ufe- (*úpo), ahd. ūf (ūfan) `auf' (to ahd. ū compare under aksl. vysokъ); besides with -pp- as. uppa, up, ags. uppe, up, aisl. upp `auf, aufwärts' and (with einer only in air. ōs, uas, cymr. uch wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) got. iwpa `droben', iup `after, above'; hitt. up-zi `geht auf' (from the sun).

maybe alb. hyp, hipi `climb, mount (a horse)'

    2. supplementary: Old Indian upamá- `the oberste, höchste, nächste', av. upǝma- ds., ags. ufemest (and yfemest) `the höchste, oberste';

    lat. summus (*supmos) `the höchste' = umbr. somo `summum', compare also gr. ὕπατος `the höchste, erste'. - Gr. ὕπτιος `zurückgelehnt, rücklings' (? after Sittig from sup-ti- `sleeping' - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), lat. supīnus `auf dem back liegend, rückwärts gebeugt, mäßig ansteigend', alat. suppus (short form to supīnus?) ds., suppō, -āre `supīnāre, auf den back lay, place, rücklings hinstrecken', umbr. sopam `suppam'.

    upélo-s in got. ubils, ags. yfel, ahd. ubil `evil', mir. fel `evil, bad'.

    upes- in got. ubizwa f. `Vorhalle', aisl. ups f., upsi m. `Vorhalle einer Kirche', ags. efes, yfes `Dachtraufe', ahd. obosa, obasa, obisa `Vorhalle';

    ups- (compare above lat. subs-, susque) in gr. ὕψι Adv. `high' (seems übrigens as ὕπ-σι ein Lok. Pl. to sein, as air. ōs, uas from *oup-su), whereof ὑψίτερος, ὑψίων `higher', ὕψιστος `the höchste'; ὑψοῦ, ὑψόθι, -όσε ds., ὑψόθεν `from hoch herab', τὸ ὕψος `height, acme, apex ', ὑψηλός `high'; with lengthened grade kelt. ou (probably idg. eu, compare got. iupa): air. ōs, ūas `above, about' (*oup-su) = cymr. uch, corn. ugh, bret. uc'h ds., wherefore Adj. air. ūasal `high', cymr. uchel (compounds uch, Sup. uchaf) corn. huhel, bret. uc'hel `high', gall. Οὔξελλον, -α, Uxello-dūnum (*oupselo-), further air. ūall `Übermut' (*oupslā) and air. ōchtar, ūachtar `das Obere', cymr. uthr `dreadful, erstaunlich' (*oup-tro-, maybe from *oupstro-, or after dem relationship *eks : *ektro- dafür eingetreten); here das air. preverb uss-, oss- (*uχs < *ups) e.g. in air. osnad `sigh' (see 38), cymr. uch-enaid, bret. huanad ds., wo *uχs through *ouχs ersetzt worden is; ursprüngliches *uχs and *ud-s-(see above under ud-) are phonetically otherwise not to distinguish, discern; compare Thurneysen Gr. 5, 526; keltiber. PN Vxama, gall. Vxisama (: cymr. uchaf `höchst');

    proto slav.. *ūpsa- `high' steckt in aksl. vysokъ etc `high'.

References: WP. I 192 f., WH. II 612 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 522 ff., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 242, Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.

Page(s): 1106-1107


Root / lemma: u̯adh-

Meaning: pledge

German meaning: `Pfand, Pfand einlösen'

Material: Lat. vas, vadis `Bürge', vadimōnium `Bürgschaft', praes. -dis, older prae-vides `Bürge'; got. wadi n. `Pfand, Handgeld' (wadjabōkōs `Pfandbrief', gawadjōn `verloben'), aisl. veð n. `Pfand, anvertrautes blessing', afries. wed `pact, covenant, promise, Bürgschaft, certainty ', ags. wedd `Pfand, pact, covenant', as. weddi `Pfand', ahd. wẹtti, wẹti `Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, Pfand', mhd. also `Einsatz bei einer Wette, Schadenersatz', nhd. Wette; aisl. veðja `aufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung einer Bürgschaft Berufung einlegen', ags. weddian `pact, covenant make, versprechen, verheiraten' (weres weddian `sich einem Manne verloben', engl. wed `marry'), mhd. wetten `Pfand give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten', nhd. wetten;

    lit. vãdas `Pfand, Bürge', vadúoti (lett. vaduôt) `somewhat Verpfändetes einlösen', už-vadúoti `for jemanden eintreten'.

References: WP. I 216 f., WH. II 735 f.

Page(s): 1109


Root / lemma: u̯ai

Meaning: woe!

German meaning: Interjektion `wehe!'

Material: Av. vayōi, avōi, āvōya `wehe'! (voya- `Wehruf'): arm. vay `Wehe, misfortune' (v- instead of g- from idg. u̯- through nebenherlaufende neologism); similarly gr. ὀά (as lat. vah!) and seit alexandrinischer time οὐά, οὐᾶ, οὐαί, ngr. βάι (Neuschöpfungen); alb. vaj `affliction, Klage';

    lat. vae; mir. fāe, cymr. gwae `weh!'; with einem perhaps with lett. vaĩdi zusammenhängenden d(h)-suffix presumably mir. fāed, fōid `shriek, sound, tone', cymr. gwaedd `clamor, eiulatus';

    here as `Heuler': arm. gail, gall. *u̯ai-lo-s in PN Vailo, Vailico, abrit. Gen. Vailathi, air. Faílán, mir. fáel, fáel-chú `wolf' = cymr. gweil-gi `Ozean';

    got. wai, aisl. vei, vǣ, ahd. as. ; ags. `wehe!', got. wai-nei `if yet!' (eig. `wehe, daß nicht!') in compounds of schlechten, fehlerhaften Zustandes, e.g. got. wajamērjan `lästern', waidēdja `Übeltäter', aisl. veill `locker, weak' (*wai-haila-), vǣla, vāla, vēla, veila `jammern'; ags. wǣlan `peinigen' (`*krank make', from einem *wā-hāl = aisl. veill); ahd. wēwo, wēwa `Wehe, pain, affliction', as. , Gen. wēwes, ags. wāwa, wēa, aisl. vǣ, ds., finn. (Lw) vaiva `plague, woefulness '; ahd. weinōn `weep, cry', ags. wānian, aisl. veina `jammern', whereof probably as `bejammernswert' got. wainags ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', ahd. wēnag ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', mhd. also `weak, small, gering', nhd. wenig;

    lett. vaĩ `wehe, ach', vaijāt trans. `wehe tun', waĩdêt `wehklagen, jammern', vaĩdi Pl. ` lamentation, Jammer, need' (see above); serb. vâj `wehe!' is neologism.

References: WP. I 212 f., WH. II 724, Trautmann 338.

Page(s): 1110-1111


Root / lemma: u̯al-, u̯al-d(h)-

Meaning: to be strong

German meaning: `stark sein'

Material: Lat. valeō, -ēre `bei Kräften sein, stark sein; gelten, vermögen', osk. Fαλε `valens' or `vale', päl. Ualesies = lat. Valerius; here also lat. volēmum (volaemum) pirum `a kind of großer Birne', to osk. ualaemom, valaimas `optimus' with unclear -aimo-, perhaps Superl. to *valai̯o-? or Nachbildung from osk. maimo `maximus'?

    air. fal-n-, fol-n- `herrschen' with originally präsensbildendem -n-; air. flaith f. (*u̯lati-) `Herrschaft, prince, lord' = cymr. gwlad, acorn. gulat, mcorn. gulas, mbret. gloat `land', nbret. glat `fortune'; air. flaithem `ruler' (*u̯lati̯omos), mcymr. guletic, ncymr. gwledig ds., gall.Vlatos ds.; abrit. Cuno-vali Gen. to *Cuno-valos `strong as ein wolf', mcymr. Cynwal, air. Conall ds.; cymr. gwaladr `ruler' (*valatros), with metathesis acymr. gualart in PN Cat-gualart, abret. Cat-uualart;

    eine Dentalerweiterung is in Germ. (vorgerm. t) and Balt.-Sl. (d or dh) frequent, often: got. waldan, aisl. valda (*u̯ulÞōm), aschwed. present also valla (*valÞan), preterit also valt (*vevald), ahd. waltan etc `walten, herrschen, bewirken'; aisl. vald n. `power, force, might, Herrschaft', alts. giwald f. `power, Herrschaft', afries. wald, ags. geweald ds., ahd. giwalt ds.; aisl. einvaldi `Alleinherrscher', alts. alowaldo, ahd. al(e)walto etc;

    lit. veldė́ti `regieren, besitzen', paveldė́ti `erben': apr. weldīsnan Akk. `Erbe, inheritance', weldūnai m. Pl. `Erben'; Iterat. lit. valdýti `regieren', lett. vàldît `herrschen', lit. valdõnas (lett. valduons, vàldiniêks) `ruler', apr. wāldnikans Akk. Pl. `Könige'; lit. valsèius `Amtsbezirk', lett. vàlsts `Reich, Staat, Gemeinde'; ablaut. lit. pavildęs `beherrscht';

    aksl. vladǫ, vlasti `herrschen', aruss. Part. present voɫodyj `the herrscht', aèech. vladu vlasti `herrschen' etc; aksl. vlastь f. `Herrschaft', sloven. vlâst `Grundeigentum, appanage 'etc;

    toch. В walo, A wäl, Obliq. lānt, lānte `king' (*u̯lǝ-nt), toch. A wälts, В jältse `tausend'.

References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222.

Page(s): 1111-1112


Root / lemma: u̯ank̂-

Meaning: beam

German meaning: `Balken'

Material: Old Indian váṁśya- `crossbar, crossbeam': mir. fēice `ridgepole, rooftree, summit'; compare Old Indian vaṁśá- `reed', a-vaṁśá- `das Balkenlose'.

References: WP. I 218, WH. II 722 f.

Page(s): 1112


Root / lemma: u̯ap-1

Meaning: to chatter

German meaning: `schwatzen, plappern'

Material: Ags. wæflian, isl. vafla, norw. dial. vavla, vabla, bayr. wabeln; lit. vapù-, -ė́ti `schwatzen, chatter'.

References: WP. I 217, Johannesson 104, WH. II 733.

See also: compare das following: u̯ap-2, ū̆p-

Page(s): 1112


Root / lemma: u̯ap-2, ū̆p-

Meaning: to call, cry

German meaning: `rufen, schreien'

Material: Av. ufyeimi `invoco'; aksl. vъpiti `rufen', èech. úpěti `jammern', ablaut. ksl. vyplъ and vypъ m. `larus', russ. vyp m. and vypъ f. `Rohrdommel';

    perhaps in addition lat. vāpulāre `Prügel bekommen', whether originally `ein Wehgeschrei erheben'; gr. ἠπύω, dor. ̄πύω `rufe, cry' could only here belong, whether anlaut. F through dissimilation gegen den consecutive Labial geschwunden wäre.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 733 f., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240;

See also: compare u-1 in onomatopoeic words.

Page(s): 1112-1113


Root / lemma: u̯azdh- (better u̯ozdh-)

Meaning: long, wide

German meaning: `weit, lang'

Material: Lat. vastus `wide, ungeheuer big, large, unförmlich'; air. fot, Dat. fut `length', fotae `long', nir. fad, fada, manx foddey.

References: WP. I 220, WH. II 737; Szemerényi Archiv. Linguist. 4, 48 f., wo er den lat. alteration from zdh to st probably makes.

Page(s): 1113-1114


Root / lemma: u̯āb-

Meaning: to call, cry, complain

German meaning: `rufen, schreien, wehklagen'

Material: Got. wōpjan schw. V. `cry, rufen', aisl. ø̄pa schw. V. `rufen, cry, klagen', ōp `shout, call, clamor, lamentation ', ahd. wuoffen, mhd. wüefen schw. V. `wehklagen, jammern'; ahd. wuofan(wiaf) ds. (wuof `Jammergeschrei'), as. wōpian (wiop) ds. (wōp `Jammer'), ags. wēpan (wēop) `weep, cry' (wōp `shout, call, clamor, Weinen');

    aksl. vabljǫ, vabiti `herbeirufen, herbeilocken', lett. (from dem Slav.) vābīti, lit. võbyti `vor Gericht arrogate'.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 726, 733 f., Trautmann 336 f., Vasmer 1, 161;

See also: further to u̯ap-.

Page(s): 1109


Root / lemma: u̯ādh-, u̯ǝdh-

Meaning: to go, march

German meaning: `gehen, schreiten'

Material: Arm. gam `I komme'; lat. vādō, -ere `go, schreite', vadum `seichte placce im Wasser, ford' (therefrom alb. va, Gen. vau ds.), vādō, -āre `auf einer Furt übergehen, durchwaten';

    aisl. Aor. present vaða st. Vb. `gehen, vorwärtsdringen, (durch)-wade', ags. wadan, afries.wada, mnd. waden; ahd. watan, mhd. waten ds.; moreover germ. *waða- `ford'; aisl. vað n., ags.wæd n. `water, sea', gewæd `ford', mnd. wat `seichte place', ahd. wat `ford', aisl. vaðill `ford', compare nhd. PN Salzwedel.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 723 f.

Page(s): 1109


Root / lemma: u̯ā̆gh-, suā̆gh-

Meaning: to cry, sound

German meaning: `schreien, schallen'

Material: Gr. ἠχή, dor. ̄χά: f. ` clangor, noise', ἠχώ, -οῦς f. ` clangor, sound, tone, Widerhall', ἦχος (ark. Fᾶχος) m. ds., ἠχέω `schalle, töne', ἠχέτα, ἠχέτης `bright tönend', δυσ-ηχής `widrig tönend', ablaut. ἀμφιαχυῖα `ringsum schreiend', ἰαχή (*FιFαχᾱ), ἰακχή f. `clamor', ἰάχω (*FιFάχω), ἰαχέω `cry', αὐίαχος `zusammenschreiend' (*FιFαχος);

    perhaps with beweglichem s- here:

    got. ga-swōgjan, swōgatjan `sigh', aisl. sø̄gr m. `din, fuss, noise' (*swōgi-), ags. swōgan `sound, clink, sausen, roar, bellow', swēg, swǣg m. `din, fuss, noise, sound', as. swōgan `sough, rustle', holl. zwoegen `stöhnen'; zero grade probably aisl. svagla `plätschern', arn-sūgr `das Rauschen of Adlerflugs';

    lit. svagė́ti `sound, clink', lett. svadzēt `rattle, clash';

    for isl. sukka `rant, roister', besides svakke, is though comparison with norw. dial. søykia `bark, bay' and lit. saugti `eigenartig singen', alit. sugti `howl, whimper ', lett. sudzēt `klagen', sūkstitiēs `sigh' (besides k-forms as lit. saukiù through influence of kaũkti `howl', šaũkti `cry') under idg. *s(e)ug- möglich; got. swēgnjan `frohlocken' could due to from germ. swōg-, swag- as onomatopoeic word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk- in aisl. sukka is intensivierend.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.

Page(s): 1110


Root / lemma: u̯ā̆g-1

Meaning: cover; sheath

German meaning: `Hohldeckel, Scheide; schützend überdecken, überstülpen'

Material: Lat. vāgīna f. `vagina, esp. of Schwertes'; balt. *u̯āži̯ō `stülpe' in lit. vóžiu, vóžti `etwasHohles about etwas cover, stülpen', lett. vāžu, vāst `cover auflegen, stülpen';

   on the other hand could lat. vāgīna (compare nhd. Scheide to scheiden) also to einer root u̯ā̆g- `split, break, rupture' belong, die Frisk (see 13) in gr. ἄγνυμι `rupture', with Redupl. and Ablautἰωγή (< *Fι-Fωγ-) ` protection gegen den wind', whether eigentl. `das Sichbrechen of Windes', ἀγμόs m. `break, steiler slope' and in tochar. wāk- `sich split', Kaus. `split, distinguish, discern', wākäm n. `Besonderheit, Vorzug' find will.

References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343.

Page(s): 1110


Root / lemma: u̯ā̆g-2

Meaning: to cry

German meaning: `schreien'

Comments: perhaps from einer onomatopoeic words u̯ā̆-

Material: Old Indian vagnu- m. `sound, tone, shout, call', ved. vagvaná- `lärmend', vagvanú- m. `Getöse'; lat. vāgiō, -īre `cry, wimmere', vāgor, -ōris m. `Widerhall' (das &##257; lengthened grade, from einem i-stem *u̯āgi-s derive  ); lit. vógrauti `wimmern, cry'.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;

See also: in addition belongs das following: u̯ā̆gh-, suā̆gh-

Page(s): 1110


Root / lemma: u̯ā̆i-, u̯ī-

Meaning: weak, miserable

German meaning: `schwach, elend'

Material: Old Indian vā́yati, vāyatē `wird faint, languid, erschöpft', abhi-vāta- `krank' (vāta- `dry, arid'), vāyá- `müde';

    cymr. gwael `ärmlich, niedrig' (*u̯ai-lo-); acymr. guoilaut, cymr. gwaelod etc ` residuum ';

    ags. wīl `Bedrängnis, need', aisl. vīl ds.;

    lit. vójęs participle `leidend', lett. vâjš, f. vâja `mager, weak, krank, woeful, wretched, miserable ', vâjums `Schwäche, disease, malady'.

References: WP. I 213 f., WH. II 789 f., Loth RC. 39, 417.

Page(s): 1111


Root / lemma: u̯ā̆kā

Meaning: cow

German meaning: `Kuh'?

Material: Old Indian vaśā́ `cow (die weder trächtig is, still ein calf nourishes)', vāśitā `rindernde cow; brünstiges Tierweibchen überhaupt'; lat. vacca `cow'; lat. -cc- wäre as consonant stretch in Tiernamenverständlich.

References: WP. I 214, WH. II 722.

Page(s): 1111


Root / lemma: u̯ā-1, u̯ō-, u̯ǝ-

Meaning: to hit, wound

German meaning: `schlagen, verwunden'

Comments: also with t- forms

Material: Gr. ἀάω `harm, injure', Med. `in Verblendung handeln'; besides ἀᾶται only Aoristformen ἄασα, -άμην, kontr. ̃σα, ἀάσθην; primäres Verb, Aor. *F̆-σαι, themat. present *F-εται > ἀᾶται, in addition σκ-formation ἀάσκει φθείρει, βλάπτει Hes.; Verbalnomina F̆-τη > ἄτη `damage, Schuld, Verblendung, penance, atonement', therefrom ἀτηρός `verblendet'; hom. ἀασί-φρων `geschädigt am Verstande' (falsch ἀεσί-φρων);

    with t-formants: gr. οὐτάω, οὐτάζω (*οὔτα-μι, compare 3. Sg. Aor. οὖτᾰ) `verwunde', ἄουτος, ἀνούτατος `unverwundet'; ὠτειλή f., äol. ὠτέλλα f. `wound' from *οFα-τ-ελι̯ᾱ, compare γατάλαι (i.e. Fα-), recte γατειλαί Hes. `Wunden', βωτάζειν βάλλειν Hes.

    lett. vâts `wound' = lit. votìs `offenes ulcer', Demin. votẽlis.

References: WP. I 211, Frisk 2, 178, 251, 291, H. Seiler Festschrift Debrunner 409 ff.;

See also: in addition das following: u̯en-.

Page(s): 1108


Root / lemma: u̯ā-2

Meaning: apart

German meaning: `auseinander', especially `auseinander biegen, drehen'

Material: Diese root, welche möglicherweise eine Reihe from extensions hat (see below), lies after aller Wahrscheinlichkeit vor in lat. vārus `apart gebogen, auswärts gebogen; dachsbeinig; entgegengesetzt', vāricus `Füße apart spreizend', vāricō, -āre `Füße apart spreizen', vāra `gabelförmige shaft, pole, fork, Querholz'; in the case of here varius `mannigfaltig, wechselnd, different, varicolored', variō, -āre `mannigfach make, varicolored sein'?; in the case of perhaps in Old Indian ūrú- m. `Schenkel, Lende'?

References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.

See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning ` bent, curved sein', vorzuliegen in den roots u̯āt-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, u̯enk-.

Page(s): 1108-1109


Root / lemma: u̯āsto-s

See also: see above S. 346; in addition after Lloyd Jones (Ét. Celt. 7, 234) mcymr. gwaws `terrible'.

Page(s): 1113


Root / lemma: u̯āt-1, better u̯ōt-

Meaning: spiritually excited

German meaning: `geistig angeregt sein'

Material: Lat. vātēs, -is (probably kelt. Lw.?) `Weissager, Seher', gall. οὐά̄τεις N. Pl. ds., air. fāith `Seher, Prophet', mir. fāth (*u̯ātu-) `Prophezeiung, Ursache' = cymr. gwawd `Gedicht'; got. wōds `besessen', aisl. ōðr, ags. wōd ds. (*wōda-), ahd. wuot `insanitus'; aisl. ø̄sa ` frenzied, verrückt make', ags. wēdan, ahd. wuoten, alts. wōdian `wüten, frenzied, verrückt sein'; ahd. *wuot (Gen. wuoti), mhd. wuot `heftige Gemütsstimmung, fury'; in addition aisl. Ōðinn, as. ags. Wōden, ahd. Wuotan; auf germ. *wōÞa- point at aisl. ōðr m. `Poesie', ags. wōÞ `Gesang, sound, voice, Dichtung';

    Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets Old Indian api-vat- as originally `anblasen, inspirieren' (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as extension from *au̯ē- `blow' (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefaßt become could.

References: WP. I 216, WH. II 737 f.

Page(s): 1113


Root / lemma: u̯āt-2

Meaning: to bend, curve

German meaning: `krümmen, biegen'

Material: Lat. vatāx, -ācis `krumme or schiefe Füße habend', vatius `einwärtsgebogen, krumm', vatia `einer with krummen Beinen', vascus (*vat-scos) `quer, slant, skew'; germ. *waÞwan- `Krümmung, bend', then with engerer meaning `calf, Kniebeuge': aisl. vǫðvi m. `Muskeln, esp. dicke Muskeln anArmen and Beinen', afl-vǫðvi `biceps', norw. vodve `dicke Muskeln an Arm and leg' etc, ahd. wado m. `sura, suffrago', mhd. wade `calf', alts. uuathan `suras', mndd. wade `calf', mndl.wade f. `Kniebeuge, Kniekehle';

   Connection with lat. vārus `apart gebogen, auswärtsgehend, dachsbeinig' etc (root *u̯ā-) is probably.

Maybe alb. var `hang'

References: WP. I 216, WH. II 736 f.

Page(s): 1113


Root / lemma: u̯ebh-1

Meaning: to weave, plait

German meaning: `weben, flechten, knüpfen'

Material: Old Indian ubhnā́ti, umbháti, unábdhi `schnürt together', with ápa- and prá- `binds', ū́rṇā-vábhi- m. `Spinne' (eig. Wollweber); newer -vābhi- after - `to weave' (idg. *u̯ē-, above S. 75); av. ubdaēna- `from Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht' (from einem *ubda- `Gewebtes', idg. *ubh-tó-); np. bāfad `er webt';

    gr. ὑφή `the weaving ', ὑφόωσι η 105, otherwise ὑφαίνω `webe', ὕφος n. `the weaving ' (after denvorigen from *Fέφος unvocalized);

    alb. venj `I webe' (*u̯ebhni̯ō);

    ahd. weban `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, spinnen', ags. wefan `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, knüpfen', aisl. vefa `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, schlingen' (participle ofinn), vefja (*u̯obhei̯ō) `wickeln, hüllen' = ags. webbian `to weave'; aisl. veptr, ags. weft, wift, wefta `Einschlagfaden', mhd. wift `fine filament, Gewebe;Honigwabe'; aisl. vaf ` diaper ', vafi `Verwicklung, Unordnung'; ahd. waba, wabo `Honigwabe', aisl.vefr (*waƀja-) `Gewebe, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug' = ags. webb, as. webbi, ahd. weppi ds.; ahd. wuppi `Gewebe', schwed. öu (aisl. *yfr) `Einschlag';

    ē-grade aisl. kongurvāfa, ags. gangelwǣfre `Spinne';

    toch. В wāp- `to weave', wapātsa `Weber', wpelme `Gewebe'.

References: WP. I 257, Mayrhofer 1, 107;

See also: belongs to au-5 `to weave' S. 75; in addition *u̯obhsā `wasp'.

Page(s): 1114


Root / lemma: u̯ebh-2

Meaning: to wander, roam, swarm

German meaning: `sich hin and her bewegen, wabern, wimmeln'

Material: Mhd. weben `move, swing', weberen `sich tummeln', webelen `waver', nhd. ostpreuß. wibbeln; mhd. waben, waberen, wabelen `in unsteter Bewegung sein', wappen `hin and her schwanken', nhd. (nd.) wabbelig `wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem', ags. wafian (esp. with handum) `sich bewegen', mengl. waveren, engl. waver `wobble, waver', aisl. vafla `wobble, sway', vafra `sich unstet hin and back bewegen, wabern' (vafrlog `Waberlohe'), vefjast ds.;

    aisl. vāfa `schweben, dangle', ags. wǣfre `unstet, flackernd';

    lit. vebžd-ù, -ė́ti `wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen';

    in addition ahd. wibil m. `beetle, chafer, Kornwurm'; as. wivil, mnd. wevel ds., ags. wifel `Kornwurm', aisl.*vifill in torðyfill `Mistkäfer', ags. wibba `Roßkäfer'; lit. vãbalas `beetle, chafer', vabuolas ds., žem. vabolė̃ `Mistkäfer', lett. vabuolis `beetle, chafer' (besides ostlit. dial. vóbuolas `beetle, chafer', žem.vam̃bolė, lett. vambale, vambuole `Mistkäfer').

References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;

See also: moreover: u̯ed-

Page(s): 1114-1115


Root / lemma: u̯edh-1

Meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen'

Material: Old Indian vadhati, ávadhīt `hit, bump, poke, destroy', Kaus. vadhayati, vadhá- m. `tötend, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß); blow, knock, Vernichtung' = av. vada- m. `wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes', Old Indian vádhar- n. `Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß)' = av. vadar- n. `weapon (to Schlagen)', vádhram `Lederriemen', Old Indian vadhasná- m. ds., av. vādāya- `zurückstoßen' (lengthened grade as gr. ὠθέω);

    gr. ἔθει φθείρει. ἐρεθίζει Hes., hom. ἔθων `stoßend, zerwühlend', ἔθειρα `Haupthaar, Mähne'; ὠθέω `poke, push' (: av. vādāya-), ὦσις ` shove ', ἔνοσις `Erschütterung' (*en-u̯odh-tis); also in ἐνοσίχθων, ἐννοσίγαιος, εἰνοσίφυλλος (ἐνν-, ἐιν- metr. lengthening);

    Old Indian vádhri- `verschnitten' (`with zerstoßenen testicles') = gr. ἐθρίς τομίας, κριός Hes.; secondary ἴθρις, ἄθρις;

    lit. vedegà `a kind of axe', lett. vedga `Eisaxt, crowbar ', apr. wedigo `Zimmerbeil', air. fodb `Waffenbeute' (*u̯odh-u̯o-); is also av. vaδaɣan- `EN eines glaubensfeindlichen Fürsten' as `axe, Schläger' to deuten?

    ein sk-present seems ir. fāisc- `press', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska `press' (freilich ablaut ō :o).

References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.

Page(s): 1115


Root / lemma: u̯edh-2, vor Nasalen u̯ed-

Meaning: to lead

German meaning: `führen; heimführen, heiraten (vom Manne)'

Material: Old Indian vadhū́- f. `bride, young wife, woman', av. vaδū- ds., δayeiti (Kaus.) `leads, zieht', with upa- `eine Frau zur matrimony give', with us- `(Frauen) entführen, rob', vaδrya- `heiratsfähig (from girl)';

    air. fedid `leads, goes, carries, bringt', mcymr. go-di-wawð `überholte', air. to-fed-, to-dī-fed- `guide, lead', cymr. arweddu `guide, lead, bring', Verbalnom. mcymr. arwein (*are-u̯ed-no-), cyweddu `guide, lead, wohin bringen', Verbalnom. cywain (*kom-u̯ed-no-), cymr. dy-weddïo `marry', corn. d-om-ethy ds., mbret. d-im-iziff, nbret. dimizi `marry, sich verloben';

    lit. vedù, vèsti `leiten, guide, lead; marry (vom Manne)', lett. vedu ds., Präter.-stem *u̯edē- in apr. weddē, lit. vẽdė, lett. dial. vede and aksl. vedě-aše; lit. vėdỹs `Freier', vedẽklis `heiratsfähiger youngling, young man', nau-vedà, -vedỹs `Bräutigam' (`neu heimführend'), lett.vedekle `Schwiegertochter', vedama `bride';

    aksl. vedǫ, vesti `guide, lead', seldom `marry', Iter. voditi, (but aksl. nevěsta `bride' rather `die Unbekannte', as `die noch nicht Heimgeführte', Vasmer 2, 206);

    Iterat. lit. vadžióti and vadýti, lett. vadît `guide, lead', and vadât `hin and her guide, lead'; about lit. vadúoti, lett. vaduôt `auslösen, loskaufen'; see above S. 1109; aksl. voždǫ, voditi `guide, lead', aruss. voditi ženu `eine Frau heimführen'.

    In addition probably u̯ed-mno-, das word for den Kaufpreis the Braut:

    Gr. ἕδνον (for *Fέδνον with Spir. asper after *Fhᾱδύς `pleasant'), hom. Pl. ἔεδνα `Brautgabe'; but also `Aussteuer the parents', ἑδνόω, hom. ἐεδνόω `ausstatten, verheiraten', hom. ἐεδνώτης `the (die Tochter ausstattende) father the bride', ἀν-άεδνος `vom Bräutigam unbeschenkt'([F]εδνος and [F]εδνον with α and ε as Vorschlagvokalen);

    ags. weotuma, wituma, wetma m. `Kaufpreis the bride', afries. wetma, witma ds., burg. wittemo, ahd. widomo, widemo `dowry', mhd. wideme, widem, nhd. Wittum (in addition ahd. widimen, mhd. widemen, widmen `ausstatten', nhd. widmen); gr. slav. -no- maybe from -mno- and with dem germ. -men-stem comparable; dubious aksl. věno `dowry, Zahlung for die bride', whether from *u̯edno-, compare also *u̯esno-;

    doubtful alb. vigjë `gift zur Hochzeit, zur Geburt from children, beim Bau eines Hauses'(u̯ed(h)-l-?).

References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.

Page(s): 1115-1116


Root / lemma: u̯edh-3

Meaning: to bind, attach

German meaning: `knüpfen, binden'

Material: Old Indian vĭ-vadhá- m. `Schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz, Proviant'; vadhra- m. n. `Lederriemen';

    gr. ἐθμοί πολλοί. δεσμοί. πλόκαμοί Hes.;

    air. fedan f. `Gespann, Geschirr', fedil `Joch' (coibdil `Genossenschaft', coibdelach `Blutsverwandter'), air-com-fed- `beschädigen', mcymr. ar-gy-wedu, abret. ar-co-gued ds.; cymr. gwedd `Joch'; arwest f. `Saite, band, strap';

    got. gawidan `verbinden' (gawiss `connection'), ahd. wetan `bind, ins Joch spannen, verbinden'; zero grade perhaps schwed. dial. ydd `Ochsenleine, rein' from *udhetā.

    hitt. u̯eda-, u̯ete- `to build' (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).

References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hitt. 118;

See also: in addition u̯endh-1 S. 1148.

Page(s): 1116-1117


Root / lemma: u̯ed-

See also: s. u̯edh-2

Page(s): 1115


Root / lemma: u̯eg-

Meaning: to weave, bind

German meaning: `weben, knüpfen; Gewebe, Gespinst'

Material: Old Indian vāgurā́ `Fangstrick, Netz zum Wildfang, Garn'; lat. vēlum `sail, Hülle, kerchief, cloth, curtain' (therefrom vēlāre `verhüllen'), Demin. vēxillum `banner, ensign, flag, Fähnchen'; air. figim `webe', fige `the weaving ', abret. gueig `textrix', nbret. gwea ds., acymr. gueetic `textilis', ncymr. gweu `to weave, knüpfen', gwe (*u̯ego-) `Gewebe', acorn. guiat gl. `tela', ncorn. gwia `to weave'; mir. indech, cymr. anwe `Gewebe'; gall. veadia (*vegiadia) `Spinnwirtel' (J. Loth RC. 38, 86);

    ags. wice `wick', nhd. bair. wichengarn `Baumwolle to Dochten', norw. vik f. `Fitze or Docke Garn' (diese and other i-forms through interference from u̯eik-, u̯eig- `bend, winden' under S. 1130, Persson Beitr. 323a 3?); mhd. wiht `wick'; ags. wecca `wick', and. wekko, mnd. wecke `wick, Lunte', mhd. wicke `wick, Scharpie', nhd. dial. wicke `the um die Spindel gewickelte Flachs', ahd. wickilī(n) `Wickel zum Abspinnen', nhd. Wickel `as much, as jedesmals zum Abspinnen um den Rocken gewickelt wird', mhd. nhd. wickeln; ō-grade ags. wōcig `Schlinge, Fallstrick' (in ablaut and meaning genau to Old Indian vāgurā́ stimmend); norw. dial. ōke `verfitzte Masse, e.g. from Zwirn' (vonTorp 473 as `connection' to ok = iugum gestellt, but probably with Anlautdehnung from *[w]ōkan-); zero grade (*u̯eg- or *ug- with Übernahme from w- from den hochstufigen forms) mnd. wocke, wocken `Spinnrocken; Flachs or Wolle auf dem Rockenstock', as. wocco `cicindela (wick, Lunte)'; auf redupl. *u̯e-u̯g- based on probably ags. wēoce, mnd. wēke, weike, ahd. wiocha `gedrehtes Garn, Lunte', nhd. dial. Wieche.

References: WP. I 247 f., WH. II 745 f.;

See also: here u̯okso- `Wachs'.

Page(s): 1117


Root / lemma: u̯eĝh-

Meaning: to move, carry, drive

German meaning: `bewegen, ziehen, fahren under dgl'

Comments: eine zero grade uĝh- only in Ar. and probably also in Alb.

Material: Old Indian váhati `leads, fährt, zieht, führt heim, heiratet', also ` flows ' and `läßt flow', Aor. a-vākṣ-am (participle ūḍhá-, in addition neologism ūhati `schiebt, throngs', Leumann IF. 57, 221);

Note:

Old Indian participle ūḍhá- `lead' : alb. udhë `way, journey' also Old Indian vṓḍhar- `fahrend, führend' hence the common alb. shift -k- > -th-, -g- > -dh- is very ancient]

av. vazaiti `leads, zieht, flies' (participle vašta-, worin št instead of -zd- after Partizipien from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); Old Indian vāháyati `er läßt führen', vahana- `führend, fahrend', n. `das Führen, Fahren, ship' (dehnst. vāhana- `führend, bearing, carrying', n. ` draft animal, Wagen, ship'), av.ātrǝ-vazana- `Feuerwedel' (compare die germ. kelt. no-formations); Old Indian vahítra- n. `Fahrzeug, ship' (: lat. vehiculum), Old Indian vaha- `fahrend, führend' (= slav. vozъ `Wagen'), váha- m. `shoulder of Jochtieres', vahát- f. `river, Fahrzeug', vahyá- `zum Fahren tauglich', n. `Vehikel, Tragsessel, Ruhebett', av. vazya- n. `load, Tracht' (= as. wigg n. `horse'), Old Indian vṓḍhar- `fahrend, führend', m. `Zugpferd, Zugochs; Heimführer eines Mädchens; Lastträger', av. vaštar- ` draft animal ' (= lat. vector), next to which with žd: važdra- `the vorwärts bringt', sāy-uždri- EN eig. `dessen female Zugtiere scheckig are' (*uždrī f. to *uždar-); Old Indian vāhá- `führend, bearing, carrying', m. ` draft animal, Vehikel', av. vāza- `fahrend, fliegend', m. `Ziehen, pull, draft animal ' (: got. wēgs), Old Indian vā́hiṣṭha-, av. vāzišta- `the am besten vorwärtsbringt'; Old Indian vahas- `fahrend' (: ἔχος n.), vāhas- n. `Vehikel, das die Götter herbeiführende Lob', av. vazah- `fahrend, führend';

    gr. ἔχεσφιν ἅρμασιν Hes., pamphyl. Fεχέτω `er soll bringen', kypr. Fεξε `brachte dar', ὄχος n. `Wagen', (- instead of - after) ὄχος m. `Wagen', ὀχέω `lead, guide', ὀχέομαι `lasse mich bear, carry or fahren, reite', αἰγί-οχος `die Aegis schwingend', γαιή-οχος (hom.), γαιά̄-οχος (dor.), γαιά̄Fοχος(lak.) `the die Erde heiratet' (Beiw. of Poseidon, Borgeaud KZ 68, 222), ὀχετός m. `gully, canal, Wasserleitung', ὀχετεύω `leite Wasser in einer gully, einem canal'; ὀχλεύς `Hebel' (: aisl. vagl `Hühnerstange'), ὀχλέω, ὀχλίζω `bewege fort, rolle or wälze fort';

    alb. vjedh `stehle'; zero grade probably alb. udhë `way, journey; law -Vorschrift', whereof with formants - perhaps also urë `bridge' (*udh-rā);

Note:

Common alb. -g > -dh phonetic mutation as in (*mag-) madh ‘big’.

    lat. vehō, -ere, vēxi (: Old Indian ávākṣat, aksl. věsъ Aorist), vectum `fahren, guide, lead, bear, carry, bring' (in addition probably also con-, -, sub-vexsus), umbr. ařveitu, arsueitu, arueitu ` to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc., a person or thing to a place; and pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a carriage, ship, etc. ', kuveitu ` he/she shall carry together, collect, store ', lat. vehis f. `Wagen, Fuhre, Fuder', vehemēns eig. `*einherfahrend', hence `violent, stormy, hot tempered, stormy', vectis `Hebel, Hebebaum, crowbar ', originally abstract noun *`das Heben, Fortbewegen', vectīgālis `to den tributes an den Staat gehörig' (places ein *vectis in the meaning `das Herbeibringen, Ablieferung' ahead), vectīgal `tribute, tax an den Staat, Gefälle, tax', vēlōx `quick, fast' (*u̯eĝh-slo-), vēles `Leichtbewaffneter'; veia `plaustrum';

    air. fēn `kind of Wagen' (*u̯eĝh-no-; compare Old Indian vahana- and ahd. wagan) = cymr. gwain ds., abrit. covinnus `Sichelwagen', cymr. amwain `herumführen', arwain `guide, lead', cywain `fahren'; air. fecht `journey, time, mal', mcymr. gweith, ncymr. gwaith `work, work, mal', corn. gweth, gwyth `mal', acorn. gueid-uur `opifex', bret. gwez, gweach `mal', gall. PN Vectirix, Vecturius;

    got. gawigan `move, shake', aisl. vega `move, swing, heben, wiegen', ahd. wegan `sich bewegen, wiegen (nhd. bewegen, erwägen, wägen, wiegen), as. wegan `wägen, consider', ags.wegan `bring, guide, lead, wägen', got. gawagjan `move, shake' (= ὀχέω, slav. voziti; lengthened grade Old Indian vāháyati) = ahd. weggen `move'; iterative aisl. vaga `hin - and herbewegen', ags. wagian `sich bewegen', ahd. wagon `sich bewegen, vibrieren' (wherefore as post-verbal ahd.waga `movement' Wissmann, Nom. postv. 1, 14); got. wigs, aisl. vegr, ahd. as. ags. weg `way';aisl. vigg, as. wigg, ags. wicg n. `horse' (= Old Indian vahya-); aisl. vētt, vǣtt f. `Gewicht' (= lat.vectis), ags. wiht n. ds., mhd. gewihte n. ds.;

    aisl. vǫg f. `Hebel', Pl. vagar ` sled ', vǫgur (and vāgir) f. Pl. `barrow, bier'; ahd. as. waga `Wiege', aisl. vagga ds., ahd. wiga `Wiege'; ahd. wagan, ags. wægn, aisl. vagn `Wagen' (ablaut. with ir. fēn); aisl. vagl m. `Hahnenbalken', norw. `Hühnerstange' (`*Tragstange', compare formal ὀχλ-εύς, -έω);

    got. wēgs `Wogenschlag', Pl. `Wogen', aisl. vāgr `sea, Meeresbucht', ahd. wāg `Woge', as. wāg `hochflutendes water', ags. wǣg `Woge'; aisl. vāg `Hebel, Wage, Gewicht', ahd. wāga `Wage, Gewicht, Wagnis' (mnd. mhd. wāgen `in die Wage lay, place, aufs Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, risk'), as. wāga `lanx', ags. wǣg, wǣge `Wage, ein bestimmtes Gewicht';

    lit. vežù, vèžti `fahren', vežìmas `Wagen', vėžė̃ `Wagengeleise', pravėžà `Wagengeleise'; abg. vezǫ, vesti `vehere', veslo `Ruder' (*u̯eĝh-slo-), vozъ `Wagen', vožǫ, voziti `fahren, guide, lead'; also aruss. věža `Wohnwagen, tower'.

References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f.

Page(s): 1118-1120


Root / lemma: u̯eĝ-

Meaning: fresh, strong

German meaning: `frisch, stark sein'

Grammatical information: stative verb u̯eĝē-

Material: Old Indian vāja- m. ` power, quickness, Wettkampf, Kampfpreis', vājáyati `regt an, treibt an, läuft um die Wette'; vájra- m. `thunderbolt, club, mace, joint' = av. vazra- `club, mace, joint', apers. vazrka-, npers. buzurg `big, large', derivative from *u̯azar n.;

    lat. vegeō, -ēre `bin alert, awake, smart', trans. `errege', vigil `watchful, wakeful' and `Wache, Wächter' (*vegilis), thereafter vigilāre `wach sein'; vegetus `rührig, alert, awake, smart';

    got. gawaknan `wake up, arouse' = aisl. vakna ds., ags. wæcnan (preterit wōc), wæcnian `geboren become'; aisl. vakinn `wach'; Kaus. got. uswakjan ` awaken ' (bis auf die Kürze = Old Indian vājáyati) = aisl.vekja, ahd. etc wecchan `waken, arouse, revive'; Zustandsverbum germ. *wakēn in: got. wakan, aisl. vaka (schw. Verb) `watch', ags. wacian, as. wakōn, ahd. wahhōn, wahhēn `watch'; ahd. wachal `wach', ags. wacol (*wakala-), aisl. vǫkull (*wakula- : lat. vigil); got. wōkains f. `das Wachen'; aisl.vakr, ags. wacor, ahd. wachar, wakar `regsam, fresh, wacker' (formal = Old Indian vájra-, av. vazra-); aisl. vaskr `alert, awake, smart, flink' (*vak-ska-); perhaps also ahd. wahs `sharp'.

    toch. AB wásir `Blitzstrahl';

References: WP. I 246 f., WH. II 741.

See also: compare au̯eg-, aug- above S. 84 f., from dem u̯eĝ- schwerlich to separate is.

Page(s): 1117-1118


Root / lemma: u̯egʷ- : ū̆gʷ-, ukʷs-

Meaning: wet; to irrigate; ox (?)

German meaning: `feucht; netzen'

Material: Gr. ὑγρός `humid, wet, flüssig'; lat. ūvidus `humid, wet, damp' (out of it ūdus, whereof ūlīgo `die natürliche Feuchtigkeit of Bodens'), ūvor, -ōris `Feuchtigkeit, Nässe', ūvēscō, -ere `humid, wet become, sich betrinken', ūvēns `humid, wet, damp' (place ein *ūvos from *ūgʷo-s ahead); ūmeō, -ēre `humid, wet sein', ūmor `Feuchtigkeit', ūmectō `befeuchte' (based on auf *ūgʷsmos); mir. fūal `Urin' (*u̯ogʷ-lo-);

    aisl. vǫkr (Akk. vǫkuan) `humid, wet', vǫkvi m., vǫkva f. `Nässe', wherefore aisl. vøkva, vekkja `(blood) shed, fließen lassen', vǫk f. (*vakvō) `offene (nasse) place in Eise', mnd. wake f. `hole in Eise', ndl. wak `humid, wet, damp', engl. (from dem Nord.) wake `Kielwasser';

    s-Erweit.: Old Indian ukṣáti `befeuchtet, besprengt', av. uxšyeiti `sprüht' (vom water and fire);

    in addition (with the same Verhältn. as Old Indian vr̥šan- `virile', lat. verrēs: Old Indian varṣá-m `rain', s. u̯er- `feuchten') idg. ukʷsen- `bull, Tiermännchen' in: Old Indian ukṣā́ m., av. uxšan- `bull' (in addition? fem. *ukʷsōr `die Besprengte' > lat. uxor `Gattin'); cymr. ych `ox' (= idg. *ukʷsō, urbrit. *uchū > , with umlaut ych), Pl. mcymr. ychen, ncymr. ychain, bret. ouhen, oc'hen, corn. ohan `Ochsen', mir. oss `deer'; PN Os-car `hirschliebend', Demin. Oissín `Ossian'; got. aúhsus (Gen. Pl. auhsne), aisl. oxi, ags. oxa, ahd. as. ohso `ox'; toch. В okso `rother, cattle, bull'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*oxa) ka `ox', (*oxie) qe Pl. `oxen'.

References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1, 98.

Page(s): 1118


Root / lemma: u̯eib-

See also: see under u̯eip-.

Page(s): 1124


Root / lemma: u̯eidh-, u̯idh-

Meaning: to separate; widow

German meaning: `trennen'

Comments: probably from *u̯i- `apart' and *dhē- `place' grown

Material: Old Indian vídhyati `durchbohrt' (lengthened grade partly vēdh-, partly vyadh-, latter probably previously through Nachahmung from vyath- : vith- `waver'); viddhá- `durchbohrt, durchschossen', nirviddha `auseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated', vindhátē `wird leer, hat Mangel an etwas', vidhú- `vereinsamt', vidhurá- `apart, separated, remote, distant from, ermangelnd'; vehát `unfruchtbar' i.e. `die leere', Sommer Münchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11, 20;

    lat. dīvidō, -ere `separate, divide', umbr. uef Akk. Pl. `partes', vetu `dividito' (*vēf-tu); lit. vidùs m. `Inneres', vidurỹs m. `Mitte', lett. vidus m. `Mitte, Inneres, region';

maybe nasalized alb. vend `region, place'

ablaut. lit.vieduõlis `innen vertrockneter tree';

maybe alb. (*vieduõlis) vejushë 'widow' [common alb. -d- > -j- phonetic mutation].

    in addition (compare die obigen u-stem) Old Indian vidhávā `Witwe', av. viδavā ds., gr. [F]ίθεος `Junggeselle', lat. vidua `Witwe; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau', viduus `beraubt, leer from etwas', air. fedb `Witwe', corn. guedeu ds., cymr. gweddw `Witwer', got. widuwō `Witwe' (dazuwiduwaírna m. `Waise'), ags. widuwe, wuduwe, ahd. wituwa `Witwe', apr. widdewu, aksl. vьdova ds.; idg. *u̯idheu̯o- Adj. `apart, separated', in Fem. substantivized `Witwe';

    s-present etc ahd. wīsan `vermeiden', urweis Perf. `subterfūgī', mhd. only participle entwisen `verlassen from, leer from'; afries. wēsa, ahd. weiso, nhd. Waise (germ. waisan- < *u̯oidh-son-).

References: WP. I 239 f., WH. I 359, Trautmann 358;

See also: compare u̯idhu- `tree'.

Page(s): 1127-1128


Root / lemma: u̯eid-1

Meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Comments: extension from *u̯ei- ds.

Material: Old Indian vēdá- m. ` tussock of starken Grases, besenförmig gebunden, zum Fegen etc'; hom. ἰδνόομαι `biege mich, krümme mich' (from einem *Fιδ-νό-ς `gebogen'); lat. vīdulus `geflochtener basket'; lett. vīdināt `flax, wattle, braid'.

References: WP. I 236, WH. II 785.

Page(s): 1124


Root / lemma: u̯(e)id-2

Meaning: to see; to know

German meaning: `erblicken, sehen'

Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u̯(e)idē(i)-, nasalized u̯i-n-d-, Perf. u̯oid-а- `have seen, white', whence die meaning `wissen' also auf other forms übertragen wurde; from the meaning ` behold ' derives `find'

Material: A. Old Indian vetti, vidmási vidánti `wissen' (präsentische reshuffling of Perf. vḗda vidmá), vēdate (also), vidáti (also) `wissen', Perf. véda vidmá, Opt. vidyāt, participle vidvān; av. vaēδa vīdarǝ, Opt. vīdyāt̃, vīdvā̊ `wissen' (die meaning `see' in aiwi. vīsǝm `have wahrgenommen', paiti. vīsǝm `wurde gewahr', fravōizdūm `nehmt wahr'); to-participle Old Indian vitta- ` recognized, bekannt', av. vista- `bekannt as' and Old Indian viditá- (probably zur basis *u̯idēi-); Inf. Old Indian vidmáne (= gr. ἴδμεναι) `wissen', gthav. vīdvanōi; Kaus. Old Indian vedayati `läßt wissen, kündigt an, bietet an', av. uzvaēδayeiti `läßt wissen';

    In the meaning `find': Old Indian vindáti (vétti, vitté), ávidat, vivéda, vévidat, vittá-, Kaus. vēdayati, av. vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti, vīvaēδa, vōivīdaiti (Konj.), Kaus. vaēδayeiti `läßt erlangen, makes teilhaftig', participle vista- `(vor)gefunden, vorhanden'; die separation from den forms the meaning `see, wissen' is not quite sharp durchzuführen, compare Old Indian vindáti `white', sbal. gindag `see';

    arm. egit `er fand' (= Old Indian ávidat, gr. Fιδε), gtanem `finde'; from dem Perf. *u̯oida reshaped gitem `I know' (i from oi; in addition gēt, gitak, gitun `wissend, wise'); Nachwirkung of nasal present (= Old Indian vindati, ir. finn-, see below) perhaps in arm. gint `profit, gain', if from *u̯ind-;

    Gr. εἴδομαι `erscheine, scheine, gebe mir den Anschein'; οἶδα `white', ἴδμεν, Konj. εἴδω, participle εἰδώς (*Fειδ-), ἰδυῖα; Aor. εἶδον (Fιδον) `sah', ἰδεῖν (: Old Indian ávidat, arm. egit), participle -ιστος, ἰστέον; gr. ᾽Αΐδης, att. ῝Ᾱιδης probably -Fιδ- `unsichtbar, not anzusehen' s. lastly Frisk 33 f.; nasalized ἰνδάλλομαι `erscheine, zeige mich; gleiche';

    also kelt. vindo- `white' (air. find, cymr. gwynn, gall. PN Vindomagus, -bona);

    lat. videō, -ēre `see' (from the basis *(e)idē-, compare aksl. viděti, lit. pavydė́ti, got.witan, -aida `observe' etc, and with zerro grade *u̯(e)idī̆- the 2. syllable aksl. present viditъ, lit. pavýdime, lat. vīdi-s-tī, Old Indian Aor. avēdīt, vēdi-tár-, vḗdi-tum, vidi-tá-; umbr. uirseto `visa' or `visum', auirseto `unsichtbar': lat. vidēre = tacitus : tacēre), Perf. vīdī (= aksl. vědě), participle vīsus (as vīsus, -us `das Sehen, sight' with ī for after vīdī and vīso);

    lat. vīsō, -ere `besuchen' (i.e. `to sehen wünschen'), umbr. revestu `revisito' (*u̯eid-s-ō); similarly got. gaweisōn, as. ahd. wīsōn `besuchen';

    air. ad-fīadat `sie erzählen' (etc); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbat `er shows', do-adbadar `wird gezeigt', as-ind-et `expounded'; nasal present (see above Old Indian vindáti) nad-finnatar `sie wissen nicht', rofinnadar `pflegt to wissen' (*u̯i-n-d-nǝ-), as-fēnimm, doaisbēna `points, shows, evinces, shows' (from *u̯id-nǝ-) mcymr. 1. Sg. gwnn, corn. gon, mbret. goun `I know' (die weiteren brit. Präsensformen, e.g. 2. Sg. mcymr. gwydost, gwdost, 1. Pl. ncymr. gwyddom, are against it vom Perf. derive  ); Perf. air. rofetar `I know', rofitir `er white' = cymr. gwyr (*u̯id-rai); air. rofess `scitum est' (*u̯id-to-m, compare also fiss, ncymr. gwys `das Wissen' from *u̯id-tu-s), fess `scita' (Pl. neutr.), mcymr. gwyss, mbret. gous `wurde gewußt'; air. toīsech, cymr. tywysog `guide, leader' (*to-u̯issākos, Ogam Gen. TOVISACI), air. tūus `Anfang', cymr. tywys `guide, lead' (*to-u̯issus, idg. *-u̯id-tus); here probably also air. fōid- `schicken', e.g. 3. Pl. fōidit (= Old Indian vēdayati, aisl. veita ds); air. fīado `master, mister' (*u̯eidont-s);

    got. fraweitan `rächen' (`animadvertere'), ahd. firwīzzan `tadelnd vorwerfen, verweisen', wīzzan `bemerken, look out auf', as. ags. wītan `reproach, rebuke, reproach' (therefrom aisl. vīti n. ags.wīte, as. wīti, ahd. wīzzi n. ` punishment '), got. in-weitan `die worship, veneration prove'; with ostentatious meaning-Entw. ags. gewītan `fortgehen, die', as. giwītan `gehen', ahd. (Hildebrandlied) giweit `er ging', (Tatian) arawīzan `discedere'; got. fairweitjan `gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf -ē: -ī̆-, as certainly die ē-Verben got. witan, -aida `auf etwas sehen, observe', aisl. only participle vitaðr `beobachtet, bestimmt', ags. (be)witian `betrachten, decide, define, ordain, determine'; preterit present got. wait, witum `white, wir wissen' (Inf. witan, participle witands neologism), aisl. veit vitum (vita, vissa) `wissen', also `bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein after, look after, gehen after', ags. wāt, witon (witan, wisse wiste), ahd. weiz, wizzumēs (wizzan, wissa, wessa) `wissen' substantiviertes participle got. weitwōÞs `Zeuge' (: εἰδώς, ἰδυῖα `Zeuge');to-participle got. unwiss `ungewiß', ahd. giwis(s), as. ags. wiss `gewiß' (aisl. vissa `Gewißheit'); Kaus. aisl. veita `grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in eine Richtung leiten', ahd. weizen `show, beweisen'; to Fιδεῖν seems as Injunktiv ags. wuton (with folgendem Inf.) from *witon `laßt uns' (older `laßt uns zusehen, tendamus') to belong;

    lit. véizdmi (for *veidmi after dem Imper. alit. veizdi = *u̯eid-dhi, compare Old Indian viddhí), veizdė́ti `see, hinblicken', pavýdžiu, -výdime -vydė́ti `invidere' (see o); vom old Perf.from apr. waisei, waisse `du weißt' (= aksl. věsi) waidimai `wir wissen', Inf. waist; aksl.viždǫ, vidiši, viděti `see', altes Perf. Med. vědě (= lat. vīdī `white'), präsentisch umgebildetvěmь, věděti `wissen'; pověděti `wissen lassen' (probably reshuffling eines Kaus. *u̯oidéi̯ō, sl. *věditi, after věděti `wissen'); izvěstъ `bekannt, gewiß'.

    B. nominal formation:

    root nouns Old Indian -vid- `kennend, expert, skillful' (e.g. aśvavid-), av. vīd- `teilhaftig'; gr. νῆ-ις, -ιδος `ignorant';

    got. unwita, ahd. unwizzo `Unwissender', ahd. forawizzo `praescius', ags. wita `weiser man, Ratgeber', gewita `Zeuge', ahd. wizzo `weiser man', giwizzo `Zeuge' post-verbal en-stem; aberair. fīadu `Zeuge' (*u̯eid-u̯ōt-s) secondary n-stem;

    Old Indian vidā́ `Kenntnis', cymr. etc gwedd f. `sight, apparition'; Old Indian vidyā́ `Wissen, doctrine', av. viδya ds.; air. airde n. `mark, token, sign' (*[p]ari-vidi̯om) = cymr. arwydd m. ds., as. giwitt, ahd. (gi)wizzi n. `Wissen, Verstand', ags. witt `Verstand, Besinnung', got. unwiti n. `Unwissenheit, Unverstand', compare also ahd. wizzī f. `Wissen, Verstand, Besinnung' in addition ahd.gi-, ir-wizzēn `look out' (nhd. Witz m.), mnd. witte f. ds.;

    es-stem: Old Indian vḗdas n. `Kenntnis, Umsicht, heilige Schrift', gr. εἶδος n. `Aussehen, shape', lit. véidas `Angesicht' (to glottal stop see below), aksl. vidъ (serb. vîd) `sight, Aussehen' (from ehemaligen Neutra), so probably also: mir. fīad m. `Ehrenbezeigung', air. fīad (*u̯eidos) with Dat. `coram', cymr. yngwydd ds., gwydd `Anwesenheit', mbret. a goez, nbret. ac'houez `öffenlich' (`angesichts'); cymr. ad-wydd `cruel, savage', gwar-adwydd `insult'; other formations in got. unweis `ignorant, ungebildet', fullaweis `vollkommen weise', aisl. vīss, ahd. as. ags. wīs `wise' (*u̯eid-s-o-), ahd. wīs(a) `(*Aussehen =) kind of, Weise', ags. wīs(e) `Weise, state, status, direction', aisl. ǫðruvīs `different', perhaps also ἰδέα `outer apparition, shape, sight' (if *Fιδέσᾱ);

    gr. ἴδρις, -ιος `wissend, expert, skillful ', aisl. vitr `sensible, wise';

    gr. (hom.) εἰδάλιμος `beautiful from Gestalt', εἰδάλλεται φαίνεται Hes., due to eines *εἴδαλο- wherefore with Suffixablaut εἰδωλον `shape', ἀείδελος `unsichtbar'; lit. vaidalas `apparition', pavìdalas `shape' (*-elo-); gr. εἰδυλίς, -ίδος `εἰδυῖα, ἐπιστήμων', Old Indian vidura- `smart, sensible, wise', lit. pavìdulis `Ebenbild', akiẽs pavydulis, apr. weydulis ` eyeball', got. faírweitl `Schauspiel';

    Old Indian vidmán- m. `Weisheit' (compare also Inf. vidmanē, ἴδμεναι), gr. ἴδμων, -ονος `expert, skillful'; ἰδμήν φρόνησιν Hes.;

    gr. ἴστωρ, att. ἵστωρ, böot. Fίστωρ `wissend, expert, skillful; Schiedsrichter', ἱστορεῖν `erkunden', ἱστορία `Geschichte';

    in Balt. gives es eine Reihe from words with dem ablaut ēi: ī: lit. véidas (compared with serb. vîd from *u̯ĕidos), véizdmi, vyzdỹs ` eyeball', išvýsti `gewahr become', pavydė́ti `beneiden', pavỹdas `Neid', apr. aina-wīdai Adv. `gleich'; the originator seems das lengthened gradee present *u̯ēid-mi.

    perhaps here aksl. věžda, aruss. věža `eyelid' (proto slav.. vědi̯a, Vasmer 1, 178) and ksl. nevežda `Ungebildeter', aruss. věža `Wissender'.

References: WP. I 236 ff., WH. II 784 f., Trautmann 338, 357 f., Vasmer 1, 176 ff., 192, Frisk 33 f., 451 f., M. Leumann Celtica 3, 241 ff.

Page(s): 1125-1127


Root / lemma: u̯eik-1

Meaning: to choose, filter

German meaning: `aussondern'

Material: Old Indian vinákti, vivékti, vevekti `sondert, siebt, sichtet', Part. viktá-; Kaus. vecáyati; av. ava-vaēk- `ausscheiden, aussuchen'; from the meaning `to gottesdienstlichen Zwecken aussondern' entspringt die of `Weihens', wherefore here lat. victima ` sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', beruhend auf einemi-or u-stem, *vikti-s bzw. *viktu-s `Weihung'; got. weihs `holy', as. wīh- ds., ahd. wīh, wīhi ds., compare mhd. (ze) wīhen nahten, from which nhd. Weihnachten; aisl. - n. `Heiligtum, Tempel', as. wīh m. `Tempel', ags. wēoh, wīg m. `Götterbild'; abgeleitetes Vb. got. weihan, altisl. vīgja, as. wīhian, afries. wīa, wīga, ahd. wīhen `weihen'; with Intensivgemination germ. *wik-kan- `Zauberer': ags. wicca m. ds., wicce `Zauberin' (engl. witch); md. wicken `conjure, perform magic', wicker `Zauberer, Wahrsager'; without Geminata: ags. wigol `zum Wahrsagen gehörig', wiglian `wahrsagen', mnd. wickelen; eine variant *u̯eig- (?) in umbr. eveietu `electum' (*ek-u̯eigētum?).

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 782;

See also: relationship to u̯eik-, u̯eigh- `bend' etc is not ausgeschlossen.

Page(s): 1128


Root / lemma: u̯eik-2

Meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc.)

German meaning: `energische, especially feindselige Kraftäußerung'

Material: Lat. vincō, -ere, vīci, victum `die Oberhand gewinnen, siegen; defeat, conquer', pervicāx `hartnäckig, steadfast', osk. vincter `convincitur';

    air. fichid `fights', -fich- `punish, curse', fīch m. `discord, rage, fury', feuchuir `stern' (*u̯íkaris), feuchrae `Strenge' (unclear is das ch in acymr. guich[i]r `wild'), fecht (*u̯iktā) `Kriegszug = acymr. guith, cymr. gwyth `rage, fury', abret. uueith- in PN; gall. VN auf -vices (abrit. Ordo-vices `Hammerkämpfer'), PN Victo-valos etc; with Full grade Vēcti-rīx, Vēco-rīx = air. PN Fīachrai, Gen. Fīachrach (Ogam VECREC);

    got. weihan `fight', wigana Dat. Sg. `fight, struggle, war, fight'; ags. ahd. wīgan (ahd. only in Part.wīgant, wīhant, gawigan `decrepitus', irwigan, confectus, `abgekämpft') `fight, quarrel', mhd. anwīgen ` assail '; mhd. wīhen `schwächen', nhd. dial. sich weihen = `sich weigern', anweihen `anfechten'; aorist-präsentisch aisl. vega, vá `fight, slay', ahd. ubarwehan `überwinden' (with falschem Kons.), mhd. widerwehen `with blanken Waffen kämpfen'; aisl. vēla (*vīhalian) `sort, order, arrange, sich with etwas abgeben'; aisl. vīg, as. wīg, mnd. afr. wīch, ahd. wīc, wīg etc `fight, struggle', aisl. Adj. vīgr `kampftüchtig', got. zero grade waihjō f. `war, fight, fight, struggle'; o-grade in germ. *waigō- f. ` power ', therefrom derived as. wēgian, ags. wǣgan, ahd. weigen etc `belästigen, torment, smite', norw. veiga `swing'; ein ro-Adj. is ahd. weigar `sich widersetzend, stout, proud', mndl. weiger, wēger `widerwillig', therefrom ahd. weigarōn etc `sich weigern';

    lit. veikiù, veĩkti `somewhat make, work', apveikiù `bezwinge', pérveikiu `bewältige', véikus `geschwind', veiklùs `tätig, geschäftig', viẽkas ` power, life', vỹkis m. `life(digkeit)', vikrùs `alert, awake, smart'; lett. vèikt `align' etc; veĩklis `hurtig, fit, healthy', vīkt `thrive';

    aksl. věkъ m. ` power, Lebensalter', èech. russ. věk ds.;

    perhaps here also lat. vix `barely, with genauer need', as `alle Kraft zusammennehmend'.

References: WP. I 232 f., WH. II 791 f., Trautmann 339, Vasmer 1, 179.

Page(s): 1128-1129


Root / lemma: u̯eik-3

Meaning: to come together, become equal

German meaning: `zutreffen, gleichkommen'?

Material: Gr. εἰκών (kypr. Fεικόνα) f. `Bild', hom. εἶκε Impf. `es schien good', herakl. εἶξαν `siehielten for good, regelten', hom. ἔοικε `es schickt sich, paßt' (FFοικε; 3. Du. εἴκτον, etc), att. εἰκώς (*FεFικFώς) `suitable, fitting, fitting', hom. ἐΐσκω (*FεFικσκω), ἴσκω (*Fίκσκω) `vergleiche', (F)εἴκελος, (F)ἴκελος `similarly', ἐπιεικής `angemessen', ion. ἀεικής `unpassend', att. ἀικής (*αFικής) `schmählich', αἰκί̄α ` maltreatment ', εἰκάζω (-Fικάζω) `bilde after, vergleiche, vermute';

    lit. į-vỹkti `eintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become', pavéikslas `example', paveikslùs `musterhaft', lett. vīkst `vorbereiten'; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *u̯eik-2 genannten words, as lit. véikus `geschwind', veĩkti `do, make', is though not with confidence vorzunehmen.

References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.

Page(s): 1129


Root / lemma: u̯eik-4, u̯eig-

Meaning: to curve, bend; to go round, to exchange

German meaning: 1. `biegen, winden'; also von drehender, schwingender (then überhaupt rascher) Bewegung as well as vom hastigen Sich-zurück-Biegen, Zurückschnellen, Ausbiegen, um einer Bedrohung, einem Schlage under likewise auszuweichen, `sich wenden, weichen'. 2. With the meaning `variation, Abwechslung'

Comments: (extension from *u̯ei- `bend').

Material: 1. Old Indian vī́ci- f. ` deception, seduction ' (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably `*Krummheit');

    with voiced-nonaspirated Old Indian vḗjate, vijáte, participle vikta-, vigna- `vor etwas zurückfahren, davoneilen', pra-vij- `Einsturz threaten', abhi-vij- `umkippen', vēga- m. `Zittern, heftige Bewegung, Andrang', av. vaēg- (vaējǝ-) `(ein Geschoß) swing', vaēɣa- m. `Anprall, blow, knock, prank', nivixta- `herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert', npers. vēxtan `toss, fling', osset. vēɣun `upset, move', balūèī gējag `swing, toss, fling'; Intens. Old Indian vēvíjyate `fährt los';

    Old Indian vi-vyákti `umfaßt', vyácas- n. `further Raum', av. vyāxa-, vyāxman- `congregation, meeting' (?);

    gr. εἴκω, Aor. (F)ειξε Alkman `zurückweichen, nachstehen, unterliegen', (böot.) γῖξαι (i.e.Fεῖξαι) χωρῆσαι Hes.;

    lat. vicia f. `vetch': nasalized vinciō, -īre `umwinden, bind', umbr. previślatu `praevinculātō';

    got. waihsta `Winkel, point, edge', mhd. weigen `waver'; ags. wicga `beetle, chafer'; mnd. nnd. wīchele `Weidenbaum' from *wīgele, diminutive to as. *wīga, westfäl. wīǝʒǝ `Weidenbaum', ablaut. afries. ags. wāg, as. wēg `wall', (*u̯oiko- `geflochtene wall'); also mhd. gewīge, nhd. Geweih, dial.Gewicht(eln) ds. (originally probably `*Gezweig');

    lett. vīkstu, vīkt `sich biegen, ductile become', vīksts ` ductile, soft', vīkne `Ranke'; lett. vī̆cināt `schwenken, tummeln', refl. `sich schwenken, Biegungen make'.

    With idg. g: aisl. vīkva, ȳkva (w-present), vīkja, preterit veik `from the Stelle rücken, (sich) bewegen, sich wenden', as. wīkan `weichen' (: εἴκω), ags. wīcan st. V. `weichen, zusammenfallen', ahd. wīhhan st. V. `eine Richtung nehmen, weichen'; aisl. veikr (and veykr with -w- after vīkva) `soft, weak', nnorw. also `pliable' (compare aisl. veikja `bend'), ags. wāc (out of it aisl. vākr) `soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', as. wēc `weak', ahd. weich `soft, weak, timorous'; ags. wice f. `Rüster', mengl. wiker `Weidengerte'; mnd. wīk m., wīke f. `Entweichen, escape', mhd. wīch m. `das Weichen', formal = aisl. vīk `small Bucht', ags. wīc f., mnd. wīk ds.; norw. dial. vik n. `small point, edge or bend'; ahd. wīhhōn `spring, tanzen, hüpfen', nhd. hess. wicken `rash, hasty and violent hin and her bewegen', schwed. vicka `sich unstet bewegen, wippen';

    lit. vigrùs, vìglas `rash, hasty, adroit', lett. vìegis `light', slov. vẹ̃g `verbogen', vẹ́gati `waver', vẹ́žen `gebogen'.

    2. Lat. vicis (Gen.), vicem, vice, Pl. vicēs, vicibus `variation, Abwechslung'; perhaps air. fiach `mutuum, Geschuldetes, Schuld'; aisl. giafa-vīxl `Austausch from Gaben', ā vīxl `kreuzweis' (vīxla `swap, vary, exchange'); as. wehsāl `trade, Geld', ahd. wëhsal, wehsil `variation, Austausch, trade' (as. wehslōn, mhd. nhd. wechseln); with sicherem idg. g got. wikō `die an jemanden kommende Reihenfolge', aisl. vika `Woche' (originally `*variation'), also `Seemeile' (`*variation the Ruderer'; also mnd. weke sēs `Seemeile'), ags. wicu, wucu `Woche', as. wika in crūce-wika `Kreuzwoche', ahd. wëhha, wohha `Woche';

    unclear is because of Gutturals Old Indian viṣṭí- (*u̯ik̂-) `work, Dienstleistung', tri-viṣṭī́ (Instr.), after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) `abwechselnd', after G. Liebert (Nominalsuffix -ti- S. 138 f.) though `dreifache Dienstleistung'.

References: WP. I 233 ff., WH. II 781 f., 791 f., Trautmann 338 f., Frisk 454.

Page(s): 1130-1131


Root / lemma: u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o-

Meaning: house, settling

German meaning: `Haus, Siedlung'

Material: Old Indian víś- f. `Wohnsitz, house', PL víśaḥ `people, Untertanen', av. vīs- (e.g. Akk. vīsǝm, ap. viÞam) `house, village, Clan', Old Indian viś-páti- ` householder, Gemeindehaupt', viś-pátnī ` housewife', ablaut. Old Indian vḗśman- n., jav. vaēsma- m. `house, dwelling', Old Indian vēśá- m. `Nachbar' (as lat. vīcīnus); verbal (see below) Old Indian viśati `tritt ein, geht ein', niviśati `kehrt ein', av. vīsaiti `geht ein, tritt ein to etwas';

Maybe from Skt. víś- (RV+) `settlement, community, tribe' derived alb. (*víś) fis `settlement, community, tribe', vis `territory, spot, place '

Note:

Alb. cognate has derived from Sanskrit not from Slavic.

    gr. οἶκος, Fοῖκος `house', οἰκία ds., οἰκέω `bewohne', οἰκέτης `housemate', τριχά-Fικες epithet the Dorer `in drei Phylen zerfallend'; alb. vis `place', amvisë (amë `mother') ` housewife';

    lat. vīcus, dial. vēcus `Häusergruppe, village, Flecken, Stadtteil' (= gr. Fοῖκος), umbr. uocu-com, Akk. vuku if `aedes'; lat. vīlla `Landhaus, estate' (*u̯oik-slā, with lat. suffix-slā, or *u̯eik-s- to es-stem from got. weihs);

    got. weihs n., Gen. weihsis `village, Flecken';

    apr. waispattin Akk. ` housewife', lit. viẽšpat(i)s `master, mister', viẽšpati `noble wife, woman', verbal lit. váišinti `bewirten', viešė́ti `to Gaste sein', lett. vìesis `guest'; aksl. vьsь `village'.

Maybe truncated alb. (*viẽšpati) fshati `village' common alb. v- > f- shift] hence not a borrowing from aksl. vьsь `village'; also truncated alb. vajzë, vashë 'girl': apr. waispattin Akk. ` housewife' the same as Rumanian cognate for girl.

This discovery is crucial to prove that alb. cognates derive from the earlier matriarchal period that preceded patriarchy.

Note:

Evidently Old Indian viśati ` enters, comes ' derived from ves `village' + pater `father, master' hence it is a compound of two other roots.

 

alb. (*viẽšpati) fshati `village'. To alb. are also related Old Church Slavic: vьsь `village', Russian: ves' (obs.) `village', Czech: ves `village', Slovak: ves `village', Polish: wieś `village', Slovene: vās `village', Lithuanian: viẽšpats `lord'.

References: WP. I 231, WH. II 782 f., Trautmann 363 f., Vasmer 1, 193.

Page(s): 1131


Root / lemma: u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī-

Meaning: to turn, bend, wind, *branch out

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'; vielfach von biegsamen Zweigen, Flechtwerk, Rankengewächsen

Comments:

Root / lemma: u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : `to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' through an illyr.-balt. intermediary root since the shift d- > zero is a unique illyr.-balt. phonetic mutation.

Material: A. Old Indian váyati `webt, flicht' (paradigmatic freilich with Perf. ūvuh, participle ūtá-, Inf. ṓtum zusammengefaßt, die zur root *au̯-, presumably the base from u̯ei-, belong); vāya- m. `Weber, the weaving ', vāyaka- `Weber, Näher'; vyáyati ` winded, wickelt, hüllt' (: lat. vieō), participle vītá- `gewunden, gewickelt', vyāna- n. `das Winden, Umhüllen'; vayā́ `twig, branch, bough', compare lengthened grade aksl.věja `twig, branch, bough'); about vēvīyate `flattert' see above S. 86;

    gr. γίς (i.e. Fίς) ἱμάς Hes., υἱήν ἄμπελον, υἱόν ἀναδενδράδα (υ- = F-), εὐιάδες ἄμπελοι Hes.;

    alb. with g(h)-suffix vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel';

Note:

alb. degë `Zweig, Ast, Gebüsch' (*du̯oi-ghā) : vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel', common illyr.-balt. d- > zero phonetic mutation. Root / lemma: u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : `to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two'.

    lat. vieō, viēre `bind, flechte' (viē-: Old Indian vyā-na-), vītilis `geflochten';

    air. fe-n- (*u̯i-nǝ-) in ar-fen- `abschließen', im-fen- `umhegen', Verbaln. imbe n., mir. tech fithe `a wicker house'; cymr. gwïal-en `twig, branch'; mir. `rod' (*u̯īi̯ā);

    got. waddjus `Wall, wall' (originally from Flechtwerk) = aisl. veggr `wall' (urgerm. *wajjus);

    lit. vejù, výti `winden, turn', výtas `gewunden, gedreht' (= Old Indian vītá-), aksl. vьjǫ, viti `turn, flax, wattle, braid, winden', lett. vīja `geflochtener fence', vī̆jas `Ranken', aksl. věja `twig, branch, bough' (Dehnstufenform besides Old Indian vayā́ ds.); ablaut. ksl. povoj m. `fascia'.

    B. With (h)-extension presumably here:

    Lit. vyžà `Bastschuh', lett. vîze `geflochtener Bastschuh'.

    C. With l-formant:

    Aisl. vēl (*u̯ēi-) `Kunst, Kniff, tool', vēla `bestricken', ags. PN Wēlund, ahd. Wialant; ags. wīl(e) `artifice, deceit';

    lit. vielà `Draht', vielióti `wickeln', vylė̃, lett. vīle `hem, Strieme'; lit. ap-vìlti `lie', vylùs ` fallacious ', výlius `lie, falsity', apr. pra-vilts `verraten'; russ. viljátь `die Richtung beim Laufen ändern, wedeln, Winkelzüge make', vilój `gewunden, gekraust', vílica `ivy'.

Maybe alb. vile 'bunch of grape', vjel 'harvest grapes'

    D. With m-formant:

    Old Indian vḗman- n. `loom (from *u̯ei-men, at first to váyati); lat. vīmen `rod zum flax, wattle, braid, Flechtwerk'; mir. fiam `Kette'; mnd. wīm(e) `Lattenwerk, Stangen'; with dem concept the drehenden Bewegung isl. vīm, vīma `Schwindel, anesthetization ', norw. dial. veima `lurch, waver', nhd. hess. wīmeln `waver'; in the case of here gr. εἰμάδες ποιμένων οἰκίαι Hes. as `from Ruten geflochtene Hütten' (*Fει-μα = lat. vīmen)?

    E. With n-formant:

    Gr. ἴς, ἰνός `sinew' (*Fι-ν-: èech. vínek `band, strap, Stirnband' or *Fισ-ν- zur root form u̯eis-2); aksl. věnьcь `Kranz'; probably ags. wine-wincla (besides pīne-wincle) `Uferschnecke', wining `Binde'; about gr. ἴς compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 5702;

    barely here the name of Weins: gr. οἶνος (myk. vo-no-) `Wein', οἴνη `Weinstock', οἰνάς, -άδος `Weinstock, Rebe, Wein', arm. gini `Wein', (*u̯oi-ni̯om), alb. vēnë, tosk. verë `Wein' (*u̯oinā), lat. vīnum; letzteres is not bare die wellspring from air. fīn, cymr. gwin and from got.wein, ahd. as. ags. aksl. vīn (from which again aksl. vino and from dem Slav. lit. vỹnas), but probably also die from falisk. volsk. uinu, umbr. vinu, uinu; da the Pontus the originator of the Weinkultur war, handelt es sich wobl um ein vorderasiat. word; compare ursemit. *wainu (arab. äthiop. wain, hebr. jajin, assyr. īnu) and hitt. wi-ja-na-a-, hierogl.-hitt. wa(i)ana-, luv. dial. win-; s. lastly Laroche BSL 51, XXXIII, A. Kammenhuber Münch. stem f. Spr. 6, 53 f.

    F. With r-formant:

    Gr. ἶρις ` rainbow ' (Fῖρις) = Iρις and Εἶρις (Fῖρις) `the as Götterbotin personifizierte rainbow '; ags. wīr `Metalldraht, gewundener jewellery', mnd. wīre `Metalldraht', spätaisl.vīra-virki `work from Metaldraht'; besides germ. wīra-, das because of gr. Fῖρις probably auf idg. *u̯ī-ro goes back, steht germ. *wēira- from *u̯ēi-ro- in ahd. wiara `gold- or Silberdraht'; air. fiar `slant, skew', cymr. gŵyr `recurvus, limus', (*u̯ē̆iro-), bret. goar, gwar `courbe'; lat. viriae `a kind of Armschmuck' is kelt. loanword;

    lit. į-vairùs `tortuosus, mannigfaltig, verschiedenartig'.

    G. With t-formant:

    Old Indian vēta-, vētasá- m. `rankendes Wassergewächs, reed, Gerte', vētra- m. `Rohrstab, duct, tube, pipe', av. vaēiti `Weide, Weidengerte'; participle Old Indian vītá- (see above);

    gr. ἰτέα `Weide'; οἰσύη, οἴσυον `eine Weidenart' (*Fοιτυο-, -υᾱ), οἶσος m. `Dotterweide', οἶσον `rope'; ἴτυς, -&υος, äol. Fιτυς f. `Radfelge, Schildrand, Weide' (= lat. vitus);

    lat. vītilis `gedreht', vītis `Rebe' (= lit. výtis); vītex, -icis `Keuschlamm, (ein tree)', vitus f. `Radfelge' (gr. Lw.??), vitta `Binde' (from *vītā, dem Fem. of participle *u̯ītos, through consonant increase);

    air. fēith f. `fibra' (*veiti-), cymr. gwden from *gwyden (*u̯eitinā) `vinculum, ligamen, virga contorta'; mir. fēithlenn `Epheu' (?); but cymr. gwythïen, corn. gwyth, abret. guithennou `vein(n)' are Lw. from lat. vitta;

    aisl. vīðir `Weide', ags. wīðig `Weide' (see above lat. vītex etc), mnd. wīde, ahd. wīda `Weide' (in addition o-grade as gr. οἰσύα : norw. dial. veid `Weide, Wicken'), ags. weðel `Binde'; nhd. Eingeweide, mhd. (ĭn)geweide: ahd. wid(i) `rope from gedrehten Reisern', kuna-with `manacle', got. kuna-wida `manacle', aisl. við, -jar `gedrehtes band, strap', viðja ds. = ags. wiððe `Weidenband', ahd. witta `Binde', ags. wiðo-, wiðe-winde `convolvulus', mnd. wede-winde `ds., ivy, Geißblatt', ags. wiðu-winde `Geißblatt', aisl. við-vindill ds.; also (compare got. inwinds `verkehrt', inwindiÞa `Ungerechtigkeit' to windan) as. inwid `malice, Tücke', ags. inwidd `bösartig, heimtückisch', aisl. īviðgjarn `bösartig';

    lit. Inf. výti, vytìs (Akk. vỹtį) `Weidengerte', ablaut. žil-vìtis `Grauweide'; lett. vīte `Ranke', vîtuõls `Weide', apr. witwan `Weide', apewitwo `Uferweide' (: ἴτυ-ς); ablaut. aksl. větvь `twig, branch';

    aksl. Inf. viti; vitь (= lit. vytìs) `res torta in modum funis', pavitь `Ranke', sъ-vitъkъ `(book)rolle', russ. vítvina `twig, branch, rod, Gerte', sloven. vitika `ring'.

References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 193 f. 195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 101, Frisk 462.

Page(s): 1120-1122


Root / lemma: u̯ei-2, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī̆-

Meaning: to wither

German meaning: `welken'

Comments: extended u̯ī-t- and u̯ei-s-

Material: Lat. viēscō, -ere `verwelken, verschrumpfen', viētus ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, verschrumpft';

Maybe alb. (viēscō) vyshket `wither'

    air. feugud gl. `marcor' is from fēo ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ' (*u̯i-u̯o-) = cymr. gwyw ds. derived;

    aisl. visinn ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', participle eines *wisan, whereof germ. *wis-n-ōn, -ēn in aisl. visna, ags. wisnian and (with gramm. variation) weornian, ahd. wesanēn `wither, wilt' (also nhd. verwesen belongs as ags. forweoren `verwest' shows, originally here); mhd. wesel `weak, faint, languid', engl. dial. weasel, weazen `thin, mager', aisl. vesall ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', vesligr ds., norw. visa `schwache person', schwed. vesa `exhaust';

    lit. výsti `wither, wilt' (preterit výtau), výtinu, pa-vaitinù `make welken', lett. vietēt, vītēt ds.

References: WP. I 227 f., WH. II 787 f.;

See also: relationship to u̯eis- `zerfließen' is probable.

Page(s): 1123


Root / lemma: u̯ei-3, u̯eiǝ- : u̯ī-

Meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong

German meaning: 1. `auf etwas losgehen', einerseits `gehen, gerade Richtung nehmen; Weg, Reihe', andererseits `worauf losgehen, es erstreben, erjagen, ersehnen, wollen'. 2. `strong sein'

Material: Old Indian vḗti, 3. Pl. vyánti, also váyati `verfolgt, strebt, leads (the weapons), treibt, lenkt', also `enjoys', participle vītá- `verfolgt, beliebt', Adj. `geradlinig', vītā `row', vīthí-, vīthī f. `row, way', pravayaṇa- `zum Antreiben dienlich', m. `Stachelstock', pravḗtar- `Wagenlenker', vīti- `horse' (`*Verfolger'?); pada-vī f. `spoor, way, Pfad', padavāyá- `Wegweiser, Anführer' (lengthened grade); with the meaning `erstreben - gern haben under likewise'; vītá- `beliebt, gern genossen', vītí- `Genießen, enjoyment, meal', deva-vī- `den Göttern angenehm', devá-vīti- `enjoyment, feast for die gods';

    av. vōi Inf. `to erfreuen, to gefallen'; vāy- (vayeiti, vīvāiti `jagt weg', 3. Pl. vyeinti) `verfolgen, hunt, chase', vyāna- `the Verfolgte', vōiϑwa- Adj. `to hunt, chase, jagend to verfolgen', vītar- `Verfolger', vātay- `Verfolgung';

    with the meaning `fliegen' Old Indian ved. vēvīyatē `flies' and av. ā-vayeinti `sie fliegen heran'; Old Indian vēnati `ersehnt', vēná- `sehnsüchtig, verlangend';

    gr. ̄εμαι `bewege mich vorwärts, eile, strebe, begehre', (reshuffling eines *Fῑ-ι̯ομαι; Asper after dem Medium from ἵημι), ̄έμενος `cupidus', εἴσατο(F-), [F]είσατο `ging los', οἶμος `Gang, way, pathway', (*Fοῖμος), hom. ̆ωκή `Verfolgung' (F-), Akk. ̄ῶκα ds., ̄ωχμός (ῑ metr. lengthening) `Schlachtgetümmel', παλί̄ωξις, παλι-ίωξις `Wiederzurückdrängen in Kampfe', korinth. Fιώκει `verfolgt' (compare διώκ-ω : δίεμαι); ἱερός (Fῑερος), dor. Fῑαρὸς (ὄρνις) `hurtig, quick, fast' (ῑ metr. lengthening), besides *Fῑ-ρος, vorausgesetzt through ep. ion. ̄ρηξ, -ηκος ` hawk' (the schnelle), att. (through engeren connection an ἱερός) ἱέρᾱξ, -ᾱκος ` hawk';

    ̄ς ` power ' (= lat. vīs, vim), γίς ἰσχύς Hes., ἶφι `with power ' (Instr. auf -bhi), whereof ἴφιος; about ἴς `sinew' see above S. 1121;

    lat. via f. `way'. osk. viú, umbr. Ablativ vea, via ds., osk. amvían(n)ud `Straßenviertel, road' (*u̯ē̆i̯ā); lat. vīs `du willst' (*u̯ei-si = Old Indian vḗṣi), vīs, vim ` power, force, might' (= gr. ̄ς ds.), Pl. vīrēs (from einem s-stem); invītāre `bewirten, einladen', with in- `ein'- compared with verneinendem in- `un'- in invītus `wider Willen' (: Old Indian vītá- `beliebt'); in the case of vindex `Bürge, Rächer' as `Bestimmer the Sühne' to aksl. vīna `Schuld'?

    (about air. fīad `Wild', fīadach `Jagd' etc see below *u̯idhu- `tree');

    mcymr. gwit `dish, food', mel-wit `Honigseim' (: Old Indian vītí- `enjoyment, meal'), Ifor Williams BBCS. 11, 143;

    aisl. veiðr `Jagd', ags. wāð `Jagd, journey' = ahd. weida `Futter, Weide, Jagd (Waidwerk), Fischerei', also `Fahrt, journey', mhd. anderweide `zum zweitenmal', nhd. anderweit, mhd.drī-weide `zum drittenmal', aisl. veiða, ags. wæðan `hunt, chase, umherstreifen', ahd. weidōn `hunt, chase; Futter suchen': idg. *u̯oi- `das Drauflosgehen, Jagen'; as. in PN Wī-rīc, Gēr-wī(: lat. vīs);

    lit. vejù, výti `hunt, chase, verfolgen', výtas (= Old Indian vītá-) `verfolgt', vajó-ju, -ti `mehrfach nachjagen', pavijỹs `Strecke Wegs', lett. vajāt `verfolgen', ãt-vejai `Rückfälle from Krankheiten', ãt-veja `mal' (`*Gang', compare mhd. anderweide `zum zweitenmal'); ō-grade lit. pavõjus `danger', pavojùs `dangerous'; aksl. vojь `warrior', vojьna `war, fight', ablaut. aksl. povinǫti `unterwerfen', vъzvitije `profit, gain' (`*Erjagtes'); with the meaning `Verfolgung eines Übeltäters' probably aksl. vina `Schuld, punishment ', ablaut. lett. vaĩna `Schuld', lit. vainóti `vilify, scold, scold, chide', apr.etwinūt `entschuldigen';

    èech. etc vítati `begrüßen' reminds an lat. invitāre; unclear is das relationship to russ.vitátь etc `stay, dwell', and to lit. vietā, lett. vīeta `place' (*u̯eitā), Trautmann 345, Vasmer 1, 205;

maybe nazalized alb. (*vietā) vend 'place'

    es-stem, bzw. s-extension: Old Indian váyas- n. ` vitality, Jugendkraft, Jugendalter', vīḍayati (*u̯i-z-d-) `makes strong, tight, firm', vīḍú- `tight, firm', vivēṣṭi, vḗṣati `is tätig, wirkt, bringt zustande, richtet from', lat. -r-ēs (see o).

References: WP. I 228 ff., WH. I 713 f., II 749 f., 800 f., Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 201, 215;

See also: compare also u̯ī̆ro-s `man'.

Page(s): 1123-1124


Root / lemma: u̯eip-, u̯eib-

Meaning: to turn, sway

German meaning: `drehen; sich drehend, schwingend bewegen'

Material: 1. u̯eip-: Old Indian vḗpatē, -ti `regt sich, zittert', vē;páyati, vipáyati `makes tremble', vípra- `erregt, begeistert', vip- if `rod, Gerte', vipātha- m. `a kind of Pfeil' (compare tela vibrāre); av. vip- `throw, entsenden (Samen)';

    cymr. gwisgi `restless, reif' (from Nüssen) from *u̯ip-skī-mo-?;

    got. biwaibjan `umwinden', ahd. ziweibjan `scatter'; aisl. veifa `in schwingender, zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickeln', ags. wǣfan `bekleiden'; ahd. weibōn `waver, schweben, unstet sein'; aisl. vīfa `umhüllen', nisl. vífla `bewilder', vīfl `Klöptel'; ags. wifel, wifer `Pfeil, Wurfpfeil' (: Old Indian vipātha-); in addition wāfian `vor astonishment erstarren', wǣfer-hūs `Theater'; perhaps ahd. wīb, as. ags. wīf, aisl. vīf n. `Weib, Gattin' as `die verhüllte Braut'; compare against it Tavernier-Vereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.;

    apr. wipis `bough', lett. viepe `cover, Hülle the Weiher', viepl'is `Verkleidung, Maske', viept `verhüllen', wīpnuot `lächeln (das Gesicht verdrehen)', under likewise; lit. atvìpti `herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen', vaipýtis `das Maul verziehen, gawk', vypsaũ, -óti `with offenem Munde dastehen, gawk'; (with balt. from ē[i]:) lit. vė̃ptis `den Mund verziehen', vėplỹs `Gaffer', lett. vēplis `Maulaffe, lubber ' etc; with secondary ablaut a (: ě) in addition lit. vamplỹs, vamplė̃ `jemand, the with offenem Munde dasteht, dummer person', vampsaũ, -óti `with offenem Munde dastehen'.

    2. u̯eib-, u̯i-m-b-:

    Gr. γίμβαναι ζεύγανα Hes., ἴμψας ζεύξας. Θετταλοί, Iμψιος Ποσειδῶν ζύγιος Hes. (also probably ἰψόν τὸν κισσόν Hes.);

    lat. vibrō, -āre `in zitternde, schwingende Bewegung place, sich zitternd bewegen'; vībix, -īcis (in Glossen also vipex, vimex) `Strieme, weal, callus from Schlägen'; compare under lett. vībele;

    perhaps mir. femm `tail, Stengel, Seetang', femman `Seetang', cymr. gwymon, bret. gwemon, goumon ds. (*u̯imb-, compare ags. wimpel), O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 162 ff., different Thurneysen KZ 48, 67;

    got. weipan (st. V.) `bekränzen', wipja `Kranz'; aisl. veipr `head fascia, Kopftuch', veipa ` female Kopftracht', norw. dial. veipa `wickeln, eine Peitsche schwingen', ahd. weif `Binde, head fascia', mhd. weifen `swing, haspeln', wīfen (st. V.) `swing, winden', mnd. wīp ` tussock, wisp', ags. wīpian `abwischen', norw. vīpa `steifer Strohhalm or stiff hair, Spelze', mnd. wīpen `toss, fling, sprinkle'; ahd. wipf `Schwung', mhd. also wif = holl. wip ds., ahd. wipfil, wiffil `Baumwipfel', nhd. (eig. nd.) mnd. mengl. wippen, mhd. wipfen, wepfen `hüpfen', norw. vippa `wisp, Wedel', nasalized ags. wimpel `Wimpel, Schleier', ahd. wimpal `Stirntuch, Schleier';

    lett. viebt, viebties `sich drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen', lit. vỹbur-iu, -ti and -ioju, -ioti `wedeln'; lett. vībele `Striemen'.

References: WP. I 240 ff., WH. II 779 f.;

See also: compare su̯eip- above S. 1042.

Page(s): 1131-1132


Root / lemma: u̯eis-1

Meaning: to sprout, grow

German meaning: `sprießen, wachsen'

Material: Lat. vireō, -ēre `green sein, grünen', viridis `green';

    aisl. vīsir `germ, sprout, scion, shoot', norw. vīse `ds., Rispe, Stiel and leaves, bloom, blossom, Fruchtansatz' (changing through ablaut vise `germ, sprout' and probably also veis `saftiger Stengel'); ags. wīse `scion, shoot, Stengel'; ahd. wīsa, mnd. wese, nhd. Wiese, ags. wīsc, mnd. wīsch(e) ds.;

    lit. veĩsti `sich vermehren', veislùs, vislùs `fertile', veislė̃ `brood', lett. viestis `sich mehren, thrive', lit. vaĩsius `fruit', vaisà `fertility', lett. vaisla `brood', lit. į-vìsti `sich vermehren'.

References: WP. I 242, WH. II 797.

Page(s): 1133


Root / lemma: u̯eis-2

Meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen' also especially for `biegsame, flechtbare Ruten, out of it gebundene Besen under likewise'

Comments: extension from u̯ei- `turn'

Material: A. Old Indian vēṣa- m. `Tracht, Anzug' (compare vēṣṭayati `umwindet, umkleidet'); vḗṣṭatē ` be winded', vēṣṭáyati `umwindet', participle vēṣṭitá- `umhüllt, dressed ', vēṣṭá- m. `Schlinge, Binde', viṣṭā ds.; arm. gi, Gen. gioy ` juniper ' (after den biegsamen, to Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen:*u̯ī̆so- or *u̯eiso-, *u̯oiso-); about gr. ἴς see above S. 1121;

    nschwed. vese m. (aisl. *veisi or *visi) ` tussock, zusammengedrehter Knoten'; in addition ndl. wier = afries. wīr- `Alge, Tang' (ags. wīr `Myrte', wīr-treo `Myrtenbaum', Tertium comparationis, presumably `immergrün'), ags. wār `Alge, Tang', wāroð ds. as `Wasserschlingpflanze';

    aksl. vichrъ `whirlwind' (*u̯ēisura-), lit. víesulas ds., russ. vichatь `upset, move'; lit. výstas `Schnürbrust', výstyti `einwickeln', lett. vīstīt ds., vīsts `bundle' etc

    èech. vích, věch (*u̯oiso-) `wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen', věcha ds., russ. věcha `twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl', vichór ` topknot ', slov. vẹ́het ` tussock (hay)';

    B. With k-extension:

    Old Indian veṣ-ká- m. ` loop for strangling '; ablaut. aisl. visk f. `bundle from straw or reed', schwed. viska `small besom ',

ahd. wisc `wisp, Strohwisch' (therefrom mhd. nhd. wischen), ags. wiscian, newer weoskian (*wiskōn) `eine hurdle from Ruten flax, wattle, braid'; lat. viscus, -eris ` intestines, entrails '; as ``drehende, vibrierende Bewegung' here probably also lit. viskiù, viskė́ti `quiver'; by ofries. wisk `rasche Bewegung, Husch', mhd. wischen `sich leicht and quick, fast dahinbewegen', nhd. entwischen kann sekundäre Entw. from ` fleeting about etwas wegwischen' vorliegen;

    besides germ. p-Varianten on the one hand in ndd. wispeln `sich hin- and herbewegen', schwed.visp, visper `unzuverlässiger person', on the other hand in norw. visp m. `Quaste, tussock ', schwed.visp `Quirl from Ruten'.

    C. With g-extension:

    lat. virga `dünner twig, branch, Reis, rod' (from *u̯iz-gā), in addition virgō `girl, virgin'; lit.vizgù, vizgė́ti `tremble', vizgóti `waver'.

References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243.

Page(s): 1133-1134


Root / lemma: u̯eis-3

Meaning: to flow; poison

German meaning: `zerfließen, fließen (often in FlN); also vom tierischen Samen; besonders von the Feuchtigkeit and dem Geruch faulender Pflanzen, unreinen Säften, Gift'

Material: Old Indian vēṣati `zerfließt', viṣá- n. ` poison ', Adj. `giftig', viṣ- (Nom. viṭ) and viṣṭhā `Exkremente, ordure', also `tierischer Samen', visrá- `muffig smelling '; av. viš-, viša- ` poison ', vaēšah- `Moder, Verwesung'; arm. gēš `Aas';

    gr. ̄ός ` poison ' = lat. vīrus `tough Flüßigkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness' = mir. ` poison '; lat. vēna f. `vein' from *u̯eisnā; cymr. gwyar `blood' (*u̯eisaro-); in addition die kelt. FlN cymr. Gwy (*U̯eisā), engl. Wear (abrit. *U̯isuriā), gall. Visera > frz. Vesère, Visuvia > frz. la Vezouse etc; agerm. FlN Wisura `Weser', lat. Visurgis ds.: compare die russ. FlN Vechra (to Sož), ablaut.Víchera (zur Kama); here the FlN Weichsel (from apr. *Vīkslā, older *Vīsklā, from vorbalt.*Vīstlā from *u̯eis-tlā), lat. Vistula (from germ. *Wīstlō in ags. Wīstlawudu, but ags. Wīsle from slav. Visla);

    aisl. veisa f. `swamp, marsh', ags. afries. wāse, engl. ooze `slime, mud'; perhaps ahd. weisunt, weisont, weisant `arteriae' (die Fließende); wherefore ags. wāsend, engl. weasanð ` windpipe, gullet', further ahd. wisunt, -ant, mhd. wisent, aisl. visundr (*u̯is-onto-) `Bisonochse' (from dem Germ. derives lat. bisōn, -ontis and gr. βίσων); in addition apr. wis-sambrs `Auerochse', aksl. zǫbrъ ds.; after dem smell, odor benannt, as also nisl. visla, ahd. wisula, ags. weosule, wesle, engl. weasel `weasel' and the Iltis 'polecat' (above S. 304), the germ. *wis(j)ō `polecat' assumes; compare vlat. vissiō `breaking wind, fart, fetidness '; Marstrander compares (Ériu 5, 207) still nir. fíal `Frettchen' (*u̯iselo-);

    perhaps moreover idg. u̯ī̆ks- `Mistel and other leimliefernde Bäume' in gr. ἰξός m. `Mistel, Vogelleim', lat. viscum ds., ahd. wichsila, mhd. wīhsel `Weichsel(kirsche)', russ. etc višnja `Kirsche' (out of it lett. viksna, apr. wisnaytos `Kirschen') - Kirschgummi and Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet;

    after Specht (Idg. Dekl. 206) in addition further lit. viksvà `Riedgras' from *vis-k-vā besides vizgà `grass', apr. wissene `Porsch'.

References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208.

Page(s): 1134


Root / lemma: u̯ek-ti-

Meaning: thing

German meaning: `Sache, Ding'

Comments: (u̯ekʷ-ti-?)

Material: Got. waíhts f. `thing', aisl. véttr, vǣ(t)r, vitr f. `Lebewesen, übermenschliches creature, thing', ags. wiht f. `thing, entity, demon', as. wikt, mnd. wicht `entity, creature', ahd. wiht `Lebewesen, demon, thing', nhd. Wicht; got. ni-waíht `nichts', ags. ná-wiht (engl. naught, not) ahd. niwiht and neowiht `not, nichts';

    aksl. veštь f. `thing, thing'; compare wruss. reèь `thing': russ. réèь ` discourse, word'.

References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;

See also: perhaps to u̯ekʷ- `speak'.

Page(s): 1136


Root / lemma: u̯ek-, u̯e-n-k-

Meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Old Indian váñcati `geht krumm or slant, skew', vacyátē `schwingt sich, flies', vakrá- `gebogen, krumm', vankú- `fliegend', váṅkri- f. `Rippe', vaṅka-, vaṅkara- m. `Flußkrümmung', vaṅkṣana- m. `Leisten, Weiche', vakṣáṇā `belly, Weichen, Flußbett'; av. -vašta- `gekrümmt'; arm. gangur `crispus, flexus' (*u̯n̥kuro-);

    lat. convexus `gewölbt, gekrümmt', subvexus `schräg aufwärts führend';

    mir. feccaid `bückt sich', with the preposition for: `wendet sich gegen, beginnt to' (with expressive -kk-); gall. FlN *Vocalus (Matres Vocallinehae), germanisiert Vacalus, Va(c)halis `Waal'; lit. FlN Vókė (*u̯ōki̯ā);

    idg. u̯onko- in Old Indian vaṅka-, got. un-wāhs `untadelhaft', ags. wōh `krumm, verkehrt', as. wāh n. `Übel', aisl. f. (*u̯onkō) `Winkel, mischief '.

References: WP. I 246, WH. I 268 f.: after Kuiper, Nasalpräs. 142 zur root u̯ā- (see above S. 1108), wo besides dem present *u̯ǝ-n-ék-mi ein Konj. *u̯(ǝ)-ǝ́nu̯-kō stand; somit further zur root u̯ā-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, see there.

Page(s): 1134-1135


Root / lemma: u̯ek̂-

Meaning: to wish

German meaning: `wollen, wünschen'

Material: Old Indian váś-mi, váṣṭi, uś-mási, av. vasǝmī, usǝ̄mahī `wollen, wünschen', participle Old Indian uśánt-, f. uśatī `willing', av. an-usant-, -usaitī `widerwillig, ohne es to wollen', av. vasah- (Nom. vasā́) `wollend = after seinem Willen', vasō, vasǝ̄ `after Wunsch, beliebig' (Akk. Sg. of n. *vasah-), vasō-xšaϑra- `after Gefallen schaltend' etc, Old Indian vaśi-tva- n. `Willensfreiheit'; ap. vašnā, av. vasnā (Instr. Sg.) `after dem Willen' (arm. vasn `because of' Lw.);

    gr. (altes Partizipium) ἑκών (kret. Fεκών), ἑκοῦσα `freiwillig' (the Asper after `sich', gleichsam `from sich selbst heraus'), ἀέκων, ̄κων `wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz', f. dor. ἀέκασσα, compare kret. γέκαθα ἑκοῦσα Hes., Fέκα in οὔφεκα οὐκ ἀρεστῶς Hes., i.e. οὐ Fέκα, in ἕνεκα, hom. εἵνεκα `because of' (*ἕνFεκα; ἕν is die preposition ἐν), hom. ἑκά-εργος `after Belieben wirkend', ἑκή-βολος `after Belieben treffend' (metr. lengthening for *ἑκα-βολος), out of it extended ἑκατη-βόλος, -βελέτης; böot. Fhεκα-δαμος (with versch. assimilation out of it thes. Fεκέδαμος, att. ᾽Ακάδημος); ἕκητι, dor. ἕκᾱτι `after dem Willen, because of, (unclear)', ἀεκαζόμενος `not wollend, widerstrebend' (after ἀναγκαζόμενος);

    hitt. u̯ek- `wünschen, arrogate'.

References: WP. I 244 f., Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.

Page(s): 1135


Root / lemma: u̯ekʷ-

Meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen'

Material: Old Indian vákti, vívakti `sagt, talks, speaks', Aor. ávōcam (= εἶπον, see below), participle uktá-, Kaus. vācayati, av. vak- `speak', ū̆xta-, Old Indian vacas- n. = av. vaèah (= gr. ἔπος) ` discourse, word', Old Indianvacaná- `redend, sagend', vāc-, Nom. Sg. vāk = av. vāxš (= lat. vōx) `voice, discourse, word', Old Indianvācālá- `geschwätzig', vākyam `Ausspruch, discourse '; vaktram `mouth';

    arm. goèem `cry, rufe, rufe to mir, lade ein, name' (?);

    gr. ἔπος, el. kypr. Fέπος n. `word', Aor. εἶπον `sprach', lesb. Fείπην etc (= Old Indian ávōcam, idg. *e-u̯e-u̯kʷ-om with Diss. from -FεF- to -Fει-), ὄπα Akk. `voice' (also probably εὐρύοπα as `den weithin schallenden'), ὄσσα f. `voice', ἐνοπή `shout, call, Larm';

    lat. vox, vōcis `voice', vocō, -āre `rufen', umbr. sub-ocau, -ocanu, -oco `anrufen, anbeten';

    air. foccul `word' (= Old Indian vaktram `mouth') < *u̯okʷ-tlo-m = cymr. gwaethl `fight'; fūaimm `din, fuss, noise' (*u̯okʷ-smn̥); gall. Vepo-litanos `breitgesichtig', cymr. gweb `face';

    ahd. giwahanen, -inen `erwähnen, gedenken' (*gawahnjan, Denom. eines *u̯okʷ-no-, compare Old Indian vacaná-; in addition trat in paradigmatische connection das old ō-stufige Pf.:) giwuog, mhd. wüegen `gedenken make, in Erinnerung bringen', aisl. vāttr `Zeugnis' (*wahtaz, compare ahd. giwaht m. `Erwähnung, Ruhm'), vātta `bezeugen'; aisl. ōmun f. `voice', nisl. ōmur `sound', ags. wōm(a) `din, fuss, noise' (*wōhm-);

    apr. wackītwei `locken', enwackēmai `wir rufen an';

    hitt. ḫuek-, ḫuk- `beschwören', toch. A wak f., В wek `voice'.

References: WP. I 245 f., WH. II 823 ff., Trautmann 339 f., Vasmer 1, 196, Bergin Ériu 12, 136 f.

Page(s): 1135-1136


Root / lemma: u̯e-2, u̯edh-

German meaning: `flechten'

See also: see above S. 75 f. (au̯-).  

Page(s): 1114


Root / lemma: u̯elk-1

Meaning: to drag

German meaning: `ziehen'

Material: Av. varǝk- `ziehen, drag' only with Präverbien: aipivarǝèainti `ziehen ein Kleidungsstück darüber an'; lit. velkù (vil̃kti), aksl. vlěkǫ `pull, drag' = gr. [F]ολξ (by Hom. for ὦλξ einzusetzen), att. out of it reconverted ἄλοξ; ὦλαξ (hybridization from ὦλξ with αὖλαξ) `furrow', with Vokalvorschlag *-Fκ- in αὖλαξ `furrow', *-Fκ-ᾱ in lakon. εὐλάκᾱ `plough'.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f., Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to su̯elk-, as selk- above S. 901.

Page(s): 1145


Root / lemma: u̯elk-2, u̯elg-

Meaning: wet, damp

German meaning: `feucht, naß'

Material: 1. u̯elk-: Air. folc `Wasserflut', folcaim `bade, wasche', cymr. golchi, corn. golhy, bret. gwalc'hi `waschen'; ahd. welh (besides welc, see below) `humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', (ir)welhēn `soft, schwach become', mnd. welen `wither, wilt', ags. wealg `geschmacklos, widerlich', engl. wallow, nisl. valgr `lukewarm'; probably also norw. valen `gefühllos or erstorben vor Kälte'; lett. valks `humid, wet', valka `running Wässerchen, damp place'; illyr. FlN Volcos, PN Οὐολκαῖα ἕλη.

maybe alb. vlagë 'moist of ground'

    2. u̯elg-: ahd. welc `humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', mnd. walcheit `macies', welk ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, dürre', mengl.welkin `wither, wilt'; with other Vokalstellung ags. wlæc, wlacu `lauwarm', mnd. wlak ds. (with anl. s- mhd. swelk ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', swelken, ahd. swelchen `wither, wilt'); presumably ahd. wolchan n., wolcha f., as.wolkan n. `Wolke';

    lit. vìlgau, -yti, válgyti `anfeuchten', vìlkšnas `humid, wet', ablaut. apr. welgen n. `catarrh', lett. valgums `Feuchtigkeit', vęl̂gans and val̂gs `humid, wet', also lit. val̃gis `dish, food', válgau, -yti `eat' (vom concept the flüssigen, breiigen nourishment, food from, compare russ. vológa `flüssige nourishment, food');

    slav. *vъlgъkъ `humid, wet' in russ.-ksl. vъlgъkъ, in addition poln. wilgnąć `humid, wet become', russ. voĺgnutь ds., ablaut. *u̯ōlgā in aksl. vlaga f. `Feuchtigkeit', russ. vológa `Flüssigkeit, Zukost', in addition volóžitь `anfeuchten, with Butter cook'; here the russ. FlN Wólga (= èech. FlN Vlha, poln. FlN Wilga) from slav. *Vьlga.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.

Page(s): 1145-1146


Root / lemma: u̯el-1

Meaning: to see

German meaning: `sehen'

Material: Lat. voltus, vultus, -ūs m. `Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, Aussehen, shape' (*vl̥-tu-) stellt sich to ir. fil `es gives', older Imper. *u̯ele (compare frz. voici!), cymr. gweled `see', bret. guelet `la vue', air. fili (Gen. filed, vorir. Ogam VELITAS) `Seher, Dichter' (*u̯elēts); the name the germ. Seherin Veleda; in Germ. seems eine probably from *u̯el- abgeleitete root *u̯leid- (*u̯l-ei-d-): got. anda-wleizn n. (?) `Angesicht', aisl. līta, ags. wlītan `see, see, show'; zero grade got.wlits `Angesicht, shape', aisl. litr (Akk. Pl. litu) `Aussehen, paint, color', as. wliti ` radiance, Aussehen, shape', afries. wlite `Angesicht, Aussehen', ags. wlite ds., also ` radiance ', wlitu f. `form, kind of'; o-grade das causative got. wlaiton, aisl. leita (*wlaitōn) `sich umsehen after, suchen' (wherefore as post-verbal leit f. `das Suchen', Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 1, 11), ags. wlatian ds.;

    also germ. *wulÞu- m. `glory, magnificence' (`*prestige'): got. wulÞus `glory, magnificence', aisl. Ullr (*wulÞuz) `Göttername', ags. wuldor `gloria', compare got. wulÞrs `Wert', wulÞriza `herrlicher'; further wulÞags `ἔνδοξος'.

References: WP. I 293, WH. II 831.

Page(s): 1136-1137


Root / lemma: u̯el-2, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)-

Meaning: to wish; to choose

German meaning: `wollen, wählen'

Material: A. Old Indian unthemat. 3. Sg. Med. Aor. avr̥ta, Opt. vurīta, participle urāṇá-; vr̥ṇītḗ, vr̥ṇnā́ti, vr̥ṇṓti, vr̥ṇutē `wählen, vorziehen, lieben', vr̥tá- `gewählt, erwünscht', vára- m. `Wunsch, Gegenstanddes Wunsches', vara- `vorzüglich, -st, better, best', varīyaṁs- `better', variṣṭha- `best', varya- `wählbar, vortrefflich, distinguished ', varaṇa- n. `das Wählen, Wünschen', vāra- m. `Kostbares, treasure, tribute' etc, vŕ̥thā ` futile ', av. ap. var- `wählen, wollen' (3. Pl. preterit Med.varatā, Opt. vairīmaidī), vǝrǝn[a]- (1. Sg. Med. vǝrǝnē), vǝrǝnav- (3. Du. Med. vǝrǝnvaitē; participle Perf. Pass. varǝta-, vairya- `the beste, köstlich, wert'; also av. var- `believe';

    arm. geɫ `Gefallen, beauty' (presumably from *u̯el-no-, compare cymr. gwell `better'); ven. PNVolti-χnos, Voltiomnus, illyr. Voltius, Voltisa etc (M. Lejeune BSL. 49, 41 ff.) from *u̯l̥ti-;

    gr. λείω, λήω `will', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 676 from *u̯lē(i)mi, Pl. *u̯leimé (?); lat. volō (*velō), vult (*velt), velle `wollen' (Opt. velim), voluntas, -ātis f. `good volition' (altes participle *u̯olunt-tāt-s); nōlo, nevis, nevolt `I will not' (*ne-volō); mālō `I pull vor', rückgebildet after mavolt (magis volt); umbr. eh-veltu `jubētō', veltu `dēligitō', ehvelklu `dēcrētum, ēdictum';

    mcymr. corn. bret. guell `better', ncymr. gwell (*u̯el-no- `Vorzug, Wahl', or to u̯er-2, see there); gall. VN Vellavī, Catu-vellaunī (compare den ligur. PN Genava `Genf': raet. VN Genauni);

    got. wiljan, ahd. willu, wili, wëllan etc `wollen'; got. wilja, ahd. uillo, willio etc `volition'; Kaus. Iter. got. waljan, aisl. velja, ahd. wellen `wählen' (= Old Indian varáyati `wählt for sich', aksl. voliti); ahd. wala f., aisl. val n. `Wahl' (: Old Indian vára- m.);

    lit. pa-vélmi, 3. Sg. pa-vélt, Infin. pa-vélti `wollen, allow', ablaut. viltìs f. `hope' (*u̯l̥tis), viliúos `hoffe'; aksl. veljǫ, velė́ti `wollen, order', ablaut. volja f. `volition', therefrom voljǫ, voliti `wollen, wünschen', in weiteren ablaut do-vьljǫ, do-vъlěti `genügen'(*u̯olē-);

    about got. waíla, ahd. wela, wola etc `probably' compare Feist3 543.

    B. d-extension (d-present): gr. ἔλδομαι, hom. ἐέλδομαι `sehne mich, verlange after etwas', ἐέλδωρ n. `Wunsch, desire';

    ir. fled, cymr. gwledd `Gastmahl, festival' (*u̯l̥dā); gall. PN Vlido-rīx.

    С. p-extension: hom. ἔλπω `lasse hoffen', ἔλπομαι, ἐέλπομαι `hoffe', Perf. poet. ἔολπα; ἐλπίς, -ίδος f. `hope', ἐλπίζω `hoffe', hom. ἐλπωρή `hope', zero grade *ἄλπιστος, Sup. to ἀλπαλέος, dissim. ἀρπαλέος `erwünscht, reizend', ἔπαλπνος `erwünscht' (r/n-stem); lat. volup(e) Adv. `vergnüglich, gerne', (*u̯olpi-, *u̯l̥pi-), voluptās `pleasure';

    doubtful hom. εἰλαπίνη `festival', äol. ἐλλαπίνα (*-Fλαπ-ινᾱ?).

References: WP. I 294 f., WH. II 828 f., Trautmann 348 f., Specht KZ 62, 59 f., Vasmer 1, 180, 224, Frisk 78, 455, 485, 502 f.

Page(s): 1137-1138


Root / lemma: u̯el-3

Meaning: to press, push

German meaning: `drängen, pressen, zusammendrängen, einschließen'

Material: Hom. εἴλω (*Fέλ-νω); Inf.-Aor. ἔλσαι and with suggestion ἐέλσαι, Aor. Pass. ἐάλην, ἀλήμεναι, ep. ion. εἰλέω (*Fελ-νέω), att. εἴλλω (*εFελι̯ω with Vorschlags-ε), dor. el. Fηλέω, redupl. ἴλλω (*F-Fλω) `dränge, push, press, presse'; lakon. βήλημα κώλυμα, φράγμα ἐν ποταμῷ Hes., messen. ἤλημα, ion. εἴλη `troop, multitude, crowd' (Fελν-), next to which probably with i = e (as πίλναμαι) att. ̄λη, dor. ̄λᾱ `troop, multitude, crowd' (*Fιλνᾱ), hom. (*̄λαδόν `scharenweise', pamph. Fίλσιος Gen. from -ις `Bedrängnis';

    hom. (äol.) ἀελλής (*Fελνής) `dense zusammengezogen' (κονίσαλος) and ἀολλής (*Fολνής) `versammelt' (with äol. -ολ-); compare die auf *Fαλλής from *Fαλνής, *Fνής zurückgehenden ion. ̄λής, ̄λής `versammelt', ἁλίζω `versammle', ̄λίη `congregation, meeting', dor. ̄λία and ἁλιαία ds. (under likewise); att. ἡλιαία `place of Gerichts, das höchste court in Athen' samt ἡλιάζω, ἡλιαστής is borrows from argiv. ̄λιαίᾱ, ̄λιάζω, with Ersetzung from dor. α through att. η, das as the Asper an ἥλιος eine pad fand; das anlaut. - is kopul. -;

    ἅλις `scharenweise, genug' (Hom.), γάλι ἱκανόν Hes.; hom. οὑλαμός `Getümmel, Gewühl' (because of γόλαμος διωγμός Hes. metr. lengthening for *Fολαμος), att. ἐξούλη `Verdrängung from Besitzrechten' (*Fολ-νᾱ);

    lit. vãlinas `Wall', valinỹs `Tuchecke', lett. valnis `edge', su-valýti `( corn, grain) zusammenbringen, reap', lit. iš-valýti `heraus-, fortschaffen', valýti `clean'; aksl. *velь (: gr. ἅλις) in velь-mi, -ma `very, excessive', velь-lěpъ `very beautiful', velijь, velikъ `big, large', *valъ `heap, bulk, mass' (*u̯ōlos) in russ. válom `in bulk, mass', navál `großer heap', zavál `Verstopfung, Sperre', privál `Landen' (*Andrängen), válьmja `haufenweise' etc;

    g-extension is probably lat. volgus, vulgus `das people' (= `big, giant bulk, mass of people', compare above russ. valomъ, valьmja) = Old Indian várga- m. `dividing off, partitioning off, group', mbret. gwalch `Überfluß', nbret. a-walc'h `genug' (compare ἅλις), gwalc'ha `sättigen', cymr. gwala `bulk, mass, genug'; toch. В walke `long'.

References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f., Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181;

See also: original resemblance with *u̯el-7 `turn' is denkbar, da `pressen, to press together ' originally `zusammenwinden' sein kann.

Page(s): 1138


Root / lemma: u̯el-4, u̯elǝ-

Meaning: hair, wool; grass, forest

German meaning: in Worten for `Haar, Wolle', also `Gras, Ähre, Wald'

Comments: relationship to *u̯el- `turn' ('Kraushaar' under likewise) or *u̯el- ` rend, pluck' is möglich

Material: A. Old Indian ū́rṇā f. (compare Old Indian ū́rṇā-vábhi- `Spinne', above S. 1114) `wool', av. varǝnā ds., gr. λῆνος, dor. λᾶνος n. `wool', lat. lāna ds., lānūgō `Flaum of Bartes, Milchhaare', got. wulla, ahd. wolla etc `Wolle = wool', lit. vìlna `Wollfaser', Pl. `wool', lett. vilna `wool', apr. wilna `Rock', r.-ksl. vlъna, serb. vù́na `wool'; schwächere Ablautform *u̯lǝnā in cymr. gwlan, corn. gluan, bret. gloan (brit. Lw. is mir. olann) `wool';

    other vowel gradation in lat. vellus, -eris `Vlies' (villus `das zottige, wollige Haar the animal') = ags. wil-mod `colus' (i.e. `Wollstange', as wul-mod), probably also arm. geɫmn `wool, Vlies'; relationship to lat. vellere (u̯el-8) from *u̯el-s-ō lies nahe; *u̯lō- in gr. λῶμα n. `hem, Gespint', germ. *wlōha- (under B) and idg. *u̯lō-ro- (u̯el-7) S. 1143.

    B. guttural extensions:

    Old Indian valká- m. `bast, splint', valkala- `Bastgewand', vr̥kala- n. `Bastgewand; ein bestimmtes intestines, entrails '; isl. f., dän. lu `Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern', ags. as. wlōh ` fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke' (germ. *wlōha-); aisl. lagðr ` tuft of Wolle or Нааг' (*wlagaÞa-); aksl. vlakno, russ.voloknó ` fibre, filament '; with idg. k̂: Old Indian válśa- m. `sprout, twig, branch' (these point at auf `biegsame rod') and av. varǝsa-, npers. gurs = aksl. vlasъ, russ. volos `hair'; to einer from beiden root form belongs gr. λάχνη f. `krauses hair' (*u̯l̥ksnā), λάχνος m. `wool';

    compare under *u̯el- `turn' die likewise auf *u̯olk- weisenden ags. wielgan `roll', ahd. wal(a)gōn.

    C. Dental extensions:

    Gr. λάσιος (*Fλατιος, idg. *u̯l̥t-ii̯os) `dense with Wolle or Haaren, also brushwood bewachsen'; air. folt `hair', cymr. gwallt, acorn. gols, abret. guolt ds., therefrom abret. guiltiat, guiliat, guoliat, mbret. guilchat `Schur, Tonsur' and cymr. gwellaif, acorn. guillihim `Schere', perhaps also cymr. gwellt, corn. gwels `grass', abret. gueltiocion `fenosa' (or to mir. geltboth `pābulum', gelid `grast' S. 365, with gw after gwallt?);

    ahd. as. wald `wood, forest', ags. weald ds., aisl. vǫllr `meadow'; after E. Lewy (KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) würde Wald as *(s)u̯altus to lat. saltus `Engpaß, Bergwald', belong, das then from saltus `Sprung' to separate wäre (above S. 899), during Ernout-Meillet 2889 both vereinigen (compare Pas de Calais usw); other stellen Wald to got. wilÞeis `wild', aisl. villr `wild, verrückt', ags. wilde, as. ahd. wildi `wild, unbebaut' (*u̯eltii̯o-), nhd. Wild (*u̯eltos), wherefore further cymr. gwyllt `wild, phrenetical, quick, fast' (*ueltī-), corn. guyls `wild, unbebaut', abret. gueld-enes `insula indomita' (mir. geilt `Wahnsinniger' is probably brit. Lw.);

    lit. váltis `Haferrispe, Haferspelte' (also `Garn'), apr. wolti `Ähre', ukr. volótь `Rispe', serb. etc vlât `Ähre';

    with voiced-aspirated aksl. vladь, aruss. volodь `hair'.

    D. Old Indian vāla-, vāra- m. `Schweif(haar), Haarsieb', ablaut. lit. valaĩ `Schweifhaar of Pferdes'.

References: WP. I 296 ff., WH. I 756, II 745, Trautmann 341, 359, Vasmer 1, 220 f.

Page(s): 1139-1140


Root / lemma: u̯el-5, u̯elǝ-

Meaning: to deceive

German meaning: `täuschen'?

Material: Lit. vìlti `cheat, deceive', lett. vil̂t ds., apr. prawilts `verraten', lit. vỹlius `deceit, artifice', zero grade apr. po-wela `sie verrieten', lett. velts ` futile ', lit. véltas `unnütz'; (gr. οὖλος = ὀλοός above S. 777); mir. fell `deceit' (mir. fall, newer faill `Nachlässigkeit', cymr.gwall `ds., lack', bret. gwall `evil, bad' are probably as eigene group for sich to stellen); after Būga Kalba ir sen. I 34 f. belong die balt. words to u̯el-2.

    A extension from *u̯el- perhaps in:

    gr. ἐλεφαίρομαι `betrüge, verletze' (*u̯el-ebh-), ὀλοφώιος `trügerisch'; lit. vìlbinti (*u̯-bh-) `locken, äffen, zum besten haben'.

References: WP. I 298; Frisk 493; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin IV 534, 596.

Page(s): 1140


Root / lemma: u̯el-6

Meaning: warm

German meaning: `lau, warm'?

Material: Arm. gol `heat', golanam `sich wärmen'; lit. vìlditi `lauwarm make'.

References: WP. I 302;

See also: perhaps to S. 1142 under (u̯el-7).

Page(s): 1140


Root / lemma: u̯el-7, u̯elǝ-, u̯lē-

Meaning: to turn, wind; round, etc.

German meaning: `drehen, winden, wälzen'

Comments: extended u̯el(e)u-, u̯l̥-ne-u-, u̯(e)lei- (diese also `umwinden, einwickeln = einhüllen')

Material: A. Old Indian válati, -te `wendet sich, dreht sich' (?)), Kaus. vā̆layati `makes sich wenden, roll', valanam `das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, Wallen, Wogen', valá- m. `Bedeckung, cave' (or to *u̯er-?), vala-, valaka- m. perhaps `(round) balk, beam, shaft, pole', lengthened grade cakra-vāla- n. ` hoarfrost, ring, Kreis, bulk, mass', āla-vāla- n. `Vertiefung um die root eines Baumes' (compare Mayrhofer 1, 79 f.), probably also vāra- m. `(* turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag' = npers. bār `mal';

    from u̯ḹ-mi-: Old Indian ūrmí- m. f. `Woge, Welle', av. varǝmiš ds.

    from the u-basis: Old Indian vr̥ṇóti, ūrṇóti `umhüllt, bedeckt, umschließt, umringt, hemmt, wehrt', av. vǝrǝnavaiti `bedeckt hüllend' (contain partly idg. *u̯er-5), das av. word also `wendet (sich)' as Old Indian válati; compare S. 1160;

    Old Indian varútra- (= gr. ἔλυτρον) n. `Überwurf, i.e. was man umlegt' (uncovered, úlva-, úlba- m. n. `Hülle of embryo, Gebärmutter' (compare lat. volva);

    from the i-basis: Old Indian valaya- m. n. `Kreis, runde Einfassung, Armband', valitá- `gewendet, gebogen', valli-, vallī `Rankengewächs, Schlingpflanze', vallari-, vallarī f. `Ranke, Rankengewächs';

    arm. gelum (Aor. geli) `turn, umdrehen, winden', Med. `sich drehen, winden' (das present zur u-basis, compare thematic lat. volvo), gelumn `Drehung, Umwindung' (= lat. volūmen, εἴλῡμα?), glem `rolle, werfe nieder' (*gilem from *u̯ēl- or *gulem from *u̯ōl-), gil (*u̯ēl-) `round Wurfstein' (compare gr. ὅλμος, russ. valún `round pebble'), presumably lamb (-i, -iv) `ring, Kreis' from *u̯l̥-m-bhi- (due to of n-stem, compare lit. vilnìs, aksl. vlъna, ahd. wëlla);

    gr. εἰλέω `drehe, winde' (*Fελ-ν-έω), ἴλλω ds. (probably *F-Fλ-ω, in addition ἰλλάς `rope, cable', ἰλλός `schielend', böot. Fίλλων, ἴλλαι συστροφαί, δεσμοί Hes.), att. εἴλλω ds. (*-Fέλι̯ω); from äol. ἐλλέω (*Fελνέω): ἐλλεδανός `rope, cable, with dem die Garben zusammengebunden become'), εἶλιγξ undεἴλιγγος `whirl, Drehen, Schwindel' (after εἰλέω), ἕλμις, Pl. ἕλμεις, ἕλμιγγες, ἕλμινθες f. `Eingeweidewurm', εὐλή `Wurm' (*-Fλ-ᾱ), ὑάλη σκώληξ Hes. (i.e. Fάλη), ἑλένη `geflochtener basket', ὅλμος `Walzstein, zylinderförmiger mortar', hom. οὖλος `kraus, fleecy' (*Fόλνος), redupl.ἴουλος `Milchhaar, Korngarbe, ein insect', οὖλος ` fascicle, sheaf ', οὖλον `gums' (as ` torose, gerundet');

    from the i-basis: ἕλινος ` vine-layer ', ἕλιξ `gewunden', f. `Armband under likewise', therefrom ἑλίσσω, att. ἑλίττω, and (after εἰλέω) εἰλίσσω `wälze', ablaut. ἀλίνδω, att. ἀλινδέω `drehe, wälze'; ἀλίζω ds.; about ῏Ηλις s. S. 1142;

    from the u-basis: ep. εἰλύω `umwinde; umhülle', Med. `sich winden, sich fortschleppen' (*Fελνύω, compare καταείλυον), compare participle εἰλυφόωντες; εἰλῡφάζειν `whirl, turn, roll' (due to from *Fελ-νυ-ς); εἰλυός, εἰλυθμός `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole', εἰλεός (after εἰλέω) `Darmverschlingung, cramp the Eingeweide, Bauchgrimmen; bestimmte kind of grapevine (*Geranke)'; ablaut. *FολοF- `whirl, Drehung' in ὀλ(ο)οί-τροχος `in Wirbel laufend' = `Rollstein'; Fελυ- in Aor. Pass. ἐλύσθη `wurde geschleift, gewälzt', ἐλυσθείς `eingehüllt', ion. att. ἔλυτρον (Hes. γέλουτρον) `Hülle, container ', ἔλυμος `Hülle, Futteral', ἐλύτης `kind of Backwerk, perhaps Brezel' (besides εἰλύτας, ἐλλύτας); hom. εἶλαρ n. `Schutzwehr' (*FέλFαρ, with früher dissimilation to *ἔλFαρ; compare ἔλαρ βοήθεια Hes.; basic meaning probably `Verhau or netting from verschlungenen Ästen'); *Fλῡ- in πέλλῡτρον `um dieFüße gewundener strap', Perf. εἴλῡμαι, εἰλῡμένος `verhüllt'; secondary υ: in εἴλῡμα `Hülle, garment ' (lat. volūmen, arm. gelumn);

    in addition also ἑλίκη `Weide', ΏΕλικών `*Weidenberg, Viminalis' (Fελικών of Korinna-Papyrus), wieags. welig, etc `Weide', different from idg. *salik- `Weide';

    after Frisk 36, 42, 80 here αἰέλουρος m. f. `Kater, Katze' or `weasel', also αἴλουρος (from αἰόλος + οὐρά `tail') and αἰόλος `quick, fast, movable, nimble, schillernd, varicolored' from *(F)αι-Fόλ-ος; ἅλυσις f. `Kette, manacle' (*Fάλυ-τις);

    alb. vjel `übergebe mich, erbreche' (*u̯elu̯ō); valë f. `Wallen of kochenden water; Welle, Woge' (*u̯elǝnā);

    lat. vola f. `Rundung, cavity the hand or the Fußsohle' (compare aisl. valr `rund', Old Indian vala- m. `cave'); from the u-basis volvō, -ere, -ī, volūtum `roll, kollern, wälzen, turn, whirl' (*u̯elu̯ō), volūmen `Rolle', involūcrum `Hülle, Futteral', involūcre `Serviette', probably also volva, vulva `Gebärmutter, Eihaut the Pilze';

    reduced grade vallus `picket, pole, Palisade', wherefore as collective vallum `Pfahlwerk, Verschanzung' [out of it borrows as. wal, ags. weall, mhd. wal(l) `Wall']; vallēs, vallis `valley' (`*Einbiegung') = gr. *Fᾶλις > ῏Ηλις (*u̯elnis), valvae `die Türflügel, Doppeltüre', valvolae `Schoten' (*u̯elu̯ā);

    air. fillid `bends' (altes n-present), bret. goalenn `virga' (`*biegsame rod'); air. félmae (= fĕlmae) `saepes' (presumably `*Flechtwerk'); ō-grade mir. fāl m. `fence, paddock ', cymr. gwawl `murus, vallum';

    doubtful mir. fail, foil (Gen. falach) `ring' (*u̯elik-, ablaut. with ἕλιξ?);

    aisl. vil Pl., Gen. vilja ` intestines, entrails ', ags. we(o)loc, weolc, uioloc `Trompeterschnecke', ndl.welk, wulk ds. from germ. *weluka-, probably zur u-basis, as certainly got. walwjan `wälzen', walwisōn `wallow', ags. wielwan `wälzen, roll' (*walwjan), walwian tr. intr. `wälzen, roll'; aisl. valr `rund', ags. walu f. `Strieme after einem blow, knock' (*u̯olo-, , compare lat. vola), mnd. walen `turn, wälzen, roll', ahd. wulsta f. ` bulge;  bead;  lip;  torus;  wreath;  roll;  bulb '; got. walus `staff', aisl. vǫlr `round staff', afries. walu-berа `Stabträger', ags. uyrt-wala (`Wurzelstock'), ahd. wurzala `root'; n-present ahd. wellan `round, roll', as. bíwellan ` blemish ' (`*in smut herumwälzen'), afries.biwullen participle `befleckt', wherefore ahd. wella `Welle', compare with formants -mi- (as Old Indian ūrmí-, av.varǝmi-) ahd. walm `Aufwallen, Sieden, heat', ags. wielm, wylm `Woge, Wallung, Sieden';

    with the meaning `waves, billows throw' (compare ahd. wella etc), ` to bubble up, boil up, surge up' (from Quellen and esp. from siedendem Wasser, from which partly also words for `vapor, heat' entsprangen) besides ahd. walm, ags.wielm also aisl. vella, vall `effervesce, simmer, seethe, boil, boil', ahd. (etc) wallan, wiel `wogen, wallen, to bubble up, boil up, surge up, simmer, seethe, boil, cook', Kaus. aisl. vella `zum Sieden or Schmelzen bringen, zusammenschweißen', mnd. mhd. wellen ds., aisl. vella f. `Sieden', afries. walla, ags. wiell f. `wellspring, Sieden', zero grade norw. olla f. `wellspring', got. wulan `simmer, seethe, boil', aisl. ylr `Wärmedunst', ylja `warm', olmr `wütend': ahd. walo Adv. `tepide', walī `tepor'; here u̯el-6 S. 1140?

    lengthened grade ags. wǣl m. n. `whirlpool, pool', wǣlan (*wōljan) `wälzen', mnd. wӧ̄len ds., ahd.wuolen `wühlen, aufwühlen' (compare zum ablaut aksl. valiti `wälzen', and to meaning `aufwühlen' also nhd. Wal, Wehle, Wuhle `vom Wasser ausgewaschene Vertiefung');

    lit. veliù, vélti (heavy basis) `walken', váltis `Garn, Fischernetz' (= russ. vólotь ` filament, fibre ' bis auf die Intonation), lett. vel̂t `wälzen, walken', lit. apvalùs, lett. apál̨š `rund', apr. walis `Zugscheit am Wagen', lit. volė̃ `wooden beetle, hammer', pavõlai `Walzen', lett. vā̀le f. `Waschbleuel', vī-vala `the Laufstock beim Garnwinden' (: vīvaluot `ausgelassen sein'); lit.vė̃lei, vė̃l `against, noch einmal', lett. vêl `still, further' (`against' from ` turn ') and with meaning-Entw. `sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate' perhaps lit. vėlùs, lett. vę́ls `late', lit.valandà ` while ' (out of it russ. valánda `Saumseliger');

    slav. *valъ m. in ksl. valъ `Welle', russ. val `Welle, Woge, Walze' (bsl. *u̯ō̆la-), obvál `Erdrutsch', provál `Einsturz'; aksl. valiti sе̨ `κυλίεσθαι', russ. valítь `wälzen', Iter. serb.váljati, russ. valjátь `wälzen, walken', ablaut. russ.-ksl. obьlъ `rund', russ. óblyj `rundlich' (*in the case of-vьlъ); about russ. vólotь see above;

    bsl. *u̯ilnā- (*u̯l̥nā) f. `Welle' in lit. vilnìs, vilnià, lett. vilna `Welle'; slav. *vьlna in aksl. vlъna, russ. volná ds.; in addition aksl. vъlati `in Wallung bringen'.

    Toch. A walyi Pl. `Würmer'.

    B. d-present (bzw. d-Erweiterg.): aisl. velta, valt, ahd. walzan, mhd. walzen, wielz `sichwälzen', ahd. also `volvere animo' (wgrm. a-present to einem Perf. with idg. о neologism with Unterstützung of Iterativs:) got. waltjan `wallow', uswaltjan `umwälzen', aisl. velta, ags. wieltan, ahd. welzan trans. `wälzen, roll, turn', anord. valtr, ags. wealt `rollend, wälzbar, unbeständig'; ags. wlatian unpers. `nauseare', wlǣta, wlǣtta m. `Ekel' (*wlātiÞa), wlǣtan `foedare', mnd. wlaten `ekeln' (u̯lē-d- : u̯lǝ-d-); also besides ahd. wal(a)gōn `wallow, roll' steht mhd. die meaning `Ekel empfinden', walgunge `Seekrankheit', also norw. dial. valg `widerlich, evil' (see under);

    d-Erweit. also in lett. velde, veldre `das vom rain niedergelegte (as gewälzte) corn, grain '; compare from the i-basis above gr. ἀλίνδω, ἀλινδέω, ἀλίζω.

    C. Weiterbildungen:

    u̯lei-s-, u̯li-s- in: air. flesc `rod' (*u̯liskā), got. wlizjan `hit, chastise, castigate' (if derivative from einem *wliza- `rod'), slav. *lěska (*vloiskā), russ.-ksl. lěskovъ `from dem Holz of Styraxbaumes gemacht', serb. lijèska `Haselstaude' etc; about russ. lés `wood, forest, Holz' (*lěsъ), lesá `fishing line, fence', die perhaps hergehören, s. Vasmer 2, 33 f. and above S. 665.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*u̯li-s) lis `oak tree'

    u̯lē-ro-, u̯lō-ro-, u̯lǝ-ro-: gr. εὔληρα, dor. αὔληρα Pl. `rein', ἄβληρα ἡνία Hes. (*-, -Fληρο-), lat. lōrum `strap', lōrica `Kettenpanzer' (`Riemenpanzer'), arm. lar `rope, cord, Bogensehne, Muskel', compare above S. 1139.

    D. guttural extensions:

    u̯olg- in Old Indian válgati `(*dreht sich), hüpft, springt', with sam- ` places sich in rollende Bewegung', with abhi- `wallt auf', valgā `bridle, rein, rein', lat. valgus `säbelbeinig', ags. wealcan, wéolc `roll (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere animo', ahd. walkan, mhd. walken, wielc `walken, verfilzen, thrash', mhd. also `wallow', aisl. valk n. `das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf the sea', ags. gewealc n. `das Rollen', wealca m. `Woge';*walkōn in aisl. valka `from place to place drive, push or ziehen, plague, volvere animo', ags. wealcian `roll' (intr.), engl. walk `wandern', mnd. walken `walken, knead'; lett. valgs `rope, cord';

    nasalized as. wlank `minxish, wanton, bold', ags. wlanc `minxish, wanton, stout, proud, stately', if from the meaning `springend' (: Old Indian válgati) evolved.

    u̯olk-: in mnd. walgen `wrestle, struggle, fight, Übelkeitempfinden', norw. olga `sich ekeln', ahd. wal(a)gōn `wallow, roll', trans. `wälzen, roll', mhd. unpers. m. Dat. `Ekel empfinden', walgunge `Seekrankheit'.

References: WP. I 298 f., WH. I 822, II 728 ff., 825, 832 ff., Trautmann 349, Vasmer 1, 165 f., 234, Frisk 36, 42, 457 f., 461 f.;

See also: compare u̯el-3.

Page(s): 1140-1144


Root / lemma: u̯el-8

Meaning: to tear, wound; to steal

German meaning: `reißen, an sich reißen, rauben; reißen = ritzen, verwunden, Wunde'; besides words for `töten, Blutbad, Schlachtfeld and die Leichen darauf; Blut'

Comments: with dem ablaut u̯ol- : u̯ōl-, die perhaps as selbständige group (A.) abzulösen are

Material: A. Air. fuil f. `blood', mir. fuili `blutige Wunden', cymr. gweli (*u̯olīso-?) `wound', corn. goly, Pl. golyow, mbret. goulyow ds.; aisl. valr m. `die Leichen auf dem Schlachtfeld', ags. wæl n. `ds., Schlachtfeld, Blutbad', ahd. wal n. ds. (`Walstatt'), as. wal-dād `murder', aisl.valkyria `Walküre', ags. wælcyrige `erinys, Zauberin' m.; lengthened grade ahd. wuol `Niederlage, ruin, Seuche' (but wuolen `wühlen' see below *u̯el- `turn'), as. wōl, ags. wōl m. f. `Seuche, Pest';

    klr. valjava `with Gefallenen bedecktes Schlachtfeld', èech. váleti `bekriegen', válka `war, fight', wruss. valka `fight, struggle, Holzfällen', valèić `siegen', apr. ūlint (from *wālint) `fight';

    lit. vẽlės or vė̃lės `die geisterhaften Gestalten the Verstorbenen', vêlinas, nowadays vélnias `devil' (originally `ghost' as alit. veluokas), lett. veli `die Geister the Verstorbenen'.

    B. Gr. ἁλίσκομαι `werde gefangen' (thess. Fαλίσσκε̃ται, ark. Fαλόντοις), Aor. (F)αλῶναι, ἑά̄λων (*-Fάλων), ἁλωτός `gefangen', presumably also ion. att. εἵλωτες, εἱλῶται `Heloten' (from lak. *ἥλωτες for *-Fελωτες); ἀνᾱλίσκω (*ἀνα-Fαλίσκω), Fut. ἀνᾱλώσω `aufwenden, consume, slay' (`*zum Gebrauch hernehmen, an sich reißen'), ἀνᾱλόω `destroy, smash';

    hom. att. οὐλή `wound, scar' (*Fολνά̄ or *Fολσά̄), np. valāna, vālāna `wound', lat. volnus, -eris `wound' (*u̯l̥snos = air. flann `blood; blutrot'); γέλλαι τῖλαι Hes. (i.e. Fέλλαι; Fick KZ. 44, 438);

    lat. vellō, -ere, velli and volsi (vulsi), volsum (vulsum) `pluck, tear, rend; ausreißen, ausrupfen, abzupfen';

    got. wilwan `rob', wulwa `Raub';

    hitt. u̯alḫmi `bekämpfe';

    in Germ. die Weiterbildung mnd. wlete f. `wound, Schmiß', mhd. letzen `injure' (idg. *[e]led-), probably also afries. wlemma `beschädigen, injure', mnd. wlame `Gebrechen, Sündhaftigkeit';

    hitt. hullāi-, hullii̯a- `bekämpfen' (?).

References: WP. I 304 f. WH. II 729 f., 827, Trautmann 348, Frisk 74;

See also: perhaps in addition u̯elk-1 `ziehen'.

Page(s): 1144-1145


Root / lemma: u̯e-4, u̯o-, u̯es-

German meaning: `herab'

See also: see above S. 73 (au-).  

Page(s): 1114


Root / lemma: u̯e-5, u̯o-

German meaning: `jener'

See also: see above S. 75 (au-).

Page(s): 1114


Root / lemma: u̯em-, u̯emǝ-

Meaning: to spit, vomit

German meaning: `speien, sich erbrechen'

Material: Old Indian vámi-ti, newer vamati `ausspeien, vomit', vānta- `gespien', vamathu- m. `Erbrechen', av. vam- `vomit'; npers. vātāk `saliva' (*u̯m̥̄-to-);

    gr. ἐμέω (for *ἔμε-μι), Aor. ἐμέσσαι `vomit', ἔμετος m., ἔμεσις f. `Erbrechen' (ἐμύς `Sumpfschildkröte'?);

    lat. vomō (*u̯emō) `erbreche', vomitus `Erbrechen', vomica `ulcer, Eiterbeule';

    norw. dial. vimla `Übelkeit empfinden', vimra `Übelkeit cause', aschwed. vami m. `Ekel'; aisl. vāma `Übelkeit', vāmr `ekelhafte person';

    lit. vémti `vomit', vėmalaĩ `Erbrochenes', vìmdyti `erbrechen make', lett. vemt `sich erbrechen';

maybe truncated alb. (*vėmalaĩ) vjell `vomit'

    very dubious is Verwandtschaft from got. Gen. Pl. wammē `Fleck', gawamms Gen. Pl. `befleckt, impure, unclean', aisl. vamm n. `fault, error, Gebrechen', ags. wamm m. n. `Fleck, Gebrechen, wrong; injustice ', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil, evil, bad', as. wam n. `Übles, evil, harm', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil' (*u̯om-no-); compare Weisweiler IF 41, 46.

References: WP. I 262 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 350, Frisk 504 f., 508.

Page(s): 1146


Root / lemma: u̯endh-1

Meaning: to turn, wind, plait

German meaning: `drehen, winden, wenden, flechten'

Material: Old Indian vandhúra- m. `Wagensitz', originally `Wagenkorb' (from netting), arm. gind `ring', gndak ort`oy ` vine-layer, Rebschoß';

    gr. rhod. ἄθρας `Wagen' Hes., κάνν-αθρον `Korbwagen' (*u̯n̥dh-ro-); umbr. pre-uendu `advertitō', aha-uendu `avertitō';

    rich evolved in Germ.: got. ags. as. windan, ahd. wintan, aisl. vinda `winden', Kaus. got. wandjan etc, nhd. wenden, aisl. vindr `slant, skew', got. inwinds `verkehrt', mhd. windeht `gewunden', ahd. wanda `turbo', aisl. vandr `genau, difficult, hard' (`*verkehrt, verdreht'), vandi m. `Schwierigkeit, Ungemach', ags. wandian `hesitate, achten, scheuen', got. wandus = aisl. vǫndr `Gerte, rod', vandahūs `Haus from Flechtwerk', schwed. dial. vann `Schlingfaden an Pflanzen', aisl. vǫndull `zusammengedrehtes Bündel from Heu', nhd. wandern, wandeln among others m.

References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;

See also: *u̯endh- is perhaps nasalized Forme to u̯ē̆dh- `knüpfen, bind'.

Page(s): 1148


Root / lemma: u̯endh-2

Meaning: to disappear

German meaning: `schwinden'

Comments: see above S. 1047 (s)u̯endh- ds.;

Material: unclear is das relationship to aksl. pri-svędati, pri-svęnǫti `marcescere, torrefieri', aèech. svadnúti, èech. vadnouti `wither, wilt', poln. świędzieć `jucken', swąd `Brandgeruch, fetidness ' etc; compare Holub 406.

References: WP. I 261 f.

Page(s): 1148


Root / lemma: u̯endh-3

Meaning: hair, beard

German meaning: `Haar, Bart'

Material: Gr. ἴονθος m. ` root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag' (*u̯i-u̯ondhos), ἰονθάς `villous, shaggy';

    mir. find `Haupthaar', air. Gen. Pl. finnae (*u̯endhu-), newer Nom. Sg. mir. finna ds., nir. fionnān `Sumpfgras', from which mcymr. gwynnawn ds.; mir. fēs `Schamhaar, hair' (*u̯endh-s-o-); ahd.wintbrāwa `eyelash' (Haarrand); apr. wanso f. `the first beard', aksl. vǫsъ, ǫsъ `barba, mystax' (bsl. *u̯ondh-s-o-, ).

Maybe alb. diminutive (*u̯endh-ul, *vent-ul) vetul `eyebrow'.

References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f., Frisk 729 f.

Page(s): 1148


Root / lemma: u̯e-n-gh-

Meaning: to be bent

German meaning: `gebogen sein'?

Material: Germ. *wanga- `field' in got. waggs m. `Paradies', aisl. vangr, as. wang, nhd.-bair.-österr. Wang `Aue' etc (eigentl. `bend'); with schwacher inflection ahd. etc wanga `cheek', derivative got. waggareis m. (or -i n.) `pillow', ahd. wangari ds. and aisl. vengi (*wangia), ahd. ōr-wengi ds.; here also mnd. wingeren ` crook oneself, kriechen'.

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 216 could though also *u̯enk- for unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes idg. *u̯onkó- etc annimmt.

Page(s): 1149


Root / lemma: u̯e-n-g-

Meaning: to be bent

German meaning: `gebogen sein'

Material: Old Indian váŋgati `goes, hinkt' (Gramm.), vañjula- `name different Pflanzen', e.g. `calamus Rotang' etc;

    alb. vank, vangu `Felge', vek `Henkel', vegëlë `handle, grasp, Handhabe' (u̯n̥g-);

    ahd. winchan, mhd. winken `waver, winken', ahd. winch, mhd. winc `Wink, Wanken', compare ags.wince `Winde', engl. winch; ags. wincian `winken, nicken, die Augen shut', mnd. winken ds., ahd. winkil `Winkel, earth';

    ablaut. aisl. vakka `umherirren, amble', as. wancon, ahd. wankon, mhd. nhd. `wanken = wobble'; ags. wancol `unbeständig', wencel n. `kid, child, Dienerin', nengl. wench;

    lit. véngiu, véngti `meiden, vermeiden', actually `ausbiegen'; ablaut. Iterat. vángstyti undvangùs `idle'; vìngis `bow, Krümmung', išvéngti `vermeiden', víngiuoti `bow, Umwege make', vingrùs `sich schlängelnd, sharp witted, shrewd'; apr. wīngriskan Akk. Sg. `artifice', wangan Akk. Sg. `end'; lett. vingrs `fresh, hurtig, skilful'.

References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.;

See also: compare u̯ā-, u̯ek- etc

Page(s): 1148-1149


Root / lemma: u̯e-n-k-

See also: see above S. 1134 f. (u̯ek-).

Page(s): 1149


Root / lemma: u̯en-1, u̯enǝ-

Meaning: to strive; to wish for, to love

German meaning: ursprünglich `streben', from which `wünschen, lieben, befriedigt sein' and `erarbeiten, Mühe haben', perfective `erreichen, gewinnen, siegen'

Material: Old Indian vánati, vanṓti `wünscht, liebt, gewinnt, siegt', participle vanita-, -vāta-, váni-tr̥-, vantrŕ̥- `Gewinner', av. vanaiti, vanaoiti `siegt', mpers. vanītan `defeat, conquer, hit'; Old Indian Aor.-present vanáti in same meaning; Kaus. vanáyati and vānáyati (ersteres nicht belegt); as -sk̂-present Old Indian vā́ñchati `wünscht', compare vāñchā f. `Wunsch'; vanas- n. `Lust' (compare lat. Venus), vani- f. `desire, Wunsch', wherefore vanīyati `bettelt', vanīyaka- `Bettler', vanú- as noun agentis m. (compare av. -vanuš in Nom. Pr.); in compositions erscheirit ványa-; s. further vantā- as Nom. Sg. m. (av. vantar `Sieger'), vanti- Nom. Act. (uncovered, yet compare av. -vantay-); Old Indian vā́ma- `link' and vāmá- `lieb(lich), lüstern';

    venet. VN Venetī from *u̯enetos `geliebt'; compare die Venostes in den Alpen, die Venetulani in Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); lat.-germ. Venethi (Plin.); ahd. Winida `Wende' point at auf vorgerm. *Venéto-, against it lat.-germ. Venedi (Tacitus), ags. Winedas `Wenden' auf *Venetó-;

    lat. venus, -eris f. `love, Liebesgenuß, Liebreiz', Venus name the Liebesgöttin, venustus `graceful, reizend, mellifluous', veneror, -āri `with religious Scheu worsship, huldigen, demütig bid, beg, ask', originally `die love bezeugen'; here also vēnor, -āri `pursue ein Wild, jage';

    air. fine (*venjā) `Verwandtschaft, stem, Familie', mir. fin-galach `parricidalis', coibnius `Verwandtschaft' (*con-venestu-), abret. coguenou `indigena', mbret. gouen `Rasse', cymr. gwen `Lächeln' (out of it mir. gen ds.?);

    außerordentlich reich vertreten is die root u̯en- in den germ. Sprachen:

    auf idg. *u̯eni-s goes back gall. Veni- in PN Veni-carus etc, aisl. vinr `friend', as. ahd.wini, afries. ags. wine; eine -derivative is got. winja `Weide, Futter', mnd. ahd. winne, aisl. vin f. `Weideplatz' (compare air. fine `Verwandtschaft'); zero grade ahd. wunnia, wunna, wunnī `Lust, Wonne', as. wunnia, ags. wynn ds. (mhd. wunne `Weideplatz', only in the Formelwunne and weide replacement for das old winne);

    idg. *u̯enistro- wird through aisl. vinstri `link', as. winistar, afries. winister etc vorausgesetzt, eine Komparativbildg. as lat. sinister etc (compare moreover Old Indian vāma- `link');

    frequent, often is the Übergang to `befriedigt sein, sich gewöhnen' in Germ.; compare zero grades got. unwunands `sich nicht freuend', aisl. una (*wunēn) `zufrieden sein with', afries. wonia, as. wonōn, wunōn `stay, dwell', ahd. wonēn `gewohnt sein, sich gewöhnen, bleiben, wohnen'; as. giwono, giwuno, ags. gewun, ahd. giwon `gewohnt'; aisl. o-grade vanr ds.; derived as. giwono (*-wunan-) `Gewohnheit' etc, aisl. vani m. ds.; aisl. venja (*wanjan), as. gi-wennian, ags. wennan etc `gewöhnen';

maybe alb. vonë `late', vonoj `delay, stay late'

    die lengthened grade hat germ. die meaning `hoffen, erwarten' angenommen; got. wēns (i-stem) `Erwartung, hope', aisl. vān, as. wān ds., afries. wēn `opinion', ahd. wān also `Vermutung, Wahn, intention' etc; Adj. necess. aisl. vǣnn (*vēnja-) `to hoffen, pretty, pleasant', wherefore aisl. vænd (*vēniÞō) `hope, Erwartung', got. wēnjan `erwarten, hoffen', aisl. vǣna ds., vǣnask `sich rühmen', as. wānian etc; zero grade aisl. ōsk (*wunskō) `Wunsch', ags. wūsc-, ahd. wunsc `Wunsch' etc, aisl. ø̄skja `wünschen', ags. wȳscan ds. (compare gewȳscan `adoptieren'), ahd. wunscen ds. etc (compare above Old Indian vāñchati);

    die meaning `work, leiden, quarrel, gewinnen' shows sich germ. in the family got. winnan `leiden', aisl. vinna `work, align, überwinden', as. winnan `quarrel, fight' etc, ags. wiðerwinna m. ` adversary ', ahd. widarwinno ds.; got. winnō, winna ` affliction, -schaft', aisl.vinna `work', ahd.. winna `fight', mhd. winne `pain'; schließlich got. wunns ` affliction ';

    ksl. uniti `velle', unjii, uněji `better';

    hitt. u̯en-, u̯ent- `futuere'; toch. A wañi, В wīn- `pleasure'.

References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.

Page(s): 1146-1147


Root / lemma: u̯en-2

German meaning: `schlagen'

See also: see above under u̯ā-1.

Page(s): 1147


Root / lemma: u̯en-

Meaning: to hit, wound

German meaning: `schlagen, verwunden'

Comments: (: u̯ā-, similarly as gʷem- : gʷā- `gehen, kommen')

Material: Arm. vandem `destroy, smash'; got. wunds `verwundet', ahd. nhd. as. ags. wund, Subst. ahd. wunta, ags. wund, aisl. and `wound' (*u̯n̥-tós, -́), ags. if `swelling, lump, growth' (originally probably `swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages'), engl. wen, mnd. wene, dän. dial. vann, væne (urgerm. *wanja); cymr. ym-wan `fight', mcymr. gweint `I durchbohrte', 3. Sg. gwant; gwân `punctio', corn. yth ym-wanas `percussit', gwane `perforare'.

Maybe alb. (*wene) vara 'wound' [rhotacism N > R]

References: WP. I 212.

Page(s): 1108


Root / lemma: u̯ep-2

Meaning: to throw, throw out

German meaning: `werfen, streuen'?

Material: Old Indian vápati `wirft, streut (den Samen)', vápra- m. n. `Aufwurf (from earth), Erdwall', vaprā `Feuerstätte', av. vafra-, mpers. vafr, npers. barf `snow' (eigentl. [*Schnee]wehe?);

aksl.veprь, lett. vepris `boar' (as `the Befruchter'); different about bsl. *u̯epri̯a- `boar' above S. 323; remains far off lat. veprēs `briar' (see 1156).

References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183.

Page(s): 1149


Root / lemma: u̯(e)rād-, erǝd-, u̯rǝd-

Meaning: twig, root, branch

German meaning: `Zweig, Rute; Wurzel'

Material: Gr. ῥά̄δῑξ, -ῑκος `twig, branch, rod' (= lat. rādīx), ῥάδαμνος m., äol. *Fρόδαμνος (from ὀρόδαμνος to erschließen) `young twig, branch' (about ῥαδινός, ῥαδαλός u̯er-, u̯red- `turn'); compare ῥίζα lesb. βρίσδα `root' (*Fρǝδι̯α?);

    alb. rrânzë `root' (Mann Lg. 26, 388; 28, 37); lat. rādīx, -īcis f. `root'; probably rāmus `bough, twig, branch' (as *u̯rādmos) and radius `staff, Speiche, ray bright Körper, Weberschiffchen';

    cymr. gwraidd `roots' (*u̯rǝdi̯o-), Singulativ gwreiddyn, acorn. grueiten gl. radix, mbret. gruizyenn, nbret. grisienn; cymr. gwrysg `Äste, Zweige' (*u̯r̥d-sko-); air. mir. frēn `root' (*u̯r̥d-no-), newer frēm; cymr. greddf `Instinkt, nature' (*u̯r̥d--; also perhaps originally -mn-suffix, compare above gr. ῥάδαμνος);

    got. waúrts `root', ags. wyrt, ahd. wurz `herb, plant', mhd. also `root', ahd. wurzala, ags. wyrtwalu (eig. `herb-stock') `root' (here also as. wurtia, mhd. würze `Würze', next to which the changing by ablaut as. wirtea, mhd. wirze ds.; besides diesen auf *u̯erǝd- beruhenden forms steht *ur(ǝ)d- in aisl. urt `herb'; aisl. rōt `root';

    toch. В witsako `root'.

References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff.

Page(s): 1167


Root / lemma: u̯erdh-, u̯redh-

Meaning: to grow; high

German meaning: `wachsen, steigen; hoch'

Material: Old Indian várdhati, várdhatē, vr̥dháti `wächst, mehrt sich', várdha- m. `das Fördern', vardháyati `makes grow', vr̥ddhá- ` grown, big, large, old', vŕ̥ddhi- f. `Stärkung'; av. varǝd- `make grow '; Old Indian ūrdhvá- `high' (*u̯or-dh-u̯o-); Old Indian vrādhant- `emporsteigend';

    gr. ὀρθός, dor. βορθό- `erect, straight, right, true' (*u̯ordh-u̯o-), in addition also ὄρθρος `the frühe Morgen', ὄρθριος, ὀρθρῑνός `early, matutinal', ὀρθρεύω `bin früh auf', therefore anlaut. F through lakon. βορθαγορίσκος Hes., otherwise ὀρθαγορίσκος (from *ὀρθρ-) `Spanferkel' (ἐπεὶ πρὸς τὸν ὄρθρον πιπράσκονται) gesichert wird; ῥέθος `Glied, body, Antlitz';

    alb. rit `grow, make groß';

    perhaps got. gawrisqan `fruit bringen', aisl. rǫskr `proficient', rǫskvask `aufwachsen, ripen', rǫskinn ` grown';

    aksl. etc rodъ `partus, generatio, gens, natura', roditi, raždati `parere', redъ `dish, food, nourishment, food', nslov. redíti `nähren', lett. radīt `erschaffen, to give birth to children ' (probably Lw.), raža ` prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest' (*radi̯ā), rasma, rasme ` prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit', lit. rasmė̃ ds.; doubtful lit. rẽsnas `strong, proficient', lett. resns `thick, dickleibig, dickstämmig' (russ. Lw.?); aksl. ranъ `ὄρθρος', èech. poln. rano `die time frühmorgens, die Frühe' (compare bulg. ražda se `(die sun) geht auf, (sol) oritur') from *u̯rōdhno-.

References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer 2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117.

Page(s): 1167


Root / lemma: u̯er-g-, u̯er-ĝh-, u̯er-k-

See also: see above S. 1154 f. (u̯er-3: D. u̯er-g-, etc.)

Page(s): 1169


Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-1, u̯reĝ-

Meaning: to close, enclose; pen

German meaning: `abschließen, einschließen; Hürde'

Comments: extension from u̯er-5.

Material: Old Indian vrajá- m. ` hurdle, Umhegung', vr̥jana- m. `Umhegung, Einfriedigung, abgeschlossene settlement ', gthav. vǝrǝzǝ̄na-, jav. varǝzāna-, ap. vardana- n. `Gemeinwesen' (out of it borrows Old Indian vardhana- `town, city', Wackernagel KZ. 67, 168 f.); av. varǝz- `absperren'; oss. æruæz (*wraza- = Old Indian vrajá-) `Rudel, Hirsche';

    hom. ἔργω, ἐργάθω (F-) and (with Vorschlags -) ἐέργω, att. εἴργω `schließe ein, from, hold ab', att. εἱρκτή, ion. ἐρκτή ` jail ', att. εἱργμός ` jail, Verschluß', kypr. ka-te-vo-ro-ko-ne `sie belagerten'; in addition air. fraig `wall', nir. fraigh `wall from Flechtwerk, Dach, hurdle ', because of mcymr. ach-vre `wattled fence' from *u̯regi- (Loth RC. 38, 301).

References: WP. I 290, Frisk 465 f.; Benveniste BSL. 52, 34;

See also: compare u̯erĝh- above S. 1154.

Page(s): 1168


Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-2, u̯reĝ-

Meaning: to do, work

German meaning: `wirken, tun'

Material: Av. varǝz- (vǝrǝzyeiti = got. waúrkeiÞ; s. also gr. ῥέζω) `wirken, do, make', participle varšta-, varǝza- m. `Wirken, Verrichten from, Tätigkeit' (npers. varz, barz `Feldarbeit, Ackerbau'), varšti- f. `Handeln, Tun', varštva- Adj. `was to tun is'; arm. gorc `work' (with secondary o); gr. ἔργον, Fέργον `work, work' (= dt. work), ἐργάζομαι `arbeite', thereafter ἐργάτης `worker' (for *ἐργότης), ἔρδω (vereinzelt ἕρδω) `do, sacrifice ' (*Fερzδω, *u̯erĝi̯ō lengthened grade after Fέργον as in as.wirkian), Fut. ἔρξω, Aor. ἔρξα, Perf. ἔοργα), ῥέζω `do' (from ῥέξαι neologism, hom. ἄρεκτος `ungetan' reconverted from *[F]ερκτος); ὄργανον `tool', ὄργια `(geheimer) worship', ὀργιάζω `feiere Mysterien', ὀργεών `Mitglied einer religiösen Brüderschaft'; ὀργάζω, ion. ὀργάω, ὀργίζω `knead, rühre durch, tan, convert hide into leather' (as nhd. Teig wirken with meaning-Verengerung in the Berufssprache), wherefore ἐόργη `Quirl' (probably redupl. Fε-Fόργᾱ);

    alb. rregj `clean', Mediopassiv rregjem `mühen, strive' (stem E. Mann Lg. 26, 382 f.); abret. guerg `efficax', gall. vergo-bretus `oberste authority the Aeduer', also verco-breto (Pokorny, Vox Romanica 10, 266 f.); mcymr. gwreith `feat, dead, act' (*u̯reĝ-tu-), 1. Pl. Imper. acymr. guragun, newer gwnawn etc (n instead of r through influence of *gnī- `make', S. 373), corn. gruen, mbr. gr-(u)eomp (*u̯reĝ- `make'), Lewis-Pedersen S. 336 f.;

    as. wirkian (neologism after werk), warhta, ahd. (fränk.) wirkan, wirchen, war(a)hta `work, tätig sein, wirken'; got. waúrkjan (= av. vǝrǝzyeiti), aisl. yrkja, orta, ags. wyrcan, worhte, ahd. (obdt.) wurchen, wor(a)hta `wirken, do, make, bewirken', ahd. gawurht f. `feat, dead, act, action', got. frawaúrhts `sündig', f. `Sünde' etc, got. waúrstw n. `work' (*waúrh-stwa-; similarly av. varštva-); ahd. werc, werah, as. werk, aisl. werk n. (= ἔργον) `work, Tätigkeit, work', ags.weorc also ` hardship, agony', wherefore also aisl. verkr, Gen. verkjar (m. i-stem) `pain, affliction' hierhergehören kann;

    ahd. wirken `nähend, stickend, webend verfertigen' = as. wirkian, ags. wircan, and das therefrom not trennbare ahd. werih in the meaning ` oakum, stuppa', āwirihhi, āwurihhi ` oakum ' show Anwendung our root auf die Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF. 22, 332 f. (the Werg and wirken `to weave' the root *u̯erg- `turn, winden' allot möchte); an nhd. Werg reminds cymr. cy-warch `Hanf, Flachs' = bret. koarc'h, abret. coarcholion gl. `canabina'; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362 seeks therein ein idg. *u̯er-k- `turn', see above S. 1155.

References: WP. I 290 f., Frisk 548 f.

Page(s): 1168-1169


Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-3, u̯orĝ-

Meaning: to abound, to be full of strength

German meaning: `strotzen, schwellen vor Saft and Kraft or Zorn'

Material: Old Indian ū́rj-, ūrjā́ f., ūrjá- m. `juice, sap and power, nourishment, food' (*u̯orĝ-?), ūrjáyati ` nourishes, strengthens', ū́rjasvant- `strotzend';

    gr. ὀργή `seelischer, heftiger Trieb, Affekt, rage, fury' (ὀργίζω `erzürne jemanden' under likewise), ὀργάω `from Feuchtigkeit and juice, sap strotzen, violent begehren, in leidenschaftlicher Stimmung sein', ὀργάς, -άδος (γῆ) `üppiger fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au';

    e-grade air. ferc, mir. ferg f. `rage, fury' presumably also the ὠκεάνος Οὐεργιουιος by Ptol. (i.e. vergivios `the angry'? or still `the schwellende, wogende'?); mcymr. y werit `sea' (d. h. y werydd) rather from *eri̯o- to *au̯er- above S. 80 and 1165; compare Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II, 669 f.

References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1, 116.

Page(s): 1169


Root / lemma: u̯er-10

German meaning: `Fluß, fließen'

See also: see above au̯er- S. 80 f.; in addition Var- in vielen FlN (er-).

Page(s): 1165


Root / lemma: u̯er-11, u̯erǝ-

Meaning: friendship; trustworthy, true

German meaning: `Freundlichkeit (erweisen)'

Material: A. root nouns u̯ēr-: gr. Fηρ- in hom. (ἐπι) ἦρα φέρειν `einen Gefallen tun', Pherek. ἦρα ἴσθι, Bacchyl. ἦρα with Gen. `χάριν'; ἐπιήρανος `wohlgefällig, pleasant'; Nom. Pl. ἐρί-ηρες `Vertraute', Sg. o-stem ἐρίηρος `traut, lieb'; βρίηρον μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον Hes.; PN Περιήρης, Διώρης from Διο-Fήρης.

    B. derivative u̯ērā: germ. *wēra `pact, covenant, Gelübde, covenant' in aisl. GN Vār `goddess the Treuschwüre', Pl. vārar `Treuegelübde', ags. wǣr f. `pact, covenant, loyalty, protection', ahd. wāra ds., mnd. wāre `pact, covenant, peace'; aksl. f. `faith, belief'.

    C. compounds auf -u̯ēro-s, -uēri-s, formal as gr. ἐρίηρoς, βρίηρος: lat. se-vērus `ohne Freundlichkeit', i.e. `stern', therefrom assevērāre `versichern', persevērāre `beharren'; Gegenstück gall. PN Co-vīrus, cymr. cywir `recht, loyal, faithful'; *u̯ēri-s in got. alla-werei `schlichte Güte', aisl. ǫlvǣrr `friendly, gastlich', ags. eal-werlic `benigne', ahd. alauuari, mhd. alwære `schlicht, oafish, clownish ', ahd. zur-wāri `verdächtig' = got. *tuzwērs (tuzwērjan `doubt'), *unwērs(un-wērjan ` unwilling sein'), ahd. miti-wāri `gentle'.

    D. adjective u̯ēro-s `true': lat. vērus, air. fīr, cymr. gwir; as. ahd. wār, nhd. wahr.

    E. Verbalableitungen: gr. ἑορτή (*FεFορτά̄) `Feier, festival', äol. ἔροτις ds. (*Fεροτις? rather angeglichen an ἐροτός, hom. ἐρατός ` mellifluous'); ἔρανος ds.;

    ahd. werēn, giweren, giwerōn, nhd. gewähren, as. waron `leisten'.

    Here probably also germ. werðuz (= idg. *u̯ertú-) in aisl. verÞr (Dat. Sg. virÞe besides häufigerem verÞe) `repast, meal', got. wairdus `ξένος', as. werd, ahd. Wirt ` householder, Eheherr, Wirt', afries. hus-werda `Hauswirt, householder '.

References: WP. I 285 f., WH. II 528, 768, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 115 ff., The ältesten Postverb. of Germ. 45, Frisk 531, 547 f., 565, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 184.

Page(s): 1165-1166


Root / lemma: u̯er-12

Meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen, verbrennen, schwärzen'

Material: Arm. vaṙem `zünde an', vaṙim `burn'; perhaps alb. vorbë `Kochtopf' and (?) germ. *u̯arma- `warm' in got. warmjan `warm', aisl. varmr, afr. as. ahd. warm `warm', changing through ablaut ahd. wirma `Wärme' (*wirmia) and wirmina, mhd. wirme and wirmen; compare (?) aisl. orna `warm become, warm'; aksl. varъ `heat', variti `cook' (different above S. 81); in addition also balto-slav. u̯arna- m. `raven' in lit. var̃nas, apr. Vok. warnis, Akk. Pl. warnins, aksl. vranъ, russ. vóron, probably ein substantiviertes adjective *u̯arna- `black, verbrannt' in aksl. vranъ, russ. voronój `black' etc; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. bsl. *u̯ārnā- `crow' in apr. warne (secondary ē-stem), lit. várna, russ. ksl. vrana, serb. vrȁnа, russ. voróna (glottal stop durch Vriddhi); hitt. u̯ar- `burn, verbrennen', participle u̯arant- ` burning ' (Intrans.), u̯ar-nu- `kindle, inflame, verbrennen'.

References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1, 169, 228 f., Szemerényi Kratylos 2, 121 f., the also germ. *swarta- `black' (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.

Page(s): 1166


Root / lemma: u̯er-13

Meaning: squirrel, etc.

German meaning: `Eichhorn, also Iltis, Marder under likewise'

Comments: in den certainly Zugehörigen with Redupl. u̯er-u̯er-, u̯e-u̯er-, u̯ai-u̯er-, u̯i-u̯er-, u̯ā-u̯er-

Material: Npers. varvarah `Eichhorn'; lat. vīverra f. `Frettchen' (*vī-ver-sa); cymr. gwiwer, bret. gwiber from dem Lat.; unclear nir. iora rūadh, schott.-gäl. feorag;

    baltoslav. *u̯ēu̯er- and *u̯āu̯er- *u̯aiu̯er- f. `Eichhörnchen' in lit. vaiverìs (vaivaras, vaivarys) `Männchen vom polecat or marten', vaiverė̃, voverė̃ `Eichhorn'; lett. vãvere, vāveris ds.; apr.weware ds.; aruss. věverica, nslov. vẹ́verica `Eichhorn', klr. vyvirka, èech. veverka, bulg. ververica ds.;

    unredupliziert in 2. Gliede from ags. āc-weorna, aschwed. ēkorne, ahd. eihhurno, eihhorn etc `Eichhorn' (see below *aig- `sich violent bewegen').

References: WP. I 287 f., WH. III 808, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 176.

Page(s): 1166


Root / lemma: u̯er-1, also su̯er-

Meaning: to bind, to attach

German meaning: `binden, anreihen, aufhängen', also zum Wägen, daher `schwer; Schnur, Strick'

Material: A. Gr. ἀείρω from *Fέρι̯ω (with Vorschlags-α-), seit Homer also αἴρω (jedenfalls from *ἀέρι̯ω contracted, with αι instead of ᾶι): α) `reihe an, verbinde, kopple', β) `lift high, erhebe';

    to α) `kopple':

    ξυναίρεται συνάπτεται Hes., συνήορος Hom. (συνά̄ορος Pind.) `eng vereint, coniunx', att. συνωρίς `Zweigespann', τετρά̄ορος, att. τέτρωρος `Viergespann', hom. παρήορος `Beipferd besides dem Zweigespann';

    to β) `lift high, lasse hängen':

    ἤερτο ἐκρέματο Hes., hom. ἠερέθονται `sie flattern'; hom. μετήορος, att. μετέωρος, aeol. πεδά̄ορος `erhoben, high schwebend' (μετά `inmitten'); κατήορος, κατωρίς; κατώρης κάτω ῥέπων Hes.; ἐπήορος; ἀπήορος; in addition with lengthened grade and Intensivredupl. αἰώρα (*FαιFώρᾱ) `Schwebe, Schaukel', with αἰωρέω. Weiter in addition ἀορτήρ `Schwertkoppel', ἀορτή `leather sack' (*Fορτά̄ because of lat. Lw. averta `Packsack'), also probably ἄορ n. `sword'; ἀορτ- or rather ἀαρτ- contracted to ̄ρτ- in ἀρτηρία ` windpipe, Arterie', besides ἀορτή `Aorta'; ἀερτ- contracted to ̄ρτ- in ἀρτᾶν `anhängen' (compare ἠέρτησε ἠέρτημαι by Alexandrinern with ἀρτάνη `rope, Schlinge', ἀρτεμών `Bramsegel');

    alb. vjer `hänge auf', avarī `together', vark, -gu `row, Kranz, Kette', vargarī `row, Trupp';

    lit. veriù, vérti `einfädeln'; lett. veru, vẽrt `einfädeln, sticken, sew ', in addition die Iterativa lit. várstyti, lett. vãrstīt `wiederholt einfädeln', lett. savāre `rod zum Binden', ostlit. vìrtinė `bundle', lett. virtene, virkne (*virtne) f. `Aneinandergereihtes, row', also lit. pa-varė̃ and vorà f. `long row' (from Wagen, animals etc), lit. virvė̃, lett. vìrve `rope, cable', aksl. vrъvь ds. (= apr. wirbe ds.), lit. apì-varas ` bootlace ', varanda `netting from Weidenruten', vóras `Spinne'; aksl. vъvrěti `hineinstecken', provrěti `durchstecken', russ. veratь `stecken, hineinlegen', aksl. obora (*in the case of-vora) `rope', russ. vereníca `long row, line', aksl. verigy f. Pl. `Ketten, Fesseln', slov. veríga, verúga `Kette', in addition also got. wriÞus `herd', ags. wrǣd ds.; russ. voróna, vorónka `Trichter', veretá `sack, bag', aksl. vrětiště n. ds. etc;

    B. With the meaning `row, Schwarm etc':

    Old Indian vr̥ndam `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'; air. foirenn f. `factio, group, troop, multitude, crowd', acymr. guerin `factio', ncymr. gwerin `people, bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd', abret. guerin `factiones' (*varīnā); ags. weorn, wearn `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, Truppe'; toch. В war̃nai `with'; about russ. vereníca, lit. vorà, lett. virkne, alb. vargarī see above.

    C. With to-formants: *u̯rēto- in Old Indian vrāta- m. `troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe, bulk, mass', ags. wrǣd `herd', got. wrēÞus (Hs. wriÞus).

    D. with s mobile: su̯er- in

    lit. sveriù sver̃ti `wägen', in addition svãras m. `Wage', svarùs ` heavy ', and svirù, svìrti `das Übergewicht haben, überhängen'; svìrtis f. `Brunnenschwengel', lett. sveŕu, svèrt `wägen, wiegen', svars `Gewicht', svēre f. `Brunnenschwengel'; cymr. chwar-, bret. c'hoar- `geschehen';

    germ. swēra- ` heavy ' in got. swers `geehrt', ahd. mhd. swār (ahd. swāri) ` heavy, drückend, schmerzend'; doubtful gr. ἕρμα n. `Schiffsballast' (see 1152) and lat. sērius `ernst'.

References: WP. I 263 ff., WH. II 521, Trautmann 296, 351 ff., Jokl Lingunder-kult. Untersuchungen 194, Vasmer 1, 184 ff., 226 f., 229; 2, 243, Frisk 23 f., 49, 153 ff.; H. Lewis BBC S. 4, 136 f. about kelt. *su̯ar- `geschehen' (`*fall').

Page(s): 1150-1151


Root / lemma: u̯er-2

Meaning: highland, high place, top, high

German meaning: `erhöhte Stelle (in Gelände or in der Haut)'

Comments: extended u̯er-d-, u̯er-s-

Material: A. Lat. varus `Gesichtsausschlag, Knöspchen' (= lit. vìras, Pl. viraĩ, compare ostlit. virỹs, Pl.viriaĩ m. `Finne in Schweinefleisch'), lat. varulus `Gerstenkorn in eye', varix m. f. `Krampfader';

    perhaps mir. ferbb f. `Hitzblatter, Finne' (*u̯erbhā), from which borrows abret. guerp `Brandmal', mbret. guerbl `bubon';

    nisl. var n. `Augenschleim', schwed. var n. `Eiter'; compare ahd. warah, ags. wearh, worsm ds.; ags. wer-nægl m. `ulcer', nengl. warnel ds.; ndl. weer `weal, callus', norw. dial. vere `swelling, lump, growth under the skin the Kühe';

    with n-suffix: schwed. dial. verna, ahd. werna `Krampfader', nhd. dial. Wern `Gerstenkorn in eye' (*wernō);

    with the meaning `lip' (*swollen elevation): got. wairilom Dat. Pl., ags. weleras Pl. (rearrangement from *werelas), afries. were, as from the s-extension aisl. vǫrr f. apr. warsus `lip'.

    u̯er-d-: npers. balū `Warze' (iran. *vard-); ahd. warza, ags. wearte, aisl. varta f. (*u̯ordā) `Warze'; ablaut. aksl. vrědъ `damage', russ. vered `ulcer, Eiterbeule'.

    u̯er-s-: lat. verrūca `Warze' (by Cato also `locus editus et asper'), ags. wearr `weal, callus, Warze', fläm. warre `weal, callus, Knorren', ahd. werra `Krampfader', nhd. Werre `Gerstenkorn in eye'.

    B. Old Indian varṣmán- m. `height, Oberstes', várṣman- n. `height, Oberstes, cusp, peak' = gr. ἕρμα n. `pad, Riff, hill' (? after Frisk 561 ff. identical with ἕρμα n. `Ballast' and from idg. *su̯er-mn̥ `schweres Gewicht'), Old Indian várṣīyas- `higher', várṣiṣṭha- `höchst'; lit. viršùs `das Obere, höchste cusp, peak', lett. vìrsus m. `das Obere', f. vìrsa; slav. *vьrchъ in aksl. vrьchъ, russ. verch `Oberstes, acme, apex ' (aksl. vrъchu `above', vom u-stem); air. ferr `better' (*u̯erso- `oberer') to Positiv fern `good' (*u̯er-no-); cymr. etc gwell `better' either from *u̯el-no- `Wahl' or after Thurneysen Gr. 236 ferr and gwell from *u̯er-lo- with different Entwicklung from -rl-; mir. farr f. `Pfosten' = cymr. gwar f. `Nacken' (*u̯r̥sā); manche verbinden got. waírsiza, ahd. wirsiro `schlimmer' with ir. ferr, so that (as by nhd. about S. 1105) `in höherem Grade' to `about dasrechte Maß hinausgehend'; doubtful gr. ῥίον `Berghöhe, Vorgebirge' (*u̯rison?) and aisl. risi, ahd. riso, mnd. rese `Riese' (*wrisan-), as. wrisil ds., wrisilīc `riesenhaft' (die forms ohnew through Anlehnung an germ. risan above S. 331); perhaps also thrak.-phryg. βρία `fortress' (*u̯rii̯ā) and toch. AB ri `town, city' (whether not to u̯er- `umschließen'); doubtful phryg. ὅρου `ἄνω';

    after Specht (KZ 66, 199 ff.) here also gr. οὐρανός, lesb. ὤρανος (more properly ὀρρ-), ὄρανος, böot. dor. lak. ὠρανός m. `sky, heaven' from *u̯orsanos, to *u̯orsos `high' (in Old Indian várṣīyas- `higher', see above), further ablaut. gr. ῎Ερρος Ζεύς (Hes).

References: WP. I 266 f., WH. II 734, 762 f., Trautmann 360, 362, Vasmer 1, 190 f., 230.

Page(s): 1151-1152


Root / lemma: u̯er-3

Meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Comments: here perhaps die under u̯er-1 angeführten baltoslavischen words. Sonst only abstraction for derivatives and Root extensions.

Page(s): 1152


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: A. u̯r̥mi-s, u̯r̥mo-s

Meaning: worm

German meaning: `Wurm'

Material: Lat. vermis (from *vormis, *u̯r̥mis); got. waúrms m. `snake', aisl. ormr, ags. wyrm, afries. wirm ds. `Wurm', as. ahd. wurm m. ds.; baltoslav. *u̯arma- m. `Wurm, insect' in lit. var̃mas `insect, mosquito ', apr. wormyan Vok. `red' (`wurmfarben'), ablaut. urminan ds., slav. vьrmьje n. `Insekten' in aruss. vermije, ukrain. vermányi `red'; with same meaning afries. worma ` Purpur', ahd. gi-uurmōt `red gefärbt', ags. wurma m. `Purpurschnecke, Waid, Purpur', out of it borrows abret. uurm `dark', cymr. gwrm `dark(blue)', from which again air. gorm ds.; gr. PN Fαρμίχος and ῥόμος (äol. *Fρόμος from *u̯r̥mos) `Holzwurm' Hes.; compare from the g- or gh-extension in derselben meaning mir. frige f., Nom. Pl. frigit `Fleischwurm' (*u̯r̥g(h)-n̥tes), cymr. Pl. gwraint `Würmer in the skin' (*u̯rg(h)n̥toi), gallolat. brigantes (*vrigantes) `Würmer in eyelid'; mbret. gruech, nbret. grec'h f. `Milbe' (from brit. *vriggā, with intensification).

References: WP. I 271, WH. II 760, Trautmann 342 f., Vasmer 1, 189, Frisk 501;

See also: rhyme word to kʷr̥mi-, above S. 649.

Page(s): 1152


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: B. u̯er-b- and u̯er-bh-

Meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Material: Gr. ῥάμνος `a kind of briar, Rhamnus paliurus L.' (*ῥαβ-νος, *u̯r̥b-nos), ῥάβδος `rod, Gerte, staff', äol. Glosse ῥυβόν `ἐπικαμπές';

    lat. Pl. verbera, -um `Ruten, Rutenschläge, Züchtigung' (verberāre `with Ruten stroke, hit'), verbēna `die leaves and zarten Zweige of Lorbeers, Ölbaums, the Myrte etc as heilige Kräuter' (*u̯erbes-; compare den in subverbustus the basic liegenden -es-stem);

    lit. vir̃bas m. `Reis, Gerte', vir̃balas `thin Stäbchen, Stricknadel', virbìnis `Schlinge', lett. virbs `Stöckchen', virba ` shaft, pole', aksl. *vrъba `Weide', russ. vérba `Weidenzweig' (with the accentuation of Akk. Sg.; russ. dial. verbá hat die older slav. accentuation), voróba `Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett', voróby `Garnwinde';

    got. waírpan `throw' (`*turn'), aisl. verpa `throw' and `ein Gewebe anzetteln, die Kette shave, shear', aldri orpinn `vom Alter gebeugt', verpask `vor Hitze zusammenschrumpfen', ags. weorpan, as. werpan, ahd. werfan `throw'; aisl. varp n. `das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of Gewebes', as. warp, ahd. warf, ags. wearp n. ds.;

    die lat. and bsl. words (an sich also ῥάμνος) könnten also idg. *u̯erbh- fortsetzen; auf ein solches könnten bezogen become die auf nasalized *u̯rembh- weisenden ῥέμφος τὸ στόμα, ῥίς Hes., τὸ ῥάμφος `krummer Vogelschnabel', probably hybridization from ῥεμφ- and ῥαφ-), ῥαμφή `gebogenes knife', ῥαμφίς `gebogener Haken', ῥαμψός `gebogen', nd. wrümmeln `zerknüllen, zerknittern';

    nasalized u̯remb-: gr. ῥέμβω `drehe in Kreise herum', Med. `drehe mich herum, treibe herum', ῥόμβος (att. ῥύμβος) `kreisförmige movement, Schwung, Kreisel', cymr. gwrym `hem, suture' (*u̯rembo-); mnd. wrimpen, wrempen `(das face) zusammenziehen, rümpfen', wrempich `distortus, verdreht, rümpfig', wrampachtich `gewunden, krumm', holl. wrimpen, wrempen `distorquēre' (besides germ. *hremp- and remp-, ahd. hrimpfan, rimpfan `rümpfen').

References: WP. I 275 f., WH. II 756.

Page(s): 1153


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: C. u̯(e)r-ed-

Meaning: to bend down, to sway

German meaning: `sich biegen, neigen, schwanken'

Material: Gr. ῥαδινός, äol. βράδινος (i.e. Fράδινος) `schwank, schlank, flink', ῥοδανός `schwank', ῥοδάνη (by Hes. ῥαδάνη) `the gedrehte filament, Einschlag', ῥαδαλός `schlank, aufgeschossen';

    got. wratōn `wandern, reisen', isl. rata `wandern, umherschweifen, reisen, meet, find', mhd. razzeln `wenden, turn', ahd. rāzi `vagans, rapax'; lit. randù, radãu, ràsti `find'(`in-venire'); lett. rūodu, rast ds.;

    suffixales -st- (Krahe PBB 71, 242) show aisl. rǫst `Wasserwirbel', ags. wræstlian, mnd.worstelen `wrestle, struggle' (about das as `gedreht, walzig' partly here or to *u̯ert- gestellte ahd. wurst, nhd. `Wurst' s. Kluge-Götze16 288).

References: WP. I 273 f., Trautmann 236.

Page(s): 1153-1154


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: D. u̯er-g-

Meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Material: Old Indian vr̥ṇákti, várjati `wendet, dreht', vr̥jiná- `krumm, ränkevoll' (rather with g-forms to vr̥nṓti `wehrt', s. u̯er- `umschließen'); lat. vergō -ere `sich neigen'; vermina n. Pl. `das Bauchgrimmen' (*u̯erg-mena); holl. werken `sich werfen, krummziehen (from wood)', schwed. vurken `windschief durch Feuchtigkeit'; lett. sa-vergt `einschrumpfen'; aksl. vrьgǫ, vrěšti `throw' russ. ot-vérgnut' `ablehnen' etc; compare under S. 1181;

    cymr. gwraint `Würmer' etc (see above S. 1152) kann g or ĝh in Wurzelauslaut haben.

   Nasalized *u̯reng-:

    ags. wrenc (*u̯rongi-) `(Drehung), Modulation the voice, Kunstgriff, Hinterlist', wrencan `turn, winden, cheat, deceive', wrincle `wrinkle', ahd. birenkit `verrenkt', mhd. renken `drehend ziehen', mhd. ranc, Pl. renke m. `Drehung, Krümmung, schnelle Bewegung', nhd. verrenken, Rank `Ränke', nschwed. vrinka `verstauchen', nnorw. vrinke `abgeschmackt become'; lit. reñgtis `sich schwerfällig bücken, crook', rangùs ` ductile ', rangštùs `hasty', rìnga `ein krumm Dasitzender' under likewise; perhaps Old Indian abhi-vlaṅgá- m. `Fangnetz', abhi-vlag- `fangen'; under the imagining of Nasenrümpfens kann angereiht become lat. ringor (rictus then with analog. i for e) `den Mund aufsperren and die Zähne fletschen, sich ärgern', ksl. ręgnǫti `hiscere', rǫgъ ` derision, Hohn' etc

References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f.

Page(s): 1154


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh-

Meaning: to turn, press, strangle

German meaning: `drehen, einengen, würgen, pressen'

Comments: nasalized u̯renĝh-

Material: Aisl. virgill `rope', urga `rope, hawser-end', as. wurgil `rope', mhd. erwergen st. V. `erwürgen', ahd. wurgen `die Kehle zusammenschnüren, erwürgen', ags. wyrgan ds.; aisl. vargr (`*Würger'=) `wolf, geächteter Verbrecher', ags. wearg, as. ahd. war(a)g `Räuber, Verbrecher', got. launawargs `undankbarer person', gawargjan (`zum *warga- make') = `verdammen' = ags. wiergan `verfluchen', as. waragean `as einen Verbrecher punish, curse' etc;

    alb. z-vjerth `entwöhne' (`binde los'; doubt, in the case of not to *u̯ert-, by Pedersen KZ. 36, 335);

    lit. veržiù, ver̃žti `einengen, schnüren, pressen', veržỹs, viržỹs `rope', viržė́ti `bind', váržas `Fischreuse', lett. vērzt `wenden, turn, kehren, lenken', varzi `Setzkorb', var̃za `Fischwehr; eine verwickelte thing'; aksl. -vrьzǫ, -vrěsti `bind', russ. pá-voroz `Zugschnur (amBeutel)', poln. powróz `rope', sloven. vrzēl f. `fence, Hecke', perhaps also russ. vérša, poln.wiersza (*u̯erĝh-si̯ā) `Reuse', klr. veréslo (*u̯erĝh-s-lo-) `Kürbisstengel', èech. povříslo `Garbenband, Strohband', serb. vrijèslo `Kesselhaken';

    lit. viržỹs, lett. vìrsis (*u̯r̥ĝhi̯o-) `Heidekraut', changing through ablaut russ. véres, véresk `Heidekraut', poln. wrzos, serb. vrȉjes ds.; lit. vir̃kštis, lett. virksne (*virsk) `stiff, starkes Kraut from Bohnen, Kartoffeln; Ranken from Erbsen, Hopfen'; compare from the i-extension *u̯(e)rei-k- die words for Heidekraut gr. (F)ἐρείκη, air. froech, cymr. grug (*u̯roiko-).

   Nasalized *u̯renĝh-:

    Gr. ῥίμφα (*u̯renghu̯-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302) `rash, hasty, behende' (`sich drehend');

    ahd. (ge)ringi `light', afries. ring, mndl. gheringhe, mnd. mhd. (ge)ringi `light, quick, fast willing, ready', if mnd. fries. r- instead of to erwartenden wr- through old dissimil. reduction of w- in the Vorstufe urgerm. *wrinʒwja- (from *u̯renghu̯-) to define is;

    with other Bedeutungsentwicklung: ags. as. wrengan `fest zusammendrehen, winden, pressen', ahd. ringan `sich windend anstrengen, luctāri', nhd. ringen to dän. vringle `winden', mnd. mnl.wrang `bitter', mhd. rang `Umdrehung', ags. wrang n. (engl. wrong) ` wrong; injustice ' (< anorw. vrang), ags.wrang(a) m. `Schiffsbauch' (< anorw. vrǫng), alem. rang ` convolution '; got. wruggō `Schlinge'; aisl.rangr (aschwed. vranger) `krumm, verdreht, unrecht', mnd. wrank, wrange `sour, bitter', aisl.rǫng f. `Krummholz', ags. wrang, mnd. urange f. ds.

References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ. 72, 193 f.

See also: compare u̯erĝ- under S. 1168.

Page(s): 1154-1155


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: F. u̯er-k-

Meaning: to turn, wind, bend

German meaning: `drehen, winden'

Comments: nasalized u̯renk-

Material: Nir. feirc f. (air. ferc) `Buckel, Höcker, Heft'; cymr. cywarch `Hanf, rope, cable' (*kom-u̯orko-), abret. coarcholion Pl. `from Hanf', bret. Vannes koarc'h `Hanf', corn. cûer ds.;

    u̯renk- : u̯ronk- in german. *u̯ranhō, aisl. vrā f. `Winkel, point, edge' (*u̯ronhā) = schott.-gäl. frōg f. `cave, swamp, marsh, hideout ' (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in addition spätlat. branca ` paw ' (`die gekrümmte'), from gall. (probably nichtkelt. origin) *u̯rankā, idg. *u̯ronkā = baltoslav. *rankā `hand' in lit. rankà, lett. ruoka `hand, Arm'; aksl. rǫka `hand', russ. ruká `hand, Arm'; further to lit. renkù, riñkti `auflesen, gather, collect', parankà f. `Nachlese'.

References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg Frz. etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dicc. de la langua castellana 1, 509, Specht Idg. Dekl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237, Vasmer 2, 545.

Page(s): 1155


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: G. u̯er-p-, u̯r-ep-

Meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, winden'

Material: Old Indian várpas- n. `artifice, Kunstgriff', originally `*Krümmung, Winkelzug';

    gr. ῥάπτω (*Fραπι̯ω, *u̯r̥p-) `nähe together, flicke', ῥαπίς `needle' (also ῥαφίς, as ῥαφή ` suture' with φ probably through Entgleisung); ῥέπω `biege mich, schlage after einer Seite from', ῥοπή `skin rash, Neigung', ἀντίρροπος `gleichwiegend', ἀμφιρρεπής `sich auf beide Seiten neigend', καλα-ῦροψ (καλα-Fροπ-) `Hirtenstab', δεῦρο (*δε-Fροπ) eig. `here gewendet!', ῥόπαλον `Wurfstab, cudgel, club', ῥόπτρον `club, mace, joint, Türklopfer, Stellholz in einer Falle', ῥαπίς `rod, staff' (perhaps also ῥάβδος with β from p, see above *u̯erb-); lengthened grade ῥῶπες Pl. `Zweige, shrubbery, shrubbery, bush', ῥωπήιον `shrubbery, bush, thicket ';

    alb. vrap `schneller Gang';

    lat. repēns `sudden (*den Ausschlag giving)';

maybe alb. rjep 'peel, skin'

    perhaps veprēs (mostly Pl.) `briar, Dorngebüsch', if dissimil. from *vreprēs, undverpa `das männliche Glied', if actually `*rod', from *u̯orpā or *u̯r̥pā (: ῥαπίς), verpus `the Beschnittene';

    aisl. orf, ahd. worf, mhd. (sensen)worp, nhd. dial. worb `Sensenstiel' (from `*rod'; ablautgleich with ῥαπίς and perhaps lat. verpa); dän. dial. vravle `winden, maunder, drivel ', mengl. wrappen `wickeln';

    lit. verpiù, ver̃pti (lett. vērpt) `spinnen', varpstė̃ `coil, spool, Spindel', lett. vàrpste ds., verpeli `whirlwind', lit. vìrpiu, -ė́ti, virpu, -ti `waver, tremble, quiver', virpulỹs `Zittern the Glieder', and with the Entw. to `drehend toss, fling, throw, loslassen', apr. etwierpt `loslassen' (`*drehend toss, fling'), anuirpis `Wasserablaß, Flutrinne', craujawirps `Aderlassen', pouiērpt `freilassen', pouirps `free'; russ.-ksl. vьrpu, vьrpsti `reiße, pflücke, raube'; changing through ablaut lit. var̃pas `Ähre' (`*das Gepflückte'), lett. vãrpa ds., lit. varpýti `stochern'; formal comparable èech. vrápa, vráp `wrinkle', sloven. vrâpa, rápa `Hautrunzel', nsorb. ropa, osorb. (w)ropa `Falte'.

References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.

Page(s): 1156


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: H. u̯er-t-

Meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, wenden'

Grammatical information: causative-iterative u̯ortei̯ō

Material: Old Indian themat. present vartati(-tē) `dreht', Med. `dreht sich, rollt, verläuft', avest. varǝt- `sich wenden'; other Präsentia Old Indian vavartti, vartti, Kausat. vartáyati ` places in drehende Bewegung' (= got. fra-wardjan, aksl. vratiti, lit. vartýti), vártman- n. `pathway', vartana- n. `das Drehen', by den Mitanni-Indern aika-vartana etc `eine Runde (the racecourse)'; vartula- `rund', vartulā `Spinnwirtel' (: mhd. wirtel), vr̥ttá- `gedreht, rund' (= lat. vorsus, virsus, lit. vir̃stas etc), vr̥tti- f. `das Rollen, kind of, nature' (= lat. versi-ō, aksl. vrъstь), varti `Gerolltes'; ein present *vr̥natmi is because of vŕ̥nta- m. `Blattstiel', vr̥ntāka- m. `Eierpflanze' anzunehmen; vr̥kkáu (*vr̥tka-) ` kidneys

' (actually ` bulge;  bead;  lip;  torus;  wreath;  roll;  bulb '), av. vǝrǝδka- vǝrǝt̃ka- ds., compare pehl. gurtak, npers. gurda `kidney' from apers. *vr̥t(a);

    gr. ῥατάνη (Fρατ- from *u̯r̥t-) `Rührlöffel', βρατάνην τορύνην ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes., ῥοτάρια (ῥοτ- Aeolian; -τάνια?) τορύνιον Hes.; ἄρρατος `hard, not drehbar' (*-Fρᾰτ-ος);

    lat. vertō (neologism to replacement of old Kausativs?), vertī, versum `kehren, wenden, turn', Deponens revertor; vortex, vertex `whirl, Scheitel', versus, adversus `gegen' (to-participle), versus, -ūs m. `line, row, furrow'; umbr. kuvertu, covertu `convertitō', trahvorfi `transverse', lat. versi-ōn-, osk. Dat. Fερσορει ein Götterepithet; osk. umbr. vorsus ein Ackermaß is ein Terminus the röm. Siedler in Campanien (M. Leumann); compare air. forrach `ein Ackermaß';

    ven. goddess Vrotah `Wenderin, Geburtsgöttin' (Vetter Gl. 20, 72);

    air. ad-ferta `aversatur', adbart `adversarius', ablaut. dī-fort- `diffuse, einschenken' (compare frz. verser), mir. fertas f. `Schaft, Spindel, Erdwall' (newer fersat), cymr. gwerthyd `Spindel', acorn. gurhthit gl. `fusus', abret. Pl. guirtitou gl. `fusis', mbret. guersit ds.; root nouns as Adverb *u̯r̥t: air. Präpos. fri, preverb frith-, mcymr. gwrth, ncymr. wrth, corn.orth, bret. ouz `gegen' (zur basic form s. Thurneysen Grammar S. 515, Jackson Language and History S. 337); cymr. gwerthu `verkaufen', corn. gwerthe, bret. gwerza ds. (but cymr. gwerth `Preis' kann ags. Lw. sein);

    got. etc wairÞan, ahd. werdan `become' (`to turn'); got. fra-wardjan, ahd. frawarten `spoil' (causative to frawairÞan `zugrunde gehen', actually `eine Wendung zum Übel nehmen'), got. etc -waírÞs, ahd. -wert, nhd. -wärts `wohin gewendet'; perhaps got. etc wairÞs, ahd.wert, Subst. `Wert, Preis' (compare air. frith-, lat. vorsus `gegen' samt dem relationship from Old Indian práti `gegen': lat. pretium `as Gegenwert dienender Preis)' ahd. wurt `fate, destiny' (*u̯r̥ti- ` turn ');

    baltoslav. *u̯erti̯ō `wende, drehe' (older *u̯ertō) in lit. verèiù, ver̃sti, lett. veršu, verst `wenden, kehren', Intransitiv lit. virstù (*vr̥t-stō), vir̃sti `umfallen, fall, sich in etwas verwandeln', Iter. vartýti `fortgesetzt wenden', apr. wirst `wird'; slav. *vьrtjǫ, *vьrtěti in aksl. vrьtěti sę `περισπᾶσθαι', Iter. vratiti sę `στρέφεσθαι', russ.-ksl. vrěteno `Spindel'(*u̯erteno- n.), aksl. vrěmę `time' (*u̯ert-men n.), lit. var̃stas `Pflugwende', compare apr. ainawarst `once'; baltoslav. *u̯irstā f. `Wende' in aksl. vrъsta `ἡλικία', russ. verstá `row, Lebensalter, Werst', compare die participle lit. vir̃stas: lat. versus, Old Indian vr̥ttá- and lat. versus, -ūs `furrow, line, row'; Old Indian vr̥ttá- n. ` way of life, lifestyle, Benehmen'; baltoslav. *u̯irsti- f. `kind of' in russ.-ksl. sъvьrstь `gleiches age, pair', slov. vr̂st `row, kind of', compare lit. Infin. vir̃sti: Old Indian vr̥tti- f. see above.

    toch. A wärt- `throw', В wrattsai `gegen' (*wart, *u̯r̥t), yerter `Radkranz', A wërkänt, В Obl. yerkwantai (*yertwantai), Pedersen Toch. 235.

References: WP. II 274 f., WH. II 763 ff., Trautmann 354 f., Vasmer 1, 189, 190, 229, 230, 235, Frick 151.

Page(s): 1156-1158


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: α) u̯rei-n-:

Meaning: to be confused; to clench the teeth

German meaning: `das Gesicht verdrehen, from Verlegenheit, beim Grinsen, beim Beißen in etwas Saures'

Material: norw. dial. vrīna, vrein `grinsen; in the Brunstzeit die Oberlippe and Nase heben or verdrehen', then also `cry, wiehern, from brünstigen horses' (hence ags. wrǣne `horny, lustful', as. wrēnisk, ahd. reinisc `leichtfertig, horny, lustful', as. wrēnio, ahd. reinno `stallion' under likewise), dän. dial. vrinsk `very sour' (`den Mund verziehend')

References: WP. I 277, WH. II 433 f.

Page(s): 1158


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: β) u̯rizd-

Meaning: to be confused, ashamed

German meaning: `wird verlegen, schämt sich' (?)

Material: viell. from einer s-Erweit. and with probably präsensbildendem d: Old Indian vrīḍatē `wird verlegen, schämt sich', vrīḍa- m. `Verlegenheit, the genitals' (*u̯ri-z-d-), lat. rīdeō, -ēre `lachen'; ags. wr&aeelig;̄stan `turn, bend', norw. dial. (v)reist `Weidenring; Querkopf', isl. reista `verdrehen, crook', könnten ein idg. *u̯roizd- voraussetzen.

Page(s): 1158


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: γ) u̯reiĝ-

Meaning: to be crooked (?)

German meaning: `krumm sein' (?)

Material: In av. urvizō-maiδya- `die Leibesmitte schnürend', zaranyō-urvixšna `with goldener Verschnürung (am Schuh)' (unorganisches x); got. wraiqs `σκολιός', afries. wrāk `krumm', schwed. vrēk `eigensinniger person' (*u̯roiĝ-u̯o-s); here das in vocalism abweichende gr. ῥαιβός `krumm';

    gr. ῥοιβός is hybridization from ῥοικός and ῥαιβός.

References: WP. I 279.

Page(s): 1158


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: δ) u̯reik̂-

Meaning: to turn, bind

German meaning: `drehen; umwickeln, binden'

Material: Av. urvisyeiti (*vriśyati) `wendet sich, dreht sich', Kaus. urvaēsayeiti `wendet, dreht', urvaēsa- m. `Drehung' (= gr. ῥοικός, ndl. wreeg); Old Indian vréśī- `Wasserwirbel';

    gr. ῥοικός `gekrümmt, gebogen', ῥικνός ds.; ῥίσκος `Koffer, hutch' maybe from *u̯rik̂-skos;

    lat. rīca `Kopftuch', rīcinium, originally dial. rēcinium `small Kopftuch' (*u̯reikā);

    mnd. wrīch (wrīg-) `verbogen, verdreht, (therefrom) steif; verrückt, eigensinnig, heimtückisch', engl. wry `slant, skew', ags. wrīgian `tendere, conari, niti', (`*sich winden, whereupon wrestle, struggle'), afries.wrīgia `sich beugen' (?), ags. urīxl f. `variation, Tausch, Lohn', aisl. rǣxn m. `Knoten', hence probably also ags. wrāsen, wrǣsen f., ahd. reisan n. ds. mengl. wrāh `verkehrt, halsstarrig', ndl.wreeg `steif', Subst. `Fußbeuge', aisl. reigiask `den Kopf zurückwerfen, violent become', aisl. riga f. `bend', riga `move', nisl. rig n, rigr m. `stiffness in den Gliedern' (from `*verrenkt'), mhd. rigen, widerrigen `wogegen ankämpfen, widerstreben', nd. wrigge(le)n `seitwärts or hin- and her drehen', engl. wriggle ` crook oneself ', nd. uriggel `Eigensinn', norw. rigga `verbinden, umwickeln; upset; doubtful gehen', rigla `wobble, sway, doubtful gehen'; mhd. ric, rickes `band, strap, manacle, Knoten; Geschlinge the Eingeweide, narrow way', schweiz. rikch `Heftel from Faden', mhd. ric ` neck ' (probably as `*Dreher'), with expressive consonant stretch the Intensivität mengl. nd. ndl.wrikken `hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway', mnd. vor-wrikken `verrenken', norw. (v)rikka, schwed. vrikka `verrenken, wriggeln'; ndl. gewricht `Gelenk'; mnd. wrist, ags. wrist, wyrst, aschw. vrist, aisl. rist `Fußgelenk', mhd. rist `hand-, Fußgelenk' (*wrihst-); ahd. rīho m. `sura, poples, locus corrigiae', mhd. rīhe `Rist of Fußes', nhd. Reihen ds., mndl. wrīghe, ndl. wreeg `Fußbiege'; with the meaning `umwickeln' (: lat. rīca): ags. wrīon, wrēon (*wrīhan) `einhüllen, bedecken, schützen', wrigels `Hülle', ahd. int-rīhhen, -rīhan, participle intriggan `enthüllen', mhd.rigel m. `eine Kopfbedeckung, die man umwindet';

    lit. rišù, rìšti `bind', ryšỹs m. `bundle', raišaũ `bind', raĩštis `band, strap, Binde, head fascia', also raĩkštis with k-Einschub, as rýkštė `Gerte', iš-si-rýkšti `sich in Fäden auflösen' (perhaps `sich ausringeln, kräuseln'), ráišas and raĩšas `lahm' (`*verrenkt, verkrümmt'), ráištu, -šau, -šti `lahm become', ríeššas `Fußknöchel', lett. risu, rist `bind', riešu rist ds., ristu, rīstu(*u̯rī̆k-stō, barely nasalized) `füge mich an'; apr. senrists ` connected ', perrēist `verbinden'.

References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 408.

Page(s): 1158-1159


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: ε) u̯reip-, u̯rīp-

Meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Material: Gr. ῥί̄ψ, ῥῑπός, ion. ῥῖπος n. `Flechtwerk, Matte', ῥί̄πτω `werfe', ῥῑπή `drehende Bewegung, Schwung, Wurf' (in addition Εὔρῑπος), ῥῑπίς ` flabellum, bellows';

    ahd. rīban, mhd. rīben `reibend wenden or turn', nhd. bair. reiben `turn, wenden', mnd. wrīven, fries. wriwwe `rub', nd. wribbeln `turn'.

References: WP. I 280, Kluge-Götze16 607.

Page(s): 1159


Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: ζ) u̯reit-

Meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Material: Aschwed. vrīÞa, aisl. rīða `turn, wringen, winden, knüpfen', ags. wrī-ðan, ahd. rīdan `turn, winden, bind', ags. wriða m. `rein, ring'; aisl. riðull ` tussock ', isl. riðill `walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden', ahd. ridil m. `Haarband, Kopfband'; ags. wrǣð, wrǣð f. `band, strap, bundle', mnd. wrēden `zusammendrehen', ahd. reid, reidi `lockig, kraus'; with the meaning `zornrunzelnd' aisl. reiðr `angry, irate', ags. wrāð `angry, irate, feindlich, violent', as. wrēth, mnd. wrēt ds.;

    lit. rieèiù (*reiti̯ō), riẽsti `winden, wickeln, roll', lett. riešu, riest `abfallen, sich abtrennen', therefrom lit. rietė́ti `auskriechen', changing through ablaut ritù, -aũ, rìsti `roll, wälzen', lett. ritu, rist ds., iterative lit. ráièioti `hin- and herrollen';

    eine additional form with germ. t (phonetically beeinflußt from wrītan ` rend '?) in older ndrhein. wrīten `turn, verdrehen, wringen', ndl. wrijten `turn'.

References: WP. I 279 f., Trautmann 242.

Page(s): 1159-1160


Root / lemma: u̯er-4

Meaning: to find, take

German meaning: `finden, nehmen'

Comments: besides u̯erē(i)-, u̯ērī-

Material: Arm. gerem `take gefangen, raube';

    gr. (with unclear ευ as by εὐρύς, 8. u̯er-; Aspiration after ἑλεῖν) εὑρί̄σκω `finde' (Quantität of ι: unacquainted), εὑρή-σω, εὕρη-κα (*F-Fρη-), εὗρον, εὑρέ-θην, εὑρε-τής;

    air. fūar `invēni' (*u̯e-u̯r-a), frīth `inventum est' (*u̯rē-to-);

    *u̯rēt- in lit. su-rė̃sti, sùrėèau `catch, fassen', aksl. obrěsti `find', sъ-rěsti `find, encounter, meet', Aor. -rětъ (present -ręštǫ), in the case of-ręšta `Erfindung'.

References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f.

Page(s): 1160


Root / lemma: u̯er-5

Meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save

German meaning: `verschließen, bedecken; schützen, retten, abwehren'

Material: A. With Präfixen: `shut' and `öffnen'; `door'; u̯ortom `gate'.

    Old Indian api-vr̥ṇóti `verschließt, bedeckt', apa-vr̥ṇoti `öffnet'; also lat. operiō `bedecke', aperiō `öffne' (from *op(i)- and *ap(o)-u̯eriō); osk. veru `portam', umbr. verof-e `in portam', osk.vereias Gen. Sg. `Jungmännerbund' (originally `Torwache', Vetter Gl. 29, 240);

    lit. ùžveriu, -vérti `shut', atvérti `öffnen' (from which previously without preverb veriù, vérti `öffnen', and `shut'; aksl. (za)/vьrǫ, vrěti `shut', Iter. ot-voriti `öffnen';

   derivatives: *u̯ortom in Nom. Pl. lit. var̃tai, lett. vàrti `gate, door', apr. warto `Haustüre'; aksl. vrata, russ. voróta `gate, Türe'; also to 3. u̯er- könnten belong aksl. verěja and za-vorъ `Hebebaum', russ. verejá `Torflügel', zavor `gesperrter Durchgang';

    perhaps here lit. varýti `drive, push' (formal = germ. warjan, aksl. ot-voriti, compare also Old Indian Kaus. vāráyati) as `das gate öffnen, um das Vieh from the hurdle hinauszutreiben'; in addition russ. provórnyj `geschwind, flink'.

    B. u̯er-, u̯eru-, u̯rū- `verschließen, bedecken, schützen, retten'; u̯er-to- ` paddock ', u̯er-tro ` protection', u̯r̥-ti- `Einzäunung'.

    Old Indian vr̥ṇṓti (also várati and Kaus. varáyati) `umschließt, wehrt'; av. Akt. -vǝrǝnav-, Med. vǝrǝn- `bedecken, hüllen'; derivatives from einer light basis: Old Indian vr̥tá- participle Perf. Pass., vr̥ti- f. `Einzäunung' (av. hąm-varǝtay- `Tapferkeit'), varman- n. `Schutzwehr', vártra- n. `Schutzdamm, Deich' (osset. vart `shield' from iran. *vr̥ϑra-, s. Bailey IRAS 1953, 110 f.), vr̥tra- n. `Abwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e)', (av. vǝrǝϑra- `Widerstand, Wehr, shield'), Sg. GN Vr̥tra- (`the die Gewässer einschließt'?), varatrā- `strap', várdhra-, vadhra- m. va(r)-dhrī ds., vara- m. `Einschließen', also vala- (av. vara- ds.), lengthened grade vāra- (av. -vāra-) `Deckung, Wehr'; av.varǝna- `Umhüllung, Bedeckung' (thereafter Old Indian várṇa- `paint, color' probably from `Bedeckung'), varǝϑa- `Verteidigungswaffe, Wehr', vārǝϑman- `Wehr, parapet' etc;

    u̯erū̆- besides in present vr̥ṇṓti in Old Indian varū-tár- m. `Schützer, Schirmer', várū-tha- n. ` protection, shield, Heer, herd, Schwarm', perhaps the GN Váruṇa- as `the binder' (as Mitra above S. 710); here also Old Indian uruṣyáti `befreit, erlost, rettet' as uru-ṣ-yáti, compare hitt. u̯arressesta `protected'; about Old Indian Váruṇa- s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, S. 485 (to u̯ē̆r- `water', above S. 80);

    gr. perhaps εὐρώς, -ῶτος `Schimmel, Moder', if actually `Bedecker' (wäre *-Fρω-τ-, compare Old Indian arṇō-vr̥t `die Fluten einschließend');

    Fερῠ- in hom. ἔρυσθαι `abwehren, retten, preserve, protect', Impf. ἔρυ:-σο, -το, themat. geworden ἐρύ̄ετο, Perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι), ion. εἰρύομαι (*Fερύομαι) `hold fest, preserve', ἔρυμα ` protection, Schutzwehr', ἐρυμνός `geschützt, befestigt', ἐρυσί-πτολις `stadtschützend'; Εὐρυσί-λαος, Εὐρύ-λαος under likewise (-Fρυ-);

    other ablaut grade Fρῡ- without Vokalvorschlag in Inf. hom. ῥῦσθαι, hom. ion. ῥύ̆ομαι `schirme, errette; hold fest, hold back' (latter meaning, die also the k-Erweit. ἐρύ̄κω, ἐρῡκάνω, ἐρῡκανάω `hold ab, back', Pass. `zögere' innewohnt, from `durch einen Verschluß fernhalten, abwehren'), Perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι), ῥῦμα ` protection, Schutzwehr', ῥύ̄σιος `schützend, rettend', ῥύ̄τωρ, ῥῡτήρ `Retter, liberator', ῥῡσίπολις `stadtschützend'; lengthened grade ἠρίον `burial mound';

    alb. varr `grave' (*u̯ornā), vathë ` paddock ';

    air. ferenn (*u̯ereno-) `Gürtel', fertae (mir. fert) `burial mound' (with Steinen verschlossen) = ags. weorð (see under), air. feronn, ferann (*u̯erono-) `land, farmland' (probably `*umhegt'); mcymr. gwerthyr `fortress' (*u̯ertro-; compare above Old Indian vartra-); here probably air. Ériu, Gen. Érenn, cymr. Iwerddon `Irland' as *epi-u̯eriō, Gen. -i̯onos `hill, island' (compare ahd. werid) after Pokorny KZ. 47, 233, ZcP. 15, 197 ff.;

    got. warjan `wehren', aisl. verja `wehren, hinder, verteidigen', ags. werian `ds., aufdämmen', ahd. weren `verteidigen, schützen', as. werian `wehren, schützen, hinder', germ. -varii (`Verteidiger', out of it `Einwohner') in Chatuvarii, Bojuvarii, aisl. e.g. Rūm-verjar `Römer'; urnord. waru `the umschließende Steinkreis um ein grave' (see above ir. fert) = aisl. vǫr f., nnorw.vor m. `Reihe from Steinen', also `hill or bank from Steinen or Kies', aisl. ver n. `Damm, Fischwehr', ags. wer m. ds., mhd. wer n. `Stauwehr', ahd. werī `Wehr, protection', ags. mylen-waru, -wer `Mühlenteich', waru ` protection'; lengthened grade ahd. wuorī f. `Damm', schweiz. wuhr `Wehr'; aisl.vǫrn `Verteidigung, protection', ags. wearn `Widerstand, Verweigerung' (in mhd. warne, werne `Vorsicht, Fürsorge, warning' is ein to *u̯er- `gewahren' gehöriges word eingeflossen), aisl. varna `sichenthalten, vorenthalten' = ags. wearnian `warn', refl. `sich enthalten', ahd. warnōn `sich hüten, warn', ags. wiernan `sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject';

    ags. waroð n. `bank, border, shore, beach, seaside', ahd. werid `island, Halbinsel' (nhd. Werder), mhd. wert `Landrücken between Sümpfen, bank, border, shore', mnd. werde(r) `eingedeichtes Land';

    ags. weorð, worð n. m. ` courtyard, household ' (*u̯er-to-, *u̯r̥-to-), as. wurth f. `gestampfter odergepflasterter Platz' (= Old Indian vr̥ti-), mnd. wurt, wort, wurde, worde f. `erhöhter place, Hofstätte; garden, Feldstück', aisl. urð f. `heap from Felsblöcken';

    compare alb. vathë ` paddock, Hof um das Haus, hurdle, Schafstall' (*u̯or-tā), tochar. В wärto, wart(t)o `garden, wood, forest', ir. fert `burial mound'; in the meaning also aksl. vora `saepimentum'.

References: WP. I 280 ff., Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;

See also: in addition u̯erĝh-1.

Page(s): 1160-1162


Root / lemma: u̯er-6

Meaning: to talk, speak

German meaning: `feierlich sagen, sprechen'

Comments: also u̯ere-, u̯rē-

Material: Av. urvāta- n. ` determination, command ' (= ῥητόν), next to which from the light basis *u̯ere-: av. urvata- n. ` determination ' = Old Indian vratá- n. ` command, statute, Gelübde', and aksl. rota `oath'; ablaut. apr. wertemmai `wir schwören';

    gr. εἴρω `say' (*Fερι̯ω), Fut. ep. ion. ἐρέω, att. ἐρῶ, Pass. Aor. ion. εἰρέθην (*Fρέθην), att.ἐρρήθην (*εFρήθην), Perf. εἴρη-κα, -μαι diss. from *FεFρη-, compare geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? arg. FεFρημένα; ῥητός `verabredet = festgesetzt', ῥήτωρ, äol. Fρήτωρ `Redner', ῥήτρα, el. Fρά̄τρᾱ f. `Spruch, pact, covenant', diss. to kypr. Fρήτα, whereof εὐFρητάσατυ `pact, covenant, law ', ῥῆμα `word', ῥῆσις ` discourse ', εἴρων `einer, the sich verstellt' (*Fερι̯ων), εἰρωνεία `Verstellung';

    russ. vru (*vьrǫ), vratь `lie, maunder, drivel ', with k-suffix (*u̯orkā): russ. vráka `empty gossip', aksl. vraèь (*u̯orki̯os) `physician, medicine man (*Besprecher), Zauberer, Hexenmeister';

maybe alb. geg. vra, tosk. vras 'kill, wound', alb. geg. verbu, tosk. verboj `to blind, make wander aimlessly'; maybe alb. geg. verbu, tosk. verboj `to blind' is related to the revenge killing and anger of a murder - also alb. verbohem `to become blind from anger'.

    hitt. u̯erii̯a- `rufen, beauftragen', particle -u̯ar- actually `sagte';

    perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here baltoslav. u̯rēk-, u̯rek- in lit. rėkiù, rė̃kti, lett. rēkt `cry', rę̃kuôt `sich unterhalten', aksl. rekǫ, rešti `say', ablaut. aksl. rokъ `Frist, Termin', rěèь ` accusation ' and *u̯rōk- in germ. got. wrōhs ` accusation ', wrōhjan `beschuldigen' = west-germ. *wrōgjan, ahd. ruogen, nhd. rügen;

    dh-extension u̯er-dho- etc:

    Gr. βέρθει φθέγγεῖαι Hes. (Specht KZ 59, 65);

    lat. verbum `word' (not from *vorbom because of:) umbr. uerfale ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ';

    got. waurd, ahd. wort etc `word' = apr. wirds `word'; lit. var̃das `name'.

maybe alb. urtë 'sage, smart, intelligent', uroj 'pray, wish'.

References: WP. I 283 f., WH. II 756 f., Trautmann 238, 360, Vasmer 1, 234 f., 2, 539, Frisk 469 ff.;

See also: here probably u̯rek-.

Page(s): 1162-1163


Root / lemma: u̯er-7

Meaning: to tear

German meaning: `aufreißen, ritzen'

Comments: base for extensions:

Material: A. u̯erd-: av. varǝdva- `soft, locker', aksl. vrědъ, russ. véred `wound'; u̯red-: Old Indian avradanta `sie wurden weich', vrandín- `mürbe werdend'; u̯rēd-: apr. redo `Ackerfurche', older dän. vraade, vrode `wühlen, aufbohren'; u̯rōd-: lat. rōdō, -ere `nage, consume', rōstrum (*rōd-trom) n. `Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb', ags. wrōtan `wühlen, dig', aisl. rōta ds., ahd. ruozit `suscitat, movet', ags. wrōt, mhd. ruozel, rüezel, nhd. Rüssel (*wrōtila-); in addition die zero grade in schwed. dial. rota, ruta `wühlen'; after Frisk (Etyma Armen. 30) in addition still arm. gercum `shave' from *u̯erd-s- (originally Aoristbildung).

    B. u̯ornā: alb. varrë `wound', russ. voroná `Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennensteiß' (therefrom vorónka `Trichter'), poln. wrona, èech. vrana `aperture '; u̯re-no-, u̯ro-no- in Old Indian vraṇá- m. n. `wound, crack' besides u̯rō-nā in aksl. russ. etc rana `wound'.

Maybe alb. (*varna) varr `grave' [common alb. rn- > rr- shift] not from lat. urna `cinerary urn'.

    C. u̯erĝh-: Old Indian vr̥háti `reißt from', Aor. varhi, participle vr̥ḍhá-, mūla-vr̥t `die roots ausreißend' (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).

    D. u̯erk-, u̯rek-: gr. ῥάκος, äol. βράκος (*Fράκος) n. `rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle'; βράκαλον ῥόπαλον Hes.; βράκετον δρέπανον, κλαδευτήριον Hes., ῥάκετρον ds.;

    E. u̯resk- (from *u̯rek-sk-), u̯r̥sk- Old Indian vr̥ścáti `haut ab, splits', vráścana- `abhauend', n. `das Abhauen', pra-vraska- m. `cut'; ava-vraśca- `splinter'; russ.-ksl. vraska etc `wrinkle' (*u̯orskā).

Maybe alb. vras 'kill' [alb. possible -ska > -s phonetic mutation]

    F. u̯r-ei-, u̯rī-: gr. ῥί̄νη `Feile, Raspel' (*u̯rīnā; or onomatopoeic word?) and `Haifisch' (from seiner zum Polieren verwendeten rauhen Rückenhaut'); ῥῑνός `skin; Lederschild', (äol.) γρῖνος (i.e. Fρῖνος) δέρμα Hes., hom. ταλαύρῑνος `schildtragend' (compare M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 196 ff.);

    with d-extension (originally d-present?) ags. wrītan `eingraben, ritzen, schreiben, malen', as. wrītan `tear, verwunden, ritzen, schreiben', mnd. wrīten ` rend, schreiben, draw, sign ', nhd. reißen, urnord. wrait `schrieb, ritzte' (besides germ. *rītan in aschwed. rīta ds., compare unterrei-, rei-d- `ritzen'); got. writs `line', ags. writ `Schrift', wrǣtt `ornament, decoration, jewellery, Juwel' under likewise;

    after Frisk (Etyma Arm. 28 ff.) here arm. ergicanem `tear, break, rupture, grind, carve, slit, injure, stir, tease, irritate' from *u̯reid-s-.

References: WP. I 286 f., Trautmann 236, Vasmer 1, 229.

Page(s): 1163-1164


Root / lemma: u̯er-8

Meaning: to observe, pay attention

German meaning: `gewahren, achtgeben'

Material: Gr. only Fορ-, with spiritus asper ὁρ-: hom. ἐπὶ ὄρονται `sie beaufsichtigen', ὅρει ψυλάσσει Hes., u̯orós in ἐπίουρος (for ἐπίορος after οὖρος) `ἔφορος, Aufseher', φρουρός `Wächter' (*προ-ὁρός), φρουρά̄ ` protection', οὖρος `Wächter' (from compounds abstracted), dor. τῑμά̄ορος, att. τῑμωρός `Ehrenwächter, Retter' (Fόρος = germ. wara- see below), ὁράω (ἑώρων, ἑόρᾱκα) `sehe' (denominative eines also in φρουρά̄ steckenden *Fορά̄ = ahd. as. wara, ags. waru `Aufmerksamkeit') äol. freilichὄρημι, similarly as lat. verēri; lengthened grade att. ὤρα, ion. ὤρη `Hut, care ' hom. οὐδενός-ωρος, οὐδενὸς ὤραν ἔχων `nichtsnutzig', ὀλιγωρέω `vernachlässige' from *ὀλιγωρός `ὀλίγην ὤραν ἔχων', at most θυρωρός, πυλωρός `door-, Torhüter' (rather because of hom. πυλεωρός an θυρη-, πυλη-ορός, correspondingly τῑμωρός); ὠρεύειν `cavere'; βωροί ὀφθαλμοί Hes. Suid.

    lat. vereor, -ērī, -itus sum ` worship, fear, dread'; zur form compare gr. äol. (F)ὄρημι `sehe';

    air. (a)ir ` fitting, right': cymr. cywair ds. (*kom-u̯eri̯os);

    germ.: u̯orós in got. war(s) `behutsam', aisl. varr `behutsam, vorsichtig, shy', ags. wær `gewahr, aufmerksam, vorsichtig, behutsam', as. war `vorsichtig, auf the Hut', ahd. giwar `aufmerksam, vorsichtig' = (Fόρος); ū̆orā in got. warai `Behutsamkeit, artifice', mhd. wer (ahd. *warī) `Vorsicht'; ags. waru, as. ahd. wara `Aufmerksamkeit, Obhut', wara nëman `wahrnehmen', aisl. vara f. `Handelsware, Zahlungsmittel', ags. waru, spätmhd. war, nhd. Ware; ahd. bewarōn `preserve, protect', as. warōn `observe, protect, look after, watch over, keep', ags. warian `preserve, protect, beware, guard', aisl. vara `aufmerksam make, look after; protect, vermuten', refl. `sich hüten'; *u̯ortos (*u̯ordhos) in got. daúrawards `Torwart', ahd. wart `Wächter, Wärter, Hüter', warto, got. wardja ds., as. wardōn `auf the Hut sein, look after, watch over, keep', ahd.wartēn `achten, spähen, wahrnehmen, warten, erwarten', warta `Beobachtung etc', nhd. Warte under likewise; *u̯orn- in ahd. furiwarna `Vorbereitung' (ags. wearn f. `Widerstand, Verweigerung, Vorwurf', nhd. warnen etc through interference from Angehörigen from *warjan wehren etc', and root *u̯er- `verschließen');

    lett. véru, vērt `see, show, bemerken' (mostly reflexive vērties), vērība `Aufmerksamkeit';

    toch. A wär-, В wär-sk- `smell'.

References: WP. I 284 f.

Page(s): 1164


Root / lemma: u̯er-9 : eru-s

Meaning: wide, broad

German meaning: Adj. `weit, breit'

Material: Old Indian urú-, av. vouru- (from *varu-, idg. *u̯eru-), jav. also uru- `wide', westoss. urux, Kompositionsform av. uru- (from *u̯ru-, as Old Indian gru- besides gurú-, above S. 476); comparative várīyas-, Superlativ váriṣṭha-, in addition Old Indian urūcī́ f. `die earth', Femin. to uru-vyáñc: urūc- `weitreichend', compare den av. Bergnamen Vouruša-, perhaps = Old Indian *urūcya-; Old Indian urvaṭa- m. `year', *uruaṭa- `weit wandering '; PN Urváśī f. from *uru-vāśī- `starkes desire'; in addition ulū́khala- `mortar' from *urū́-khara- `with breitem bottom';

    with metathesis gr. εὐ- (as in εὑρίσκω, u̯er-4; compare εὐρυσί- under u̯er-5) in εὐρύς (instead of *Fερύς) `breit', as well as in εὖρος `Breite' (see above Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 412 Anm. 1); perhaps toch. A wärts, В aurtse `wide, breit'

   neuter: u̯eros- in Old Indian váras- n. `Breite, Raum' (gr. εὖρος instead of *Fέρος);

    doubtful eros- `breast' in Old Indian uras- (from *vuras), av. varō ds. and Old Indian várī̆maṇ- m. n. `Weite, Umfang', várivas- n. `Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit', die eine heavy basis voraussetzen.

References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439.

Page(s): 1165


Root / lemma: u̯ers-

Meaning: to drag on the ground

German meaning: `am Boden schleifen'

Material: Lat. verrō (older vorrō), verrī, versum `schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen';

    about gr. ἔρρω `gehe weg, schwinde' s. Frisk 566;

    aisl. vǫrr `stroke'; barely here as. ahd. wërran `bewilder, durcheinanderbringen' etc;

    lett. vârsms `heap of corn, grain '; russ.-ksl. vьrchu, vrěšti `dreschen', ablaut. vrachъ `das Dreschen' (geschah originally through Schleifen), russ. vóroch `heap (from corn)';

    hitt. u̯aršii̯a-, u̯arš- `abwischen, pluck, reap'.

References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.

Page(s): 1169-1170


Root / lemma: u̯er-(e)

Meaning: alder, poplar

German meaning: `Erle, Pappel' ('Sumpfbaum'?), thereafter `Stange, Balken'

Material: Arm. geran (*u̯ere) `trabs, tignum';

    alb. verrë f. (*u̯ernā) `Populus alba';

    bret. gwern f. (*u̯ernā) `Schiffsmast; Erle', acorn. guern `Mast', guern-en `Erle', cymr. gwernen `Schiffsmast, Erle', Pl. koll. gwern `Erlen, swamp, marsh', mir. fern f. `Ег1е, Mast', gall. Fernodubrum (`Erlenwasser'; from dem Kelt. derive piemontes. verna, prov. verna, verno, frz. verne, vergne `Erle').

References: WP. I 292, Меуег-Lübke REW3 p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S. 81.

Page(s): 1169


Root / lemma: u̯es-1

Meaning: to stay, live, spend the night

German meaning: `verweilen, wohnen, übernachten'

Material: Old Indian vásati (participle secondary uṣita-) `verweilt, wohnt, übernachtet' (with ā: `sleeps with einer Frau', with upa: `fastet') = av. vaŋhaiti `wohnt, verweilt', Old Indian Kaus. vāsayati `beherbergt'; vástu-, vasatí- m. f., vāsá- m. `abode, residence, Übernachten', apers. ā-vahanam `Wohnplatz, Flecken', Old Indian lengthened grade vā́stu- n. `site, house', newer vástu- n. `thing, thing' (vastuka- m. `eine plant', actually `Hofunkraut'); vāsa-veśman n. `Schlafzimmer';

    arm. goy `is, existiert, is vorhanden', goy (i-stem) `being, being, blessing, property';

    gr. ἄεσα ep. Aor. (stets with νύκτα connected) `zubringen', in addition present ἀέσκω, ἀέσκοντο; perhaps ἑστία f. `Herd, altar', figurative `house, Familie etc', with secondary ι ion. ἱστίη, äol. böot. lokr. dor. ark. ἱστία through Assimil. an das betonte ι the zweiten syllable, das Fehlen desF perhaps through influence of ἵστημι; derivative from *u̯es-ti- `Bleiben, dwelling', also `zum Heim gehörig'; with unexplained a-vocalism (F)ἄστυ n. `town, city' (ἀστός `Städter', ἀστεῖος `städtisch');

    messap. vastei (Dat.);

    lat. Vesta `goddess of häuslichen Hordes';

    mir. (a)id `nächtigt (also `with einer wife, woman'), bleibt, verweilt, wacht in the night' (*u̯oseti), 3. Sg. preterit fīu (*u̯i-u̯ōs-t), 3. Pl. fēotar (*u̯i-u̯os-ont-r̥), Verbalnomen fess, feiss f. `Schlafen, coitus, abode, residence', ablaut. foss m. `Bleiben, Ruhe', i foss `to house', fossad `tight, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence'; cymr. gwas `Heimstätte', mcymr. gwest, kywest `Ruheplatz', gwest, cywestach `coitus', gwesti `dwelling', dirwest (*-ro-u̯es-t-) and darwest (*to-are-u̯es-t-) `Fasten';

    got. wisan (1. Sg. preterit was) `sein, bleiben', aisl. vesa (later vera), ags. as. ahd. wesan (engl. preterit was), afries. wesa `sein, bleiben', nhd. war, gewesen, substantivierter Infin. `entity'; got. wists f. `entity', aisl. vist, ags. ahd. wist `entity, abode, residence, Dasein'; aisl. vǣrr `ruhig, friedlich' (or identical with dem 2. Glied from ǫl-vǣrr, see above S. 1165; certainly here belongs herað-vǣrr `berechtigt, in Bezirk to sein'); as. werōn, ahd. weren `dauern, währen' (in addition ahd. wirig ` lasting, dauerhaft', nhd. lang-wierig) and as. warōn, mnd. waren `dauern'; perhaps got. wis ` calm (at sea) ', if actually `Ruhe');

    toch. A wṣeńńe `Lager', waṣt, В ost `house', waṣamo `friend', Pl. waṣmoń, wsaṣṣäṃ `wohnt'; hitt. ḫu̯iš- `leben, am Leben bleiben', ḫu̯iša- `mirror'.

References: WP. I 306 f., WH. II 773, Frisk 25, 173 f., 576 f., VendryJs RC. 35, 89 f., Loth RC. 38, 297, Ifor Williams BBCS. 2, 41 ff., R. A. Fowkes JC. stem 2, 1 f.

Page(s): 1170-1171


Root / lemma: u̯es-2

Meaning: to feast

German meaning: `schmausen; aufgeräumt sein'

Material: Old Indian ánu vāvasē `hat aufgezehrt', vástōḥ `vor dem Fressen', av. vastra `Fresse, muzzle', vāstrǝm `Futter', vāstar- `Hirte'; about lat. vēscor `as Speise genießen, sich nähren' see above S. 73; mir. fess, feiss `food, eating' (*u̯es-tā), air. fïach `raven' (*u̯esākos), out of it borrows cymr. gwyach `Steißfuß' (ein bird); air. ban-[ḟ]ess `Hochzeit' (`Frauen-fest'), bret. banves `festival', cymr. gwest `festival'; got. waila wisan `to feast, sich vergnügen', frawisan `consume', wizōn `indulge oneself', waila-wizns ` feast ', gawizneigs `sich mitfreuend', ags. wesan `to feast' (only Beowulf 3115, Hs.weaxan); ahd. firwesan, mhd. verwesen `consume'; aisl. vist, ags. ahd. wist f. `dish, food'; in ablaut probably ahd. wastel (frz. gâteau) `Kuchen';

    hitt. u̯eši- `pasture', u̯ešii̯a- `weiden, abweiden; leiten, regieren'; u̯eštara- `herdsman, shepherd'.

References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769

See also: probably to u̯esu- `good'.

Page(s): 1171


Root / lemma: u̯es-3

Meaning: wet

German meaning: `feuchten, naß'

Material: Gr. ἐαρόν λουτῆρα, πρόχουν Hes., alt-theräisch hεαρα (meaning unacquainted); umbr. vestikatu `libato' (formation as lat. lectīca);

    ahd. wasal `rain', ahd. waso `lawn, clod of earth, pit, pothole', nhd. Wasen `lawn', as. waso, mnd. wase `damp Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn'; mnd. wasem m. `Wasserdampf, haze, mist'; ags. wōs n. `Feuchtigkeit, juice, sap'; engl. ooze `Feuchtigkeit, slime, mud', as verb `durchsickern, spring up, bubble', mnd. wōs `scum, froth, foam, Absud, juice, sap', older dän. norw. ōs `Pflanzensaft';

    presumably av. vaŋhu-tāt- f. `blood', vaŋhuϑwa- n. `Blutvergießen, blutiger fight', vohuna- m. `blood' and Old Indian vásā, vasā́ `bacon, fat, Schmalz' (also vaśā geschrieben, as váśa-m `flüssiges fat');

    here with the meaning `male animal' (compare lat. verrēs etc: u̯er-, u̯er-s- `feuchten'): Old Indian úṣṭra- m. `Büffel, Kamel', uṣṭár- `Pflugstier', av. uštrō m. `Kamel' (also in ZaraÞ-uštrō); Old Indian uṣṭā́ `Pflugstier'.

References: WP. I 308, Trautmann 343, Mayrhofer 1, 113 f., Frisk 433.

Page(s): 1171-1172


Root / lemma: u̯es-4

Meaning: to stick, pierce

German meaning: `stechen'?

Material: Old Indian nivāsita- `ums Leben gebracht', nirvāsana-m `das Ermorden, Töten', parivāsayati `schneidetrings ab, from' under likewise; air. fennaid `schindet' (*u̯es-nā-ti); alb. usht `Ähre'; ahd. ort `cusp, peak, point, edge etc', nhd. Ort `place' (and `Schusterahle'), ags. ord `cusp, peak, Anfang', aisl. oddr `cusp, peak', agerm. Osd-ulfus = as. ags. Ord-ulf (different above S. 237); lit. usnìs `thistle, Hagedorn', lett. usna, ušna `thistle';

    about ksl. vъšь `louse' etc, see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.

References: WP. I 308 f.

Page(s): 1172


Root / lemma: u̯es-5

Meaning: to dress, put on

German meaning: `kleiden'

Material: Old Indian vástē `kleidet sich, zieht an', av. vaste ds. (compare das unthemat. gr. ἕσσαι, -ἕσται), vaŋhaiti ds.; Old Indian vásana-, av. vaŋhana- n. ` garment '; Old Indian vásman- n. `cover' (= εἷμα); vastra-, av. vastra- n. `Kleidung' (: gr. Fέστρα, mhd. wester?);

    arm. z-genum `pull mich an' (*u̯es-nu- = ἕννυμι), z-gest `Kleidung' (-tu-stem);

    gr. ἕννῡμι, ion. εἵνῡμι, Aor. ἕσ(σ)αι `kleiden', Med. `sich kleiden', athemat. Perf. εἷμαι (*Fέσ-μαι) 3. Sg. ἐπί-εσται (Herod.); ἔσθος n. `Kleidung' (-dhes-stem), ἐσθής, -ῆτος ds. (*Fεσ[το-]τᾱτ-ς with dem θ from ἔσθος); ἑανός `weibliches garment ' (Old Indian vásana-m); ion. att. εἷμα, dor. Fῆμα, lesb. Fέμμα `dress' (: Old Indian vás-man-); Hes. γῆμα ἱμάτιον, εὐ-, κακο, δυσ-είμων `good, schlecht gekleidet', with Vorstufe of Itazismus ̄μάτιον `dress, mantle'; dor. Fέστρα (γέστρα στολή Hes.), ἐφεστρίς f. `wärmeres Wintergewand, Soldatenmantel';

    alb. vesh `I kleide an', vishem `kleide mich an';

    lat. vestis `Kleidung', vestiō, -īre `kleiden' (compare γεστία ἔνδυσις Hes.);

    got. wasjan, ahd. werian, aisl. veria `kleiden', ags. werian `ds., dress bear, carry'; got. wasti f. `dress'; mhd. wester (see above) `Taufkleid' (but ahd. early wastibarn, previously by Notker westerwât); aisl. vesl n. `dress' (*wesala-), ver `Überzug' (*waza-);

    hitt. u̯aš-, u̯eš-, luw. u̯aš(š)- `bekleiden, anziehen'; toch. В wastsi, wästsi `dress' (neologism); A wsāl ds.;

References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f., Frisk 521 f.

Page(s): 1172-1173


Root / lemma: u̯es-no-

Meaning: price

German meaning: `Kaufpreis'

Material: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e- and o-vocalism: Old Indian vasná- m. `Kaufpreis', n. `Lohn', vasnayati `feilscht'; arm. gin `Kaufpreis'; gr. hom. ὦνος `Kaufpreis', lesb. ὄννᾱ (*u̯osnā), ion. att. ὠνή `Kauf', ὠνέομαι `kaufe', gort. ὠνῆν `verkaufen'; lat. vēnus (only in Akk. vēnum, Dat. vēno, later vēnui) `sale' (vendō, -dere `verkaufen' is *vēnom + , vēneō `verkauft become' = *vēnom + ); marr. eituam venalinam `pecuniam venaliciam' (?) muß ein loanword from dem Lat.sein, da sn marr. not n ergeben würde; aruss. věno `dowry'; hitt. uššaniya- `verkaufen' (compare above u̯aš- `buy').

References: WP. I 311 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.

See also: u̯es-8

Page(s): 1173


Root / lemma: u̯es-7

Meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, wickeln'?

Material: Old Indian vēdá- m. ` hassock, clump of grass ' (*u̯ozdos); uṣṇíhā f. `Genick', uṣṇī́ṣa- m. `head fascia' (*us-nī̆- `Drehung'); schwed., norw. vase `Laubbündel', vasa `verwickeln, maunder, drivel ', aisl. vasask `sich verwickeln', mnd. mengl. wase `bundle'.

References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.

Page(s): 1173


Root / lemma: u̯es-8

Meaning: to buy, sell

German meaning: `kaufen, verkaufen'?

Material: Hitt. u̯aš-, u̯ašii̯a- `buy, acquire', ušsanii̯a- `verkaufen', u̯eššia- `Kaufpreis'; perhaps lat. vīlis (*u̯es-li-) `wohlfeil'.

References: WP. I 312, WH. II 753 f., Szemerényi Arch. Lingunder 6, 36

See also: u̯es-no-

Page(s): 1173


Root / lemma: u̯es-9

German meaning: `gleam, shine'

See also: see above S. 86 f. (au̯es-).

Page(s): 1173


Root / lemma: u̯esperos (u̯ekeros)

Meaning: evening

German meaning: `Abend'

Material: Gr. ἕσπερος m. `evening, vespertine ', ἑσπέρα f. `evening', ἑσπέριος, ἑσπερινός ` vespertine '; lat.vesper, -eris and -eri `evening, Abendzeit', vespera `Abendzeit' (out of it air. fescor, mcymr. gosper, gosber); probably to nhd. West (above S. 73); against it balt.-sl. *u̯ekera- m. `evening': lit. vãkaras `evening' (Pl. vakaraĩ `Westen', vakarų̃ vė́jas `Westwind'), lett. vakars `evening', aksl. veèerъ ds., wherefore Adv. aksl. vьèera `gestern' etc, basic meaning perhaps ` darkness', to lit. úkanas `cloudy', ùnkna `shadow', lat. umbra (*unksrā) `shadow';

    cymr. ucher `evening' not here, but from idg. *u̯oik̂sero- (Pokorny ZcP. 15, 377); arm. gišer `night' from *u̯oik̂ero-, after Petersson Heteroklisie 231 ff. zur root u̯eik̂- `humid, wet' (?) in Old Indian vēśantá- m. `pond, pool' (compare die FlN lit. Viešintà, Viešmuõ etc), aisl. veig `berauschendes Getränk', lett. vieksts `Wasserstrudel'.

Maybe alb. *hesper-ant, perënd-im ‘west’ a gr. ἕσπερος contaminated by Old Indian vēśantá-; also alb. *umbra, mbram- ‘yesterday night, evening’ from lat. umbra.

 

References: WP. I 311, WH. II 770 f., 814 f., Trautmann 348, Vasmer 1, 196, Frisk 575; the variation u̯esperos : u̯ekeros perhaps after Specht Idg. Dekl. 119 tabuistisch to define; compare also Havers Sprachtabu 125, 178.

Page(s): 1173-1174


Root / lemma: u̯es-r̥

Meaning: spring

German meaning: `Frühling'

Grammatical information: Gen. u̯es-n-es

Comments: (lat.-germ. u̯ēr after *i̯ēr `year')

Material: Old Indian vasan-tá- m. (*u̯es-en-to-) `Frühling', vasantā `in Frühling' (from *vasan- extended); vasar-hán `früh schlagend', vāsará- `morgendlich';

    av. vaŋri Lok. `in Frühling' (*vasri for older *vasar, compare npers. bahār with Quantitätsumsprung from *vāhar, compare apers. ϑūra-vāhara-);

    arm. garun (*u̯esr-), Gen. garnan `Frühling';

    gr. ἔαρ, ἔαρος, also ἦρος, ἦρι with neuem Nom. ἦρ; γέαρ Hes. (*Fεσαρ) `Frühling', ἐαρινός `zum Frühling gehörig';

    lat. vēr, vēris n. `Frühling', vernus (*u̯erinos) `auf den Frühling bezüglich';

maybe alb. vera `summer', [lat. primavera springtime (f. use as fem. sing. of L prima vera pl. primum ver first or earliest spring)], alb. [pranë = `near' + vera = `summer'] > alb. pranvera `spring, early summer'.

    air. errach (lenierte form from *ferrach) `Frühling' (*u̯esr-āko-); acymr. guiannuin `in Frühling' (*u̯es-n̥t-eino-), but mcymr. gwaeanhwyn, ncymr. gwanwyn places *gwaeant from *u̯es-n̥to- ahead; acorn. guaintoin `Frühling';

    lit. vãsara and vasarà, lett. vasara `summer' (*u̯esera-?);

    aksl. vesna `Frühling'; *u̯eserinios `vernus' in lit. vasarìnis `summery', lett. vasarińi m. Pl. `Sommergetreide', compare russ.-ksl. vesnьnyj, russ. vesénnij `Frühlings-';

maybe alb. (*vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn (long summer)' [common alb. n > nt > t  phonetic mutation].

    about hitt. ḫamešh̯(a)-, ḫamešḫant- `Frühjahr' s. A. Goetze Lg. 27, 471, 51, 467 ff., F. Sommer M. stem z. Spr. 4, 7, G. R. Solta, S.-Ber. österr. Akad., Bd. 232, 1., 16 f.;

References: WP. I 301, WH. II 755, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 192, Frisk 432 f., 605 f.

See also: probably to au̯es- `gleam, shine', above S. 86 f.

Page(s): 1174


Root / lemma: u̯et-

Meaning: year

German meaning: `Jahr'

Comments:

Gr. ἔνος `year' : lat. annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indian hā́yana- `yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno- : `to go; year' : Root / lemma: u̯et- : `year' [prothetic u̯-, v- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn- : `winter; snow' 

 

Material: Old Indian vatsá, vatsará- m. `year', vatsá- m. `Jährling, calf, rother, cattle', vatsaká- m. `Kälbchen', sa-vātárāu N. Du. f. ` identical calf habend'; sogd. wtšnyy (leg. wat(u)šanē) `old';

    gr. Fέτος, ἔτος n. `year', διετής ` biennial ', ἐτήσιος `annual, yearly', att. εἶς νέωτα, delph. ἐννέωτα `for the nächste year' (haplology from *νεF-Fετα, s. also ἐπηετανός Frisk 534, οἰετέας J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. WB. 227, σῆτες above S. 609); gr. ἔτελον, ἔταλον `Jährling from Haustieren' (: lat. vitulus, see under);

    alb. vit, Pl. vjet `year', parvjet `vor zwei Jahren', vjetë f. `calf', vitsh `calf' (from *u̯eteso-, compare lat. veterīnus); messap. atavetes = αυτόετες `vom gleichen year';

Comment:

Alb. vit, Pl. vjet `year' : hitt. witt- `year'; alb. vjetër `old' : lat. vetus, -eris `old'.

lat. vetus, -eris `old' (gleich ἔτος; the Genet. veteris schließt näheren connection with alit. vetušas from), vetustus `old' (probably from *u̯etosto-s `aged', formation as onustus : onus), vetulus `ältlich', osk. Vezkeí `*Vetusco', Göttername; lat. veterīnus `Zugvieh'; vitulus `calf' = umbr. vitluf `vitulōs' (ital. i instead of e presumably through borrowing from einer nicht näher to bestimmenden idg. language Italiens); osk. Viteliú `Italia', from which through unterital.-gr. mediation lat. Italia, actually `das land the Italī' (`young Rinder', after dem Stiergott Mārs);

    mir. feis, corn. guis, abret. guis `sow' (*u̯et-si-);

    got. wiÞrus `one year old lamb', aisl. veðr, ahd. widar `aries, ram' (compare above Old Indian sa-vātárāu);

    aksl. vetъchъ `old', alit. vetušas `old, aged';

    ein Lok. or möglicherweise Akk. Sg. vom zero grade stem ut- lies vor in Old Indian par-út `in vergangenen years', arm. heru, gr. πέρυσι, dor. πέρυτι, aisl. fjorð, mhd. vert ds., air. ónn-urid `ab anno priore' (Vokalumstellung?);

    hitt. witt- `year', hierogl.-hitt. usa-, luv. ušša ds.

References: WP. I 251, WH. I 723, II 776 ff., 807, Trautmann 365, Vasmer 1, 194, O. Szemerényi ZDMG. 101, 204 f., Word 8, 50, Frisk 534, 579 f., 583 f., Kronasser compare sound- under Formenlehre 126 A. 20.

Page(s): 1175


Root / lemma: u̯ē̆-1

Meaning: we

German meaning: `wir' (Dual)

Grammatical information: u̯ei- (Plural)

Material: Nom. 1. Dual Old Indian vā́m (= vā-am, idg. *-om), av. , got. wit, aisl. vit, ags. wit, aksl. vě, lit. vè-du (*u̯e-du̯ō) `wir both';

    Nom. 1. Pl. Old Indian vay-ám, av. vaēm (idg. *-om), got. weis, ahd. wir, aisl. vēr, ags. wē̆ etc, hitt. u̯ēs (*u̯ei̯-es), toch. В wes, A was `wir'.

References: WP. I 220, Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 175 f., Liebert, Idg. Personalpron. 102 ff.

Page(s): 1114


Root / lemma: u̯ē-3, u̯ǝ-

German meaning: `blasen, wehen'

See also: see above S. 82 ff. (au̯e-); in the same place u̯ē-lo-, u̯e-s-, u̯et- ds.

Page(s): 1114


Root / lemma: u̯ēp- : u̯ǝp-

Meaning: to blow; to soar

German meaning: `blasen, dunsten'?

Material: Falls das Old Indian causative vāpayati `makes blow' keine sekundäre formation to vāti `weht' (above S. 82) darstellt, but from einem stem *u̯ēp- derived is, kann es Ablautform to lat. vapor (old vapōs) `vapor, heat' sein (falsch about vapor above S. 596), wherefore still vappa, vapiō `kahmiger Wein'.

alb. vapa 'summer heat'

References: WP. I 379 f., WH. II 732 f.

Page(s): 1149-1150


Root / lemma: u̯ē̆s-6

German meaning: `ihr'

See also: see above S. 514 (i̯u-).  

Page(s): 1173


Root / lemma: u̯ē̆su-

Meaning: good

German meaning: `gut'

Material: Old Indian vásu- `good' (in addition vasvī `night'), vásu n. `blessing, Besitztum, property, Reichtum' (das Subst. after Akzent and ablaut das primäre), av. vaŋhu-, vohu ds., Old Indian vasīyān `better', vasiṣṭha- `best', av. vahyā̊, vahištō ds.; alt-illyr. Ves-cleves, compare Old Indian vásu-śravas-;

Note:

Illyr. displays satem and centum characteristics similar to alb. and Old Indian also illyr. adds prothetic v- before bare initial vowels like alb. hence *u- > v- in illyr. dialects and modern alb.

 

germ. in Eigennamen, e.g. Wisu-rīh, -mār, also Wisi-Gothae; gall. in Eigennamen as Bello-, Sigo-vesus, Vesu-avus, air. *feb (only in den case obliqui belegt, e.g. Dat. Sg. feib) `Vortrefflichkeit' from *u̯esu̯-ā, febas `Vortrefflichkeit', *febtu, Gen. febtad gl. `substantiae'; ablaut. air. `good, Güte' (*u̯osu-); besides *u̯ēsu- in ir. fiu `würdig', cymr. gwiw ds., bret. gwiou `cheerful', gall. Uīsu-rīx; about u̯ēsu- in asian. Sprachen s. Bossert Mitteil. Inst. Orientf. 2, 78 ff.;

    besides eus- (with metathesis as in gr. εὖρος from Fερος) in:

    got. iusiza `better', iusila `Erholung, Erleichterung' (after Wissmann, D. ält. Postverb. d. Germ. 72 ff. post-verbal to *iusilon, as inilo `Entschuldigung, Vorwand' to *inilon); aksl. unje `better' (Kompar. to einem *uno- from *eus-no-);

    illyr. PN Veselia `Felicitas'; lett. vęsęls `fit, healthy, heil, unversehrt'; aksl. veselъ, èech.veselý etc `cheerful';

maybe through metathesis lat. (*veselia) felicitas -atis f. `happiness, good fortune, success; personif., Good Fortune as a goddess', felix -icis `fruitful, fertile. Transf., of good omen, favorable, bringing good luck; fortunate, lucky, successful; Felix, the Lucky One, sur- name of Sulla. Adv. feliciter, fruitfully; auspiciously, favorably; luck- ily, successfully'.

    toch. A wṣe, В yaṣi `night' as *u̯esū `die Gute'.

References: WP. I 311, Vasmer 1, 191 f., Frisk 594 f.

See also: probably to u̯es-2.

Page(s): 1174-1175


Root / lemma: u̯ǝg- : u̯āg-

Meaning: to be bent

German meaning: `gebogen sein'

Material: lat. vagor, -āri `schweife umher, breite mich from', vagus ` wandering '; air. fān m. `slope, cavity; slantwise, abschlüssig' (*u̯āg-no-); acymr. guoin, cymr. gwaun `lowland, depression, meadow', corn. goen, goon, gon, bret. geun, yeun `Sumpfland' (*u̯āgnā).

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 726, Loth RC 36, 181;

See also: compare u̯ā-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, u̯enk-.

Page(s): 1120


Root / lemma: u̯ǝk- (: *u̯āk-)

Meaning: to be bent

German meaning: `gebogen sein'

Material: Lat. vacillō, -āre `wobble, sway, waver'; abrit. VN Ούακο-μάγοι `die Bewohner the gekrümmten Felder', cymr. gwaeth (*u̯ǝk-to-) Kompar. `bad' (Superl. gwaethaf), corn. gweth, mbret. goaz.

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 723 ff.;

See also: s. also u̯ā-, u̯ǝg- etc

Page(s): 1135


Root / lemma: u̯idhu-

Meaning: tree

German meaning: `Baum'

Material: Air. fid, Gen. fedo `tree, wood, wood, forest', cymr. gwŷdd (Sg. gwydden), acorn. guiden, br. gwez (Sg. gwezenn) ds., also in cymr. syb-wydd `pine' (`Harzbaum') = corn. sib-uit; gall. VN Uidu-casses; aisl. viðr, Gen. viðar m. `wood, forest, wood, tree', ags. widu, wudu m. ds., ahd. witu, wito `wood';

    perhaps as `Grenzbaum, trennender Grenzwald between Ansiedlungen' to *u̯eidh- `separate, divide' and then formal = Old Indian vidhú- `vereinsamt', lit. vidùs `Mitte, Inneres'; compare above S. 707 lit. mẽdžias `tree';

   connection with ir. fīad `wild', fīadach `Jagd', cymr. gŵydd `wild', acorn. guit-fil `fera', bret. gouez `wild' wäre the meaning after through lat. silvāticus `wild' : silva, lit. medìnis `wild', medžiõklė `Jagd' : mẽdis `tree' to prop, support, yet bliebe dabei die lengthened grade ei compared with dem Grundworte ir. fid difficult, hard; es is hence fīad from fid to separate and auf eine besides *u̯ei-t- in ahd. weida, ags. wāð, aisl. veiðr `Jagd, fishing' (:*u̯ei-3) liegende root form *u̯ei-d(h)- to beziehen.

maybe alb. *vidhan, fidan ‘sapling’ and then from alb. passed into Turkish language not vice versa, also older alb. vidh ‘elm-tree’.

References: WP. I 314, 228 ff.

Page(s): 1177


Root / lemma: u̯inĝ- and u̯eiĝ- (u̯iĝ-?)

Meaning: elm

German meaning: `Ulme'

Material: With nasalization die bsl. group serb. vêz (Gen. vèza), russ. vjazъ, poln. wiąz `Ulmus campestris' (proto slav.. *vęzъ); lit. vìnkšna, lett. vîksna ds. (also apr. wimino `elm', lies wincsno) from *u̯inĝ-snā (Suff. as in lit. glúosna `Weide');

    entnasaliert ags. wīc, wīce, engl. witch, nd. wīke `elm';

    likewise u̯inĝ- as u̯iĝ- kann vorliegen in alb. vith, Gen. vidh `elm' and in kurd. viz `a kind of elm'; das relationship the nas. zur unnas. form is still to klären.

clearly the alb. form is the oldest one. Also alb. shows that Root / lemma: u̯inĝ- and u̯eiĝ- (u̯iĝ-?) : (elm-tree) derived from Root / lemma: u̯idhu- : (tree).

 

References: WP. I 314, Specht Idg. Dekl. 59 f., Trautmann 360, Vasmer 1, 244, Petersson Heteroklisie 56 f.

Page(s): 1177


Root / lemma: u̯i̯eth-, u̯ith-

Meaning: to shake

German meaning: `schütteln'

Material: Old Indian vyáthatē ` sways, taumelt, geht schief, kommt to Falle, shrugs, jerks, weicht', vithurá- ` fluctuating, mangelhaft'; got. wiÞōn `shake'; relationship to *u̯ei-1 `turn' is probably, da in Kreise this root words for `waver, hin and her bewegen' recht frequent, often are.

References: WP. I 318, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 53, Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, 487.

Page(s): 1178


Root / lemma: u̯ī̆ks-

German meaning: `Mistel and andere Leim liefernde Bäume'

Comments: (u̯ī̆sk-?)

See also: s. S. 1134 (u̯eis-).

Page(s): 1177


Root / lemma: u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī

Meaning: twenty

German meaning: `zwanzig'

Comments: actually Dual `two decades ' (to idg. u̯ī̆- `two' and dk̂m̥t-, above S. 192)

Material: Old Indian viṁśatí-, av. vīsaiti, osset. insäi, arm. k`san, gr. εἴκοσι, dor. Fίκατι, hom. ἐείκοσι for (F)̄κοσι, alb. zet, lat. vīginti (see above S. 192), air. fiche, Gen. fichet (*u̯ik̂ṃt-s, -os), acymr. uceint (insteead of *gwycaint from dem compound *dou-viceint, cymr. deugaint `40' abstracted), corn. ugans; toch. A wiki, В ikǝ.

 

Albanian language testifies for a very advanced numeric system of Illyrians. Hence *dek̂emo-s (dvau xamsa) 'ten' is actually a translation of Semitic two fives. (see above). clearly u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī : twenty, is a prefixed root of number five  xamsa 'five' in Semitic tongues. Actually u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī : twenty is a mutated form of dvau xamsa) 'ten'. That means that ten and twenty meant all the same but slowly IE people began to differentiate the two. It seems that the vigesimal system has its roots at the very heart of PIE numeric system.

 

References: WP. I 313, Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 366 f., WH. II 788 f., Frisk 453 f.

Page(s): 1177


Root / lemma: u̯ī̆-1

Meaning: separate from; both, two

German meaning: `auseinander' actually `entzwei', also `zwei'

Comments: (see u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī)

Material: Old Indian ví- `apart', av. vī̆- `apart; abseits, apart, separated from; entgegen; durch and durch' (also viš-: viš-pat- `weggehen'); Old Indian viṣu- `after variant Seiten' in viṣuṇa- `verschiedenartig', viṣu-rūpa- `verschiedengestaltig' under likewise, viṣuva- n. `aequinoctium', viṣuvant- `in the Mitte befindlich, after beiden Seiten gleich', viṣv-añc- `after beiden (allen) Seiten gewandt, auseinandergehend', Old Indian viṣva-dryan̄k `überallhin gehend', av. višpaϑa Adv. `ringsum allenthalben' (*u̯isu- and *u̯isu̯o-; besides *u̯iso- in:) lit. vìsas, lett. viss, apr.wissa- `all'; aksl. vьsь `all, whole'; with derselben meaning `all' from `after allen Seiten auseinandergegangen, umfänglich' and idg. -suffix: Old Indian víśva- `jeder, all', av. vī̆spa-, ар.vispa- `ds.'; Sg. also `whole' (*u̯ik̂u̯o-; out of it also apers. visa- with regular Südwest-Entwicklung from -śv-);

    to stem *u̯isu-, u̯isu̯o- presumably also gr. FίσFος, ἴσος `gleich' (for das on the other hand derivation from *u̯idsu̯os to *u̯eid- ` behold ' erwogen wird);

    lat. vitium `fault, error, Gebrechen, damage' as *u̯i-ti-om `*Abweichung'; vituperō, -āre `verderbe, tadle' (vitium + parāre); in addition lat. vitilīgō f. ` skin rash '.

    comparative *u̯itero-: Old Indian vítara- `further führend', vitarám `further, further', av. vītarǝm `seitwärts', vītara- `the weitere, spätere', ōiϑra (i.e. viϑra) Adv. `besonders, apart, separated', got. wiÞra Adv. and preposition m. Akk. `gegen, wider, compared with, vor', aisl. viðr Adv. and preposition m. Dat. Akk. `gegen, wider, with, by' (also við after Paaren as norðr : norð), ags. wið Adv. and preposition m. Gen. Dat. Akk. `gegen, compared with, wider, along, with', wiðer- in compounds, ahd. widar Adv. `gegen, back, against', preposition m. Dat. Akk. `gegen, compared with, wider'; lat. perhaps in vītricus `Stiefvater', originally `the zweite', or `the entferntere Vater' (but ahd. entrig, das an the einzigen Stelle, wo es vorkommt (11. Jh.), `transtiberinus' übersetzt, wird rather to enont `jenseits' belong); aksl. vъtorъ `alter, secundus' (from *vьtorъ).

References: WP. I 312 f., WH. II 80, 808, Vasmer 1, 192 f., 237, Trautmann 362 f.

Page(s): 1175-1176


Root / lemma: u̯ī̆-2, u̯oi-

Meaning: expr. root

German meaning: in Schallworten

Material: Gr. ἰά̄, ion. ἰή f. `shout, call, shriek' (Fιά:), ἰαῖ, ̄ `Ausruf the Freude or of Schmerzes', hom. (F)ἰόμωροι epithet the Argiver (`βοην ἀγαθοί'); ἰήιος epithet of Apollo (den man with ἰη παιών anrief), hence perhaps ᾽ΙάFονες, Iωνες `Ionier' as `Verehrer of Apollo'; ἰήιος or ἰά̄-Rufer (? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 80); ags. (besides weg, wei, ) `weh, oh'; due to eines*u̯ī-to- `jubelnd' here lit. vyturỹs `Lerche' and probably lat. vītulor `juble, stimme einen Sieges- or Lobgesang an, be cheerful'; aruss. viskati `wiehern', visnǫti `muttire', russ. dial. višèatь, poln. wiskać, wiszczeć `loud whistle'; russ. vizg `Gewinsel', vizžátь ` whimper '.

References: WP. I 312, 527, WH. II 807, Holthausen Ae. etym. Wb. 392, Vasmer 1, 199.

Page(s): 1176


Root / lemma: u̯ī̆ro-s

Meaning: man; warrior

German meaning: `Mann', actually `the Kräftige'

Material: With ī: Old Indian vīrá-, av. vīra- `man, Held', umbr. Akk. Pl. n. u(e)iro `mancipia', volsk. Abl. Sg. couehriu `*coviriō, contiōne', lit. výras, lett. wîrs, apr. wijrs `man'; skyth. οἰόρ `ἄνδρα' (Herod. 4, 110), more properly οἰρο- = vīro-; Old Indian virapśá- from *vīra-pśv-a- (: av. pasu vīra) `people and Vieh', compare umbr. ueiro pequo ds.

    With : lat. vir `man', in the älteren language also das einzige word for `Gatte', wherefore virāgō `mannhafte virgin, Heldin', virtus `Mannhaftigkeit, skillfulness, Tugend', air. fer `man', cymr. etc gwr, Pl. gwyr (to welchem the Sg. gwr analogical dazugebildet is), got. waír, aisl. verr, ahd. as. ags. wer `man', toch. A wir ` young '; nhd. Werwolf; probably to lat. vīs ` power ' etc, *u̯ei- `auf etwas losgehen', s. d.

References: WP. I 314 f., WH. II 796 f., Trautmann 360, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 398, Untermann, IF. 62, 127.

Page(s): 1177-1178


Root / lemma: u̯lek-, u̯l̥k-

Meaning: to shine; fiery

German meaning: `leuchten, feurig'?

Material: Old Indian ulkā́, ulkuṣī `Meteor', perhaps to gr. Fλαξ ἀβλάξ (whether λαμπρῶς Hes.); unwahrscheinlich ἠλέκτωρ `gleaming, sun', ἤλεκτρον `Mischung from gold and Silber, Bernstein'; toch. AB lek `shape, apparition'.

References: WP. I 321, J. B. Hofmann Etymol. gr. Wb. 106, Frisk 629, Mayrhofer 1, 112.

Page(s): 1178


Root / lemma: u̯l̥kʷos

Meaning: wolf

German meaning: `Wolf'

Material: Old Indian vŕ̥ka- m. `wolf', vr̥kīḥ `Wölfin', vr̥káti- `ein Wölfischer', vr̥kāyú- `mad, wicked, evil, mordlustig'; av.vǝhrka- `wolf (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. vǝhrka); gr. λύκος (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. λύκαινα); lat. lupus (sabin. Lw.); got. wulfs, aisl. ulfr, ags. as. wulf, ahd. wolf `wolf', fem. ahd. wulpa, mhd. wülpe, aisl. ylgr (from *wulgis, idg. *u̯lkʷī); lit. vil̃kas, lett. vìlks, apr. wilkis, aksl. vlьkъ ds.; fem. lit.vìlkė, slav. vъlèi-ca in serb. vùèica, russ. volèíca;

    with doppelter zero grade (?): alb. ulk `wolf', ligur. MN Ulkos, illyr. PN Ulcudius, Ulcirus mons, PN Ουλκίνιον, pannon. Ulcisia castra; abrit. PN Ulcagnus, urir. (Ogam) Gen. Ulccagni = air. PN Olcán, also also air. olc, Gen. uilc `mad, wicked, evil', as Subst. m. `Missetäter', n. `evil, harm, Übel' (see307, 310); compare also den päon. MN Λυππειος, Λυκκειος the auf old Labiovelar hinweisen could; Szemerényi (KZ. 71, 199 ff.) nimmt illyr. ulk- from *u̯ulk-, idg. *u̯l̥kʷ- an; then müßte kelt. ulko- as illyr. Lw. angesehen become; auffällig is the lat. PN Vlp(ius) Lupio (CIR 130);

    möglich wäre also, daß lat. lupus and germ. *wulfaz with idg. p to Old Indian lopāśa- m. `jackal, Fuchs', av. raopi-, mpers. ropas etc belongs, or mindestens from einer derartigen Wurzelbeeinflußt is (see above S. 690, wo also Gall. PN Λούερνιος, abrit. Gen. Lovernii, cymr. llywarn, acorn. louuern, nbret. louarn `Fuchs', idg. *louperno-s hinzufügen is).

References: WP. I 316 f., WH. II 836 f., Trautmann 359, Vasmer 1, 218, 223 f.; vielfach tabuistisch entstellt; den Labiovelar leugnet W. Wissmann in D. Wb. 14, 2, 1242.

Page(s): 1178-1179


Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup-

Meaning: a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)

German meaning: in Raubtierbezeichnungen, especially from dem Hundegeschlecht (Fuchs, Schakal, Wolf)

Comments: older ē-stem

Material: Av. urupi-s m. (*lupi-s) `dog', raopi-s `Fuchs, jackal', mpers. rōpās, npers. rōbāh `Fuchs' = Old Indian lopāśá- m. `jackal, Fuchs';

Maybe alb. lopë 'cow, (huge consuming animal; cow eaten by wolves)', also alb. llup 'devour', llapë 'tongue' related to Lith. lapenti 'to swallow food'.

    arm. aluēs Gen. -esu `Fuchs';

    gr. ἀλώπηξ f., short form ἀλωπός;

    lat. volpēs `Fuchs', eventuell also lupus `wolf';

maybe alb. *volpe-, dhelpën ‘*foxes, fox’; the shift V > DH in lat. GN Faunus (to gr. θαῦνον θηρίον Hes.) = illyr. Daunus, similar to the shift F > TH in Gk. φημί `say' [verb]; Dor. φᾱμί `say' [verb]; Lat. fārī `say' [verb], alb. thom, them ‘say’.

Maybe poln. *vilpiš, lis ‘fox’.

Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk- : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of older lat. volpes ‘fox’, gr. alôpêx  a fox. Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)].

 

Hence the very name Apollo derived through metathesis from gr. alôpêx  a fox, from alb. dhelpna ‘fox’ derived gr. delphinos ‘sea snake’ since the fox has a tail similar to the snake.

    lit. lãpė (*u̯lopē), lett. lapsa (synkopiert from lapesa? idg. *u̯lopek̂ā?); compare lit. vilpišỹs ` wild cat ', it would be placed near mpers. gurpak npers. gurba ` house cat, domestic cat ', from iran. *u̯r̥pa-, idg. *u̯l̥pos; it concerns certainly various taboo adjustments.

Clearly from lit. vilpišỹs ` wild cat ' derived the root lemma for wolf in Germanic languages:

Hence from Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)] derived Root / lemma: u̯l̥kʷos : (wolf). From lat. volpes and gr. alôpêx  a fox derived newer cognates engl. wolf n. Pl. wolves [OE wulf corresp. to OFris. wolf, OS wulf (Du. wolf), OHG wolf (G Wolf), ON ulfr, Goth. wulfs, f. Gmc, f. IE base repr. also by L lupus, Gk lukos, Skt vrka, alb. ulk ]

Obviously gr. lukos and alb. ulk are actually epithets of Apollo from Lukēgenḗs

 

Latin transcription: Lukēgenḗs

Greek: Λυκηγενής

Meaning: leg. of Apollon (Δ 101, 119).

Etymological information: As for Λύκειος (A. usw.) are for Λυκη-γενής Anknüpfungen an den wolf (die Wölfin), an die Lykier, früher also an das light (compare to λύχνος) versucht worden. Über die variant explanation gen orientiert ausführlich Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 536ff. (m. Lit.); er zieht seinesteils die Deutung as `Wolfsgott' ( = λυκο-κτόνος, as Schützer the Herden) vor and möchte Λυκηγενής `the in Lykien geborene' auf eine Umdeutung from Λύκειος as Λύκιος `the Lykier' zurückführen. -- Pelasgische Deutung abenteuerlichster kind of by v. Windekens Minoica 446ff.

Pages: 2,143

 

Hence gr. and alb. cognates do not represent the oldest name for wolf. They are a bad translation of celtic older forms for cats and foxes. The very name of Apollo meant actually fox and his epithet became the name of wolf in alb. and gr.

 

References: WP. I 316 f., WH. I 836 f., II 830, Frisk 83, Trautmann 149, Specht Idg. Dekl. 36, Lidén KZ. 56, 212 ff.

Page(s): 1179


Root / lemma: u̯obhsā

Meaning: wasp

German meaning: `Wespe'

Material: Av. vawžaka- `Skorpion', but iran. *vawža- `wasp' in mpers. vaβz `wasp', Baluchi gwabz `bee, wasp';

    lat. vespa f. `wasp' (from *vopsā);

    acorn. guhi-en gl. vespa, mcymr. gw(y)chi, abr. guohi gl. fucos (*u̯ops-), from which borrows air. foich gl. vespa (also `eruca'), nir. fotlach and puith `wasp', out of it spoch `heftiger attack' (O'Rahilly Sc. G. stem 3, 63);

maybe alb. *spoch, shpoj `pierce, sting (of a wasp)'.

    ags. wæfs, wæps, wæsp `wasp', ahd. wefsa, wafsa, waspa, bair. webes, thür. weps-chen and wewetz-chen, die auf germ. *wabi-s and *wabi-t weisen;

    lit. vapsvà `wasp', apr. wobse ds.;

    ksl. osa, klr. osá (from *vopsā, baltoslav. *u̯apsā).

References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 770, Trautmann 342, Vasmer 2, 280, Specht Idg. Dekl. 45 f., Szemerényi Arch. Lingunder 4, 52.

See also: distinct to u̯ebh- `to weave'.

Page(s): 1179


Root / lemma: u̯ogʷhni-s, u̯ogʷhnes-

Meaning: ploughshare

German meaning: `Pflugschar'

Material: Gr. ὀφνίς ὕννις, ἄροτρον Hes. (in addition probably also ὄφατα δεσμοὶ ἀρότρων. ᾽Ακαρνᾶνες Hes.) = apr. wagnis `Pflugmesser'; ahd. waganso, nhd. bair. der Wagensun, aisl. vangsni `Pflugschar'; but lat.vōmis, -eris (Nom. thereafter also vōmer) `Pflugschar' from u̯ogʷh-smis; unclear is gr. ὕννη, ὕννις f. `Pflugschar' (compare Brugmann II2 1, 288);

    ahd. weggi, wecki m. `wedge' (and `keilförmiger Wecken'), ags. wecg, aisl. veggr `wedge' = lit.vãgis `wedge = spigot, hammer, nail', lett. vadzis `wedge', apr. wagnis `Sech (part of Pfluges)'.

References: WP. I 315 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 337; after Wackernagel KZ. 61, 206 ff. as `spitzer, bohrender Gegenstand' to apers. ud-avajam `I stach from' (root u̯egʷh-).

Page(s): 1179-1180


Root / lemma: u̯okso-

Meaning: wax

German meaning: `Wachs'

Material: Ahd. as. wahs, ags. weax, aisl. vax n. `Wachs'; lit. vãškas, lett. vasks ds.; russ.-ksl. (etc)voskъ ds.; to *u̯eg- `to weave', as ahd. waba `Wabe' to *u̯ebh- `to weave', s. Törnquist, Studia Neophilol. 17, 99 f.

References: WP. I 315, Trautmann 343, Vasmer 1, 231.

Page(s): 1180


Root / lemma: u̯ortoko-

Meaning: quail

German meaning: `Wachtel'

Material: Old Indian vartaka- m., vártikā f. `Wachtel'; gr. ὄρτυξ, -υγος, by Gramm. also -υκος and with -ῡ-, by Hes. γόρτυξ, i.e. Fόρτυξ `Wachtel', dessen ending after ἴβυξ, βαῖβυξ, -υκος, κόκκῡξ, -ῡγος (and πτέρυξ, -υγος?) transfigured is; ion. ᾽Ορτυγίη `Delos' (`Wachtelinsel').

References: WP. I 316.

Page(s): 1180


Root / lemma: u̯ōro-,

Meaning: deceit; madness

German meaning: `Schwindel, Wahnsinn'

Material: Gr. ὡρᾱκιᾶν `ohnmächtig become, erblassen' belongs to einem stem ὠρᾱκ-; independent therefrom alts. wōrig `entkräftet, müde, faint, languid', ags. wērig, engl. weary `müde', ahd. wuorag `berauscht'; die k-derivative fehlt in aisl. órar f. Pl. `Betäubtsein', ø̄rr (*u̯ōrio-) `geistesgestört, baffle, wütend' and ags. wōrian `wandern, waver, zerfallen'; about gr. ὦρος, ἄωρος `sleep' see above S. 72.

References: WP. I 316;

See also: perhaps to u̯er-3 above S. 1152 (Frisk, Eranos 43, 229 f.).

Page(s): 1180


Root / lemma: u̯rā̆ĝh-1 : u̯rǝĝh-

Meaning: thorn, spike

German meaning: `Dorn, Spitze, stechender Pflanzenstengel'

Material: Att. ῥᾱχός (ῥᾶχος), ion. ῥηχός f. `dorniges Reis, briar, thorn hedge' (ὀρήχου αἱμασίας Hes. with ο- as verbalism from F, see also under u̯er-gh- `turn'); ῥάχις `backbone, spine, Berggrat', ῥαχίζω `(rupture das backbone, spine, hence allg.:) zerhaue, zerstücke';

    mir. fracc (with gg) `needle'??; lit. rãžas `dry Reis, Stoppel, Besenstumpf, Gabelzinke', ražỹs `Zinke', tri-rãžis `dreizinkig'.

References: WP. I 318.

Page(s): 1180


Root / lemma: u̯rāĝh-2 : u̯rǝĝh-

Meaning: to hit, push

German meaning: `schlagen, stoßen'??

Material: Att. ῥάττω (ᾱ: ἔρραξα, ἐρράχθην), ion. ῥήσσω `hit, stampfe'; intr. `stürze violent, dringe heran', att. κατα(ρ)ρά̄κτης `abschüssig', also m. `Wassersturz, Fallgatter, ein Wasservogel'; att. ῥᾱχία, ion. ῥηχίη `Meeresbrandung, Flut; umbrandete place';

    but aksl. u-raziti `percutere', russ. raz `meal', èech. ráz `blow, knock' etc belong probably rather to *u̯rēĝ-.

References: WP. I 318 f., Vasmer 2, 484.

Page(s): 1181


Root / lemma: u̯reg- (and u̯erg-?)

Meaning: to push, drag, drive

German meaning: `stoßen, drängen, puffen, treiben, feindselig verfolgen'

Material: Old Indian perhaps vrájati `schreitet, goes', pra-vrājáyati `läßt wandern, verbannt', parāvr̥j- `Verstoßener'; Persson Beitr. 501 seeks against it in ihnen ein with *u̯er-g- `turn' (see 1154) nächstverwandtes *u̯re-g-, basic meaning `sich drehend bewegen';

    lat. urgeō (besides early, but unursprünglich urgueō), -ēre `urge, press, push, beset, pressen' (*u̯r̥gei̯ō or *urgei̯ō);

    got. wrikan `verfolgen', aisl. reka `drive, push, hunt, chase, verfolgen, throw, verwerfen', ags. wrecan `urge, press, push, drive, push, rächen' (and `vorwärts schreiten', see above), afries. wreka `drive, push, rächen', as. wrecan `rächen, punish, curse', ahd. rehhan ds., wreh `exul', got. wraks `Verfolger', wrakjan `verfolgen', ags. wracu `Rache, punishment, woefulness ', wræc n. `Verbannung, woefulness ', wrecc(e)an `aufmuntern, antreiben, waken, arouse, revive', wrecca `ein Verbannter, Elender, foreigner, stranger', as. wrekkio, ahd.(w)reck(e)o `landesflüchtiger Held', nhd. (neu from dem Mhd. aufgenommen) Recke; ags. wræc `Verbannung, woefulness ', norw. rak `umhertreibender Gegenstand, debris or Seetang' (hence mnd.Wrak `Wrack'), with e also isl. rek `auf dem Wasser treibender Gegenstand'; lengthened grade got.wrēkei `Verfolgung', afries. wrēke, as. wrāka ` punishment, Rache', ahd. rāhha `Rache', aisl. rāc `Verfolgung', rǣkr `verwerflich', rǣkja (: Old Indian vrājáyati) `verwerfen, vertreiben' = afries.wrēka, ags. wrǣcan `drive, push, urge, press, push';

    bsl. *u̯erg- in compatible meaning: lit. vérgas, lett. vērgs `slave'; ablaut. lit. var̃gas `need, woefulness ', var̃gti `need leiden', apr. wargan Akk. Sg. m. `Übel, affliction, danger', lit. vargùs ` heavy, beschwerlich, woeful, wretched, miserable ', lett. vārgs ` woeful, wretched, miserable, siech', apr. wargs `evil, bad'; aksl. vragъ `fiend', poln. wrog `Übel, evil, harm; the Böse, devil; Verhängnis';

    yet are die bsl. words also with germ. warga- (see S. 1154 under *u̯er-ĝh-, *u̯er- `turn') compatible.

References: WP. I 319 f., WH. II 839 f., Trautmann 342, Vasmer 1, 228.

Page(s): 1181


Root / lemma: u̯reik-, u̯ereik-

German meaning: `Heidekraut'

See also: see above S. 1155 under u̯erĝh-.

Page(s): 1182


Root / lemma: u̯rek-

German meaning: `reden, rufen'

References: WP. I 318, II 343, 362, Trautmann 243, Vasmer 2, 508 f.

See also: s. ober under u̯er-6.

Page(s): 1182


Root / lemma: u̯ren-

Meaning: to sprinkle

German meaning: `bespritzen, besprengen'?

Material: Gr. ῥαίνω (*u̯r̥ni̯ō) `bespritze, besprenge (with water or dust, powder)', ῥανίς, -ίδος f. `drip'; with-dh-extension ῥαθάμιγξ f. `drip, Staubkörnchen' (*u̯rn̥-dh-), ῥαθαίνω `besprenge, streue from'; secondary -δ- in ἐρράδαται, ἐρράδατο, ῥάσσατε Perf. Pass. and Aor. to ῥαίνω; ῥαίνω could indeed also to aksl. izroniti (above S. 329) belong;

    about as. ahd. wrennio, as. wrēnio, ahd. reineo, rein(n)o `stallion' (to ags. wrǣne, as. wrēnisc `horny, lustful', norw. vrīna `cry, wiehern') see above S. 81 and under u̯er-3 bzw. u̯rei-;

    after Szemerényi (KZ. 73, 74) here hitt. hurnai- `sprinkle' (*u̯r̥n-), further perhaps to idg. au̯er- above S. 80 f.

References: WP. I 277, 320, Specht Idg. Dekl. 156.

Page(s): 1182


Root / lemma: (u̯reth- :) u̯roth- or u̯rath-

Meaning: to support

German meaning: `stützen'?

Material: Ags. wraðu f. `pad', wreðian `prop, support', as. wreðian `prop, support', giwreðian `eine pad bilden' become from Trautmann KZ. 42, 331 with av. urvaϑa- `befreundet; friend' connected; yet is dafür eine basic meaning `auf den man sich prop, support, verlassen kann' not to sichern.

References: WP. I 320.

Page(s): 1183


Root / lemma: u̯rēĝ-, u̯rōĝ-, u̯rǝĝ-

Meaning: to break

German meaning: `brechen'

Material: Arm. ergic-uc̣anem (*u̯rēĝ-) `ῥήγνυμι'; gr. ῥήγνῡμι (and ῥήσσω) `break' (Aor. Pass. ἐρράγην, Perf. ἔρρωγα, herakl. ἐρρηγεῖα), ῥῆξις, lesb. Fρῆξις f. `das Durchbrechen, Reißen', zero grade ion. ῥαγή `crack, col, gap', ῥάγδην Adv. `violent', ῥαγδαῖος Adj. ds.; ῥώξ, -&γός f. `crack, col, gap, Ritze', ῥωγή, ῥωγμή, ῥωγμός, ῥωχμός (*ῥωκσμός) ds., ῥωγαλέος `zerfetzt', ῥηγμί̄ν, -ῖνος m. `Wogenbruch, surf, surge, breakers';

    baltoslav. *rēži̯ō `cut, bite': lit. rė́žiu, rė́žti `cut, clip, ritzen, rend, notch, furchen' (also rė́žau, rė́žyti; in addition rė̃žis m. ` incision, Ritze, Ackerstreifen'); in addition lit. ráižau, ráižyti `mehrfach ritzen, cut, clip', lett. raîze f. `schneidender pain, Kummer';

maybe alb. rrëzoj `ruin, destroy'

    aksl. rěžǫ, rězati `κόπτω', aruss. rěžu, rězati `cut, clip, schlachten'; in addition slav. *rьznǫti in poln. rznąć `cut, clip, carve, schlachten';

    baltoslav. *rēža- m. `cut' in lit. rėžàs, atrėžaĩ m. Pl. `Schnitzel', russ. rěz `cut, Kerbe';

    ablaut. baltoslav. *rōža- m. `cut, line' in lit. rúožas `line, stripe, cut', lett. ruôza `stripe, meadow, row, lowland, depression, gorge, ravine, gulch';

    proto slav.. *razъ `cut, Hieb' in èech. ráz `blow, knock, Hieb, Mal', russ. raz `Mal', and aksl. obraz `εἰκών, μορφή', russ. óbraz `Bild'; russ. razítь `hit' etc, aksl. u-raziti `durchbohren';

    compare alb. rrah `hit, zerstoße' (from *rradh), rras `dränge together, trete', Aor. rashe.

References: WP. I 319, Vasmer 2, 484, 485, 505, Trautmann 245 f.;

See also: compare above u̯rāĝh-2.

Page(s): 1181-1182


Root / lemma: u̯rughi̯o-

Meaning: rye

German meaning: `Roggen'

Material: Thrak. βρίζα (*u̯rughi̯ā) `Emmerkorn, Roggen';

    aisl. rugr m. `Roggen', aschwed. rogher, ags. ryge m. (*rugi-), besides afr. rogga, as. roggo, ahd. rocko (with Geminierung); in addition the germ. VN lat. Rugii, aisl. Rygir (in Roga-land), ags. Pl. Ryge, Rugas, perhaps also Rügen; ags. rygen `from Roggen', mhd. ruggin, rückin;

    lit. rugỹs, lett. rudzis `Roggenkorn', Pl. lit. rugiaĩ, lett. rudzi `Roggen'; lit. rugienà `Roggenacker', rugìnis `from Roggen';

    aruss. rъžь, serb. râž, russ. rožь f. `Roggen'; serb. rȁžan, èech. režný (from slav. *rъžьnъ) besides russ.-ksl. rъžanъ, russ. ržanój `from Roggen'; bulg. brica `a kind of Sommergetreide' derives from dem Thrak.

References: WP. II 374 f., Trautmann 246, Vasmer 2, 529, Jacobsohn Arier 133 ff., wo also about uralische equivalent (probably idg. Lw.).

Page(s): 1183


Root / lemma: eren-

Meaning: ram, sheep, lamb

German meaning: `Widder, Schaf, Lamb'

Material: Old Indian *uran- (from *vuran-), Akk. *uraṇam, Nom. urā, from which uraṇa- m. `lamb, aries, ram', urā f. `sheep', in addition urabhra- m. `aries, ram' for *ura-bha- (as vr̥ṣabha- to vr̥ṣan-); compare npers. barra (*varnak) `lamb'; pehl. varak `aries, ram'; iran. vārǝn-jar-, vārǝ-ɣna- `Lämmerschläger' (Humbach DLZ. 78, 299 f.);

    arm. gaṙn, Gen. gaṙin `lamb';

    gr. hom. (F)αρήν, Gen. ἀρνός `lamb', kret. Fαρήν; also in tsakon. vanna, from lakon. Fαρνίον `lamb', in addition -Fρην in hom. πολύρρην `schafreich', out of it late ῥήν), with ablaut. ἀρνειός `aries, ram', whether not rather from *ἀρσνειός (*αρσν-ηFός) to ἄρσην `virile' (above S. 336);

    derivative *u̯rēnōn- in lat. (as germ. Lw.) rēno `Tierfell as Kleidung, Pelz';

    unclear as derivative lat. vervēx, -ēcis (-īx, -īcis) `Hammel'; unclear is also das relationship to den auf *eru̯o(s)- `wool' rückführbaren gr. words εἶρος n. `Wollfließ', derived εἴριον, att. ἔριον `wool', att. εὔερος, εὐερής `schönwollig', äol. ἔπ-ερος `aries, ram' (`worauf Wolle is'), ion. εἰρί̄νεος, att. ἐρί̄νεος `from wool'; anlautendes F lässt sich not nachweisen.

 

References: WP. I 269 f., WH. II 429, Specht Idg. Dekl. 33 f., Frisk 137 f., 468 f.

Page(s): 1170


Root / lemma: ū̆d-

Meaning: upwards; away

German meaning: `empor, hinauf', sekundär also `hinaus'

Comments: besides ū̆d-s (compare lat. ab : abs under likewise)

Material: 1. Old Indian úd-, út- `empor, out' preverb; av. us-, uz- (*uds-) ds., ap. us- ds. (ud- in ud-apatatā `er lehnte sich auf, fiel ab' is probably *uz-);

    gr. - in -βρις (see below gʷer- ` heavy '), ὕστριξ `Stachelschwein', ὕσπληξ `Startseil', kypr. -χηρος `Aufgeld' (att. `τα ἐπίχειρα') and in this Mundart überhaupt zum Ersatze from ἐπί geworden: adnominal with Lok. e.g. -τύχα `ἐπὶ τύx'; eine (an got. iupa besides *upo gemahnende) Full grade probably in kypr. εὐτρόσσεσθαι ἐπιστρέφεσθαι. Πάφιοι and εὔχους χώνη (`Trichter') Σαλαμίνιοι Hes.; (because of ὕστος, ὑστέρα see under udero- `belly');

    lat. ūs-que `in einem fort, ununterbrochen from - her or bis - toward ';

    air. preverb uss-, oss- could also auf *ud-s- go back; see under upo;

    got. ūt Adv. `out, heraus', ahd. ūz, nhd. from, as. ags. ūt ds., wgerm. also preposition beim `Dativ' Abl. (in addition got. ūta, aisl. ūti, ags. ūte, ahd. ūze `außen, outside '; got. ūtana, ahd. ūzana etc, nhd. außen; aisl. ūtar, ags. ūter, as. ūtar, ahd. ūzar `besides', partly as preposition beim `Dativ' and Akk.; ahd. ūzero, ūzaro, ags. ūter-ra `the outer'); intrinsic auf *uds vor tönenden Verschlußlauten based on germ. *uz- `from, from - heraus, from - vor, vor - weg' in got. us (uz-; vorr: ur-) Präf. and preposition `from, from' (`Dat.' = Abl.), also aisl. ór preposition, as Präf. ór-, or-, ør-, ags. or-, as. ur-, or- Präf., ahd. ur, ar, ir preposition `from, from' (vor ūz zurückweichend), ur-, ir-, ar-, er- Präf., nhd. úr-, er- (e.g. Urlaub, erlauben); mnd. (ūt)būten `(from)tauschen, erbeuten' from *bi-ūtian, compare aisl. ỹta `darreichen';

    lit. už- `auf-, hinauf-, to-' prefix (the meaning halber probably to divide from preposition `hinter, for', s. *ĝhō S. 451 f.; Trautmann, Bsl. Wb. 336 hält an the Einheit fest, also for die consecutive forms), lett. uz, ūz prefix and preposition `auf' (in addition also apr. unsei `hinauf, auf');

    aksl: vъz- (vъs-) prefix, vъz(ъ) preposition in the meaning `hinauf an etwas' (Akk.);

    2. Kompar. Old Indian úttara- `the höhere, obere, spätere, hintere' = gr. ὕστερος `the spätere'; Sup. Old Indian uttamá- `höchster, oberster, best', av. ustǝma- `äußerster, letzter', gr. ὕστατος `letzter, spätester' (fur *ὕσταμος); about Old Indian ucca- `high' (*ud-kʷe), uccā́, av. usèa Adv. `above; after above' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II, 2, 545 f.

References: WP. I 189 f., WH. II 344, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 517 f., Vasmer 1, 214. 238 f., 242, Mayrhofer 1, 99, 101 f.

Page(s): 1103-1104


Root / lemma: alā

Meaning: interjection

German meaning: under likewise `hallo!'

Material: Old Indian alalā(bhavant-) `alert, awake, smart becoming' (mind. arē, rē `du da!' rather to arí `foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der Fremdling in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S. 24).

    Gr. ἀλαλά, ἀλαλαί `hallo, hurra!', ἀλαλητός, ἀλαλητύς `Schlachtruf', ἀλαλάζω `stoße den Schlachtruf from' (similarly ἐλελεῦ `Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf', ἐλελίζω `stoße den Kriegsruf from'); lit. aluoti `hallo cry' (borrowing from dem Deutschen not provable) besides alióti `durch Geschrei aufscheuchen'; aksl.ole, bulg. olele Interjektion; e.g. Fick I4 356 (nhd. hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from ahd. halón, holón `get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte).

    Auf ähnlichem al- seems to based on lit. nu-aldė́ti `erschallen', uldúoti `girren' (Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).

References: WP. I 89.

See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lā-.

Page(s): 29


Root / lemma: al-6, alōu- : alǝu-

German meaning: Farbadjektiv `weiß, glänzend'

See also: s. albho- and Farbadjektiv el-.

Page(s): 29


Root / lemma: am(m)a, amī̆

Meaning: mother

German meaning: `Mutter', Lallwort

Material: Alb. amë `aunt', `mother', out of it `Flußbett', ` residuum from Flüssigkeiten'; aisl. amma `grandmother', ahd. amma `mother, wet nurse ', nhd. Amme; gr. ἀμμάς, ἀμμία `mother' Hes., osk. Ammaí, Ammae, i.e. Matri (Göttername)'. Über Old Indian amba `mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amī-, amĭ- (see Brugmann II2, I 496) shaped are lat. amīcus `friend' and amita `Vaterschwester' (compare lit. anýta `Schwiegermutter' : lat. anus `altes Weib'). Über vlat. amma `Eule' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.

    A Verbalableitung is perhaps lat. amāre `lieben' (compare mhd. ammen `wait, hold on, pflegen' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.

    After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also lat. amoenus here. Von einem lat. *amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. Γοργόνη; (to Γoργώ) besides Γόργοιτος (to Γοργώι) gestützt;

    toch. В ammakki (Vok.) `mother' from *amma + akki (Old Indian akkā).

References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mél. Pedersen 163.

Page(s): 36


Root / lemma: anǝtā (enǝtā)

Meaning: door posts

German meaning: `Türpfosten'

Material: Old Indian ātā (gewöhnlich PL ātāḥ as lat. antae) `Umfassung, Rahmen einer door', av. ąiϑyā̊ Akk. Pl. ` doorposts ', arm. dr-and ` doorpost ' (Hübschmann Arm.Stud. I 19); lat. antae after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 `die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstärkten Wände, die den Pronaos eines Tempels or die Prostaseines Hauses einschließen' = anord. ǫnd `Vorzimmer' (Bugge KZ. 19, 401).

References: WP. I 59, WH. I 52.

Page(s): 42


Root / lemma: au̯-8, au̯ēi-

Meaning: to perceive, understand

German meaning: `sinnlich wahrnehmen, auffassen'

Material: Old Indian -avati with ud- and pra- `aufmerken, beachten', aksl. umъ `Verstand' (basic form *au-mo-); moreover toch. В om-palokoññe `meditation'? Different Pedersen, Tochar. 223 Anm.

    ā̆u̯is-: lengthened grade Old Indian āvíṣ Adv. `apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar', av. āviš Adv. `apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen' (npers. āškār `clear, bright'; Old Indian āviṣṭya-ḥ, av. āvišya- `offenkundig'); aksl. avě, javě Adv. `kund, apparent, manifest, obvious' (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -ě reshaped from *avь, whereof:) aviti, javiti `offenbaren, kundmachen, show' (lit. óvytis `sich in Traume sehen lassen' Lw. from dem Slav.).

    Normalstufig: gr. αἰσθάνομαι, Aor. αἰσθέσθαι `wahrnehmen' (*αFισ-θ-); lat. audiō `hear' from *au̯iz-dh-, compare oboedio from *ób-avizdhiō about *oboīdiō; gr. ἀί̄ω (neologism to Aor.ἐπ-ήισ(σ)α, ἄιον) `vernehme, hear' (*αFισ-), ἐπάιστος `belongs, ruchbar, bekannt'.

    Here probably hett. u-uḫ-ḫi `I sehe', a--zi `sieht', а-ú-ri-iš (from a-ú-wa-ri-) `Ausschau, Warte', iterat. ušk- `wiederholt sehen'.

References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.

Page(s): 78


Root / lemma: baxmb-, bhaxmbh-, paxmp-, phaxmph-

Meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Comments: Lautnachahmung, from den aufgeblasenen Backen genommen, psychologisch from bахmb-, bhaxmbh- as unmittelbarer Nachahmung eines gehörten dumpfen onomatopoeic words Schalles different.

Material: Old Indian bimba- -m `Scheibe, ball, Halbkugel', bimbī f. `momordica monadelpha' (eine Cucurbitacee; bimba-m `deren rote fruit'); gr. βέμβιξ `Kreisel, Wasserstrudel; bumblebee', wherefore due to eines schwundstufigen βάβαξ ` babbler ': βαβάκτης `ὀρχηστής'; with bh (or ph): gr. πέμφιξ, -ῖγος `breath, breeze, storm, drip, blister', πομφός `blister, Schildbuckel';

    lit. bámba `Nabel', bam̃balas `Dickbauch', bum̃bulas `Knoten am stick, in Garn', bum̃bulas, bur̃bulas `vesicle, blister', bum̃bulỹs `Steckrübe', bũmburas, pum̃puras `bud'; lett. bãmba, bum̃ba `ball, Ball', bemberis `Tannenzapfen'; bimbul'i `Kartoffeln', bumbulis, bur̂bulis `Knoten, Knorren', bum̃burs `Ball, ball, Kartoffel';

    russ.-alt. bubulja `Regentropfen', nowadays búblikъ (*bąbъl-ikъ) `Brezel, Kringel', klr. búben `small Junge, toddler', skr. bùban `kind of bean', bȕbla `clump', èech. boubel, bublina `vesicle, blister', poln. bąbel `vesicle, blister'.

    Unverschobenes *baxmb- or verschobenes bhaxmbh- in schwed. mdartl. bamb `paunch', norw. mdartl. bamsa `gierig fressen, pampfen', dän. (jüt.) bams `dicke person', nhd. Bams `thick porridge, mash', mhd. bemstīn `die einen dicken Bauch hat'.

    Verschobenes baxmb- or unverschobenes paxmp- in schwed. mdartl. pampen `aufgedunsen', dän. mdartl. pampe `sich brüsten, brag, boast', norw. mdartl. pempa seg (*pampjan) `sich with Trank füllen', mnd. pampen `sich stopfen' (nhd. pampfen), nhd. pampe `thick porridge, mash'.

    With Tenuis: lat. pampinus `(*bud, *eye) fresh Trieb of Weinstockes, vine-layer '; lit. pampstù, pampaũ, pam̃pti `swell up', pamplỹs `Dickbauch', pùmpa `Knauf, Teichrose', pim̃pilas m. `penis', lett. pàmpt, pempt, pumpt `to swell', pampali `Kartoffeln', pimpala `das männliche Glied', pumpe `Buckel, swelling, blister' (die u-forms are as contamination with *pup-aufzufassen);

    abg. pupъ `Nabel', russ. pup `Nabel', púpyš `bud, Wölbung', poln. pęp ` spigot ';

    aisl. fīfl `Riese; rogue, Einfaltspinsel', fimbul- verstärkendes prefix, ags. fīfel `Seeungetüm, Riese' (*pempelo-), aisl. fimbul-, fambi `Erztropf'.

    Besides with ausl. germ. Tenuis dän. fomp, norw. mdartl. fump, famp `thick fool '.

    With Tenuis asp. arm. p`amp`ušt ` bladder'.

References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205.

See also: see also *baxb- ds.

Page(s): 94-95


Root / lemma: keleu-

Meaning: to wander; way

German meaning: `wandern; Weg'

Comments: probably extension from kel-5.

Material: Gr. κέλευθος f. `way' (from *κλευ-θο-ς reshaped after ἐλευθ-), ἱππο-κέλευθος ` zu Pferd sich fortbewegend ', -κόλουθος (*- = sm̥-) ` companion ';

Maybe alb. kalonj `walk'

    lit. keliáuju `fare, journey' (kẽlias `way' probably previously postverbal).

References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Mél. Boisacq I 374 f.

Page(s): 554


 

 

 

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